CHAPTER IV_Mediaeval Church Vaulting

AMBULATORY VAULTS

EARLY AMBULATORIES

It is not the province of this essay to enter into a discussion of the

origin of the ambulatory and its introduction into the church plan.[402]

It is sufficient to note that a passage around a semicircular apse

appears even in Roman times in the imperial tribune of the so-called

stadium of Domitian on the Palatine at Rome which dates from the second

century A.D.,[403] and that a similar passage was added around the apse

of San Giovanni in Laterano by Pope Sergius II (844-845).[404]

Such ambulatories were mere service galleries, not directly connected

with the apse and in fact shut off from it by a solid wall, but when

once adopted as a feature of the church plan, the ambulatory rapidly

became an aisle around the apse corresponding in all respects to that

which flanked the rectangular nave or choir.[405] It was natural,

therefore, that this added aisle should have been vaulted and such is

the case in the two earliest ambulatories of any size which still exist,

namely, those in Santo Stefano at Verona (end of tenth century) and the

cathedral of Ivrea (973-1001 or 1002),[406] while the early ambulatories

in France, like those of Saint Martin at Tours (end of eleventh century)

and the cathedral of Clermont-Ferrand, which have unfortunately been

destroyed, were doubtless also vaulted.

ORIGIN OF AMBULATORY VAULTING

That the form which such vaulting assumes owes its origin to that of the

concentric aisles in earlier buildings of circular plan would seem a

most natural supposition since the problems in the two cases were

precisely alike. As a matter of fact, a comparison shows that all or

nearly all the methods of vaulting developed in the Roman or Byzantine

period for the aisles of circular buildings were tried by the Romanesque

builders when they added an ambulatory to the semicircular apses of

their churches.

ANNULAR TUNNEL VAULTS

The principal Roman type would seem to have been the annular tunnel

vault. An excellent example is to be seen in the amphitheatre at Nîmes

in which the builders have even employed transverse arches of stone

beneath the vault of brick.[407] Similar in character, though later in

date and without transverse arches, is the fourth century annular vault

of Santa Costanza in Rome. It is not surprising, therefore, to find the

annular tunnel vault in a number of the earliest Romanesque ambulatories

as, for example, at Ivrea and in the lower story of Santo Stefano at

Verona, both dating from the close of the tenth century, and somewhat

later at Vignory in France and in the gallery of the Tower chapel in

London.[408] The annular tunnel vault never became in any sense a

popular form, however, probably because it necessitated an impost above

the level of the apsidal arches and exerted a continuous thrust

throughout its whole extent. It is more often to be found in crypts, as

in Saint Wipertus near Quedlinburg (936)[409] and in Chartres cathedral

(1020-1028)[410] where there were no structural problems of support, or

else with its imposts lowered and cut by lunettes into an

interpenetrating form which is really an elementary groined vault and is

later discussed.

AMBULATORIES WITH HALF TUNNEL VAULTS

Besides these annular vaults, there are a few examples of ambulatories

with half tunnel vaults which may owe their origin to the desire of the

builders to keep the outer impost of the vaults as low as possible and

still raise the inner line above the apsidal arcade.[411] In any event

such an ambulatory is occasionally found in churches where the aisles

also are half-tunneled, as, for example, in the abbey church of

Montmajour (cir. 1015-1018)[412] and in the twelfth century church of

Saintes.[413] Though this type of vault apparently has no pre-Romanesque

prototype, it is perhaps possible that the concentric aisle of the

circular church of Rieux-Merinville (Aude) (eleventh century)[414]

affords an earlier example of its use over a space of similar plan.

There is also an interesting use of a half-tunnel vaulted triforium

above the ambulatory and abutting the half dome of the apse which opens

into it through five arches, in the church of Loctudy (Finistère)

twelfth century.[415]

There are, however, circular buildings of the Byzantine and Carolingian

periods with vaulted aisles which may well have furnished the prototypes

for other methods of ambulatory vaulting which the Romanesque builders

employed. One of these is the Royal Chapel at Aachen (796-804), in which

the aisles are two stories high with the lower story covered by groined

vaults of alternately square and rectangular plan with no transverse

arches separating the bays.[416]

ROMANESQUE AMBULATORIES WITH ALTERNATING TRIANGULAR AND SQUARE BAYS

Although there appear to be no Romanesque churches with ambulatories of

exactly this type, there are a number which are composed of triangular

sections of an annular vault alternating with groined bays of

practically square plan. One of these is the upper ambulatory of Santo

Stefano (end of tenth century) at Verona, while a similar arrangement

may be seen in the concentric aisle of the crypt of Saint Bénigne at

Dijon (Côte d’Or) (1002-1018).[417] Moreover, the type at Aachen of

alternate square and triangular groined bays, is to be seen at Paris

with the addition of transverse arches between the bays, in Saint Martin

des Champs (cir. 1136) and at Gloucester in the beautiful ambulatory of

the cathedral (1089-1100). Furthermore, this alternation of square and

triangular bays was of quite frequent occurrence in the ribbed vaulted

ambulatories later described.

AMBULATORIES WITH TRANSVERSE TUNNEL VAULTS

The gallery of the Palatine chapel at Aachen is covered in still another

manner by a series of ramping tunnel vaults alternately triangular and

square in plan and springing from a series of transverse arches.

Although never exactly copied in ambulatory vaulting, a similar system

in which ramping groined vaults displace the simple tunnel form appears

in the gallery of the north transept of San Fedele at Como (twelfth

century)[418] while the system of ramping the vault had still another

application in the trapezoidal groined vaults of San Tommaso at

Almeno-San-Salvatore,[419] the evident object being to get a slant above

the vaults suitable for an exterior roof which might rest directly upon

them. But if ramping tunnel vaults were not used over the ambulatory,

there are at least two instances of the employment of expanding

transverse tunnel vaults in this position and these may well be products

of the Aachen type. The ambulatory at Vertheuil[420] affords an example

dating from about the middle of the twelfth century, which must soon

have been followed by the gallery of the cathedral of Notre Dame at

Mantes (beg. in 1160?).[421] Here the vaults are similar, but on a much

larger scale, and with quite different transverse supports consisting of

lintels, each resting upon two columns placed between the apsidal piers

and the outer walls.[422]

AMBULATORIES WITH GROINED VAULTED TRAPEZOIDAL BAYS

All of the ambulatory types thus far described were but occasionally

used in the Romanesque period. Far more common, and in fact the standard

form, is that of simple four-part groined vaults over bays of

trapezoidal plan. Here again the plan at least has a Byzantine prototype

in the church of San Vitale at Ravenna where the concentric aisle is

divided into trapezoids, though these in turn are cut by the radiating

niches of the central nave and the groined vaults employed are therefore

of irregular form.

Even without any prototypes, however, this arrangement of bays is a

direct outcome of the use of an annular tunnel vault intersected by

lunettes or transverse tunnels opposite the apsidal arches. Such vaults

may in fact be seen at a comparatively early date in the churches of

Bois-Sainte-Marie (Saône-et-Loire) (twelfth century), Champagne

(Ardèche), and Preuilly-sur-Claise (Indre-et-Loire), and in a reversed

sense at Saint Savin (Vienne) (cir. 1020-1040) where there is an early

instance of a simple annular vault cut by expanding transverse tunnel

vaults whose intrados at the smaller end corresponds to that of the

apsidal arches but whose crowns rise higher than that of the vault which

they intersect. There are no transverse arches and yet the vault is

really composed of a series of trapezoidal bays. The ambulatory of Saint

Sernin at Toulouse (choir consecrated 1096) shows this same system in

its fully developed form. There are still no transverse arches, but the

vault is no longer interpenetrating but fully groined, yet with

practically level crowns, so that it still has the general form of

intersecting tunnel vaults.

It was far more common, however, for the Romanesque builders to separate

their trapezoidal bays by transverse arches, though their use would seem

to have been optional rather than to indicate a more developed

architectural type, since they are found at an early date in the

ambulatory of Saint Philibert at Tournus (Saône-et-Loire) (1009-1019),

where the form of the vault would otherwise be of interpenetrating type.

It is, in fact, less developed than that at Saint Sernin, the transverse

panels being considerably lower than the concentric portion of the vault

thus forming simple lunettes above the window heads. In such a vault,

the transverse arches are structurally valuable only in so far as they

make possible the erection of the vault in sections and consequently

serve as permanent centering and as a stiffening member between the

apsidal piers and the outer walls. In the fully developed vaults with

transverse arches, like those at Paray-le-Monial these arches serve

still another purpose. Here it is evident that the vault was laid up in

sections, for each bay is domed up at the crown and the transverse arch

not only carries a little of the weight of the vault but also conceals

what would otherwise be an awkward intersection line between one bay and

the next. With this doming up of the vault crown and the use of pointed

transverse arches to replace the awkward stilted form, the vault of

Paray-le-Monial marks the highest point possible before the introduction

of the diagonal rib in the Transitional and Gothic periods.

AMBULATORIES WITH RIBBED VAULTS

It has already been stated that it is not the purpose of this paper to

discuss the origin of ribbed vaulting. In fact, it is rather the

intention to accept the conclusions of Mr. Porter in his “Construction

of Lombard and Gothic Vaults” that this innovation arose from the

necessity for providing a centering where wood was not to be easily

obtained or where the shape of the bays or their position in the church

made a permanent centering of stone or brick far superior to, and easier

of construction than, a similar centering in wood.[423] Accordingly the

fact that some of the earliest ribbed vaults appear over the ambulatory

is readily explained by the trapezoidal shape of the vaulting bays, for

which a wooden centering would have been especially difficult to

construct.

MORIENVAL

Of these rib-vaulted ambulatories, the earliest which has come down to

us would seem to be that of the little church of Morienval (Figs. 77,

78, 79), which probably dates from about 1120-1130. A study of this

ambulatory shows most clearly the gradual changes and adjustments which

mark the development of perfected rib vaulting from its groined

prototype. In size this is an insignificant work and yet historically

most important. Perhaps its first noticeable feature lies in the use of

slightly pointed apsidal arches (Fig. 77), showing that the builders

grasped in at least a

[Illustration: FIG. 77.--MORIENVAL, CHURCH.]

rudimentary way the advantage to be gained in thus bringing these arches

up to a point where they would be nearly, at least, on a level with the

crown of a semicircular formeret. The use of these formerets or wall

arches is a second advance in this vault at Morienval, and though these

are unnecessarily heavy and in two orders (Fig. 78) they do reduce the

width of the vaulting bays and furthermore they clearly define the wall

line of the panels and may even have aided in the support of the wooden

centering or _cerce_ on which the severies were laid up. They do not

apparently support the actual masonry of the cell, which, as is clearly

shown in the southwest bay, does not follow the curve of the

formeret.[424] The transverse arches (Fig. 78) show little structural

advance, for they are still round headed. They are however highly

stilted yet in addition to this the builders have found it necessary to

pile their crowns with masonry in the manner already described in

connection with the vaults at Bury.[425] It is in the use and

[Illustration: FIG. 78.--MORIENVAL, CHURCH.]

[Illustration: FIG. 79.--MORIENVAL, CHURCH.]

arrangement of the diagonals (Fig. 79) that the chief interest in this

early ambulatory lies. If not unknown in bays of rectangular plan, this

was probably a first attempt to apply these intersecting ribs to bays of

trapezoidal shape, a problem especially difficult when these bays had

two curved sides. The ambulatory was so narrow and the wall piers with

the two wall arches extended so far into its width that the space

actually to be covered was of such a plan that ribs directly from the

one pier to that diagonally opposite would have intersected almost

against the crown of the apsidal arch. To avoid this awkward

arrangement, and make the panels of more equal size, the builders either

timidly broke the line of the rib, as in the second bay from the

southwest (Fig. 79), or curved the ribs slightly away from the crown of

the apse arches as in the northwest bay. Whether the builders were

actually experimenting here at Morienval with the position of the

diagonals and whether this little work of the early twelfth century had

any influence upon later ambulatory vaulting may be an open question,

yet it is a fact that the later ambulatories with ribbed vaults over

trapezoidal bays show three distinct types in the arrangement of the

diagonals according as these are left straight in plan, or curved, or

broken to bring their crowns to a better point in relation to the crown

line of the enclosing arches.

TRAPEZOIDAL AMBULATORY VAULTS WITH STRAIGHT DIAGONAL RIBS

Of the three types, the one with straight diagonals (Plate III-a) is

perhaps most seldom seen, probably because of the awkward place at which

its vault crown falls. It does appear, however, in the cathedral of

Aversa near Naples[426], where the heaviness of the ribs would seem to

denote an early date.[427] There are a few later examples elsewhere,

among

[Illustration: PLATE III]

them the cathedrals of Langres (Haute-Marne) (end of twelfth century)

(Fig. 80) and Milan (beg. 1386), while a similar system with one or more

added ribs in the outer severy is to be seen at Pontoise (Seine-et-Oise)

S. Maclou (Plate III-h), in the cathedral of Rouen (Plate III-d), and in

Saint Remi at Reims (Fig. 83), which are later described.

[Illustration: FIG. 80.--LANGRES, CATHEDRAL.]

TRAPEZOIDAL AMBULATORY VAULTS WITH CURVED DIAGONAL RIBS

A little more common, perhaps, are the ambulatories with diagonal ribs

of curved plan (Plate III-b). The earliest existing example subsequent

to Morienval would seem to be that of the abbey church at Saint

Germer-de-Fly (cir. 1130-1150).[428] Its ribs correspond in general to

the curve of the groins which would be produced by the intersection of

a transverse with an annular tunnel vault. Such ribs are naturally

difficult to construct because of their curvature in plan as well as in

elevation and as a result they are but seldom found, though an example

on a large scale appears in Bourges cathedral (Plate IV-a).

TRAPEZOIDAL AMBULATORY VAULTS WITH BROKEN RIBS

The solution of the problem of covering a trapezoidal bay with ribbed

vaults lay in the employment of the broken rib, or in other words, in

the selection of a point of intersection from which four half arches

were extended to the supporting piers (Plate III-c). This system, which

was very possibly first employed at Saint Denis (1140-1144),[429] became

the standard throughout the best Gothic period wherever trapezoidal bays

were used, though there was a certain amount of variance in the position

of the keystone. At Saint Denis, and in the great majority of the best

Gothic churches it lies practically on the line of a curve through the

crowns of the apsidal arches and concentric with that of the apse,[430]

but in some instances, notably at Sens cathedral[431] and in the

ambulatory of Canterbury[432] which was directly influenced by the

first-named church, the point of intersection was moved outward to a

point where the line from this crown to the transverse arch is

practically perpendicular to the latter. The result is an equalizing in

length of the four half ribs, but this is accomplished only at a

considerable sacrifice in appearance.[433]

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION IN AMBULATORY VAULTS

The actual construction of ambulatory vaulting followed much the same

course as that of vaults in the remainder of the church and especially

those in the side aisles. Thus in the cathedral of Langres (Fig. 80),

which dates from the close of the twelfth century and is somewhat south

of the center of architectural development in the Transitional period,

the ambulatory presents a number of rudimentary characteristics. In

fact, judging from the awkward manner in which the diagonals rise from

their

[Illustration: FIG. 81.--SAINT LEU-D’ESSERENT, ABBEY CHURCH.]

imposts, the exceptionally large size of the transverse arches, and the

lowness of those opening into the apse, it would seem as though this

aisle had been planned for domed up groined vaulting of the Bourgogne

type, already seen at Paray-le-Monial, and that ribbed vaulting came in

before the completion of the ambulatory and was therefore substituted.

In any event, these straight diagonals and low apsidal arches combined

with the heavy transverse arches and the decidedly domed up character of

the vaults themselves produce a much more primitive appearance than is

to be seen further north in the contemporary vaults of Saint

Leu-d’Esserent (Fig. 81). In the latter, the builders have stilted the

apsidal and transverse arches, thus greatly reducing the doming of the

vaults. They have also provided an impost for the diagonals which are

themselves of the broken type, and in fact the form of the vaults is

practically perfected except in the matter of the transverse arches.

These are still much heavier than the diagonals, a feature which

continues to be manifest though in a less marked degree in many of the

ambulatory vaults even of the thirteenth century. They correspond in

this respect to side aisle vaulting.[434] Only occasionally, as in the

splendid inner ambulatory of Le Mans cathedral (1218-1254), were the

ribs all made of the same size. This advance combined with its height

and general character may perhaps entitle the ambulatory of Le Mans to

rank as the finest in Gothic architecture and the high water mark of the

trapezoidal four-part broken ribbed vault.

TRAPEZOIDAL AMBULATORY VAULTS WITH ADDED RIBS

If there was one fault in the broken ribbed type of ambulatory vault

just described, it lay in the form of its intersection with the outer

wall. For example, if the ambulatory was comparatively low or the

apsidal arches of wide span, this intersection became either segmental

or semicircular or, at best a very low pointed curve, under which it was

most difficult to arrange the exterior windows and still produce a

pleasing interior effect. Thus in the ambulatory of Sens cathedral,[435]

the two round headed windows do not fill the space beneath the wall rib

and are in fact awkwardly placed beneath it, while in the ambulatory of

Trinity chapel in Canterbury cathedral,[436] where the vaults are but

slightly domed, the arrangement is even less pleasing. Of course when

these arches opened into radiating chapels, their shape did not make so

much difference since their supporting piers ran all the way to the

floor and therefore gave a fairly good proportion to the arch. But if

the entire space beneath them were occupied by a window extending only

part way to the floor, it would be largely head and very little jamb and

thus of displeasing proportions. Even in the ambulatory clerestory of Le

Mans, where the transverse and diagonal ribs are all of very pointed

section, the window is too broad for its height. It would seem,

therefore, to have been with an eye to a more pleasing arrangement of

the windows beneath these trapezoidal vaults, that many of the mediaeval

builders subdivided the outer severy of extra ribs running out from the

central keystone. This made possible two or more windows in the outer

wall of each bay. Thus in the alternate bays of the ambulatory of Rouen

cathedral (Plate III-d), where there are no radiating chapels, a single

rib is added in the outer panel making the vault of five-part form, so

that the heads of the two slender windows of the bay are

[Illustration: FIG. 82.--COUTANCES, CATHEDRAL.]

each situated in a separate cell. This same arrangement is

characteristic of a number of other ambulatories, including the lofty

inner one at Coutances cathedral (Fig. 82, and Plate III-e),[437] where

the windows are limited in height by the elevation and would be of

awkward shape were they not arranged in pairs under separate vault

cells.[438] Nor did the mediaeval builders restrict themselves to a

single added rib in this outer severy of the vault. In the ambulatory

gallery of Saint Remi at Reims (Fig. 83) there is an excellent example

of the subdivision of this panel into three window cells and in the

church of Saint Germain and the cathedral at Auxerre (Fig. 84 and Plate

III-f) there are excellent examples of a similar method, applied both in

bays with exterior windows and in those which open into a radiating

chapel. In the latter instance, the lofty and slender shafts between

this chapel and the ambulatory with their many radiating ribs and arches

give a charming appearance of grace and lightness to the design.

[Illustration: FIG. 83.--REIMS, SAINT REMI.]

AMBULATORY VAULTS WHICH INCLUDE THE RADIATING CHAPELS

In all the churches thus far discussed, and, in fact, in the majority of

those constructed during the Gothic period, the radiating chapels are

separated from the rest of the ambulatory by arches directly across

their entrances. But quite frequently these chapels, particularly when

they were comparatively shallow, as in the cathedral of Chartres (Plate

III-g), or

[Illustration: FIG. 84.--AUXERRE, CATHEDRAL.]

even when comparatively deep as at Saint Denis[439] and Saint Maclou at

Pontoise (Plate III-h), were treated as part of the ambulatory and an

added rib was introduced in vaulting them exactly in the manner

described in connection with the trapezoidal bays of Rouen and

Coutances. Furthermore, as the chapels were increased in size, more than

one extra rib was added in the severy of the trapezoidal vault which

embraced them so that there were, sometimes, two such ribs, as in the

cathedral of Tournai (1240-1260) (Fig. 85).[440] Occasionally, also, as

in the cathedral of Saint Quentin (after 1230) (Plate III-i), similar

bays and vaults occur, with the addition of large radiating chapels

opening off of the more shallow curves of the ambulatory bays,

suggesting a combination of the Tournai type with that of Auxerre (Plate

III-f). In some of the larger and deeper chapels there were even four

added ribs as, for example, in the cathedral

[Illustration: FIG. 85.--TOURNAI, CATHEDRAL.]

[Illustration: FIG. 86.--BAYONNE, CATHEDRAL.]

of Bayonne (Fig. 86), where the ambulatory is further noteworthy because

the builders, in an attempt to equalize the vaulting severies, have

moved the keystones of the diagonals almost out to a point on the line

of the outer walls. As a matter of fact, it was moved out to such a

point in a number of instances (Plate III-j), as, for example, in

Soissons cathedral[441] where it becomes the keystone of an arch

directly across the entrance of the chapel as well as being the center

for all the ribs both of this chapel and the ambulatory. Each

trapezoidal bay is thus divided not into four but into three triangular

panels, the chapel itself being covered by a fully developed five-part

chevet vault for which the two ribs of the ambulatory bay act as

buttresses. A similar but more logical vault appears in the ambulatory

and two eastern chapels of Pamplona cathedral (begun 1397) (Plate

III-k). This is a church with an axial eastern pier, and its radiating

chapels are arranged so as to form perfect hexagons with the bays of the

ambulatory. The keystone is then moved out, as at Soissons, to the crown

of the chapel arch where it lies in the exact center of each hexagonal

bay and thus produces a perfectly symmetrical vault.

AMBULATORIES WITH ALTERNATE SQUARE AND TRIANGULAR BAYS

Although the trapezoidal bay and its variants has been the only one thus

far considered in the discussion of ribbed vaulted ambulatories, it was

not by any means universally employed. The alternation of square and

triangular bays, which had been used as early as the Carolingian period

in the royal chapel at Aachen, and in the tenth century at Verona, in

groined vaulted ambulatories, also played a considerable rôle after the

use of ribs became general. This system afforded a number of structural

advantages, the chief one being, of course, that the major bays were

square or nearly so, and therefore presented no structural problems not

already solved in other portions of the church, while the triangular

divisions were of comparatively small size and could be covered in the

same manner as in the Romanesque period, with three-part groined vaults,

provided the builders wished to avoid attempting ribbed vaults over

them.

Two general plans are noticeable in the use of this alternate ambulatory

system. In the first, which appears at an early date in Saint Martin of

Étampes (1165), Saint Remi at Reims (1170-1181), and Notre Dame

[Illustration: FIG. 87.--REIMS, SAINT REMI.]

at Chalons-sur-Marne (end of twelfth century), the square bays alternate

with two triangular bays or, in other words, the ambulatory is first

divided into trapezoids by transverse arches and these in turn

subdivided into a square and two triangles. This system may be

understood from the plan of Saint Remi (Plate III-l) and the interior

view of the same church (Fig. 87). Its most noticeable feature is the

lack of ribs in the triangular bays, these remaining of simple

Romanesque groined type. Exactly the same arrangement appears at

Chalons-sur-Marne, except that here the arches into the apse correspond

to the flat sides of a polygon, while those opening into the chapels are

on a curve in order that the exterior wall of the triforium above them

may be a semicircle.[442] In both these churches, the radiating chapels

occupy all the space included beneath each group of three outer arches

in a manner similar to that described in connection with the cathedral

of Auxerre, but in Saint Martin at Étampes, the chapel is limited in

width to the span of the central arch, making possible a window in the

exterior wall of each of the triangular bays. A very similar arrangement

appears in the outer ambulatory of Bourges cathedral (cir. 1195-1215)

(Plate IV-a), except that here the chapels are so narrow as to give a

reversed trapezoidal character to what would otherwise be a square bay

like that at Étampes and Saint Remi. Even though the triangular severies

are thus increased in size, the builders have left their vaults

unribbed.

The second system of alternating square and triangular bays may be seen

in the outer ambulatory of the cathedral of Le Mans (Plate IV-b) and in

both ambulatories of the cathedral at Toledo (1227-seventeenth

century).[443] It is the familiar early mediaeval system of a single

triangular bay between two squares with the addition of ribs beneath the

vaults in all the bays. The chief effect of this system upon the

construction was to subdivide the outer line of the ambulatory into

twice as many parts as there were in the apse. This created a certain

difficulty in the adjustment of the buttresses, for the lack of any

transverse arch directly across the ambulatory from the apsidal piers to

the outer walls made necessary the subdivision of the flying-buttresses

into two parts. This subdivision must have added considerably to the

expense and difficulty of construction, though this was somewhat offset

by the reduced size of the buttress piers and their position in the

thickness of the chapel walls, where they in no way interfered with the

introduction of windows directly in the outer walls of the triangular

ambulatory bays. Though not extensively employed, this vaulting system

which is to be seen at Le Mans shared with all others the tendency of

the late Gothic period to add extra ribs to those forming the real

framework of the vaults. Such added ribs are to be seen in Saint

Willibrord at Wesel and Saint Lorenz at Nürnberg. Similar also to the

[Illustration: PLATE IV]

Le Mans type, but with the entire omission of the transverse arches

between the triangular and trapezoidal bays, is the system at Saint

Pierre-sur-Dives (Calvados)[444] which is thus like the outer ambulatory

of Coutances cathedral (Plate III-e), except that the chapels are not

included beneath the ambulatory vault and the portions containing the

three half ribs are more in proportion to the larger cross ribbed

severies.

AMBULATORIES WITH TRIANGULAR BAYS ONLY

Another method of ambulatory vaulting in the Gothic period consisted in

the subdivision of the apsidal aisles into triangles by adding

intermediate supports between each pier forming the outside corners of

trapezoidal bays. This method, never had a wide popularity. It was used

at a comparatively early date and on a large scale in the cathedral of

Notre Dame at Paris (begun 1163) (Plate IV-c), where the triangular bays

have no ribs beneath their masonry. It appears with the addition of

three half ribs or even a still greater number, in a number of late

Gothic churches, especially in Germany,[445] and was also used at Saint

Eustache (1532-1637)[446] and Saint Severin[447] in Paris, whose

builders may very probably have been influenced by the cathedral church

of Notre Dame. In Notre Dame, where there are two ambulatories the

doubling of the piers did not do away with the possibility of a central

eastern chapel or window in the exterior wall. But in most cases, where

there is but one aisle, as, for example, in the Marienkirche at

Stargarde (end of fourteenth century) (Plate IV-d) or the old cathedral

of Heidelberg,[448] an axial pier prevents this arrangement. Perhaps to

avoid this the builders of Saint Steven at Nymwegen and of the cathedral

at Brandenburg left the eastern bay trapezoidal so that there might be a

central Lady chapel. At Kolin[449] where there is an axial pier in the

apse a central chapel off the ambulatory naturally follows.

AMBULATORIES WITH MULTIPLE RIBBED VAULTS

As has been noted, the late Gothic passion for multiple ribs affected

the ambulatory as it did the remainder of the church, and vaults of most

complex character are to be found especially in certain German churches.

Of these, Güben (Plate IV-e) and the cathedral of Freiburg (second half

of the fifteenth century) (Fig. 88) are among the most elaborate.[450]

In them, the structural purpose of the rib is totally subordinated to

decorative principles and to a desire on the part of the builders to

show their knowledge of the intricate problems of stereotomy. With such

vaults as these, marking the decline of Gothic architecture, it is not

surprising that there was such a complete reaction in vault construction

on the part of the succeeding Renaissance builders.

[Illustration: FIG. 88.--FREIBURG, CATHEDRAL.]

With this discussion of the ambulatory, the study of mediaeval church

vaulting is practically complete, but a few paragraphs should be added

to give a short account of some unusual eastern terminations and a brief

reference to the radiating chapels. Both of these, while presenting no

great structural accomplishments, at least show the skill of the

builders in meeting any and all requirements imposed by the plan.

EXCEPTIONAL EASTERN TERMINATIONS

Of the eastern terminations, a number are especially interesting. One is

in the church of Saint Yved at Braisne (Aisne) (1180-1216) (Plate IV-f),

where there is no ambulatory and yet two chapels have been so arranged

with their axes at an angle of forty-five degrees to that of the choir

aisle as to form a veritable series of four radiating chapels, two on

either side of the principal apse. To cover the triangular bays

immediately preceding these chapels, a two-part vault corresponding to

one of the diagonal halves of a simple four-part vault, is employed,

while the chapel itself is covered with a three-part chevet whose crown

is abutted by the half rib of the preceding bay.[451] Occasionally, too,

a similar arrangement of chapels is found even where there is an

ambulatory as in the church of Saint Nicaise at Reims (now destroyed)

and at Upsala. Another termination of interest is that in the church of

Vigan (Lot)[452] (fifteenth century) where the apse with its chevet

vault is west of the transept, into which it opens through its farthest

bay while from the transept itself open five small chapels, a unique

arrangement.

A third eastern termination of especial interest is that of the church

of the Jacobins at Toulouse (Haute-Garonne) (Fig. 89 and Plate IV-g).

Here there is a row of central piers the length of the church and the

apse embraces the double nave thus formed. This apse the builders have

subdivided into a series of triangular bays by arches springing from a

pier at the center of its diameter. Each of these is again subdivided

like the triangular ambulatory bays of Le Mans cathedral. This completes

a vault of very beautiful character. It is not, however, an original

product in Toulouse, for the crypt of Canterbury cathedral (1175-1184)

affords a similar vault of earlier date and others on a circular plan

may be seen in a number of English Chapter Houses.

THE VAULTING OF RADIATING CHAPELS

[Illustration: FIG. 89.--TOULOUSE, CHURCH OF THE JACOBINS.]

As for the radiating chapels, they were added to the ambulatory with the

evident purpose of affording more space for altars especially in the

great pilgrimage churches.[453] At the beginning of the eleventh

century, three such chapels had already been built off the ambulatory of

Saint Martin at Tours and only slightly later in date are those in La

Couture at Le Mans followed by those of a great number of churches of

the eleventh and twelfth centuries.[454] Nor are such chapels found only

in churches with ambulatories. They frequently open directly off the

apse, sometimes being merely recesses in the thickness of the outer

wall[455] but more often extending beyond it.[456] Ordinarily, however,

churches with radiating chapels have an ambulatory as well; but even so,

there are occasional examples of chapels lying entirely within the

thickness of the exterior wall[457] in which cases they are merely

half-domed niches.

Whenever these radiating chapels are found there is considerable

variance both in their number and ground plan. Sometimes there is but

one,[458] sometimes two,[459] in the majority of cases three,[460] very

seldom four,[461] but frequently five.[462] In plan, the chapels are

generally semicircular with or without one or more preceding rectangular

bays.[463] Naturally they are vaulted exactly in the manner used for the

principal apse of the church or the minor apses of the transept at the

time the chapels were built. The usual Romanesque form is the simple

half dome like that in Saint Nicolas at Blois, which is especially

interesting because it still retains its painted decoration. As the

ribbed half dome came in in apse vaulting it appeared in a number of

radiating chapels, at Domont and Saint Martin of Étampes, for example,

but the usual Gothic form was the chevet vault which corresponds exactly

with that over the major apse, except when it is combined with the

ambulatory vault in the manner already described,[464] or is of

square,[465] circular, polygonal, or irregular plan.[466] In such cases

the vaulting is adapted to the plan without any great structural changes

from the types found in the remainder of the church. The cathedral of

Auxerre (Fig. 84 and Plate III-f), for example, shows the use of a

ten-part vault over a square chapel, while Saint Germain also at Auxerre

and Saint Remi at Reims (Fig. 87 Plate III-l) have chapels of almost

circular plan covered with a vault which is virtually a double Gothic

chevet like that of the transept chapels of Soissons and Laon cathedrals

already described.[467]

BIBLIOGRAPHY

This bibliography contains in large measure only titles referred to in

the text. For further references see bibliography in Porter, Medieval

Architecture. The abbreviations listed in the first column are those

used in the notes.

Baum Julius Baum

Romanesque Architecture in France

Baudot and A. de Baudot and A.

Perrault-Dabot Perrault-Dabot

Archives de la Commission des Monuments Historiques

Bond Francis Bond

Gothic Architecture in England

Borrmann and Richard Borrmann und Joseph Neuwirth

Neuwirth

Geschichte der Baukunst. 2 vols.

Bumpus T. Francis Bumpus

A Guide to Gothic Architecture

Butler Howard Crosby Butler

Abbeys of Scotland

Cattaneo Raphael Cattaneo

l’Architecture en Italie du VIe au XIe Siècle

Caumont Arcis de Caumont

Abecedaire ou Rudiment d’Archaeologie

Choisy Auguste Choisy

Histoire de l’Architecture. 2 vols.

Cummings Charles A. Cummings

A History of Architecture in Italy. 2 vols.

C. M. H.

Archives de la Commission des Monuments Historique. 1855-72

Dartein Fernand de Dartein

Etude sur l’Architecture Lombarde et sur les

origines de l’Architecture Romano-Byzantine. 2 vols.

Dehio and von G. Dehio und G. von Bezold

Bezold

Die kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes. 2 vols., text and 360 plates

Enlart Camille Enlart

Manuel d’Archaeologie Française. 2 vols.

Gosset Alphonse Gosset

Les Coupoles d’Orient et d’Occident

Gaudet Julien Gaudet

Elements et Theorie de l’Architecture

Gurlitt Cornelius Gurlitt

Die Baukunst Frankreichs. 8 vols.

Madrazo-Gurlitt D. Pedro de Madrazo

(Spanish text)

Cornelius Gurlitt

(German text)

Die Baukunst Spaniens

Gwilt Joseph Gwilt, F.S.A. F.R.S.A.

An Encyclopaedia of Architecture. Revised by

Wyatt Angelicus van Sandau Papworth

Hamlin A. D. F. Hamlin

A Text-book of the History of Architecture

Hartung Hugo Hartung

Motive der Mittelalterlichen Baukunst in Deutschland

Isabelle Charles Edouard Isabelle

Les Edifices circulaires et les Domes

Joseph D. Joseph

Geschichte der Architektur Italiens

Kugler Franz Theodor Kugler

Geschichte der Baukunst

Lasteyrie R. de Lasteyrie

l’Architecture Religieuse en France a l’Epoque

Romane. Ses origines, son developpement

Lenoir Albert Lenoir

Architecture Monastique in Collection des Documents

inedits sur Histoire de France

Lefevre-Pontalis Eugène Lefevre-Pontalis

l’Architecture Religieuse dans l’Ancien Diocèse

de Soissons au XIe et au XIIe Siècle

Lubke Wilhelm Lubke

Outlines of the History of Art. 2 vols. Edited

and revised by Russell Sturgis

M. H.

Archives de la Commission des Monuments Historique

Michel André Michel

Histoire de l’Art depuis les premiers temps

Chrétiens jusqu’á nos jours. Published

under direction of André Michel by a number

of collaborators

Moore Charles Herbert Moore

Development and Character of Gothic Architecture

Charles Herbert Moore

Mediaeval Church Architecture of England

Charles Herbert Moore

Character of Renaissance Architecture

Mothes Oscar Mothes

Die Baukunst des Mittelalters in Italien

Nesfield W. Eden Nesfield

Specimens of Medieaval Architecture. Drawings

Osten Friedrich Osten

Die Bauwerke in der Lombardei vom 7ten bis zum 14ten Jahrhundert

Porter Arthur Kingsley Porter

Mediaeval Architecture. Its Origins and Development. 2 vols.

Arthur Kingsley Porter

The Construction of Lombard and Gothic Vaults

Prior Edward Schröder Prior

The Cathedral Builders in England

Prioux Stanislas Prioux

Monographie de St. Yved de Braine

Pugin Augustus Pugin

Specimens of the Architecture of Normandy.

New Edition edited by Richard Phené Spiers

Ramée Daniel Ramée

Histoire Générale de l’Architecture. 3 vols.

Reber Franz von Reber

History of Mediaeval Art

Revoil Henry Revoil

Architecture du Midi de la France

Rickman Thomas Rickman

Gothic Architecture, or An Attempt to Discriminate

the Styles of Architecture in England

from the Conquest to the Reformation

Rivoira G. Teresio Rivoira

Lombardie Architecture, translated by G. McN. Rushforth

Ross Frederick Ross

The Ruined Abbeys of Britain

Ruprich-Robert V. Ruprich-Robert

L’Architecture Normande aux XIe et XIIe

Siècles. En Normandie et en Angleterre

Sharpe Edmund Sharpe

The Seven Periods of English Architecture

Simpson F. M. Simpson

A History of Architectural Development. 3 vols.

Strange Edward F. Strange

The Cathedral Church of Worcester. A description

of the Fabin and a brief history of the Episcopal See

Street Geo. Edmund Street

Gothic Architecture in Spain

Sturgis Russell Sturgis

A History of Architecture

Uhde Constantin Uhde

Baudenkmaeler in Grossbrittannien. 2 vols. Plates

Constantin Uhde

Baudenkmaeler in Spanien und Portugal

Viollet-de-Duc Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc

Dictionnaire Raisonné de l’Architecture Française

du XIe au XVIe Siècle. 10 vols.

Willis R. Willis

On the construction of the vaults of the

Middle Ages (in the Transactions of the

Royal Institute of British Architects, Vol. I, Part II).

INDEX

Abbreviations.--Ch., Church; Cath., Cathedral; Ab. Ch., Abbey Church; N.

D., Notre Dame; S. M., Santa Maria, Saint Mary, etc.

Aachen--Royal Chapel, 26, 36, 160, 161, 176.

Agliate--Ch., 16 note 35.

Aigues-Vives--Ch., 21.

Airaines--Ch., 48 note 160, 161, 49.

Aisles--vaults of, 96 _et seq._

Albi--Ch., 80, 81 note 221, 143 note 35, Fig. 34.

Almeno-San-Salvatore--San Tommaso, 161.

Alternate Supports--system of, 47.

Ambert--Saint Jean, 148.

Ambroise--Saint Florentin, 104.

Ambulatory--vaulting of, 158 _et seq._

---- origin of vaulting of, 159.

---- with annular tunnel vaults, 161.

---- with half tunnel vaults, 160.

---- with transverse tunnel vaults, 161.

---- with groined vaulted trapezoidal bays, 162.

---- with ribbed vaults, 163 _et seq._

---- with vaults with added ribs, 171.

---- with multiple ribbed vaults, 181.

Amiens--Cath., 79, 80, 86, 100, 123, 137 note 29, 145, Fig. 69.

Anclam--Ch., 182 note 50.

Angers--Cath. Saint Maurice, 48, 51 57, 123 note 54, 155, Figs. 19, 74.

---- La Trinité, 70, 71, Fig. 30.

---- Saint Serge, 51, 55, 104, Fig. 21.

Angoulême--Cath. of Saint Pierre, 5, 6, 7, 8, 105, 106, Figs. 3, 4.

Anjou--Churches of, 49 _et seq._

Antwerp--Saint Jacques, 150.

Anzy-le-Duc--Ch., 39.

Apse--vaults of, 124 _et seq._

---- vaulted with half domes, 124.

---- with ribbed half-domes, 125.

---- with “groined” half-domes, 128.

---- with four-part ribbed vaults, 129.

---- with a central pier, 152.

Arbona--Ch., 122.

Arles--17.

---- Saint Trophime, 20, 146, 180 note 44.

---- Saint Honorat in Les Alyscamps, 125, 126.

---- Saint Jean-de-Moustier, 126 note 3.

Assisi--San Francesco, 52, 57.

Auvergne--School of, 16, 25 _et seq._

Auxerre--Cath., 123, 142 note 34, 152, 156, 173, 174, 178, 184, Figs. 75, 84.

---- Saint Germain, 173, 184.

---- Saint Pierre, 152.

Aversa--Cath., 166.

Avesnières--Ch., 49.

Avignon--chapel of the Pont Saint-Benezet, 99 note 275.

---- Cath. N. D. des Doms, 115, 126.

Azy--Chapel, 34 note 101, 132.

Barcelona--Cath., 104 note 279, 147, 148.

Barletta--Cath., 26 note 74.

Bath--Ab. Ch., 92, 123.

Bayeux--Cath., 122 note 53, 148, 153.

---- Seminaire, Chapel of, 148 note 48.

Bayonne--Cath., 123, 148, 176, Fig. 86.

Beaugency--Saint Étienne, 113.

Beaulieu--Ab. Ch., 127.

Beauvais--Basse-Oeuvre, 74.

---- Cath., 69 note 190, 86, 101, Fig. 46.

---- Saint Étienne, 67, 69, 74, 96, 99, Figs. 32, 44.

---- Saint Lucien, 110 note 15.

Beeskow--Ch., 180 note 44.

Belem--Ab. Ch., 104 note 279.

Bénévent-l’Abbaye--Ch., 36, 115.

Bernay--Ch., 42 note 138.

Berne--Minster, 85 note 233, 94.

Bernières-sur-Mer--Ch., 64.

Berzy-le-Sec.--Ch., 127 note 7.

Beurey-Beauguay--Ch., 1.

Beverley--Minster, 79.

Béziers--Cath., 151, 155.

Blois--Château, chapel, 83, 93.

---- Saint Nicolas, 117, 184, Fig. 56.

---- Cath. Saint Louis, 145 note 41.

Boisney--Ch., 113.

Bois-Sainte-Marie--Ch., 162.

Bologna--San Francesco, 69, 142 note 34, 151.

---- San Petronio, 57 note 175.

Bonnes--Ch., 127 note 7.

Boppart--Ch., 74.

Bordeaux, Cath., 114.

---- Saint Michel, 123 note 54.

Boscherville--See Saint Martin-de-Boscherville.

Bourges--Cath., 68, 137, 142, 153, 156, 169, 178, Fig. 76.

---- Maison de Jacques Coeur, 93.

---- Saint Pierre-le-Guillard, 72 note 200, 138, 147.

Bourgogne--School of, 11, 16, 18, 26 note 77, 31 _et seq._

Boxgrove--Priory Ch., 48.

Bragny-en-Charollais--Ch., 39 note 121.

Braisne--Saint Yved, 121, 182.

Brandenburg--Cath., 180.

Brantôme--Ch., 48 note 160.

Brauveiller--Ch., 42 note 136.

Breda--Groote Kerk, 172 note 36.

Bremen--Cath., 71.

Brescia--Duomo Vecchio, 161 note 16.

Breslau--Heiligekreuze, 111 note 16.

Bristol--Cath., 101.

_Berkeley Chapel_, p. 95, note 272.

---- Saint Mary Redcliffe, 85, 87.

Bruges--Cath. Saint Sauveur, 138, 172 note 36.

Brunembert--Ch., 108 note 7.

Bruyères--Ch., 127 note 7.

Burgos--Cath., 120, 172 note 36.

Bury--Ch., 52, 54, 164, Figs. 22, 23.

Caen--Abbaye-aux-Dames, see La Trinité.

---- Abbaye-aux-Hommes, see Saint Étienne.

---- La Trinité, 39, 40, 43, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 78, 107, Fig. 27.

---- Saint Étienne, 43, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 76, 77, 103,

108, 135 note 25, 137, 144, 145, 146, Figs. 26, 70.

---- Saint Nicolas, 39, 129.

---- Saint Pierre, 94, 150, 151.

Cahors--Cath., 5, 6 note 21, 7 note 23.

Cambrai--Cath., 138.

Cambridge--King’s College chapel, 91 note 252, 92.

---- Saint Sepulchre, 116.

Canosa--San Sabino, 13 note 30, 14.

Canterbury--Cath., 69, 129, 141, 169, 183.

---- _Trinity Chapel_, 171.

Carcassonne--Saint Nazaire, 17, 19, 157 note 61.

Caryatid Supports--for ribs, 54.

Casamari--Ch., 69 note 194, 122.

Caudebec-en-Caux, N.D., 152.

Cavaillon--Ch., 36.

Centering--of Perigord domes, 7.

Cerce--48.

Cerisy-la-Forêt--Ch., 64 note 180, 112 note 23.

Chalons-sur-Marne--N.D., 103, 177, also note 41.

---- Notre Dame-de-l’Épine (near), 149, Fig. 71.

---- Saint Alpin, 147.

Champagne--Ch., 12 note 29, 27 note 78, 162.

Chapelle-sur-Crécy, La--Ch., 152.

Chapels--transept, vaults of, 112.

Chartres--Cath., 137, 144, 145, 159, 173, Fig. 68.

Chateauneuf--Ch., 29 note 87.

Chatel-Montagne--Ch., 26, 29 note 87, and note 89.

Chatillon-sur-Seine--Ch., 36.

Chaumont--Ch., 104 note 279.

Chauvigny--N.D., 114.

---- Saint Pierre, 25.

Chelles--Ch. 127 note 7.

Chester--Cath., 84.

Chevets--110, 131 _et seq._

---- square, 108.

---- radiating-ribbed, 132, 137.

---- broken-ribbed, 138.

---- buttressing-ribbed, 141.

---- diagonal-ribbed, 144.

---- with added ribs, 146.

---- impost level of vault ribs, 153.

---- shape of cells in, 154.

---- with pierced panels, 156.

Chichester--Cath., 65 note 184.

Clermont-Ferrand--Cath., 114, 158.

---- Notre Dame-du-Port, 27, also note 80, 106, 115, Fig. 49, 50.

Cléry--Ch., 178 note 42.

---- Chapel of Saint Jacques, 95, Fig. 42.

Cluny--Ab. Ch., 31, 33, 40, 105.

---- N.D., 121.

Cologne--Cath., 122 note 50.

---- Saint Mary of the Capitol, 110.

---- Saint Maurice, 42 note 136, 79, 80.

Como--Sant’ Abondio, 126, 127 note 7.

---- San Fedele, 161.

Constantinople--SS. Sergius and Bacchus, 117, 128.

Corneto-Tarquinia--Ch., 69, 127.

Coutances--Cath., 101, 119, 172, 174, also note 39, 180, Figs. 59, 82.

Creully--Ch., 43, 66.

Crossing--vaults of, 113 _et seq._

---- towers over, 114 _et seq._

---- rib-vaulted, 122.

Culhat--Ch., 20 note 46, 22.

Cunault--Ch., 24, 125.

Cyprus, 5 note 15.

Dijon--Notre Dame, 69 note 191.

---- Saint Bénigne, 161.

Dinan--Cath., 138.

Dol--Cath., 122 note 53.

Domes--on spherical pendentives, 1, 2.

---- on squinches, 2, 8, 9.

---- comparison of Perigord and Byzantine, 3.

---- exterior roofing of, in Perigord, 5.

---- centering of, in Perigord, 7.

---- gored, 9.

---- ribbed, 115.

---- lobed, 116.

---- “Gothic,” or Double Chevets, 117.

Domont--Ch., 78 note 217, 184.

Dorat, Le--Ch., 114, 115.

Durham--Cath., 69 note 102, 75, 76, 77, 78, 85, 99, Fig. 33.

Eastern Terminations--Exceptional, 182.

Ely--Cath., 84, 87.

Épinal--Ch., 108 note 7.

l’Épine--in Notre Dame-de-l’Épine.

Erfurt--Frankiskanerkirche, 72 note 201.

Essen--Ch., 26.

Étampes--N.D., 144.

---- Saint Gilles, 122 note 53.

---- Saint Martin, 127 note 7, 176, 178, 184.

Evreux--Cath., 119.

Exeter--Cath., 85, 86, 89, 106, Fig. 37.

Farges--Ch., 33 note 98.

Ferté-Bernard--Chapelle de la Vièrge, 95.

Firouz Abad--palace, 2.

Florence--Baptistery, 110.

---- Cath. S. M. del Fiore, 57, 58, 127 note 5.

---- S. M. Novella, 57, 58, 122 note 50

_Pazzi Chapel_, 117, Fig. 57.

Fontenay--Ch., 36.

Fontevrault--Ch., 4 note 12, 6 note 21.

Fontfroide--Ch., 20 note 43.

Fontgombault--Ch., 30 note 91.

Forest--l’Abbaye--Ch., 129 note 14.

Fortunatus--114.

Fossanova--Ab. Ch., 122.

Fountains Abbey--37.

Freiberg-in-Sachsen--Cath., 94 note 263, 104 note 279.

Freiburg--Cath., 94, 150, 181, Figs. 72, 88.

Fréjus--Cath., 48.

Fulda--Saint Michael, 26.

Gebweiler Saint Legerius, 48.

Gelnhausen--Saint Marien, 119 note 44.

Gensac--Ch., 6 note 21, 7 note 22.

Germigny-des-Prés--Ch., 2, 16 note 35.

Gerona--Cath., 81 note 221.

Gloucester--Cath., 43, 82, 87, 99, 161.

_Lady Chapel_, 87.

_Cloister_, 91, 92, Fig. 40.

Gmund--Ch. of Holy Cross, 94, 104.

Gonesse--Ch., 172 note 36.

Gourdon--Ch., 39 note 121.

Gregory of Tours--114.

Grenoble--Saint Laurent, 16 note 35, 129.

Güben--Ch., 181.

Guebviller--Ch., 42 note 136.

Hauterive--Ch., 36.

Heidelberg--Old Cath., 180.

---- Peterskirche, 104 note 279.

Hereford--Cath., 85, 89.

Hieroskypos--Ch., 5 note 15, 8 note 25.

Ile-de-France--Transitional Chs. of, 66, 67.

Issoire--Saint Paul, 20 note 46, 106 note 4.

---- Saint Austremoine, 27 note 82.

Ivrea--Cath., 158, 159.

Javarzay--Ch., 37.

Jedburgh--Ab. Ch., 105.

Jerusalem--Saint Anne, 40.

Jouaignes--Chapel, 34 note 101.

Jumèges--Ab. Ch., 26 note 76, 43, 121.

Saint Pierre, 26.

Kaschau--Ch., 182 note 50.

Keisheim--Ch., 180 note 44.

Kirkstall--Ab. Ch., 112.

Kolin--Ch. 180.

Laach--Ch., 41 notes 131, 132.

Laffaux--Ch., 127 note 7.

Lagny--Ch., 174 note 39, 182 note 50.

Landshut--Saint Martin, 104 note 279.

Lanfranc--59.

Langres--Cath., 168, 169, Fig. 80.

Lantern Towers--114.

---- with Eight-Part Vaults, 120.

Laon--Cath., 69 note 191, 103, 112, 121, 184, Figs. 48, 54, 60.

---- Church of the templars, 116. Fig. 55.

_Bishops Palace, Chapel of_, 133, Fig. 62.

Largny--Ch., 132.

Larnaca--Ch., 5 note 15.

Laval--La Trinité, 48 note 160.

Lérins--La Trinité, 110 note 12.

---- Saint Honorat, 17 note 38, 19.

Lescar--Cath., 36.

Lessay--Ch., 43, 77.

Lesterps--Ch., 22.

Lichfield--Cath., 84, also note 232, 93, 101.

Lighting--of tunnel-vaulted churches, 18.

---- in naves with square bays, 57.

---- of half domed apses, 124.

Limburg--Cath., 71, 108.

Limoges--Saint Martial, 27 note 81, 29 note 87.

Lincoln--Cath., 65 note 184, 69, also note 192, 72 note 200,

82, 83, 84, 101, note 276, Figs. 35, 36.

Linköping--Cath., 104 note 279.

Lisseweghe--Ch. 182 note 50.

Loches--Saint Ours, 14, 15, 55, Figs. 9, 10, 24.

Loctudy--Ch. 160.

Loire--School of, 29 _et seq._

Lombardy--24.

---- School of, 26 note 77, 42, 44 _et seq._

London--Tower Chapel, 22, 159.

Louis VI--74.

Lübeck--Saint Jakob, 182 note 50.

Lucheux--Ch., 48 note 160, 161.

Ludinghausen--Ch., 182 note 50.

Lusignan--Ch., 37.

Magdeburg--Cath., 72, 100, 101, 172 note 36.

---- _Brunnenkapelle_, 157.

Mainz--Cath., 41 note 133.

---- Saint Stephen, 104 note 279.

Malmo--Ch., 174 note 39.

Mans, Le--Cath., 47, 93, 171, 178, 180, 182.

---- La Couture, 48 note 160, 49, 50, 55, 57, 151 note 52, 183, Fig. 20.

---- N.D. du Pré, 64 note 180.

Mantes--Cath., 37, 69 note 191, 102, 146, 161.

Marburg--Saint Elizabeth, 104, 111 note 16.

Marseilles--La Major, 115 note 37.

Meaux--Cath., 26 note 74.

Mehun-sur-Yevre--Ch., 184 note 65.

Melle--Saint Pierre, 22, 24 note 60.

Mézières--Ch., 94.

Milan--Cath., 79, 80, 155, 168.

---- Sant’ Ambrogio, 16 note 35, 41, 44, 46, 59, 60, 78 note 217, Fig. 18.

---- San Babila, 24 note 63.

---- Sant’ Eustorgio, 24 note 63.

---- San Nazzaro, 52 note 169.

Minden--Cath., 104 note 279.

Moissac--Ab. Ch., 138.

Molfetta--Cath., 13 also note 30, 20.

Mollèges--Saint Thomas, 17 note 37.

Monasterio de la Oliva--Ch., 127.

Montagne--Ch. 116 note 39.

Montiérender--Ch., 26.

Montmajour--Ch., 17 note 37, 127 note 7, 160.

Mont Saint Vincent--Ch., 35 note 103.

Morienval--Ch., 74, 78 note 219, 127, 152, 163, 166

note 26, 168, Figs. 77, 78, 79.

Moulins--Cath., 138, 147.

Nantes--Cath., 114.

Nantille--N.D., 116 note 39.

Naples--Cath. _Baptistry_, 2.

Narbonne--Cath., 114.

Naves--vaults of, 1 _et seq._

---- and aisles of equal height, 104.

---- vaulted with domes on squinches, 8.

---- without side aisles, 48.

Nesle--Ch., 72 note 200.

Neubourg--Ch., 152 note 54, 178 note 42.

Neufchâtel--Ch., 111 note 19.

Nevers--Cath., 55, Fig. 25.

---- Saint Étienne, 18 note 39, 29, 106, 125 note 2.

Nîmes--17.

---- amphitheatre, 159.

---- Nymphaeum, 17.

---- temple of Diana, 17, 126 note 3.

Normandy--59.

---- School of, 26 note 77, 42.

Norwich--Cath., 87, 184 note 65.

Notre Dame-de-l’Épine--Ch., 149, 150, Fig. 71.

Nouaille--Ch., 22 note 58.

Noyon--Cath., 67, 78 note 217, 99, 103, 110, 136 note 28, 141, 144.

_Chapel of_, 94, Fig. 41.

Nürnberg--Saint Lorenz, 178.

Nymwegen--Ch., 26, 180.

Omonville-la-Rogue--Ch., 108 note 9.

Oppenheim--Ch., 182 note 50.

Orange--Cath., 37.

Orcival--Ch., 107, 115, 184 note 60.

Orleans--Saint Euverte, 123.

Ouistreham--Ch., 64.

Oxford--Cath., 87, 93.

---- Christ Church staircase, 91 note 253.

---- Proscholium, 87.

---- Schools, 86 note 236.

Paderborn--Cath., 104 note 279, 111 note 16.

Padua--Sant’ Antonio, 13 note 30, 148, 151 note 52.

Palestine--40.

Palognieu--Ch., 35 note 103.

Pamplona--Cath., 176.

---- San Saturnino, 146.

Paray-le-Monial--Ch., 32, 34, 163, 170, Figs. 14, 15.

Paris--Cath. N.D., 68, 103, 114, 122 note 50, 142, 180.

---- Sainte Chapelle, 56, 80, 104 note 279.

---- Saint Étiennne-du-Mont, 123.

---- Saint Eustache, 94, 180.

---- Saint Germain-des-Pres., 139, 141.

---- Saint Martin-des-Champs, 127, 135 note 25, 136 note 28,

138, 139, 141, 161, Fig. 65.

---- Saint Severin, 150, 180.

Parthenay-le-Vieux--Notre Dame, 20 note 46, 22.

Pavia--Certosa, 69, 72, 100.

---- San Lanfranco, 47.

---- San Michele, 46, 58 note 176, 60.

---- San Teodoro, 57 note 175.

Pendants--92.

Pendentives--3.

---- domes on spherical, 1.

Perigord--school of, 2, 6, 7, 51.

Périgueux--2.

---- Cath. of Saint Front, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 36

note 108, 105, 114, Figs. 1, 2.

---- Saint Étienne, 6, 7.

Peristeroma--Ch., 5 note 15, 8 note 25.

Perpignan--Cath. Saint Jean, 148.

Perugia--Cath., 104 note 279.

Peterborough--Cath., 89, 90, 91, 92, 99, Fig. 39.

Petit Quévilly, Le--Ch., 65, 66.

Pirna--Hauptkirche, 150 note 51.

Poitiers--Cath., 48 note 160, 51, 104.

---- Notre Dame-la-Grande, 24, 125 note 1.

---- Saint Hilaire, 11, 12, 36 note 105, 112 note 22, 125 note 1, Figs. 7, 8.

---- Sainte Radegonde, 48 note 160, 51, 57.

Poitou--21.

---- School of, 16, 23 _et seq._

Pontaubert--Ch., 39 note 121.

Pontoise--Saint Maclou, 168, 174.

Pontorson--Ch., 77.

Prenzlau--Marienkirche, 104 note 279.

Preuilly-sur-Claise--Ch., 162.

Provence--School of, 16, 17 _et seq._, 125.

Provins--Saint Quiriace, 72, 140, 152, 153, Fig. 31.

Puiseaux--Ch., 108 note 9.

Puy, Le--Cath. of Notre Dame, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 35, Figs. 5, 6.

Quedlinburg--Saint Wipertus (near), 159.

Querqueville--Ch., 110 note 13.

Quimperlé-Sainte Croix, 159 note 7.

Radiating Chapels--Vaulting of, 183.

Ravenna--Palace of Theodoric, 24 note 63.

---- San Vitale, 2, 162.

Reims--Cath., 79, 80, 143, 152, 153.

---- Saint Jacques, 69, Fig. 29.

---- Saint Nicaise, 182.

---- Saint Remi, 37, 112 note 23, 135 note 25, 136,

141, 143 note 36, 154, 168, 173, 176, 177, 178, 184, Figs. 64, 83, 87.

Rhenish Provinces--School of, 26 note 77, 41.

Ribe--Cath., 71.

Ribs--transverse, function of, 99.

---- use of wall, in Gothic ribbed vaulting, 136.

---- ridge, in Anjou, 49.

---- impost level in chevet vaults, 153.

Rieux-Merinville--Ch., 160.

Ripon--Cath., 82.

Rivolta-d’Adda--Ch., 41, 44, 58 note 176.

Roberval--Ch., 108 note 7.

Rochester--Cath., 26 note 74, 69 note 192.

Rolduc--Ch., 110.

Rome--Basilica of Maxentius, 36, 78 note 217.

---- Domus Augustana, 2.

---- Lateran Baptistry, 25.

---- Palace of the Caesars, 2.

---- Santa Costanza, 159.

---- San Giovanni in Laterano, 158.

---- S. M. sopra Minerva, 138.

---- Stadium of Domitian, 158, 159 note 6.

---- Temple di Siepe, 129.

---- Thermae of Caracalla, 2.

Ronceray--Ch., 36.

Rosheim--Ch., 42 note 136.

Rouen--Cath., 26 note 74, 79, 100, 143, 171, 174.

---- Lycée Corneille, 111.

---- Saint Maclou, 121.

Rue--Chapel of Saint Esprit, 95.

Rys--Ch., 108 note 9.

Saint Aignan--Ch., 54 note 171.

Saint Astier--Ch., 6.

Saint Avit-Sénieur--Ch., 6, 50.

Saint Barnabas--Ch., 5 note 15.

Saint Benoît sur Loire--Ch.,

18 note 39, 22, 30, 125 note 2, Fig. 13.

Saint Bertrand-des-Comminges--Ch., 81.

Saint Denis--Ab. Ch., 66, 67, 75, 78, 169, 174.

Saint Dié--42 note 136.

Saint Gabriel--Ch., 64.

Saint Genou--Ch., 18 note 39, 22, 30.

Saint Germer-de-Fly--Ch., 43, 67, 78, 79, 101, 133,

135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 153, 154, 168, Fig. 63.

_Sainte Chapelle_, 137.

Saint Gilles--Ch., 99 note 275.

Saint Guilhem-du-Désert--Ch., 19, 20.

Saint Hilaire--Saint Florent.--Ch., 51.

Saint Jean-au-Bois--Ch., 108 note 7.

Saint Jouin-de-Marnes--Ch., 22 note 58.

Saint Leu d’Esserent--Ch., 54 note 170, 141, 170, Fig. 81.

Saint Loup-de-Naud--Ch., 25 note 66, 40.

Saint Martin-de-Boscherville--Saint Georges, 39, 64,

108, 112, also note 23, 121, 127, 138, Figs. 51-61.

_Chapter-house,_ 108, Fig. 52.

Saint Martin-de-Londres--Ch., 17 note 37, 110 note 12.

Saint Nectaire--Ch., 27 note 82, 106 note 4, 115.

Saint Nicholas-du-Port--Ch., 94, 108, 123 note 57.

Saint Paul-Trois-Châteaux--Ch., 20 note 44, 21 note 49.

Saint Pierre-de-Redes--Ch., 17 note 37, 127 note 7.

Saint Pierre-sur-Dives--Ch., 180.

Saint Pons-de-Mauchiens--Ch., 40.

Saint Quentin--Cath., 148, 174.

Saint Saturnin--Ch., 27 note 79, 106 note 4.

Saint Savin-sur-Gartempe--Ch., 24, 125, 162.

Saint Vincent-des-Prés--Ch., 33 note 98.

Saintes--Saint Eutrope, 21, 36 note 105, 40, 160.

Salamanca--Old Cath., 51, 55 note 173, 117 note 42.--New Cath., 94, 117.

Salisbury--Cath., 79, 101 note 276.

San Galgano--Ch., 69 note 194.

San Martino--Ch., 69 note 194.

Santiago-de-Compostella--Ch., 29 note 86, 55 note 172.

Saragossa--Cath., 120.

Sarvistan--palace, 2.

Saumur--Saint Pierre, 116 note 39.

Schlestadt--Ch., 42 note 136.

Séez--Cath., 138.

Segovia--Cath., 94.

Semur-en-Auxois--N. D., 143 note 35.

Senlis--Cath., 67, 102, 141 note 33, Fig. 47.

_Chapel of_, 95, Fig. 43.

Sens--Cath., 67, 98, 122 note 50, 141, 142, 169, 171, Figs. 28, 45.

Severac-le-Châteaux--Ch., 40.

Sherborne--Ab. Ch., 90, 92.

Silvacane--Ch., 20, 30.

Simiane--Château, 116 note 40.

Soest--S. M. zur Wiese, 104 note 279.

Soissons--Cath., 78, 79, 111, 112, 122 note 50,

135 note 25, 136 note 28, 137, 141, 142, 143, 176, 184, Fig. 67.

Solignac--Ch., 6 note 21, 7 note 22, 114.

Souillac--Ch., 6 note 21, 105.

Southwell--Minster, 101 note 276.

Souvigny--Ch., 18 note 40, 22, 34, 93.

Speyer--Cath., 41 note 133, 42, 58.

Spoleto--San Salvatore or del Crocifisso, 114.

Squinches--domes on, 2.

Stargarde--Marien-kirche, 148, 180.

---- Johanniskirche, 180 note 44.

Stendal--S.M., 104 note 279.

Strassburg--Cath., 178 note 42.

Tag-Eivan--35.

Tarascon--Saint Gabriel, 17.

Tewkesbury--Ab. Ch., 87, 89, 150, 178 note 42, Fig. 38.

Thor--Ch., 127 note 7.

Tivoli--Villa Adriana, 2, 117, 128, 129.

Toledo--Cath., 178.

Torcy--Ch., 127 note 7.

Toro--Ch., 117 note 42.

Toul--Saint Gengoulf, 182 note 50.

Toulon-sur-Arroux--Ch., 39 note 121.

Toulouse--Jacobins, 182, Fig. 89.

---- Saint Nicholas, 81.

---- Saint Sernin, 18 note 41, 20 note 46,

28, 29, 112 note 23, 125 note 2, 162.

Tour--Ch., 108 note 9.

Tournai--Cath., 110, 133, 138, 169 note 29, 174, Figs. 53, 85.

Tournus--Saint Philibert, 34, 36, 162.

Tours--Saint Martin, 29 note 87, 114, 158, 183.

Trani--S. M. Immacolata, 13 note 30 and 32.

---- S. M. dei Martiri (near), 13 notes 30 and 32.

Transepts--Vaults of, 105, _et seq._

---- semicircular vaults of, 110.

---- with tunnel vaults, 105.

---- with five-part vaults, 107.

Tréguier--Cath., 106.

Tremolac--Ch., 105.

Treptow--Ch., 180 note 44.

Trier--Liebfrauenkirche, 182 note 50.

Triforium--Origin and use, in Auvergne, 25.

---- vaults of, 101.

Troyes--Cath., 123, 143 note 35.

---- Saint Urbain, 101, 108, 153, Fig. 73.

Tulle--Cath., 83, 93.

Upsala--Ch., 182.

Utrecht--Cath., 174 note 39.

Vaison--Cath., 20, 30.

Valentigny--Ch., 108 note 7.

Vauciennes--Ch., 108 note 7.

Vaults and Vaulting--tunnel, 16.

---- transverse over nave, 34.

---- transverse over aisles, 36.

---- Romanesque schools of tunnel-vaulted churches, 16.

---- tunnel with cross ribs, 37.

---- apse, 124 _et seq._

---- pyramidal, 14.

---- groined, naves with, 37.

---- with Added Ribs--Outside of England, 93.

---- Fan Vaulting, 89.

---- ribbed, 43.

---- of side aisles, 96.

---- Tracery Vaults, 89.

---- Sexpartite, 58 _et seq._

---- Pseudo-sexpartite, 62.

---- Eight-part, 72.

---- with Added Ribs, 81.

---- Tierceron Vaulting, 84.

---- Lierne Vaulting, 87.

---- Interpenetrating multiple ribbed, 88.

---- Five-part, 100, 107.

---- of triforia, 101.

---- of transept, 105.

Vauxrezis--Ch., 127 note 7.

Vendeuvre--Ch., 108 note 7.

Venice--Cath. San Marco, 13 note 30.

---- Frari, 57.

---- SS. Giovanni e Paolo, 57 note 175.

Verberie--Ch., 108 note 7.

Verona--Cath., 57 note 175.

---- Santo Stefano, 158, 159, 160, 166 note 26.

Vertheuil--Ch., 161.

Vézelay--La Madeleine, 34, 38, 39, 40, 43, 101,

137, 140, 154, Figs. 16, 17, 66.

Viborg--Cath., 71.

Vicenza--SS. Felice e Fortunato, 24 note 63, 47.

Vieil-Arcy--Ch., 127 note 8.

Vieux Mareuil--Ch., 105.

Vigan--Ch., 182.

Vignory--Ch., 26, 152, 159.

Villemagne--Saint Gregoire, 64 note 180.

Villeneuve-le-Comte--Ch., 182 note 50.

Vizeu--Cath., 93.

Voulton--Ch., 74 note 203.

Voute-par-tranches--4.

Wells--Cath., 89.

Wesel--Saint Willibrord, 178.

Westminster--Ab. Ch., 79, 83, 147.

_Islip’s Chapel_, 92.

_Henry VII’s Chapel_, 92.

William of Sens--69.

Wimpfen--Stadkirche, 94.

Winchester--Cath., 87, 88, 104 note 279, 112 note 23.

---- Saint Cross, 108.

Windsor--Saint George’s Chapel, 89.

Worcester--Cath., 65 note 184, 83, 84, 101.

Worms--Cath., 119, 127 note 5, Fig. 58.

---- Liebfrauen kirche, 180 note 44.

Xanten--Ch., 182 note 50.

Ypres--Saint Martin, 151.

Zamora--Cath., 116, 117 note 42.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Rivoira I, p. 29, et seq.; also Lasteyrie, p. 272, et seq.

[2] Lasteyrie, p. 274, and Fig. 268.

[3] Lasteyrie, p. 270.

[4] Early ex., Umm es-Zeitun illustrated in Rivoira, I, p. 35, Fig. 51.

[5] Rivoira, I, p. 193, Fig. 273.

[6] Rivoira, I, p. 57, Fig. 82.

[7] Rivoira, I, p. 33, Fig. 46.

[8] Rivoira, I, p. 35, Fig. 50.

[9] Lasteyrie, p. 465 et seq.

[10] Lasteyrie, p. 470.

[11] Lasteyrie, p. 472, Fig. 489.

[12] Exception to this at Fontevrault, see Reber, p. 358.

[13] See Choisy, I, p. 20.

[14] See Fig. 4.

[15] Other examples, all in Cyprus:

1) Peristeroma. 2) Hieroskypos. 3) Saint Barnabas. 4) Larnaca. Enlart,

I, p. 210, and p. 286, note 3.

[16] Lasteyrie, pp. 473, 474.

[17] Lasteyrie, Figs. 491 and 498. Also cathedral of Cahors (original

state) Fig. 495.

[18] See Lasteyrie, p. 473 and Enlart, I, p. 211, note 1.

[19] Lasteyrie, p. 474, Fig. 490.

[20] See Lasteyrie, p. 475.

[21] Among them, Cahors (Lot) Cath. (consecrated 1119); Souillac (Lot)

Ch., Plan, Lasteyrie, Fig. 493; Fontevrault (Maine et Loire) Ab.

Ch., Plan, Lasteyrie, Fig. 494; Gensac (Charente) Ch. (wooden roof

over dome), Plan, Lasteyrie, Fig. 356. Section Lasteyrie, Fig. 496;

Solignac (Haute-Vienne) Ch., (consecrated 1143).

[22] See also Gensac, Lasteyrie, Fig. 496, and Solignac, Fig. 264.

[23] Also Cahors Cath.,--Périgueux Saint Étienne, etc.

[24] See comparison of Périgueux, Saint Front, and Venice, San Marco

in Lasteyrie, p. 470, Fig. 486 and p. 471, Fig. 487.

[25] Also Peristeroma (Cyprus), Enlart, I, p. 210 and p. 286, note 3;

Hieroskypos (Cyprus), Enlart, I, p. 210 and p. 286.

[26] The clerestory is omitted in the earlier bays and the crossing

has peculiar vaulting described in a later chapter.

[27] See Rivoira, I, p. 35, Fig. 51 and Lasteyrie, p. 267, Fig. 259

for examples of this awkward type.

[28] See Fig. 7. There is one rectangular bay at the end of the

transept aisles and this is covered by an interpenetrating vault at

the level of the transverse nave arches.

[29] In France, at Champagne (Ardèche), there is a church vaulted in a

manner similar to Le Puy, but it is doubtful whether such a method was

the original intention of the builders, since each dome is placed over

two rectangular nave bays. Enlart, I, pp. 289-291. Plan, Fig. 120.

This is, however, a most interesting church for the domes are very

segmental in section, are supported upon squinches and have transverse

arches through their centers. There is also no clerestory and, in

fact, the entire church is of the standard Auvergne type except for

the vaults. A reference to the drawings in Baudot and Perrault-Dabot,

Vol. V, pl. 27, will show this peculiar system.

[30] Among these may be cited: Venice, San Marco, reconstructed 1052

or 1071, dedicated Dec. 8, 1094, but added to and decorated in the

twelfth century and later. Canosa, San Sabino (1101). Trani, Santa

Maria Immacolata (twelfth century). Santa Maria dei Martiri (near

Trani) (also twelfth century). Molfetta, Cathedral (late twelfth and

early thirteenth century). Padua, Sant’ Antonio (thirteenth century)

Byzantine-Gothic type, numerous Sicilian churches, etc.

[31] Plan, in Cummings, II, p. 18, Fig. 248. Interior in Michel, I, p.

542, Fig. 273.

[32] Similar churches: Trani, Santa Maria Immacolata, plan in Dehio

and von Bezold, I, p. 354. Santa Maria dei Martiri, Ch.

[33] Rarely the case in Byzantine architecture.

[34] Choisy (Choisy, II, p. 201) thus accounts for the vaults, which

would then be variants of Perigord domes, but the plan and supports of

the pyramids suggest the influence of Le Puy.

[35] Examples in France: Grenoble, Saint Laurent (crypt of the seventh

or eighth century), Germigny, des-Prés (ninth century), etc. Examples

in Italy: Milan, Sant’ Ambrogio (choir of the ninth century), Agliate,

etc.

[36] For illustrations of Romanesque churches and vaults, the reader

is advised to consult Lasteyrie, Dehio and von Bezold, and Enlart.

[37] See also Montmajour (Bouches-du-Rhône); Saint Martin-de-Londres

(Hérault); Saint Pierre-de-Redes (Hérault); Mollèges

(Bouches-du-Rhône), Saint Thomas. See Reber, pp. 337, Figs. 201-202.

[38] Also Lérins (Alpes-Maritimes), Saint Honorat (portion).

[39] Early examples: Saint Genou, choir (end of eleventh century),

Saint Benoît-sur-Loire, choir (begun 1602), Nevers, Saint Étienne.

[40] The double-aisled abbey church of Souvigny, which has a

clerestory, might be cited as an exception to this statement, but

judging from the narrowness of its inner aisles (Fig. 19) it would

appear as if its nave had originally been deprived of direct light,

and that the present clerestory must have been introduced with or

without a vault above it, either before or at the time when the outer

aisles were added. If so, it would not prove an exception to the rule.

The present nave vault is an addition of a late Gothic period.

[41] As in Saint Sernin at Toulouse.

[42] Reber, p. 341, Fig. 205a, and Lasteyrie, p. 413, Fig. 431.

[43] Reber, p. 342, Fig. 260a. See also, Abbaye de Fontfroide, Baudot

and Perrault-Dabot, V, pl. 41.

[44] Found also in St. Paul-Trois-Châteaux, Lasteyrie, p. 412, Fig.

429.

[45] See pp. 13, 14.

[46] Exs., Issoire (Puy-de-Dôme), Saint Paul, see Enlart, I, p. 269,

Fig. 102, or Choisy II, p. 209. Toulouse (Haute-Garonne), Saint

Sernin, see Choisy, II, p. 212. Culhat (Puy-de-Dôme), Ch. Lasteyrie,

p. 250, Fig. 241. Parthenay-le-Vieux (Deux-Sèvres), Notre Dame, ill.

in Choisy, I, p. 205, etc.

[47] Enlart, I, p. 267, Fig. 100 and Lasteyrie, p. 413, Fig. 430.

The clerestory at Vaison is hardly worthy of the name, for its windows

are cut entirely _above_ the imposts of the vault, which is of pointed

section, and therefore does not acquire thickness so rapidly as to

render the windows too deep to admit a reasonable amount of light. The

construction of such a clerestory consists merely in taking advantage

of the pointed form of vaulting without presenting structural

advances. Its windows are necessarily small and deep set and the

system is not a satisfactory solution of the lighting problem.

[48] Revoil, II, pl. XVIII.

[49] Semicircular vaults were sometimes used, however. Example,

Saint Paul-Trois Châteaux (Drome), Cath. (first half of the twelfth

century), Lasteyrie, p. 412, Fig. 429, etc.

[50] Choisy, II, p. 206, Fig. 14.

[51] Enlart, I, p. 268, Fig. 101.

[52] Choisy, II, p. 205, Fig. 13.

[53] Lasteyrie, p. 250, Fig. 241.

[54] See statement to that effect in Rivoira, II, p. 106.

[55] See Dehio and von Bezold, p. 260.

[56] Ruprich-Robert, p. 8, Fig. 45, and Reber, Fig. 235.

[57] Lasteyrie, p. 455, Fig. 473.

[58] Lasteyrie, p. 456, Fig. 474, also Saint Jouin-de-Marnes

(Deux-Sèvres), Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, II, pl. 32, and Nouaille

(Vienne), Ch., Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, II, pl. 37.

[59] For example, the aisle vaults seldom carry the tile of the roofs

outside of Provence and Auvergne.

[60] This arrangement is general in the school and may be understood

by referring to the illustration of Melle, Saint Pierre, Lasteyrie, p.

455, Fig. 473. A number of churches which are exceptions to this rule

have already been noted under Provence (see pp. 21, 22).

[61] See Lasteyrie, p. 454, Fig. 471.

[62] The three western bays of the church are early twelfth century

and have transverse arches.

[63] Rivoira (Rivoira, I, p. 97) says that such arches were used

beneath groined vaults as early as the eighth century in the palace

of Theodoric at Ravenna, and gives as tenth century examples (p. 176)

the aisles of Sant’ Eustorgio at Milan and the nave and aisles of S.S.

Felice e Fortunato, at Vicenza, and as examples of the early eleventh

century, the nave and aisles of San Babila, also at Milan.

[64] It is a question whether the transverse arches actually carried

much or any of the weight of the vault. (See discussion of this point

as regards crypts in Porter, Construction of Lombard and Gothic

Vaults, pp. 17-18.) They did, however, strengthen the church by tying

together the piers and walls besides saving centering as above stated.

[65] Lasteyrie, p. 455, Fig. 472.

[66] The influence of the Poitou system was quite extensive,

however, as is shown by the little church of Saint Loup-de-Naud

(Seine-et-Marne) (eleventh and twelfth centuries), Choisy, II, p. 207,

Fig. 15.

[67] See Choisy, II, p. 210. The great objection to this is that they

are not found in the neighboring provinces, in which much the same

reason for having them must have existed.

[68] See Lasteyrie, pp. 388-391, for account of the latter.

[69] Rivoira, II, p. 283, Fig. 727.

[70] Michel I, p. 444, Fig. 208.

[71] Enlart I, p. 255, Fig. 94.

[72] Lasteyrie, p. 330, Fig. 354.

[73] Rivoira, II, p. 47, Fig. 410.

[74] Other examples showing extent of the method are, Barletta

cathedral in Italy, and Rochester Cathedral (twelfth century) in

England, while Rouen and Meaux cathedrals furnish Gothic instances.