OLIVER GRAND JURY IMPANELED.
The hard fight of the morning of October 26th to prevent Ruef taking
possession of the District Attorney's office had been carried on
practically without the general public being aware of the proceedings.
Langdon had been suspended early in the evening of the previous day. The
temporary order restraining Ruef from interfering with the District
Attorney had been signed at 5 o'clock in the morning. The general public
found by the morning papers that Ruef had attempted to seize the office,
but of the steps taken to stay his hand the papers had nothing. The
question on every man's lip was: Will Judge Graham recognize Ruef or
Langdon as District Attorney at the impaneling of the Grand Jury?
The court was to meet at 2 o'clock. Long before that hour arrived, the
halls of Temple Israel, a Jewish synagogue in which several departments
of the Superior Court met during the months following the great fire,
were packed with citizens. The street in front of the building soon
became jammed with a struggling mass of men demanding entrance. The
crowd became so great that none could enter or leave the building.
Plain-clothes men were on all sides, and succeeded in clearing a space
about the entrance. The work of clearing the building of all who could
not show that they had business there, then began. In this work,
deference was shown Ruef's adherents. Notorious saloon-keepers,
ex-prize fighters and strong-arm men friendly to Ruef were permitted to
remain. Opponents of the administration who protested against removal
were unceremoniously thrown out.
Although little groups of partisans of the administration appeared in
the crowd, the citizens assembled were in the main clearly in sympathy
with the prosecution.[103] The arrival of Langdon, Heney and Spreckels
was signal for outbursts of applause. Ruef apparently appreciated the
feeling against him. He appeared guarded by two detectives of the
regular police department,[104] and a body-guard of partisans. The crowd
began to press about him. Several of his followers made motions as
though to draw revolvers. Ruef hurried into the building. To add to the
confusion, there was, planned or without planning, misunderstanding as
to the room in which the hearing was to be held. The representatives of
District Attorney Langdon's office finding themselves misinformed as to
the meeting place, forced their way from hall to hall seeking reliable
information. When the room was finally located, it was found to be
packed with Ruef followers. The sheriff ordered the doors closed. The
Court's attention was called to this. District Attorney Langdon insisted
that the doors be opened and the crowd permitted to enter to the
capacity of the room. He pointed out that some had been admitted and
others kept out, and insisted there should be no discrimination. This
course was taken. The crowd poured in until every available foot of
standing room was occupied.[105]
Eighteen of the nineteen citizens required under the California law for
Grand Jury service had already been drawn at former sessions of the
court. As soon as order had been secured, the name of the nineteenth was
taken from the jury box.
This detail over, Heney called the Court's attention to the provision of
the California law, that no person whose name does not appear on the
assessment roll of the county in which he serves is eligible for Grand
Jury service, and that the courts have held further, that bias or
prejudice of a Grand Juror against a person indicted is sufficient
grounds for setting aside the indictment. Heney then stated that he
wished to examine the nineteen men as to their qualifications as Grand
Jurors.
Ruef, announcing himself as an officer of the court, arose to speak.
Heney objected to Ruef appearing, if by officer of the court he meant
District Attorney or Acting District Attorney. Ruef answered that he
appeared only in his capacity as member of the bar. On this showing he
was allowed to proceed.
Ruef contended that the procedure proposed by Heney was irregular; that
if followed the validity of the Grand Jury would be imperiled. He stated
that he did not want to see the Grand Jury made an illegal body.
Heney replied that he intended, as Assistant District Attorney, to
present felony charges against Ruef, and desired to examine the
prospective Grand Jurors as to their bias for or against Ruef.
Furthermore, Heney insisted, the Court had authority to excuse a juror
if he were not on the assessment roll. To accept as Grand Jurors men
whose names were not on the assessment roll, or men biased or prejudiced
against Ruef would, Heney insisted, make the proceedings a farce.[106]
In reply to Heney, Ruef defied him to produce any evidence "in open
court before an untutored Grand Jury for an indictment." Ruef charged
Heney further with employing abuse "to make the Grand Jury illegal so
that nothing might come of any indictment."
At this point, the Attorney General of the State, U. S. Webb,[107]
addressed the Court. At his suggestion the Grand Jurors were excused
for the day. General Webb then stated that he knew of no law for the
procedure which Mr. Heney suggested. He admitted, however, that such
procedure would be desirable, and advised that no hasty action be taken
in coming to a decision.
Heney in reply read from California decisions to show that The People
have the authority to make examination of Grand Jurors, and continued:
"The only question remaining is as to when this examination shall be
made. Suppose the foreman of the Grand Jury is biased or prejudiced.
Does it require any argument that now is the time to make this
examination instead of waiting until we have presented our evidence to
the Grand Jury? Shall we first have to give those whom we accuse time to
bribe witnesses and get them out of the country? Shall we let the
defendant come in and quash the indictment, if there is any bias or
prejudice, and then be enabled to protect himself against prosecution?
"After the miserable fiasco (the attempted removal of Langdon) which
occurred last night," Heney went on, "what more important duty for this
Court to perform than to say immediately that the law is more powerful
than any man or any set of men in San Francisco?"
As Heney concluded, the packed courtroom burst into applause. The crowd
outside heard, took it up and cheered wildly. As soon as order was
restored, Henry Ach, one of the attorneys appearing for Ruef, suggested
that Heney, the Attorney General and himself, get together to present
the question of whether Langdon or Ruef were District Attorney to the
Supreme Court. Ach stated that he feared if Langdon or Heney attended a
session of the Grand Jury and Ruef were to be found to be District
Attorney, then the acts of the Grand Jury might be invalidated.
Heney replied that in acting as prosecutor it had been his rule "to have
no conferences, treaties or alliances with persons charged with crime,
or with their attorneys." On this ground, Heney declined Mr. Ach's
proposition.
Judge Graham made no rulings that day on any of the points raised, but
ordered a continuance until the following Monday.
After adjournment of court, the appearance of Langdon and Heney at the
entrance of the building brought forth cheers from the crowd that all
through the proceedings had waited outside. A speech was demanded of
Langdon.
"My friends," he replied, "we have no speeches to make. We have a duty
to perform and we will perform that duty."
Immediately behind Langdon came Ruef, closely guarded by police and
detectives. He was pale and worn and clearly frightened. The crowd
pressed about him. Threats came from his followers to shoot into the
crowd if it pressed too closely. Ruef finally reached his automobile and
was driven away.[108]
The topic of discussion of the two days that elapsed before Judge Graham
decided the questions that had been raised by Heney's proposal to
proceed with the examination of the Grand Jurors, was whether Graham
would allow such examination. It was alleged that no less than four of
the citizens drawn for Grand Jury service were not on the assessment
roll. There were, too, charges that Ruef controlled several of them.
Some of the papers printed the names of those whom it was alleged were
either under obligations to Ruef or connected with his political
organization.
A second crowd filled courtroom, building and street when Judge Graham's
court was called to order the following Monday. Mounted policemen,
plain-clothes men and detectives, directed by two captains of police,
were, however, on hand to preserve order.[109] There were no
demonstrations. Judge Graham announced from the bench that after due
deliberation, he had concluded that the District Attorney had the right
to interrogate the Grand Jurors as to their qualifications. He stated
further that inasmuch as Langdon was the de facto District Attorney,
Langdon would conduct the examination.
The prosecution had won the first skirmish in the years-long fight upon
which San Francisco was entering for the enforcement of the law.
The next move came from Attorney Samuel M. Shortridge. Shortridge
appeared with Ruef's attorney, Henry Ach, and Marshall B. Woodworth.
Ruef had named Woodworth, it will be remembered, as Heney's successor in
the District Attorney's office.
Mr. Shortridge read Acting Mayor Gallagher's order suspending Langdon
and appointing Ruef, and also called the Court's attention to the fact
that Ruef had filed his official bond as District Attorney. Shortridge
stated that the matter was pending before Judge Seawell, and asked the
Court, "in deference to Judge Seawell," to postpone proceedings until
the District-Attorney controversy should be decided. Shortridge
expressed himself as fearful that, if the examination of the Grand
Jurors went on, Judge Seawell's decision might invalidate the Grand Jury
proceedings.
W. T. Baggett, Assistant City Attorney,[110] followed Shortridge. Mr.
Baggett read a letter from the Acting Mayor, setting forth the fact of
Langdon's removal, and joined with Shortridge in pleading for delay. But
the pleas of both gentlemen were denied. Judge Graham repeated his
opinion given earlier in the day that Langdon should be recognized as
the de facto District Attorney, and ordered the impaneling of the Grand
Jury to continue.
Shortridge thereupon announced his desire to participate in the
examination of the Grand Jurors. Heney objected to Shortridge appearing
as a representative of the District Attorney's office. Shortridge
replied that he respected Judge Seawell's order, and had no intention of
violating it. He asked if he would be permitted to act in the capacity
of amicus curiƦ[111] in examining jurors. This privilege was accorded
him.
The examination of the Grand Jurors occupied more than a week. Several
of the nineteen were excused, it being found that their names were not
on the assessment roll.
The examination was concluded[112] on November 7th and the Grand Jurors
sworn. B. P. Oliver was appointed foreman. From him the body received
its name of Oliver Grand Jury. The Grand Jury organized by electing C.
G. Burnett secretary. But one important question remained to be decided,
namely--Was Ruef or Langdon to represent The People at the investigation
into graft charges which the Grand Jury was ready to begin?
FOOTNOTES:
[103] The San Francisco Chronicle in its issue of October 27 thus
described the crowd: "Every man the police put out of the
building was cheered by the crowd and every time policemen
laid hands on anyone they were hissed. However, it was evident
that the citizens who gathered outside the Temple Israel
yesterday afternoon did not come prepared to fight with the
police force. In the crowd standing outside almost every man
prominent in the business and professional life of the city
could be seen. Manufacturers, merchants, lawyers, doctors, men
engaged in all the various lines of wholesale and retail
business, and all the professions, included among the latter
being many Protestant ministers, Catholic priests and Jewish
rabbis. Here and there in the great concourse of people were
scattered little groups of men of the type that may be seen
hanging around the tenderloin."
[104] Detectives Steve Bunner and Tim Riordan. These men accompanied
Ruef for nearly a month. Late in November, after Ruef had been
indicted, they were sent back to active duty.
[105] While the crowd was pressing into the room, a deputy sheriff
undertook to search Heney for concealed weapons. Heney
complained of the officer's conduct, protested vigorously.
"That is the man standing there," cried Heney, "he did so at
the request of Abe Ruef."
"Who was informed that Mr. Heney was armed," responded Ruef.
It developed that Heney was not armed, and the incident went
no further. But it indicated the sharpness of the division
between the two factions.
[106] The Chronicle of October 27, 1906, contains the following
account of Heney's reply to Ruef: "'I now announce to the
court,' said Heney fervently, 'that I intend as Assistant
District Attorney, to present charges of felony and
misdemeanor against Abraham Ruef, and I desire to examine the
members of this panel to determine if any member entertains
bias or prejudice for or against Abraham Ruef in the matter of
the charges which are to be presented by the District
Attorney's office. I understand that there is no question as
to Abraham Ruef's right to have the indictment set aside if
any member of the Grand Jury is biased or prejudiced against
him. It would be a farce,' Heney went on, his voice swelling,
'it would be adding to the comedy of errors enacted last night
(the attempted removal of Langdon from office), if we have a
Grand Jury which is biased or prejudiced. It has become public
through the newspapers--to some extent, at least--that Abraham
Ruef is to be investigated. The People have the same right as
the defendant to examine the members of the panel as to their
qualifications. I know that a number of the members do not
possess the qualifications provided by the statute, as they
are not on the assessment roll, and I desire to question them
on that point. The Court has the right to excuse a juror if he
is not on the assessment roll. The Supreme Court has decided
that a man has the right to be investigated by a Grand Jury of
nineteen men who are qualified according to the statute and
none others. It is not necessary to take for grand jurors the
nineteen whose names are first drawn from the box. We should
examine them, so that a member who has a bias or prejudice as
to a particular person may be instructed that he shall not
participate in the investigation of that person.'"
[107] Under the California law, the Attorney-General may at his
discretion, take the prosecution of a criminal case out of the
hands of a District Attorney. It was within General Webb's
province to have taken charge of the San Francisco graft
trials. In a statement given wide publicity at the time,
General Webb stated that he had no intention of taking charge
of the graft trials unless Ruef succeeded in seizing the
District Attorney's office. Long after, however, Heney, in an
affidavit filed in the case of The People vs. Patrick Calhoun,
Thornwell Mullally, Tirey L. Ford, William M. Abbott, Abraham
Ruef and Eugene E. Schmitz, No. 823, set forth a statement
made to him by Ruef when Ruef was pleading for immunity, in
which Webb's presence at the impaneling of the Grand Jury was
touched upon as follows:
"Ruef said in reply in substance, 'You are prejudiced against
me, Heney, ever since we had that quarrel during last
election. You know that the public-service corporations are
responsible for the conditions which exist in San Francisco
and that I can help you send some of the officials of those
corporations to the penitentiary, and I can also help you to
clean up this city and make it impossible for corruption to
get a foothold here again for a long time. You are afraid to
trust me, but you are making a mistake. The moment it becomes
known that I have gone over to the prosecution the most
powerful influences in this State will all be arrayed against
us, and particularly against me. The moment you attack Pat
Calhoun you in fact attack Herrin. You don't know the relation
between these parties and the corporation as well as I do. I
am very fond of Tirey Ford, but I don't care a rap about Pat
Calhoun, and would just as soon testify against him as not.
But the moment it becomes known that I am ready to do so my
life will no longer be safe. I will have to stick to the
prosecution from the moment I start in with it. You don't know
what desperate means these people are capable of resorting to.
My life will not be safe. If they keep me in the county jail
with O'Neil as Sheriff they will kill me to a certainty. You
don't know how many influential people are involved in this
thing. You and Burns think you know, but there are a lot of
people whom you don't know anything about who are mixed up in
it. I tell you that the combined influence of all these people
will make it next to impossible to secure convictions, and
will make it very dangerous for all of us. It will not do to
lessen the weight of my testimony any by having me plead
guilty in that extortion case. Besides that, the Court would
not allow me bail after I had pleaded guilty, and the Supreme
Court may knock out the elisor, and then I would be absolutely
in the hands of the other people, and they would surely kill
me. Sheriff O'Neil is loyal to me now, but the moment he knew
I was going to testify against Schmitz he would be very bitter
against me, and would do whatever those people wanted him to
do. Moreover, Herrin will get Attorney-General Webb to come
down and take these cases out of the hands of Langdon and
yourself, and he will declare the immunity contract off upon
the ground that the District Attorney has no power to make one
and will prosecute me on some of the bribery cases now pending
against me, and if they convict me Herrin will see to it that
I am not pardoned by the Governor. He now controls the
Governor and the chances are he will continue to name the
Governor and control him for the next twenty years. Webb was a
deputy in Ford's office when Ford was Attorney-General, and it
was Ford who got him to come down here and 'butt in' at the
time you were impaneling the Grand Jury. I know you fellows
thought it was I who got him to come down here, but as a
matter of fact I did not know any more about it than you did
until he appeared there, and I am sure it was Ford who did
it."
[108] While Ruef was struggling through the crowd to reach his
automobile Dr. Shadwick O. Beasley, Instructor in Anatomy at
the Cooper Medical College, was assaulted by some unidentified
person. Dr. Beasley turned, shook his fist at Ruef and hissed
him. The doctor was immediately placed under arrest. Dr.
Beasley, on his part, swore out a warrant charging an unknown
deputy sheriff with battery. Beasley was then made subject of
petty persecution. He was, for example, held up on the street
by a deputy sheriff and charged with carrying a concealed
weapon. He was searched by two men, but nothing more deadly
than a case of surgical instruments was found upon him. Dr.
Beasley complained bitterly of the rough treatment from the
officers.
The San Francisco Chronicle, in its issue of October 27, 1906,
thus describes the scene which followed Ruef's appearance
before the crowd:
"With fists and clubs Chief of Police Dinan and his squad from
the Central Police Station fought off the crowd of angry
citizens assembled about the Temple Israel who sought to lay
violent hands on Abe Ruef when the curly-headed usurper of the
functions of the municipal government was leaving the scene of
the Grand Jury meeting yesterday afternoon. And in the wake of
the police were the Ruef heelers from the tenderloin with
their hands on their pistols, threatening to shoot down the
citizens of the city of San Francisco who should dare to
approach too near the sacred person of their tenderloin idol.
"It was one of the most remarkable scenes ever witnessed in
any city of this country. Stung with the outrageous assumption
of the powers of the public prosecutor when he was about to be
placed on trial himself for crime, the citizens of the city,
among whom are names that stand highest in business and
professional circles, sought to make him realize the impudence
of his conduct. That he escaped a swift punishment for his
arrogant seizure of the office of the District Attorney is
solely due to the presence and strenuous efforts of the
police."
[109] In sending his officers to handle this crowd, Chief of Police
Dinan gave the following instructions:
"The captains, sergeants and officers so detailed are
instructed that they are sent to the place designated for the
purpose of doing strict police duty. They will see that the
streets and sidewalks are not obstructed, and that no
violations of the law are permitted."
[110] Under the San Francisco municipal charter, the District
Attorney has charge of criminal cases, and the City Attorney
of civil cases in which the city is concerned. The City
Attorney also acts as adviser to the Mayor and Board of
Supervisors. The two are independent offices.
[111] Shortridge stated that as amicus curiae, it was his duty to
see that the proceedings were without flaw. Heney refused to
take him seriously, however, referred to him facetiously as
the "curious friend of the Court." and suggested that the
Court unassisted might be able to determine what was competent
evidence.
[112] The following nineteen citizens composed the Grand Jury that
conducted the investigation of San Francisco "graft" charges:
E. J. Gallagher, photographic supply dealer; Frank A. Dwyer,
real estate; Herman H. Young, baker and restaurant proprietor;
Mendle Rothenburg, liquor dealer; James E. Gordon, merchant;
Alfred Greenebaum, merchant; Wallace Wise, haberdasher;
Jeremiah Deasy, insurance agent; Rudolph Mohr, brewer; C. G.
Burnett, capitalist; Charles Sonntag, merchant; Morris A.
Levingston, liquor dealer; B. P. Oliver, real estate; W. P.
Redington, druggist; Christian P. Rode, drayman; Ansel C.
Robinson, merchant; Dewey Coffin, real estate; F. G. Sanborn,
law book publisher; Maurice Block, merchant.