Our attempt to understand the terms empl_William the Conqueror and the Rule of the Normans

serve to introduce us to a matter of universal importance, the

indefiniteness of Domesday. We are not using this word as a term of

reproach. The compilers of Domesday had to deal with a vast mass of most

intractable material, and the marvel is that they should have given so

splendid an account of their task. But for all that, it is often a most

formidable business to define even some of the commonest terms used in

Domesday. It has been shown, for instance, that the word _manerium_,

which we can only translate by “manor,” was used in the vaguest of

senses. It may denote one estate rated at one hundred hides, and another

rated at eighty acres; most manors will contain a certain amount of land

“in demesne,” but there are numerous instances in which the whole manor

is being held of a lord by the peasantry; in the south of England the

area of a manor will very frequently coincide with that of the vill from

which it takes its name, but then again there may very well be as many

as ten manors in one vill, while a single manor may equally well extend

over half a dozen vills. In many cases the vague impression left by

Domesday is due to the indefiniteness of its subject-matter—if we find

it hard to distinguish a free man from a sokeman this is in great

measure due to the fact that these classes in all probability did really

overlap and intersect each other. Just so if we cannot be quite sure

what the compilers of our record meant when they called one man a

“bordar” and another man a “villein,” we must remember that it would not

be easy to give an exact definition of a “cottager” at the present day;

and also that the villein class which covered more than half of the

rural population of England cannot possibly have possessed uniform

status, wealth, privileges, and duties over this vast area. But there

exists another cause of confusion which is solely due to the

idiosyncrasies of the Domesday scribes, and that is their inveterate

propensity for using different words and phrases to mean the same thing.

Thus when they wish to note that a certain man could not “commend” his

land to anybody, without the consent of his lord, we find them saying

“he could not withdraw without his leave,” “he could not sell his land

without his leave,” “he could not sell his land,” “he could not sell or

give his land without his leave”—all these phrases and many others

describing exactly the same idea. This peculiarity runs through the

whole of the survey; it is shown in another way by the wonderful

eccentricities of the scribes in the matter of the spelling of proper

names. So far as place names go, this variety of spelling does little

more than place difficulties in the way of their identification; but

when we find the same Englishman described in the same county as

Anschil, Aschil, and Achi,[335] matters become more serious. For there

is hardly a question on which we could wish for more exact evidence than

that of the number of Englishmen who continued to hold land after the

Conquest; and yet, owing to the habits of the Domesday scribes, we can

never quite avoid an uneasy suspicion that two Englishmen whose names

faintly resemble each other may, after all, turn out to be one and the

same person. We cannot really blame the scribes for relieving their

monotonous task by indulging in such pleasure as the variation of phrase

and spelling may have brought them, but it is very necessary to face

this fact in dealing with any branch of Domesday study, and the neglect

of this precaution has led many enquirers into serious error.

Closely connected with all this is the question of the existence of

downright error in Domesday Book itself. To show how this might happen,

it will be necessary to give a sketch of the manner in which the great

survey was compiled. “The king,” says the Anglo-Saxon chronicler, “sent

his men into every shire all over England.” We cannot be quite sure

whether they went on circuit through the several hundreds of each shire

or merely held one session in its county town[336]; in either case there

appeared before them the entire hundred court, consisting, as we have

seen, of the priest, the reeve, and six villeins from every vill. But

out of this heterogeneous assembly there seems to have been chosen a

small body of jurors who were responsible in a peculiar degree for the

verdict given. We possess lists of the jurors for most of the hundreds

of Cambridgeshire, from which it appears that eight were chosen in each

hundred, and, a very important point, that half of them were Frenchmen

and half were Englishmen. Thus the commissioners obtained for each

hundred the sworn verdict of a body of men drawn from both races and

representing, so far as we can see, very different levels of society. We

cannot assume that precisely the same questions were put to the jurors

in every shire. The commissioners may well have been allowed some little

freedom of adapting the form of the inquiry to varying local conditions,

and the terminology of their instructions may have differed to some

extent according to the part of England in which they were to be carried

out; but the similarity of the returns obtained from very distant

counties proves that the whole Domesday Inquest was framed according to

one general plan. It is more likely that the differences which

undoubtedly exist at times between the surveys of different counties are

really due to the procedure of the scribes who shaped the local returns

into Domesday as we possess it.[337]

It will be evident that the completed returns from each county must have

consisted of a series of hundred-rolls arranged vill by vill according

to the sequence followed by the commissioners in making the inquiry. The

first task of the Domesday scribes was to substitute for the

geographical order of the original returns a tenurial order based on the

distribution of land among the tenants-in-chief in each shire. They must

have worked through the returns county by county, collecting all the

entries which related to land held by the same tenant-in-chief in each

shire, and arranging them under appropriate headings, and we know that

they paid no very consistent regard to local geography in the process.

Where a vill was divided between two or more tenants-in-chief the

division must have been marked by the jurors of its hundred in making

their report; but, whereas the unity of the vill as a whole was

respected in the original returns, it was disregarded by the Domesday

scribes, for whom the feudal arrangements of the county were the first

consideration. The first step to be taken in drawing a picture of the

condition of any county surveyed in Domesday is the collection of their

scattered entries and the reconstruction of the individual vills in

their entirety. As any one who has attempted this exercise can testify,

the risk of error is very great, and we may be sure that it was no less

for the Domesday scribes themselves. We cannot often test the accuracy

of Domesday by a comparison with other documents, but the few cases

where this is possible are enough to destroy all belief in the literal

infallibility of the great record. The work was done under great

pressure and against time, and we should not cavil at its incidental

inaccuracies.

Domesday Book as we possess it consists of two volumes, the second,

known as Little Domesday, dealing with Essex, Norfolk, and Suffolk, the

first containing the survey of the rest of England. The two volumes are

very different in plan and treatment. In Essex and East Anglia, the

scribes have followed as nearly as possible the directions which we have

quoted on page 458. They enumerate the live-stock on the several estates

with an abundance of detail which quite justifies the complaint of the

Peterborough Chronicler that there was not an ox or a cow nor a swine

that was not set down in the king’s writ. It is from the survey of these

counties also that we draw the great body of our information about the

different sorts and conditions of men, their tenurial relations and

personal status. But this wealth of detail is accompanied by

considerable faultiness of execution, and in the first volume of

Domesday the plan is different. In compiling Great Domesday the scribes

abandoned the idea of transcribing the original returns in full, and

contented themselves with giving a _précis_ of them; the details which

had been collected about sheep and horses are jettisoned and the whole

survey is drawn within closer limits. The most reasonable explanation of

this change is that the so-called second volume of Domesday represents

the first attempt at a codification of the returns[338]; that the result

was found too detailed for practical purposes, and that the conciser

arrangement of the first volume was adopted in consequence. The volume

combining Essex, Norfolk, and Suffolk contains 450 folios and even the

Conqueror might have been appalled at the outcome of his survey if all

the thirty counties of England were to be described on the same scale.

Whatever the reason, the change is accompanied by a marked improvement

in workmanship and practicability.

The “first” volume of Domesday contains 382 folios and its arrangement

deserves notice. In regular course the survey proceeds across England

from Kent to Cornwall; the first 125 folios of the volume are in fact

the description of the earldom of Wessex. Next, starting again in the

east, the counties between Middlesex and Herefordshire are described; to

be followed by the survey of the north midland shires from

Cambridgeshire to Warwick, still following due order from east to west.

Warwick is followed by Shropshire, for Worcestershire belongs to

Domesday’s second belt, and the rest of the survey progresses from west

to east from Shropshire to Notts, Yorkshire and Leicestershire

completing the tale. In general the boundaries of the counties are the

same as at the present day, but portions of Wales are included in

Gloucester, Hereford, and Berkshire; the lands “between Ribble and

Mersey” form a sort of appendage to Yorkshire, and Rutland in 1086 has

not yet the full status of a county. It is not quite easy to explain why

Domesday stops short at the Tees and the Ribble. Cumberland and

Westmoreland were indeed reckoned parts of the Scotch kingdom at this

time, but Northumberland and Durham were undoubtedly English. Possibly

they had been too much harried in recent years to be worth the labour of

surveying; possibly in that wild and lawless land an attempt to carry

out the survey would have led to something more than local riots. At any

rate Domesday’s omission is our loss, for it is in the extreme north

that the old English tenures lingered the longest; we could wish for a

description of them in the Conqueror’s day and conceived on the same

plan as the full accounts which we possess of the feudalised south.

All over England the scribes so far as was possible followed a

consistent plan in the arrangement of the returns for each county. The

case of Oxfordshire will do for a typical instance. Here, as in nearly

every shire to the north of the Thames, the county town is surveyed

first; the interesting description which is given of Oxford filling a

column and a half. The rest of the folio is occupied by a list of all

those in the county who held land in chief of the crown, arranged and

numbered in the order in which their estates are entered in the body of

the survey. The scale of precedence adopted by the compilers of Domesday

deserves remark, for it is substantially the same as the order which we

find observed in the lists of witnesses to solemn charters of the time.

First comes the king in the case of every county in which he held land.

Then comes the body of ecclesiastical tenants holding of him within the

shire, archbishops first, then bishops, then abbots, or rather abbeys,

for the tendency is to assign the lands belonging to a religious house

to the foundation itself rather than to its head. Among laymen the earls

come first, foreign counts being placed on a level with their English

representatives, the same Latin word (_comes_) expressing both titles.

Then come the various “barons” undistinguished by any mark of rank, who

of course form the larger number of the tenants-in-chief in any shire,

and lastly, in most counties, the holdings of a number of men of

inferior rank are thrown together under one heading as “the lands of the

king’s servants, sergeants, or thegns.” Returning to the case of

Oxfordshire we find the king, as ever, first on the list. He is followed

by the archbishop of Canterbury and the bishops of Winchester,

Salisbury, Exeter, Lincoln, Bayeux, and Lisieux, who in turn are

succeeded by the abbeys of Abingdon, Battle, Winchcombe, Préaux, the

church of Saint Denis of Paris, and the canons of Saint Frideswide of

Oxford. Earl Hugh of Chester stands first among laymen of “comital”

rank, being followed by the counts of Mortain and Evreux, Earl Aubrey of

Northumbria, and Count Eustace of Bologne. Then come the barons,

twenty-three in number in Oxfordshire, whose order in the survey seems

to be determined by no more subtle cause than a shadowy idea on the part

of the scribes of grouping them according to the initial letter of their

extra names. The list becomes a little miscellaneous towards the close;

three great ladies appear: Christina, the sister of Edgar the Etheling;

the Countess Judith, Waltheof’s widow; and a lady who is vaguely

described as “Roger de Ivry’s wife,” bringing the total up to

fifty-five. Then comes another baron, Hascuit Musard, an important

Gloucestershire land-owner, whose Oxfordshire holding would seem to have

been overlooked by the scribes, for it is squeezed in along the foot of

two folios of the survey. He is followed by Turkill of Arden, an

Englishman, who was powerful in Warwickshire but only held one manor in

Oxfordshire, the description of which is succeeded by “the land of

Richard Engayne and other thegns.” Richard Engayne was the king’s

huntsman, and a Norman, as were many of his fellows, but about half the

names entered under this comprehensive heading are unmistakably English

and characteristically enough they are entered in a group after the

members of the conquering race. The fifty-ninth and last heading in this

varied list runs, “These underwritten lands belong to Earl William’s

fee,” a formula which is explained by the fact that the manors surveyed

under it had belonged to Earl William Fitz Osbern, who as we know had

been killed in Flanders in 1071, while his son and heir had been

disinherited in 1075. And so we see that, although the earl’s tenants

had lost their immediate lord in consequence of his forfeiture, they

were not recognised as holding in chief of the crown, but were kept

apart in a group by themselves in anticipation of the later feudal

practice by which the tenants of a great fief or honour in the royal

hands were conceived of as holding rather of their honour than of the

king himself.

In the present chapter we have mainly dealt with Domesday Book from its

own standpoint as a fiscal register, but for the majority of the

students its real value lies in the unique light which it throws upon

legal and social antiquities and upon the personal history of the men of

the Conquest. In these latter respects the different parts of the survey

are by no means of equal value. The space assigned to each county in

Domesday was determined solely by the caprice of the scribes; counties

of approximately equal area are assigned very different limits of space

in the record. Equally due to the action of the scribes is the amount of

social and personal details, above the necessary minimum of fiscal

information required, which is included in the description of each

county. The surveys of Berkshire and Worcestershire, for instance, are

many-sided records which throw light upon every aspect of the history of

the times; while on the other hand for the counties of the Danelaw the

fiscal skeleton of the record is left bare and arid; we get columns of

statistics and little beside. The interest of Domesday of course is

vastly increased when we are able to supplement its details with

information derived from some other contemporary record;

Buckinghamshire, for example, in which county there was no religious

house in 1086, is at a disadvantage compared with Berkshire, where the

local history of Abingdon Abbey fills in the outline of the greater

record, and gives life to some at least of the men of whom the names and

nothing more are written in its pages. Apart from this adventitious

source of light, Domesday imparts some of its most precious information

when recording a dispute between two tenants as to the possession of

land, or noting new “customs,” tolls, and so forth, which have been

introduced since the Conquest, for then we may look for some statement

of local custom or some reconstruction of the “status quo ante

conquestum.” And this leads naturally to the last division of our

present subject—the legal theory which underlies Domesday Book.

It is abundantly plain from all our narratives of the Conquest that King

William regarded himself, and was determined that he should be regarded,

as the lawful successor of his cousin King Edward; he was the true heir

by blood as well as by bequest. Unfortunately wicked men had usurped his

inheritance so that he was driven to regain it by force and arms; the

earl of Wessex had taken upon himself the title of king and the whole

nation had acquiesced in his unlawful rule. But the verdict of battle

had been given in William’s favour; he had been accepted as king by the

great men of the realm, and he had been duly crowned; it would be no

more than justice for him to disinherit every Englishman as such for his

tacit or overt rebellion. Moreover even after he had been received as

king his rebellious subjects in every part of the land had risen against

him; they had justly forfeited all claim to his royal grace; their lands

by virtue of these repeated treasons became at his absolute disposal.

Some such ideas as these underlie that “great confiscation” of which

Freeman considered Domesday to be essentially the record, and two

all-important conclusions followed from them. The first is that the time

of King Edward, that phrase which meets us on every page of Domesday,

was the last season of good law in the land; should any man claim rights

or privileges by prescription he must plead that they had been allowed

and accepted under the last king of the old native line. Just as his

subjects cried for “the law of King Edward” as the system of government

under which they wished to live, so to the king himself these words

expressed the test of legality to be applied to whatever rights claimed

an origin anterior to his own personal grant. Rarely does Domesday refer

to any of the kings before Edward; the Conqueror’s reign has already

become the limit of legal memory; never, except by inadvertence, does it

refer to the reign of Harold by name. And then in the second place he

who would prove the lawful possession of his land must rely in the last

resort upon “the writ and seal” of King William. The whole tenor of

Domesday seems to imply that all Englishmen as such were held to have

been disinherited by the result of the Conquest. Save for the lands of

God and his Saints all England had become the king’s; the disposition he

might make of his vast inheritance depended solely upon his own will. If

he should please to allow to an Englishman the possession of his own or

others’ lands, this was a matter of pure favour, and Thurkill of Warwick

and Colswegn of Lincoln could put forward no other title than that which

secured their fiefs to the Norman barons around them. But then comes in

that principle which is above all distinctive of the Norman Conquest—if

William stepped by lawful possession into the exact position of the

native kings who were before him, so each of his barons in each of his

estates must be the exact legal successor, the “heir,” of the Englishman

whom he supplanted. The term used by Domesday to express the

relationship of the old and the new landlord is very suggestive: the

Englishman is the Norman’s _antecessor_, a word which we only translate

inadequately by the colourless “predecessor.” We are probably right in

calling the Norman Conquest the one catastrophic change in our social

history, but the change as yet was informal; it went on beneath the

surface of the law; the terminology of Domesday testifies to the attempt

to bring the social conditions of 1086 under formulas which would be

appropriate to the time of King Edward. When we are told that there were

ten manors in such a vill in the time of King Edward, or that there used

to be twenty villeins in a certain manor but now there are only sixteen,

we may gravely doubt whether the terms “manor” and “villein” were known

in England before the Conquest, and yet we may recognise that the

employment of these words in relation to the Confessor’s day is of

itself very significant. King William as King Edward’s lawful heir

wishes consistently to act as such so far as may be; his scribes in

their terminology affect a continuity of social history, which does not

exist.

Perhaps nothing could be more illustrative of these principles than a

few extracts taken from the Lincolnshire “Clamores”—the statement of the

various disputed claims which had come to light in the course of the

survey, and the record of their settlement by the Domesday jurors. The

following are taken at random in the order in which they are entered in

Domesday:

“Candleshoe wapentake says that Ivo Taillebois ought to have that

which he claims in Ashby against Earl Hugh; namely one mill and one

bovat of land, although the soke belongs to Grainham.

“Concerning the two carucates of land which Robert Dispensator claims

against Gilbert de Gand in Screnby through Wiglac, his predecessor

[_antecessor_], the wapentake says that the latter only had one

carucate, and the soke of that belonged to Bardney. But Wiglac

forfeited that land to his lord Gilbert, and so Robert has nothing

there according to the witness of the Riding.

“In the same Screnby Chetelbern claims one carucate against Gilbert de

Gand through Godric [but the jurors], say that he only had half a

carucate, and the soke of that belonged to Bardney, and Chetelbern’s

claim is unjust according to the wapentake, because his predecessor

forfeited the land. The men of Candleshoe wapentake with the agreement

of the whole Riding say that Siwate and Alnod and Fenchel and Aschel

equally divided their father’s land among themselves in King Edward’s

time, and held it so that if there were need to serve with the king

and Siwate could go the other brothers assisted him. After him the

next one went and Siwate and the next assisted him and so on with

regard to all, but Siwate was the king’s man.”

In these passages the actual working of the Domesday Inquest is very

clearly displayed. In the first place we see that all really turns on

those ancient local assemblies the wapentake and hundred courts. Not

only do they supply the requisite information through the representative

jurors to the commissioners, but it is by their verdict that the latter

are guided in their pronouncements upon disputed claims. If Ivo

Taillebois receives his seisin of that mill and oxgang of land in Ashby

it will be because the wapentake court of Candleshoe has assigned it to

him rather than the earl of Chester. This simple procedure has a great

future before it; if the king can compel the local courts to give a

sworn verdict to his officers, so in specific cases he can of his grace

permit private persons to use these bodies in the same way. The Domesday

Inquest is the noble ancestor of the Plantagenet “assizes,” and through

them, by direct descent, of the jury in its perfected form. But the

action of the local courts becomes doubly significant when we remember

their composition. The affairs of the greatest people in the land, of

the king himself, are being discussed by very humble men, men, as we

have seen, carefully chosen so as to represent Frenchmen and Englishmen

alike. Nothing is a more wholesome corrective of exaggerated ideas as to

the severance and hostility of the two races than a due remembrance of

the part which both played in the Domesday Inquest.

Equally important is the respect which is clearly being paid in the

above discussions to the strict forms of law, of English law in

particular. No very knotty problems arise in the course of our simple

extract, but we can see that a Norman baron will often have to stand or

fall in his claim according to the interpretation of some old English

legal doctrine. We know from other sources that the intricacies of the

rules which in King Edward’s time determined the rights and status of

free men became a thing of wonder to the men of the twelfth century, and

we may suspect that the Domesday commissioners were frequently tempted

to cut these obsolete knots. But so far as is practicable, they are

maintaining that the Norman must succeed to just the legal position of

his English “antecessor”; Robert the Dispensator cannot claim the land

which has been forfeited by Wiglac to Gilbert de Gand.

Lastly, one is always tempted to forget that twenty years had passed

between the death of King Edward and the making of the Domesday Survey.

Our attention is naturally and rightly concentrated on the great change

which substituted a Norman for an English land-holding class, so that we

are apt to ignore the struggles which must have taken place among the

conquerors themselves in the division of the spoil; struggles none the

less real because, so far as we can see, they were carried on under the

forms of law. Death and confiscation had left their mark upon the Norman

baronage; the personnel of Domesday Book would have been very different

if the record had been drawn up a dozen years earlier. But, even apart

from this, it was inevitable that friction should arise within the mass

of Norman nobility as it settled into its position in the conquered

land. The Domesday Inquest afforded a grand opportunity for the

statement and adjustment of conflicting claims, and examples may

generally be found in every few pages of Domesday Book.

The last point in connection with the survey which calls for special

notice is the origin of the name by which it is universally known.

“Domesday Book” is clearly no official title; it is a popular

appellation, of which the meaning is not quite free from doubt.

Officially, the record was known as the “Book of Winchester,” from the

city in which it was kept; it was cited under that name when the abbot

of Abingdon, in the reign of Henry I., proved by it the exemption of

certain of his estates from the hundred court of Pyrton, Oxfordshire.

The best explanation of its other, more famous name may be given in the

words of Richard Fitz Neal, writing under Henry II.:

“This book is called by the natives, ‘Domesdei,’ that is by a metaphor

the day of judgment, for as the sentence of that strict and terrible

last scrutiny may by no craft be evaded, so when a dispute arises

concerning those matters which are written in this book, it is

consulted, and its sentence may not be impugned nor refused with

safety.”[339]

On the whole this explanation probably comes near the truth. We may well

believe that to the common folk of the time, this stringent, searching

inquiry into their humble affairs may have seemed very suggestive of the

last great day of reckoning. Viewed in this light the name becomes

invested with an interest of its own; it is an abiding witness to the

reluctant wonder aroused by the making of this, King William’s greatest

work and our supreme record.

[Illustration: Penny of William I.]

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Genealogical Tables

TABLE A

_THE DUCAL HOUSE OF NORMANDY_

‘Rollo’

│

William I.

│

Richard I.

│

┌──────────────┬──────┼──────────┬────────┬───────────┬───┐

│ │ │ │ │ │ │

Richard II. = Judith │ Malger William Mahaut = Odo II.│Hawise = Geoffrey I

│ of Brittany │ count of count of │ of Brittany

│ │ Mortain of Eu Blois │ ↓

│ │ │ │ │ (Table B)

│ │ │ │ ┌───────────┘

│ Robert, │ │ Emma = Ethelred II.

│ archbishop William │ ┌─────┴──────┐

│ of Rouen ‘the │ Alfred the Edward the

│ │ Warling’ │ Etheling Confessor

│ │ │

│ Ralf de Wacy └─────────────────────┐

┌──┴─────┬───────────────┬──────────────┬──────────┐ │

│ │ │ │ │ │

Richard Robert I. │ Malger William │

III. │ Adeliz = Reginald, archbishop count │

Nicholas │ count of of Rouen of Arques │

abbot of │ Burgundian │

St. Ouen │ Palatinate ┌───────┼──────────┐

┌────┴──────┐ │ │ │ │

│ │ Guy of Robert William Hugh, bishop

William II. Adeliz Brionne count ‘Busac’ of Lisieux

│ ↓ of Eu

Robert II. (Table C.)

nf-

.ll

.pb

TABLE B

.ti 0

_THE COUNTS OF BRITTANY_

.ll 80

.nf l

Geoffrey I. = Hawise of Normandy

†1008 │

│

┌──────────────────────┴───────────────────┐

│ │

Alan III. †1040 Éon, count of Penthièvre

│ †1079 │

┌─────────────────-┼─────────────┐ ┌──────┴───────┐

│ │ │ │ │

Conan II. Geoffrey ‘Grenonat’ Hawise = Hoel, Brian, Alan,

o. s. p. 1066 (claimant 1075) │ count of earl of Richmond earl of

│ Cornouaille Richmond

│ †1084

│

Alan Fergent = Constance

†1119 of Normandy

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TABLE C

_THE DESCENDANTS OF ARLETTE_

Robert of Normandy = Arlette = Herlwin de Conteville

│ |

┌─────────┘ └────────────┐

│ │

┌─────────┴───────┐ ┌────────────┼──────────┐

│ │ │ │ │

William Adeliz = Enguerrand Odo, bishop Robert, Muriel

count of Ponthieu of Bayeux count of

│ Mortain

┌────────────────┴──────────┐

│ │

Adeliz = Eudes, count of Judith = Waltheof, earl of

│ Champagne │ Northampton

│ │

Stephen, count of Maud = David I.

Aumâle king of Scots

(claimant for England, 1095) ↓

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TABLE D

_THE COUNTS OF MAINE_

Hugh II.

│

┌─────────┴──────────────┐

│ │

Hugh III. Herbert ‘Baccon’

│ (regent of Maine, 1036–1040)

│

Herbert I. ‘Eveille-chien’

†1035

│

┌──────────┴───────────────────┐

│ │

Hugh IV. Biota = Walter of Mantes

†1051 count of the Vexin

│ Français

│

┌───┴──────────┬─────────────────────────┬───────────┐

│ │ │ │

Herbert II. Gersendis = Azo, marquis Margaret Paula = John de la Flèche

†1063 │ of Liguria (betrothed to

│ Robert of Normandy)

│

Hugh (claimant

in 1073)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TABLE E

_THE COUNTS OF THE VEXIN_

Walter II.

│

┌──────────────────┴─────────────────────┐

│ │

Drogo = Goda, d. of Ethelred II. Ralf II., count of Valois

│ │

┌─────────┴──────────────────┐ Ralf III., count of Valois

│ │ │ and the Vexin

Walter III. = Biota of Maine Ralf, earl of Hereford │

o.s.p. 1063 │

Simon de Crepy

o.s.p.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TABLE F

_THE SUCCESSION IN 1066_

Richard I. of Normandy Swegn Forkbeard Thorgils Sprakalegg

│ │ │

┌─────────┴──────────────────────────┐ ┌────┴───┐ ┌────┴────┐

│ │ │ │ │ │

Richard II. Ælfgifu=(1)Ethelred II.=(2)Emma = Cnut Estrith=Ulf Gytha=Godwin

│ │ │ │viceroy │

│ │ │ │of Norway │

│ │ │ │ │

Robert I. Edmund Ironside Edward Swegn Estrithson Harold II.

│ │ the Confessor

│ │

William Edward the Etheling

│

Edgar the Etheling

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TABLE G

_THE COUNTS OF FLANDERS_

Baldwin IV.

†1036

│

┌─────────────────────────────┴───────────┐

│ │

Baldwin V. = Adela of Tostig = Judith = Welf, duke of Bavaria

†1067 │ France earl of Northumbria

│

┌──────┴───────────────────┬────────────────────────────┐

│ │ │

Baldwin VI. = Richildis, Robert = Gertrude, widow Matilde = William

†1070 │ heiress ‘le Frison’ of Florence I. │ duke of

│ of Hainault †1093 │ count of Holland │ Normandy

│ │ │

┌────────┴────────┐ ┌────┴──────────┐ │

│ │ │ │ │

Arnulf Baldwin Robert II. Adela = Cnut, king Robert

(inherited (inherited †1111 │ of Denmark duke of

Flanders) Hainault) │ │ Normandy

│ Charles ‘le Bon’ |

Baldwin VII. †1127 William

†1119 (claimant in 1127)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TABLE H

_THE EARLS OF NORTHUMBRIA_

(1)Ecgfryth = Uhtred = (2)Ælfgifu, daughter

earl of Northumbria of Ethelred II.

†1016

│ Crinan

│ lay abbot of

│ (1) (1) 2 Dunkeld

┌────────────────┴──┬────────┬────────┐ ┌─────┴────┐

Ealdred Eadwulf Gospatric Ealdgyth = Maldred(2)│

earl of Bernicia earl of †1064 │ │

†circ. 1038 Bernicia │ Duncan(1)

│ †1041 Gospatric king of

┌───┴──────┐ │ earl of Scots

│ │ │ Bernicia †1040

Ligulf = Ealdgyth Ælflœd=Siward Oswulf 1067–1068 │

(favourite of │ earl of earl of 1069–1072 Malcolm III.

Bishop Walcher) │ North- Bernicia ↓ king of

†1080 │ umbria †1067 Scots

↓ │ †1055 1057–1093

│ ↓

Walther

earl of Bernicia

Huntingdon

↓

End Matter

INDEX

Abernethy, 323, 325

Abingdon, chronicle of, 178

—— knight service of, 449

—— Ethelhelm, abbot of, 399, 450

—— history of, 416, 494

Adeliz, countess of Ponthieu, 64, 234

Ælfwold, abbot of St. Benet of Holme, 173

Agelwig, abbot of Evesham, 333

Agriculture, system of, 479, 480

Aire, river, passage of, 278, 279

Alan III., count of Brittany, 66, 72, 137, 341

Alan Fergant, duke of Brittany, 342

Alan, earl of Richmond, 200, 324, 361

Aldreth, Cambridgeshire, 298, 300

Alençon, 63, 91, 299

—— siege of, 94, 95

Alfred the Etheling, 47, 51

Alfred, King, 6, 12, 22, 25, 179, 394

Algar, English prisoner, 372

Alney, treaty of, 214

Ambrières, 118, 119

Angevin succession war, 126, 127, 130, 160, 304

Anjou, county of, 66, 88, 126, 127

—— counts of, _see_ Fulk Nerra, Fulk le Rechin, Geoffrey Martel,

Geoffrey le Barbu.

Anselm of Aosta, 42, 43

Ansgar the Staller (Esegar), 224, 238, 241, 424

Apulia, 97, 99

Aquitaine, 141

Archil, Northumbrian thegn, 265, 268

Argentan, 78, 79

Arlette, mistress of Robert I., 63, 64, 234

Army, the feudal, 456

—— —— numbers of, 450, 451

—— —— at Hastings, 196

Arnold, bishop of le Mans, 310, 312

Arnulf, son of Baldwin VI., of Flanders, 305, 306

Arnulf, count of Flanders, 27

Arques, county of, 101

—— siege of, 102-105

—— _see_ William, count of.

Arthur of Brittany, 233

Arundel, castle of, 428

Arve, valley of, 76, 77, 123

Asbiorn, Earl, 271, 285, 291, 321

Ascelin, son of Arthur, 375

Assessment, principles of, 466-472

Athelstan, King, 19, 27, 28

Aubrey, earl of Northumbria, 353

Aversa, battle of, 106

Avranchin, the, 25, 138

Axholme, Isle of, 275

Azo, marquis of Liguria, 308

Baile Hill, York, 269

Baldwin, sheriff of Devon, 257, 422

Baldwin V., count of Flanders, 91, 105, 106, 108, 109, 126, 160, 171,

172, 305

Baldwin VI., count of Flanders, 305

Baldwin, son of Count Baldwin VI., 305, 307

Bamburgh, 317

Barking, 227, 233, 238

Battle, abbey of, 197, 397

Baudri de Guitry, 372, 373

Bavinkhove, battle of, 306

Bayeux, 102, 115

—— bishop of, _see_ Odo.

Beaumont (Maine), castle of, 313, 360

Beaurain, 154

Beauvoisis, 112

Bec, schools of, 41-43

Bedfordshire, assessment of, 467-469

Bellême, county of, 39, 91, 105, 128, 429

—— _see_ Mabel of.

_Beneficium_, 32

“Beorcham,” 221

Berengar of Tours, 42

Berkhamstead, Little, 222

Bertha of Blois, 130

Bessin, the, 25, 81, 121

Beverley, church of, 385

Bilsdale-in-Cleveland, 282

Biota of Mantes, 129, 131, 136

Blanchelande, peace of, 314-316, 344-346

Bleddyn, king of Gwynedd, 248, 262, 276

Blois, county of, 38, 66, 67

—— _see_ Odo II., Theobald III., counts of.

Blyth (Notts), 441

Bonjen, valley of, 361

Bonneville, council of, 180

Border, the Scotch, 317, 318, 323, 324

Boscherville, 351

Brand, abbot of Peterborough, 228, 290

Bresle, river, 24

Breteuil, 117

—— laws of, 117

Bretford (Wilts), 67

Brian of Penthievre, 270, 277, 324

Brill (Bucks), 420

Brionne, siege of, 85

—— county of, 114

Bristol, 258

Brittany, 66, 138, 141

—— volunteers from, 168

—— —— at Hastings, 200, 201

—— _see_ Alan, Conan, Hoel, counts of.

Broken Tower, the, 217

Buckingham, earldom of, 167

“Burh-bot,” 300

Burton-on-Trent, 420

Caen, 122, 351, 374, 375, 401

—— abbey of, Holy Trinity, 180, 358

—— —— St. Stephen’s, 42, 180

—— burial of William I. at, 374

Cambridge, 266, 298, 333

Canterbury, 217

—— _see_ Anselm, Dunstan, Lanfranc, Robert of Jumièges, Stigand,

archbishops of.

Capetian House, 360

—— in alliance with Normandy, 29, 33, 67, 68, 73, 79

Capital punishment, 87, 340

Cardiff, castle of, 354

Cardigan, 429

Carham, battle of, 317

Carisbrooke, castle of, 356

Carlisle, 323

Carolingian Empire, 1

Carolingian House, in alliance with Normandy, 26, 27, 29

Carucates, 470, 471

Castles, in England, 242, 243, 263, 264, 451-453

Castle-guard, 451, 452

Celibacy, clerical, enforcement of, 396, 397

Champagne, county of, 67, 141;

_see_ also Blois.

Chancellor, the, 418

Chancery, the royal, 53

Charles III., king of West Franks, 25, 26

Chartres, schools of, 41

Chateauneuf, castle of, 346

Chaumont, 368

Chester, 276, 281, 283-285, 388, 429

—— earldom of, 167, 425, 429-431

—— _see_ Gerbod, Hugh, earls of.

Christian, bishop of Aarhus, 271

Cicely, daughter of William I., 180

Claim of fealty, papal, 404, 405

Claire-sur-Epte, treaty of, 24, 25, 26, 40, 79

“Clamores” in Lincolnshire Domesday, 497, 498

Clarendon, constitutions of, 357

Cleveland, 176, 282, 317, 320

Clifford’s Tower (York), 265

Cluny, abbey of, 379

Cluniac movement, 40, 385-387

Cnut, king of England and Denmark, 5, 15, 18, 44, 65, 147, 150-152,

211, 253

Cnut II. (Saint), king of Denmark, 271, 334, 335, 363, 365

Coesnon, river, 139

_Commune concilium_, 408-415

Conan, duke of Brittany, 67, 137-140

Confiscation, the great, 235-240

Constance, widow of King Robert I., 68

“Consul Palatinus,” 427

Copsige, earl of Northumbria, 233, 247

Corbie, 307

Cornwall, 259, 260

Cotentin, the, 25, 81, 101, 172

Councils, ecclesiastical, 392, 393

Court, the shire, 421, 422, 433, 437, 442

—— the hundred, 393, 394, 433, 442, 444

Coutances, church of St. Mary at, 137

—— _see_ Geoffrey, bishop of.

Crowland, abbey of, 288, 290, 338

Cumberland, 317, 318, 321, 322

Curia, the papal, 55, 163, 164, 377

Curia Regis, 416, 419, 456

Danegeld, 460, 465, 466

Danelaw, 9, 10, 12, 24, 253, 272, 273

Dean, forest of, 272

Denmark, kings of, _see_ Cnut I. and II., Gorm, Harold Blue-Tooth,

Harold Hein, Swegen Forkbeard, Swegen Estrithson.

Derwent (Yorkshire), 178

Dieppe, 251

Dinan, siege of, 140

Dive, river, 81

—— —— estuary of, 102, 121, 182, 183

—— Church of Notre Dame at, 245

Dol, 138, 139, 341

Domesday Book, 7, 10, 11, 13, 16, 33, 57, 117, 173, 234, 235, 237-240,

257, 273, 280, 325, 327, 345, 367, 392, 411, 414, 415, 430, 457-501

—— Inquest, 437, 485, 486, 498, 499

—— arrangement of, 489-493

—— composition of, 486, 487

—— indefiniteness of, 482-485

—— legal theory underlying, 494-498

—— meaning of name, 500, 501

Domfront, 91-95, 101

Donald, son of Malcolm III., 323

Dover, 50, 156, 216, 217, 249-251

Downton (Wilts), 355, 420

Dreux, county of, 76, 77

Drogo, count of the Vexin, 367

Droitwich, 420

Dunbar, 317-325

Duncan, king of Scots, 318

Dunstan, Archbishop, 18, 20, 381, 406

Durham, 268, 324, 334

—— modern county of, 321

Eadgyth, wife of Edward the Confessor, 218

—— marriage of, 144

Eadmer, historian, 382

Eadric Streona, earl of Mercia, 15, 18, 45, 248

Eadric the Wild, 228, 248, 276

Ealdgyth, wife of Harold II., 171

Ealdred, archbishop of York, 71, 157, 221, 225, 230, 260, 263, 275,

384-387, 390

Ealdwulf II., earl of Northumbria, 58

Earldoms, the great, 14-17, 46, 424, 425

East Anglia, assessment of, 469, 470

Edgar the Etheling, 148, 151-153, 159, 212, 228, 289, 320, 325

—— elected king, 213

—— submission of, 221

—— accompanies William to Normandy, 244

—— flight of (1068), 262, 265

—— attacks York, 268

—— joins Danish fleet, 273

—— in Scotland, 295

—— final flight of, 321

—— receives offer of Montreuil, 326

—— returns to England, 327

Edgar, king, 9, 20, 394

Edington, battle of, 6

Edith the Swan-necked, 207

Edmund Ironside, 15, 21, 147, 209, 211

Edmund, sheriff of Hertfordshire, 231

Ednoth the Staller, 259

Edred, King, 19

Edward the Confessor, 21, 36, 49, 52, 54, 60-62, 66, 76, 91, 143-147,

331, 411

—— death of, 157

—— ecclesiastical appointments by, 385

Edward the Elder, 7, 19, 26

Edward the Etheling, 147, 148

Edward, sheriff of Wiltshire, 423

Edwin, earl of Mercia, 59, 61, 153, 177, 191-193, 212-215, 227, 230,

234, 412

—— accompanies William I. to Normandy, 244, 245

—— first revolt of, 261-264

—— flight and death of, 295-297

Edwy, king of Wessex, 8, 20

Elf, the, treaty of, 48

Ely, abbey of, 288, 432

—— Domesday Inquest relating to, 459

—— Isle of, 290-300, 321

—— private jurisdiction over, 440, 441

Emma, wife of Ethelred II., 29, 30, 31, 47, 65, 143

Emma, wife of Earl Ralf, 330, 334

English sheriffs, 424

Enguerrand, count of Ponthieu, 64, 76

—— death of, 104, 111, 234

Eon, count of Penthievre, 119, 200, 324

Epte, river, 24, 68

Eric, earl of Northumbria, 45

Eric of Upsala, 2

Esegar, _see_ Ansgar.

Estrith, sister of Cnut, 65

Ethelmer, bishop of Elmham, 389

Ethelnoth, Kentish thegn, 244

Ethelred II., 8, 15, 18, 20, 29, 30, 44, 143

Ethelric, bishop of Selsey, 389

Ethelwine, bishop of Durham, 266, 268, 389

Ethelwold, prior of Peterborough, 292, 295

Eu, 24, 105

—— county of, 100

—— _see_ Robert, William, counts of.

Eudo fitz Hubert (de Rye), 418

Eustace, count of Boulogne, 50, 169, 228, 231, 249, 250, 300

Evesham, abbey of, 281

—— _see_ Agelwig, abbot of.

Evreux, county of, 70

—— _see_ William, count of.

Exeter, 30, 252, 254, 259, 277, 454

—— revolt of, 253-257, 267

—— see of, 383

Exning, 330, 332, 340

Fagadun, 334

Falaise, 63, 78, 121

Falkirk, 350

Feasts, 409

Fécamp, 39, 71, 76, 245, 401

—— council at, 70, 71

Feigned flight at Hastings, 203-205

Fenland, 288

Feudal rights, 34

_Feudum_, 32

Five Boroughs, 7

—— assessment of, 472, 473

Flanders, county of, 27, 38, 52, 108, 109, 141, 160, 305-307

—— volunteers from, 168

—— visited by Robert Curthose, 346, 348

—— _see_ Baldwin V. and VI., Robert, Arnulf, counts of.

Flat Holme, the, 258

Fleet, the English, 173, 174, 178

—— the Norman, 165-168

Fresnay, castle of, 312, 313, 360

Fulford, battle of, 177

Fulk the Lame, 167

Fulk Nerra, count of Anjou, 71-89

Fulk le Rechin, count of Anjou, 127, 304, 308, 312-315

Fyrd, the English, 255, 323, 333, 341, 445, 454, 455

Gainsborough, 272

Gamel, the son of Orm, 59

Gateshead, 352

Gatinais, the, 127

Gebuin, Archbishop of Lyons, 404

Geoffrey Alselin, 238

Geoffrey “le barbu,” count of Anjou, 127

Geoffrey, bishop of Coutances, 128, 225, 277, 384, 400, 408, 409, 454

Geoffrey “Grenonat,” count of Rennes, 341

Geoffrey de Mandeville, 238, 241, 424

Geoffrey “Martel,” count of Anjou, 89, 112, 116, 160, 304

—— war of 1048, 90-95

—— refrains from war of 1054, 112-116

—— attacks Ambrières, 118, 119

—— count of Maine, 118, 128, 130

—— death, 126

Geoffrey of Mayenne, 118-120, 308, 310-312

Gerald the Seneschal, 167

Gerbevoi, castle of, 347, 360

—— battle of, 347, 348

Gersendis of Liguria, 308, 311

Gertrude of Holland, 305

Gervaise, bishop of Le Mans, 128

Gherbod, earl of Chester, 429, 430

Gilbert, count of Brionne, 72, 74, 76

Gilbert Crispin, castellan of Tillières, 77

Gilbert of Ghent, 170

Gilbert Maminot, bishop of Lisieux, 369

Gilbert, Bishop Walcher’s deputy, 351, 352

Gloucester, 51, 415, 453

Gloucestershire, 426

Godwine, earl of Wessex, 16, 18, 47, 49, 50, 51, 109, 145, 146, 156

—— House of, 319

Gorm, king of Denmark, 2

Gospatric, Northumbrian thegn, 59

Gospatric, earl of Northumbria, 268, 319, 320

—— appointed earl (1068), 248

—— flight of (1068), 262

—— joins Danish army, 273

—— makes submission, 282

—— harries Cumberland, 321, 322

—— deposition of, 325

Gratian, 394

Grimbald de Plesis, 82, 87

Guildford, 47

Gundulf, bishop of Rochester, 401

Gunhild, daughter of Earl Godwine, 258

Guntard, abbot of Jumièges, 370

Gustavus Vasa, 4

Guthrum of East Anglia, 6, 24

Guy of Brionne, 71

—— revolt of, 80-88

Guy-Geoffrey of Aquitaine, 105, 111

Guy, count of Ponthieu, 111, 115, 154, 183

Gyrth, earl of East Anglia, 57, 202

Gytha, wife of Earl Godwine, 150, 207, 257, 258

Hacon, earl of Worcestershire, 45

Hacon, Danish earl, 334

Hainault, county of, 305

Hamon de Thorigny, 82

Hamon, viscount of Thouars, 223

Harold “Blue Tooth,” king of Denmark, 45

Harold “Hein,” king of Denmark, 271, 335, 363

Harold I., king of England, 47

Harold II., king of England, 49, 52, 56, 57, 257, 302

—— joins in Breton war, 139, 155

—— earl of Wessex, 147

—— continental tour of, 148, 149

—— designs upon English throne, 148

—— visit to Normandy and oath, 154-157

—— becomes king of England, 157-160

—— refuses papal arbitration, 161, 163

—— marriage of, 171

—— campaign of Stamfordbridge, 177-179

—— campaign of Hastings, 191-194

—— battle of Hastings, 194-205

—— death, 205, 206

—— character, 208-210

—— illegitimate sons of, 258, 259, 270

Harold Fair Hair, king of Norway, 2

Harold Hardrada, king of Norway, 3, 48, 49, 175-179, 183, 253, 273

Harthacnut, 46, 48

Hastings, battle of, 54, 133, 194-206, 286

—— castle of, 187

—— base of Norman army, 188, 195, 211

Hayling Island, grant of, 231

Helie de la Flèche, 362

Henry de Beaumont, 264, 408, 451

Henry IV., emperor, 160

Henry I., king of England, 219, 233, 260, 369, 370, 419

Henry II., king of England, 348, 419, 423

Henry, son of Henry II., 349

Henry de Ferrers, 169, 408

Henry I., king of France, 34, 37, 68, 71, 77, 100, 160

—— guardian of William, 74

—— raids in Normandy, 78

—— at Val-es-dunes, 83-85

—— war with Anjou, 90

—— supports William of Arques, 103, 104

—— invades Normandy, 110-117

—— retreat of, 116

—— defeated at Varaville, 121, 122

—— character of reign, 125

—— death, 126

—— grants Vexin to Robert I. of Normandy, 367

Herbert “Bocco,” regent of Maine, 129

Herbert “Eveille-Chien,” count of Maine, 129

Herbert II., count of Maine, 118, 130, 131

Hereford, earldom of, 49, 53, 167, 243, 328, 329, 342, 425-427

—— castle of, 248

—— county of, 276

Hereward, 289-295, 297-303, 316

Herlwin, abbot of Bec, 41

Herlwin of Conteville, 64

Herlwin, knight, 374

Hidage, the Tribal, 462, 463

—— the Burghal, 463, 464

—— the county, 465

Hides, 460, 461

Hiesmois, county of, 70, 78, 83, 105, 121

Hildebrand, _see_ Pope Gregory VII.

Hoel, duke of Brittany, 140, 314, 341, 342

Holderness, 176, 320

Housecarles, 445

Hoveringham (Notts), Domesday description of, 476-482

Hubert, papal legate, 404

Hubert of Fresnay, 312

Hubert, viscount of Maine, 360-363

Hugh fitz Baldric, 423

Hugh de Chateauneuf, 346

Hugh, earl of Chester, 78, 167, 356, 430, 433

Hugh of Gournai, 113

Hugh de Grentmaisnil, 243, 348

Hugh of Liguria, 308

Hugh IV., count of Maine, 118, 129

Hugh the Great, count of Paris, 26

Hugh de Montfort, 113, 167, 243, 249

Hugh de Montgomery, 428

Hugh of Sillé, 310, 311, 313

Humber, the, 58

Humphrey de Tilleul, 243

Huntingdon, 191, 266

—— earldom of, 329

Iceland, 3

Ingelric the Priest, 232

Ingibiorg, wife of Malcolm III., 323

Ipswich, 271

Jersey, 66

John, king of England, 162

John de la Flèche, 308, 313-315

John, archbishop of Rouen, 246

Judith, wife of Earl Tostig, 109

Judith, wife of Earl Waltheof, 234, 332, 337, 342

Jumièges, 39, 245

Junquené, archbishop of Dol, 76, 138

Jurisdiction, ecclesiastical, 386, 387

Kent, earldom of, 167, 425, 431

Knight service, institution of, 444, 446-451

Knights’ fee, 446, 447

La Flèche, siege of, 314

—— _see also_ Helie and John.

Land-loan, 33

Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, 214, 358, 389

—— head of school of Bec, 41

—— opposes William’s marriage, 107

—— abbot of St. Stephen’s, Caen, 180

—— visits Rome (1067), 245, 246

—— relations with Roger of Hereford, 328, 329

—— conduct in 1075, 334-336

—— suggests arrest of Bishop Odo, 357

—— letter to, 371

—— policy as archbishop, 390-397

—— dispute with the Curia, 403

Law, Old English, 10, 499

—— canon, 394

Leicester, 264

—— earldom of, 167

Le Mans, 127, 132-134, 309-313

—— see of, 127-129

—— _see_ Arnold, Gervase, Vulgrin, bishops of.

Leobwine, favourite of Bishop Walcher, 352

Leofgar, bishop of Hereford, 384

Leofric, earl of Mercia, 18, 45, 49, 145

—— House of, 262, 296, 319

Leofric, abbot of Peterborough, 228

Leofwine, Earl, son of Godwine, 57, 202

Leofwine, bishop of Lichfield, 230

Lewes, priory of, 397

Ligulf, Northumbrian thegn, 352

Lijmfiord, 364

Lillebonne, council of (1066), 165, 170, 172, 408

—— —— (1080), 351, 406

Lincoln, 187, 191, 266, 273

Lindsey, 173, 275, 276, 278

Lisois de Monasteriis, 278, 279

London, 133, 192

—— citizens of, 153, 224

—— citizens of, charter to, 240

—— Tower of, 227

—— Bridge, 57, 219

Lothian, 317, 323, 325

Louis d’Outremer, 9, 28, 29

Lugg, river, 248

Lyting, bishop of Worcester, 384

Mabel of Bellême, 39, 120

Macbeth, king of Scots, 318

Magnus I., king of Norway, 46, 48, 49

Magnus Bareleg, king of Norway, 4

Maine, 39, 88, 92, 118-120, 160

—— revolt of (1072), 307-316

—— revolt of (1084), 359-362

—— baronage of, 129, 308

—— _see_ Hugh, Herbert, counts of.

Malcolm I., king of Scots, 317

Malcolm II., king of Scots, 317, 318

Malcolm III., king of Scots, 173, 265, 266, 317-323, 350

—— marriage of, 322

Malger, archbishop of Rouen, 71

—— deposition of, 106, 107

Malger, count of Mortain, 70

Malmesbury, abbey of, 289

—— schools of, 398

Mantes, 112, 368, 369

Margaret of Maine, 130, 131, 136

Margaret, wife of Malcolm III., 322

Marleswegen, sheriff of Lincoln, 192, 229, 262, 268, 273, 321

Marmontice, abbey of, 181, 397

Matilda, the empress, 163, 233

Matilda, wife of William I., 105-110, 143

—— contributes to the fleet, 167

—— regent of Normandy (1066), 181, 241

—— regent of Normandy (1068), 251

—— regent of Normandy (1069), 269

—— coronation of, 260, 261

—— assists Robert her son in exile, 346

—— death and character, 358, 359

Mauritius, archbishop of Rouen, 42, 245

Maxines, abbey of, 306

Mayenne, castle of, 134

Monasteries, foundation of, 380

Monasticism, in Normandy, 40

—— revival of, in England, 397-400

Mons, 306

Montacute (Somerset), siege of, 277

Montgomery (Normandy), castle of, 67, 72

Montgomery (England), castle of, 427

—— _see_ Hugh, Roger, William de.

Montlouis, battle of, 89, 90

Montreuil-sur-Mer, 326, 347

Mora, the, 167, 185

Morcar, earl of Northumbria, 59, 60, 153, 171, 177, 191-193, 212-215,

227, 261, 319, 372, 412

—— accompanies William to Normandy, 244, 245

—— first revolt of, 261-264

—— flight to Ely, 295, 296

—— imprisonment of, 299

Morecambe Bay, 265

Mortain, _see_ Malger, Robert, William, counts of.

Mortemer, campaign and battle of, 114, 115, 183, 367

Moulins, 105, 111

Nantes, county of, 137

Neel de St. Sauveur, 82, 85

Newburn on Tyne, 247

Newcastle on Tyne, 323

—— castle of, founded, 350

Nicæa, 72

Nicholas, abbot of St. Ouen, 71, 167

Normandy, boundaries of, 24, 25

—— condition of (1035), 74, 75

—— condition of (1066), 141

—— dukes of, _see_ Robert I., II., Rollo, Richard I., II., III.,

William I., II.

Northampton, 59, 60

Northamptonshire, 59

—— French barons of, 171

Northumbria, 8, 9, 58, 213, 214, 230, 259, 262, 273, 391

—— revolt of (1065), 59, 60

—— opposition to Harold, 171

—— revolt of (1068), 262, 263

—— revolt of (1069), 273-279

—— harrying of, 279-283, 286, 287

—— earls of, _see_ Aubrey, Copsige, Gospatric, Morcar, Oswulf, Robert

de Comines, Robert de Mowbray, Siward, Tostig, Walcher, Waltheof.

Norway, kings of, _see_ Harold Fair Hair, Harold Hardrada, Magnus I.,

II., Olaf (Saint), Olaf Tryggvasson, Olaf Kyrre, and Sigurd.

Norwich, 244, 254, 272, 333, 334

Nottingham, 264, 278

Oath of Harold, 153-157

Odensee, 364-365

Odo, bishop of Bayeux, 40, 64, 128, 231, 249, 250, 259, 384, 390, 415,

416, 434

—— contributes to the fleet, 166

—— at Hastings, 202

—— joint regent (1067), 243, 246

—— earl of Kent, 423, 431, 433

—— harries Northumberland, 352, 353

—— arrested and imprisoned, 355-358

—— released, 372

Odo, brother of Henry I. of France, 113, 115

Odo II., count of Blois, 68, 77

Oise, river, 68

Olaf (Tryggvasson), king of Norway, 4

Olaf (Saint), king of Norway, 8

Olaf (Kyrre), king of Norway, 363

Olne, river, 85, 122

Ordericus Vitalis, 287, 336, 337, 339, 429

Orkneys, 3, 176

—— Paul and Erling, earls of, 176

Osbern the Seneschal, 72, 76, 427

Osbern, bishop of Salisbury, 401

Ostmen of Dublin, 52

Oswulf, earl of Northumbria, 247, 319

Ouse (Yorkshire), river, 176, 265, 273, 279, 282

Oxford, 60

Paula of Maine, 308

Peterborough, abbey of, 288-295

—— abbots of, _see_ Brand, Leofric, Therold.

—— knight service due from, 449

Peter’s Pence, 404

Pevensey, 7, 54, 179, 185-187, 226, 244

Philip I., king of France, 160, 304

—— succeeds, 126

—— temporary alliance with Flanders, 307

—— grants Montreuil to Edgar the Etheling, 326

—— supports Breton insurgents, 341

—— supports Robert of Normandy, 347

—— acquires Vexin, 368

—— war of 1087, 368, 369

Poissy, 83

Pontefract, 278, 279

Ponthieu, county of, 183

—— _see_ Enguerrand, Guy, counts of.

Pontoise, 368

Pope, Alexander II., 161, 402, 405

—— Benedict X., 389

—— Gregory VII., 162, 357, 358, 402-406

—— Innocent II., 163

—— Innocent III., 162

—— Leo IX., 107

—— Nicholas II., 107

Porlock (Somerset), 54

_Precarium_, the, 32, 33

Private jurisdiction, 35

—— —— after 1066, 438-443

Private war, in Normandy, 35

Raimalast, castle of, 346

Ralf of Mantes, earl of Hereford, 49, 53

Ralf III., count of Valois, 368

Ralf de Wacy, 72, 78

Ralf de Wader, earl of East Anglia, 272, 329, 330, 333-335, 341-342

Ramsey, abbey of, 288, 294, 295

Randolf de Brichessart, 81, 85

Redemption of land by English, 234-236

Reginald of Clermont, 113-115

Remigius (Remi), bishop of Lincoln, 167, 401

Rennes, counts of, 137

—— county of, 138

Rheims, General Council of, 106, 107

Rhiwallon of Dol, 138, 139

Rhiwallon, king of Powys, 248

“Ricardenses,” the, 69, 101

Riccall (Yorkshire), 176, 179

Richard I., duke of Normandy, 28, 29, 37, 38, 39, 379

Richard II., duke of Normandy, 29, 38, 41, 101, 379

Richard III., duke of Normandy, 64

Richard of Hugleville, 103

Richard, son of Count Gilbert of Brionne, 261

Richard, second son of William I., 260

Richildis of Hainault, 305, 306

Richmond, earldom of, 324

Ripon, church of, 385

Rippingdale (Lincolnshire), 290

Robertian House, 25, 27, 29

Robert, duke of Burgundy, 360

Robert de Comines, earl of Northumbria, 267, 268, 319

Robert, count of Eu, 100, 113, 166, 261, 276

Robert “the Frisian,” count of Flanders, 160, 305-307, 326, 346, 363

Robert, bishop of Hereford, 401

Robert of Jumièges, archbishop of Canterbury, 53, 245, 385

Robert, count of Mortain, 64, 166, 259, 260, 261, 276, 277, 414

Robert de Mowbray, earl of Northumbria, 353

Robert d’Oilly, 169

Robert, count of Paris, 25

Robert I., duke of Normandy, 34, 37, 63-72, 143, 245, 367

Robert II. (Curthose), duke of Normandy, 130, 136, 181, 233, 260, 404

—— joint regent of Normandy (1068), 251

—— recognised as count of Maine, 314-316

—— revolt of, 345-349

—— character of, 349, 350

—— Scotch expedition of, 350

—— designated heir of Normandy, 371

Robert fitz Richard, castellan of York, 265, 268, 269

Robert, archbishop of Rouen, 70, 75

Robert de Vieux-Pont, 314

Robert, the son of Wymarc, 189, 190

Roche-Mabille, foundation of, 120

Rochester, 219

—— church of, suit relating to, 434-436

—— _see_ Gundulf, bishop of.

Roger de Beaumont, 166, 181, 251, 264, 299, 348

Roger de Busli, 441

Roger, earl of Hereford, 372, 408, 426

—— revolt of, 328-335

Roger de Montgomery, earl of Shrewsbury, 39, 120, 166, 261, 287, 314,

348, 358, 408, 425, 427-429, 433

Roger de Toeny, 75

Rollo, duke of Normandy, 24-27, 30

Romney, 215, 216

Rotrou, count of Mortagne, 346

Rouen, 87, 351, 369

—— priory of St. Gervase at, 369, 373

Rudolph of Burgundy, king of West Franks, 26

Rye, 83

St. Albans, abbey of, 449

—— schools of, 398

St. Aubin, 103, 234

St. Benet of Holme, abbey of, _see_ Alfwold, abbot.

—— knight service due from, 449

St. Davids, visited by William I., 353

St. James, castle of, 138

St. Omer, 258

St. Suzanne, siege of, 359-362, 372

St. Valery, 166, 183, 184

St. Wandville, 39, 68

Saintonge, 88-90, 127

Salisbury, 277, 285

—— oath of, 364-366

—— _see_ Osmund, bishop of.

Samson, Queen Matilda’s messenger, 347

Sandwich, 172, 173

Sarthe, valley of, 134, 312

“Sawold,” sheriff of Oxford, 231

Sees, translation of, 391, 392

Seine, valley of, 25, 112

Sheriffs, Norman, 422

—— English, 423

Shrewsbury, 276, 283

—— earldom of, 167, 425, 427, 428

—— _see_ Hugh, Roger, de Montgomery, earls of.

Sicily, volunteers from, 168

Sigurd (Jerusalem-farer), king of Norway, 4

Sillé, castle of, 310-313

—— _see_ Hugh of.

Simon de Crepy, count of Valois and the Vexin, 368

Siward Barn, 372

Siward, earl of Northumbria, 49, 57, 58, 145, 318, 319

—— House of, 325

Sogne Fiord, 176

Soissons, county of, 100

Somme, estuary of, 183

Sorel, castle of, 346

Southwark, 51, 54, 219

Southwell (Notts), church of, 385

Stafford, 252, 276, 278, 285, 388

Stamford, 191

Stamfordbridge, battle of, 48, 177-179, 187, 189, 192

—— saga of, 176

Stephen, king of England, 163, 219, 249

Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury, 55, 56, 225, 300

—— submits at Wallingford, 153, 220

—— accompanies William to Normandy, 244

—— deposition of, 389

Subinfeudation, 446-450

Sulung, the, 469

Sussex, devastation of, 188

—— earldom of, 428

—— ports of, 53

Swegen Estrithson, king of Denmark, 160, 253, 255, 270, 271, 290, 291,

294, 334, 335

Swegen Forkbeard, king of Denmark, 4, 15, 44, 46, 272

Swegen, son of Cnut, 46

Swegen, son of Earl Godwine, 49

Tactics, 197, 198

Tadcaster, 177, 191

Tapestry, the Bayeux, 166, 201, 202

Taw, river, 270

Tees, river, 58, 282, 317, 320, 323

Telham, 199

Terouenne, 306

Thegns, 238-240, 447, 448

Theobald III., count of Blois, 141

Theodoric, count of Holland, 305

Thomas I., archbishop of York, 390

Thorney, abbey of, 288

Thorold, abbot of Peterborough, 289-291, 295

Thurcytel de Neufmarché, 72

Thurstan, abbot of Ely, 300

Thurstan, abbot of Glastonbury, 399

Thurstan Goz, revolt of, 78

—— Richard, son of, 78, 97

Tillières, 76-78, 117, 123

Title to English crown, 149-153, 232, 233

Tochi (Tokig), son of Outi, 169, 238

Tokig of Wallingford, 348

Tostig, earl of Northumbria, 9, 57-60, 109, 171-179, 319

Tours, schools of, 41

Trade, 53, 65, 109

Treaty of 1054, 116, 117, 130

Truce of God, 36, 380

Tyne, river, 176, 350

Ulfketil, abbot of Crowland, 290

Units of assessment, 467-469, 471, 472, 474, 475

Urse d’Abetot, 333, 423, 424

Val-es-dunes, battle of, 79, 80, 84, 85, 380

Valognes, 82, 87, 101

Valois, House of, 368

—— _see_ Simon, Ralf, counts of.

Value of manors in Domesday, 480-482

Varaville, battle of, 37, 122, 123, 149

Vermandois, county of, 27

Vernon, castle of, 82, 86

Vexin Français, 68, 129, 131, 167

Vire, estuary of, 83

Vulgrin, bishop of Le Mans, 167

Walcher of Lorraine, 351

—— bishop of Durham, 324

—— earl of Northumbria, 342, 343

—— murder of, 352, 416

Waleran, brother of Guy, count of Ponthieu, 115

Waleran, count of Meulan, 75

Wales, 432

—— expedition into, 353, 354

Wallingford, 220

Walter Giffard, 102, 167, 408

Walter de Lacy, 333

Walter of Mantes, 129, 131, 135, 368

Walter Tirel, 170

Waltham, minster of, 207

Waltheof, earl of Huntingdon, 60, 231, 261, 295, 302, 345, 414

—— submits at Barking, 234

—— accompanies William to Normandy, 244

—— joins Danish attack on York, 273, 274

—— submits by the Tees, 282

—— created earl of Northumbria, 325

—— disaffection of (1075), 329-332

—— condemnation and execution, 336-340

Warwick, 264

—— earldom of, 167

Watling Street, 13, 420

Wearmouth, 321

Wedmore, treaty of, 25

Westminster, 157, 251, 287, 364

—— abbey of, 225, 260, 261

—— charters relating to, 229, 230

Wharfe, river, 176, 177

Wight, Isle of, 54, 172, 356, 366

Wigod of Wallingford, 169

William, duke of Aquitaine, 119

William, count of Arques, 70, 71, 96

—— revolt of, 101-105

William Busac, 96

—— revolt of, 99, 100

William, count of Eu, 70

William, count of Evreux, 314

William of Jumièges, chronicler, 65, 69, 381

William Malet, 269, 275

William of Malmesbury, historian, 382

William de Montgomery, 72

William, count of Mortain, 97-99

William de Moulins, 314

William I. (Longsword), duke of Normandy, 27, 28

William II., duke of Normandy and king of England, 4, 5, 7, 9, 25, 37,

40, 48, 56;

birth of, 63, 64;

recognised as heir of Normandy, 70, 71;

minority of, 72-80;

ward of King Henry I., 73, 74;

in war of Tillières, 76-80;

suppresses revolt of 1047, 80-88;

besieges Brionne, 85, 86;

supports Henry I. against Geoffrey Martel, 90;

captures Domfront and Alençon, 91-95;

banishes William, count of Mortain, 97-99;

suppresses revolt of William Busac, 99, 100;

suppresses revolt of William of Arques, 101-105;

marries Matilda of Flanders, 105-110;

resists invasion of 1054, 110-117;

concludes peace with King Henry I., 116, 117;

founds Breteuil, 117;

engages in war of Ambrières, 118-120;

founds Roche-Mabille, 120;

defeats invasion of 1058, 120-123;

wins battle of Varaville, 122, 123;

receives commendation of Herbert II. of Maine, 118, 130;

invasion and conquest of Maine, 132-135;

takes possession of Le Mans, 133, 134;

illness of, 136, 137;

engages in Breton campaign of 1064, 137-139;

relief of Dol and siege of Dinan, 139, 140;

position of, at close of 1064, 140-142;

first visit to England, 146;

claim to English throne, 150-152;

receives oath from Harold, earl of Wessex, 153-157;

negotiations with foreign powers, 160;

submits his cause to the pope, 161-163;

gathers an army, 164, 165, 168;

and fleet, 165-168;

demands fulfilment of Harold’s oath, 170;

receives Earl Tostig, 172;

preparations for the invasion of England, 180, 181;

delayed at the Dive estuary, 182, 183;

at St. Valery, 183, 184;

voyage to England, 185;

lands at Pevensey, 185, 186;

builds castles at Pevensey and Hastings, 187, 188;

devastations in Sussex, 188;

receives a message from Harold, 189, 190;

battle of Hastings, 195-206;

generalship of, 197, 198;

moves out of Hastings to the English position, 199;

details of battle, 200-206;

causes Harold’s burial on the shore of Hastings, 207;

takes quarters at Hastings, 211;

march on London, 215-219;

burns Southwark, 219, 220;

crosses Thames at Wallingford, 220;

receives submission of English leaders, 221, 222;

receives offer of the crown, 222, 223;

dealings with “Esegar” the Staller, 224, 225;

coronation, 225, 226;

builds Tower of London, 227;

extent of his authority 1066–7, 230, 231;

at Barking, 227, 233, 234;

grants charter to citizens of London, 240, 241;

visits Normandy, 241, 243-246;

return, 246;

suppresses revolt of Exeter, 253-257;

progress in Cornwall, 259, 260;

at Westminster for Matilda’s coronation, 260;

northern campaign of 1068, 262-266;

receives submission of Malcolm III., 265, 266;

appoints Robert de Comines earl of Northumbria, 267;

second visit to York, 269;

in forest of Dean, 272;

march on Lindsey, 275, 276;

at Stafford, 276, 277;

at Nottingham, 278;

at Pontefract, 278, 279;

harrying of Northumbria, 279-281, 286, 287;

Christmas feast at York, 282;

march to the Tees and return to York, 282, 283;

march to Chester, 283-285;

agreement with Earl Asbiorn, 285;

campaign of Ely, 297-299;

relations with Robert the Frisian, 306, 307;

suppression of Mancel rising, 312, 313;

campaign of La Flèche, 313, 314;

concludes peace of Blanchelande, 314-317;

relations with Malcolm III., 317-323;

treaty of Abernethy, 323;

creation of earldom of Richmond, 324;

dealings with Edgar the Etheling, 325-327;

relations with, and condemnation of, Earl Waltheof, 336-340;

engages in Breton war of 1076, 341, 342;

last phase of reign, its character, 344, 345;

relations with Robert, 345, 346, 348-350;

campaign of Gerberoi, 347, 348;

movements during 1080, 351;

expedition into Wales, 353, 354;

arrest of Odo of Bayeux, 355-358;

death of Queen Matilda, 358, 359;

campaign of St. Suzanne, 359-361;

prepares for a Scandinavian invasion, 363, 364;

takes Oath of Salisbury, 364-366;

last departure from England, 366;

campaign of Mantes, 368, 369;

mortal injury of, 369;

illness of, 370-373;

disposition of inheritance, 371;

release of prisoners, 372;

death, 373;

burial, 374, 375;

ecclesiastical ideas of, 376-378, 381;

reform of English church, 388-402;

relations with the Curia, 402, 403;

administrative changes introduced by,—_see under_ castles, _Commune

Concilium_, _Curia Regis_, earldoms, fyrd, knight service, private

jurisdiction, sheriffs, writs;

orders taking of Domesday Inquest, 457

William II., king of England, 219, 233, 369, 371

William fitz Osbern, earl of Hereford, 93, 117, 230, 231, 261, 269,

287, 328, 414, 425-427, 433, 492

—— contributes to fleet, 166

—— regent of England, 243, 246, 415

—— death, 306

William Peverel, 451

William of Poitiers, biographer, 90, 381

William, archbishop of Rouen, 403, 404

William de Warenne, 243, 397

Wimund, commander of Moulins, 105

Winchelsea, 251

Winchester, 218, 219, 254, 260, 269, 277, 282, 337, 364, 419

Witanagemot, 17, 20

—— nature of, 410-414

Woodstock (Oxfordshire), 420

Worcestershire, 333, 426

Writs, the king’s, 168, 254, 420, 421

—— early Anglo-Norman, 227-231

Wulf, son of King Harold, 372

Wulfnoth, son of Earl Godwine, 212, 372

Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester, 230, 333, 391

Wulfwig, bishop of Dorchester, 232

Wyce, valley of, 354

York, 49, 171, 177, 190, 191, 252, 254, 262-265, 268, 269, 273-275,

279, 282-285

—— church of, 335, 385

—— kingdom of, 7

Footnotes

Our attempt to understand the terms employed in a typical entry may