been arrived at after a series of experiments lasting over twelve
years. Conferences have been held from time to time among the various
Governors and others who have been charged with the carrying of the
System into effect and it is believed that these arrangements will
fulfil the object at which they aim, _viz_:--the due instruction and
reclamation of Borstal inmates by the means suggested--physical,
mental, and moral.
The System aims at an intellectual, physical, and moral improvement and
development of each inmate. The first will be secured by a carefully
arranged educational system appropriate to the needs of each. The
second by a methodical system of labour, which shall be, as far as
possible, of an interesting and instructive kind analogous to the day
of a free workman in full employment. Drill and Gymnastics for the
bodily development of inmates will be a leading feature of the System.
Education and labour well organized will thus largely contribute to
the "disciplinary and moral influences" referred to in Section 4 of
the Act. There will be, in addition, the moral precept and example
of the Staff, superior and subordinate. Each and all have a great
trust confided to them, which is to raise the young offender, by
personal influences and wise exhortation, to a due sense of duties
and responsibilities as a law-abiding citizen. The System will rest
primarily on good discipline, firmly but kindly administered. In the
obedience which follows from this is the beginning of moral improvement
This being secured, the System admits a wide latitude for trust and
confidence in the later stages, whence will spring the sense of honour
and self-respect. When this sentiment has been inculcated, the purpose
of the Act may be said to be fulfilled, namely, the reformation of
the offender, and, incidentally, the repression of crime, for if the
criminal habit be arrested at the beginning, the supply of criminals in
the later stages of their career is effectively stopped.
1. The Borstal course in future will be as follows:--
(a) the Ordinary Grade--3 months.
(b) the Intermediate Grade--6 months: divided into two Sections A & B.
(c) the Probationary Grade,
(d) the Special Grade, and
(e) the Star Special Grade.
The Penal Grade will be known, in future, as the Penal _Class_, so as
to avoid confusion with other Grades.
2. Inmates in the Ordinary Grade will work in association during
the day, but in order to prevent lads in this stage being kept for
unduly long periods in separate confinement, arrangements will be
made by which inmates shall not retire to their rooms until late in
the evening. Education will take place in the evening as furnishing
an opportunity for bringing the lads out of their rooms, or, failing
this, some other means will be devised. Inmates in this Grade will go
through the ordinary course of physical exercises and drill, but will
be debarred from the privileges which can be earned later of games, &c.
It is obvious that the period passed in the Ordinary Grade will furnish
the opportunity for special observation and attribution to later
employment, &c.
3. The system of awarding marks to indicate progress through and out
of the Grade will be discontinued. The award of gratuity will also be
abolished, but a sum of £1 will be paid to the Borstal Association
for each inmate released, for the purpose of providing assistance to
inmates on discharge. The inmates will be divided into Divisions, and a
Tutor will be allocated to each.
He will act, so to speak, as the Headmaster of a Division, and will be
responsible for advising the Governor as to the conduct, character,
and progress of each individual lad. No lad will be passed out of the
Ordinary Grade unless the Governor is satisfied, after consultation
with the Tutor, the Principal and the Party Officers, that his conduct
and industry are such as to merit advancement. The conduct will be
recorded weekly in a Register kept for the purpose, for which the
Principal Officer of the Division will be responsible. The Instructor
or Party Officer will be supplied with pocket registers in which
notes will be made containing anything of importance concerning the
character, demeanour, and industry of the lad. These will be collected
by the Principal Officer of the Division and brought before the Tutor
or head of the Division, and will, as stated, furnish the Governor with
the opportunity of making his decision as to the advancement of the lad
out of the Ordinary Grade.
4. A lad on passing out of the Ordinary Grade will pass into the
Intermediate Grade 'A'. He will then have the privilege of meals in
association, and he may associate on Saturday afternoons and Sundays,
during which time talking may be allowed, and games, such as chess and
draughts, may be played in the corridor. After remaining for three
months in this Grade, he will pass into the Intermediate Grade 'B,'
where he will be allowed to play games in the open air.
5. After completing three months in Intermediate Grade 'B', inmates
should be eligible for the Probationary Grade, but no inmate will be
passed into the Probationary Grade except after formal consideration
of his case by the Institution Board. No inmate will pass out of the
Probationary Grade except on special certificate of the Institution
Board that he has profited by his training and can safely be trusted
with the liberties and privileges of the Special Grade. There will
be no automatic passage to the Special Grade, which will consist
only of those who have proved their fitness for consideration and
distinction, and in whose case a reasonable hope exists that they may
be fit subjects for conditional release. Release will be regulated by
Instruction No. 22.
6. The Division under the leadership of the Tutor will be organized in
such a way that competition between Sections may stimulate a healthy
rivalry and competition, which can be proved in different ways, _e.g._
by proficiency on parade, or by games in the open air, or by literary
or artistic competitions, or any other way that may be devised. The
object of this organization is to furnish means for dividing the
Establishment into separate sections and promoting healthy rivalry
between each, and to establish a close personal relation between the
head of the Division and every individual in it.
7. The Penal Class will be separately located and clothed in ordinary
prison dress. They will be specially employed on hard manual or bodily
labour. Failing such employment on the land in any capacity, they will
be employed on the penal forms of labour already in existence, _i.e._,
grain-grinding or stonebreaking.
8. In order to furnish a still further stimulus, a Star Special Grade
will be introduced. To this could be admitted lads who had shown
special proficiency as Captains of Companies or as Monitors in the
Halls. It is proposed to introduce gradually the monitorial system by
which lads would be placed in charge of sections both in the Halls
and on the Parade Ground, and at games. Specially proficient lads
might even supervise parties at labour, &c. Where this character and
proficiency is shown, promotion will be made to the Star Special Grade.
A distinctive article of dress will be worn, but these details will be
worked out by each Governor on the spot, after observing the general
operation of the System.
9. Labour parties, and numbers assignable to each, will be strictly
and definitely prescribed. Selection will be made for instruction in
special trades, and for distribution of the remaining strength, as
shall be arranged by the Governor.
It will be clearly understood that there will be no casual distribution
of labour in unauthorized parties. Every lad assigned to a definite
employment for due observation will be maintained in that employment
until specially removed, and will not be employed on any other. For
any incidental work which may become necessary, labour and staff will
be provided by special arrangement from one of the existing parties.
One of the principal complaints against the System has been that the
parties and officers have been constantly shifted. This will no longer
be the case.
10. The Staff will be divided first of all into a main labour shift,
which will be on duty day after day with the inmates during labour
hours; and a domestic shift which will do duty from early morning till
mid-day, and from mid-day till the closing of the Institution. This
morning and evening duty will alternate from day to day. Appointments
to fill vacancies in the staff will be to the Domestic shift. While
serving in the Domestic shift they will be able to perform the duties
allotted to them and acquire a sufficient knowledge of the work and
objects of the Institution so as to enable them in time to pass into
the main labour shift. The Probationers thus selected for service
at Borstal Institutions will not pass through the Prison Officers'
Training School. They will be specially instructed as to their duties
on joining by the Governor, the Chaplain, the Medical Officer, and the
Tutors, but this will take the place of the ordinary training, and
they will be liable to report at the end of four months as to their
fitness for Borstal work, and again at the end of their twelve months'
probation. Great care will be taken not to pass for permanent service
in a Borstal Institution any officer who does not show a special zeal,
aptitude and interest for the duties entrusted to him.
11. It has been decided that a change shall be made in the title of
Borstal Officers. They will be known as Borstal Officers simply. The
Governor will be assisted in his daily duties by the Tutors, whose
functions are detailed in paragraph 3. These Tutors (who will be
members of the Institution Board) will have the rank of Acting Deputy
Governor with all the powers of Deputy Governors and will be in charge
of the Establishment in the absence of the Governor.
The head of the executive staff will be known as Chief of Staff, the
Principal Warders as "Principal Officers" and others as ordinary
"Officers", and they will wear Uniform different from that of a Prison
Warder. The Chief of Staff will be the medium of communication between
the Principal Officers and the Governor. The Chief of Staff will, of
course, have no power of adjudication, and every matter reported to
him by Principal Officers as heads of sections will be reported to the
Governor for such action as the Governor may order.
12. The object of the system is to individualize, and this can only be
done with the cordial co-operation of the Tutors, whose time will be
devoted to the careful observation of each inmate coming within their
command. Subject, of course, to the general authority and supervision
of the Chaplain, the Tutors will, in addition to their other duties,
be responsible for the organisation of the Education of inmates in the
lower and higher stages. Elementary Education will, as a rule, be left
in the hands of the Schoolmasters, provided for this purpose, but the
Tutors will themselves superintend and conduct the Higher and Technical
Education in conformity with the Syllabus laid down.
13. It is not necessary to fill in this sketch of the system to be
aimed at in greater detail. The problem of the best system to adopt
for the handling, treatment and the reclamation of these lads can
only be arrived at after much experience. Governors will have a free
hand in experimental work, and will at their respective Institutions
work out the system as best they can, with the co-operation of an
efficient staff. Details as to hours of duty etc. are matters which can
generally be arranged by discussion between the Governor and his staff.
Officers will understand that the Borstal System is a very peculiar
and difficult problem, and that the administration of it differs
essentially from that of ordinary prisons. They will, I feel sure,
co-operate heartily with any scheme which the Commissioners may decide
is necessary for the full efficiency of the system.
E. RUGGLES-BRISE.
Instructions for carrying out the Regulations under the Prevention of
Crime Act, 1908.
MALES.
1. All inmates on reception will be placed in the Ordinary Grade when
they will pass by Progressive Stages through a Probationary to a
Special Grade.
_Ordinary Grade._
2. An inmate will remain in the Ordinary Grade for at least three
months, and will be employed on domestic service.
No Association at meals: no conversation.
During this period he will be carefully observed by the whole staff as
to his character, mentality, and fitness for a special trade.
One letter on reception. One letter and one visit (30 minutes), or
letter in lieu.
_Intermediate Grade "A"._
3. At least three months: placed in a trade suitable to his individual
taste and capacity. Meals in association. No games in evening. Games on
Saturday. Two letters and one visit (40 minutes) or letter in lieu.
_Intermediate Grade "B"._
4. At least three months: Games on Saturday out of doors. Weekly
newspapers. Two letters and two visits (40 minutes) or letters in lieu.
_Probationary Grade._
5. To be selected by the Institution Board. Meals in association. Games
in association in evening inside. Games in playing fields on Saturday
afternoon and evening if possible. Daily newspapers. One letter and one
visit (40 minutes) or letter in lieu every fortnight.
6. To be selected by the Institution Board. May be employed without
supervision in Honour parties. Badge money may be earned by exemplary
conduct as follows:--
5/- after 3 months
7/6 " 6 "
10/- " 9 "
10/- every 3 months after.
The Badge money awarded every 3 months may be spent by inmates on
approved objects, or sent to their relations. A special room will be
provided as a club room for reading, writing, &c. One letter and one
visit (50 minutes) or letter in lieu every fortnight.
_Star Special Grade._
7. When an inmate in the Special Grade appears, after close
observation, to satisfy the Governor by his general demeanour and
efficiency, that he can be safely placed in a position of special
trust, he may be promoted to what will be known as the Star Special
Grade, and wear a distinctive dress.
Such inmates may act as Monitors in different capacities, and may
be placed in authority over other inmates on parade or in the Halls
or common room, and other situations where they can assist the
administration in various capacities.
_Penal Class._
8. Where an inmate is believed to be exercising a bad influence, he
shall be placed by the Governor in the Penal Class, for such time as
the Governor considers necessary in the interest of the inmate himself,
or others. While in the Penal Class, an inmate will be employed in
separation on hard and laborious work, and will forfeit all privileges.
The Governor will record in his journal particulars of every case
ordered by him to be placed in the Penal Class, with the reasons for
the same, and stating the period during which an inmate is so retained.
The inmate will not be restored to the Special Grade without passing
through a period of probation in the Ordinary Grade, of such duration
as the Governor may determine.
_Education._
9. There will be a Board of Education, over which the Chaplain will
preside. It will be the authority to consider all questions connected
with the education of inmates, and will decide, as the result of
examination, into which Grade each inmate shall be placed on reception.
10. The education of inmates will be classified as follows:--
(1) Elementary.--Such inmates as are found on reception not to have
profited sufficiently by the teaching received in Public Elementary
Schools to pass out of Grade III of the National Code.
(2) Progressive.--Those who can pass out of that Stage, and are fit
subjects for higher Grades.
(3) Technical.--Inmates engaged in the technical trade
(1) Elementary Education.--The standard aimed at may be broadly defined
as follows, _viz_.:--"the ability to write a letter such as is needed
by a workman applying for employment, and such arithmetic as a workman
needs for the ordinary purpose of daily life, including checking his
wages." Such a Standard is practically represented by Grade III of the
National Code, _viz_.:--
WRITING:--
Simple Spelling rules.
Simple Composition.
Reconstruction of easy stories.
Easy letter writing.
Dictation.
ARITHMETIC:--
4 simple rules.
4 compound rules (money & easy weights & measures).
Introduction to decimal system.
Simple fractions.
All inmates not qualified to pass from that Grade shall receive
Education during the first three months of their sentence, at such
times and in such classes as the Board of Education, created by
Instruction 9, shall decide; and such period may be extended in any
special case where the Board is of opinion that it would be to the
advantage of an inmate that this should be done.
Where an inmate obviously fails to profit by instruction, and there may
be reason to think that this may be due to physical or mental causes,
he will be specially examined by the Medical Officer, and such steps
will be taken on his report as may be deemed suitable to meet the
special circumstances of the case.
(2) The Progressive Class will consist of all those inmates who have
passed through a period of Elementary instruction. Arrangements will
be made by the Board of Education for such inmates to attend Evening
School at such times, and for such objects as they may decide.
(3) Technical Classes.--The syllabus will consist of Technical
Mathematics and Drawing, and though specially suited to inmates in the
Technical Trades, the subjects will form a basis for any lad desirous
of improving his knowledge on those lines.
11. In addition to the times set apart for these respective Classes,
there will be a Silent Hour for private study, for which a period of
absolute silence for one hour daily will be introduced throughout the
Institution, during which time all inmates will be engaged in the study
of educational or trade matter. It is considered that organized private
study is the most satisfactory way of securing that inmates shall not
be locked in their rooms until late in the evening.
The objects of the Silent Hour are:--
(1) To provide opportunity (a) for the working of tasks set by the
Schoolmasters; (b) for inmates to study their trade text books and
prepare notes from the same;
(2) To occupy the minds of the inmates in a profitable manner.
(3) To inculcate habits of studious application in order that the
benefits of mental concentration and self-control may become apparent.
12. It will be seen that a great responsibility is incumbent on the
Education Board in arranging the details of Education on these lines.
It will be the duty of the Governor, acting on the advice of the
Chaplain and Tutors, to arrange the details of each Class, consistently
with the general needs of the Establishment and the convenience of
the staff; and it is only by a real and hearty co-operation between
all members of the educational staff that the object of the system
can be attained, _viz_.:--in the first place, to raise the ignorant
and illiterate to such a standard of education as will enable them
to compete with the ordinary conditions of life on discharge; and,
secondly, to furnish opportunity to write intelligent English, and to
rise not only to the higher educational grades, but to obtain special
technical knowledge in the particular trades to which their faculties
are applied.
13. In addition to the ordinary educational curriculum, it will be the
duty of the Education Board, subject to the authority of the Governor,
to organize a regular system of Lectures or Addresses, on such
subjects as, in their opinion, are calculated to increase knowledge, to
widen outlook, and to inspire by example, _e.g._, readings from history
or biography. They may, in addition, organize Debating Societies, where
inmates can themselves take part in discussion on selected subjects.
It is considered that Debating Societies might be a great advantage to
the Institution. The advice of the Chaplain Inspector will always be
available for the organization of the conduct of such Societies. They
may also arrange for the formation of Singing or Choral Classes.
_Offences and punishments._
14. No punishment or privation of any kind shall be awarded to an
inmate by any officer of the institution except the Governor, or, in
his absence, the officer appointed to act for him.
15. An inmate shall be guilty of an offence against the discipline of
the institution if he:--
(1) Disobeys any order or rule.
(2) Treats an officer with disrespect.
(3) Is idle or careless at work.
(4) Is irreverent at Divine Service or Prayers.
(5) Uses bad language, or threats.
(6) Is indecent in language, act or gesture.
(7) Strikes or behaves in a provoking way to another inmate.
(8) Makes a disturbance by singing, whistling or shouting.
(9) Does any damage.
(10) Has in his room, or cubicle, or dormitory, or in his pockets or
clothes, anything he has not been given leave to have. Nothing found
on the works, or on the farm, may be picked up and kept.
(11) Receives anything from any other inmate, or gives anything to any
inmate without leave.
(12) Misbehaves himself in any other way.
16. The Governor may examine any person touching any alleged offence
against the discipline of the institution, and determine thereupon and
punish the offence.
17. In addition to the power vested in the Governor for ordering an
inmate to be placed in the Penal Class (Instruction 8), the above
offences may be punished by him in the following way:--
(1) In the deprivation of any privileges; or
(2) In the manner prescribed by Prison Rules.
18. If an inmate is charged with any serious or repeated offence for
which the punishment the Governor is authorized to inflict is deemed
insufficient, he shall be brought before the Visiting Committee, or
one of them, who, in addition to any power vested in the Governor,
may order, such punishment as is prescribed by Prison Pules; or, in
the exercise of their discretion, may report him to the Secretary of
State as incorrigible, or exercising a bad influence, with a view to
commutation to a sentence of imprisonment under Sec. 7 of the Act of
1908.
19. While under No. 2 diet, the inmate will be employed in separation
on outdoor work, to be tasked with due regard to the dietary scale.
20. If any inmate is charged with:--
(1) Mutiny or incitement to mutiny,
(2) Gross personal violence to any officer or servant of the
Institution,
the Visiting Committee have the power within the provisions of the
Prison Act, 1898, to order corporal punishment in addition to, or in
lieu of, their other powers of punishment.
21. Dietary punishment shall not be inflicted on any inmate, nor shall
he be placed in close or separate confinement, nor shall corporal
punishment be inflicted, unless the Medical Officer has certified that
the inmate is in a fit condition of health to undergo the punishment.
_Release on licence._
22. Although in the ordinary course the Institution Board will
not bring forward for licence any inmate who has not attained the
Special Grade, yet cases will occur from time to time in which the
Institution Board, in the exercise of their discretion, may think an
earlier licence to be desirable. Such cases the Board may, and should,
recommend for licence at any time when they think it in the best
interests of the inmate to do so.
23. The essence of the Borstal System is that conditional licence can
be granted when there is a reasonable probability that the offender
will, if licensed, abstain from crime; and although in most cases it
is likely that the test of promotion to the Special Grade will be the
best index of such probability, yet the Institution Board will bear
in mind the provisions of Section 5, Subsection (1) of the Prevention
of Crime Act, 1908, and can and will bring forward for licence any
inmate as soon as he appears to them to satisfy the conditions of that
Subsection.
_Application of Standing Orders for Local Prisons._
24. Officers and Inmates of Borstal Institutions shall be subject to
the Standing Orders for Local Prisons, except in so far as they are
inconsistent with the Regulations and Instructions made under the
Prevention of Crime Act, 1908.
TIME TABLE FOR MALES.
5.40 a.m. Inmates rise.
6.15 " Drill.
6.45 " Inmates breakfast.
7.30 " Chapel.
8.0 " Labour.
12 noon Inmates dinner.
1.0 p.m. Labour.
5.0 " Inmates tea.
5.40 " Evening School, Silent hour and recreation.
8.30 " Inmates locked up.
MEMORANDUM TO THE GOVERNOR, AYLESBURY BORSTAL INSTITUTION FOR FEMALES.
The object of the Borstal System being, as defined in Section 1(b)
of the Act of 1908, that those subject to it shall receive such
instruction and discipline as appears most conducive to their
reformation and to the repression of crime, the following methods will
be adopted for giving effect to it. Under Section 5(1) of the Act, a
female offender may be discharged by licence from a Borstal Institution
_after three months from the commencement of the term of detention_, if
the Commissioners are satisfied that there is a reasonable probability
that she will abstain from crime, and lead a useful and industrious
life.
* * * * *
The object of the following Instructions is to provide a test by which
the Authorities on the spot, _i.e._, the Governor and the Institution
Board, will be able to judge when an inmate can be licensed. It was
the intention of Parliament, in prescribing the minimum period of
three months in the case of females, to secure that they should be
given a chance of liberty after completing that period, subject to the
reasonable probability of their abstaining from crime, but experience
has shown that in the great majority of cases a much longer period
of detention is necessary to enable any real reformatory influence
to be exercised. The responsibility in this matter rests primarily
on the Institution Board, and it is only by the closest personal
observation of each case from the commencement of the sentence that a
true and just opinion may be formed as to the date on which a licence
may be properly and wisely granted. The key-note of the system is,
therefore, the "individualization" of the inmate. Inmates will be
interviewed regularly--those doing well encouraged; those doing badly
cautioned, and made clearly to understand that they will not be allowed
the privilege of the higher Grades until the Institution Board is
completely satisfied that they are doing their best in every way to
profit by the opportunities afforded. Each and all members of the
staff have a great trust confided to them, which is to raise the young
criminal, by personal influences and wise exhortation, to a due sense
of duties and responsibilities as a law-abiding citizen. The system
will rest primarily on good discipline, firmly but kindly administered.
In the obedience which follows from this is the beginning of moral
improvement. This being secured, the System admits a wide latitude
for trust and confidence in the later stages, whence will spring
the sense of honour and self-respect. When this sentiment has been
inculcated, the purpose of the Act may be said to be fulfilled, namely,
the reformation of the offender, and, incidentally, the repression of
crime, for if the criminal habit be arrested at the beginning, the
supply of criminals in the later stages of their career is effectively
stopped.
E. RUGGLES-BRISE.
Instructions for carrying out the Regulations under the Prevention of
Crime Act, 1908.
FEMALES.
1. All inmates on reception will be placed in the Ordinary Grade when
they will pass by Progressive Stages through a Probationary to a
Special Grade.
_Ordinary Grade._
2. Inmates in the Ordinary Grade will be specially located. They will
remain in the Grade for three months at least, being promoted to the
Intermediate Grade at the Governor's discretion. Inmates will undergo
physical training, and, subject to educational requirements, will work
in association during morning and afternoon, and in their rooms, in the
evening.
When, in the opinion of the Governor, it is desirable, in the interests
of health, that an inmate on reception shall be employed for part of
the day on outdoor work on farm or garden, this may be arranged for
selected cases, in lieu of morning or afternoon labour.
The Ordinary Grade will be the deterrent or punitive period of
detention, during which conversation except such as is incidental to
their daily routine duties, will not be allowed.
_Intermediate Grade._
3. Inmates will remain in the Grade for three months at least, being
promoted to the Probationary Grade at the discretion of the Institution
Board. They will be allowed an extra letter on promotion, associated
exercise and games at week-ends.
_Probationary Grade._
4. Inmates will remain in the Grade for six months at least. They will
be specially located and will be allowed meals in association and
conversational exercise and organised games at week-ends. When labour
ceases in the afternoon, they will be permitted to change clothes for
tea. Subject to educational requirements, classes, lectures, labour,
&c., they will be free for recreation either in a room with others,
or for the purpose of private work, study, &c., in their own rooms.
The rooms will be locked only at night. Arrangements will be made, if
practicable, to place inmates under Group Matrons in convenient groups.
Marching in parties to labour will cease. Each inmate will find her
own way to work, &c. at the appointed time. The Group Matron will be
responsible for seeing that the strictest punctuality is observed, and
that at a given signal every inmate is in her proper place.
An inmate's conduct and industry will be closely observed during
this stage, and she will not be passed out of this Stage until the
Institution Board is fully satisfied that she is doing her best. When
the Institution Board are so satisfied, she shall be passed into the
Special Grade.
_The Special Grade._
5. On passing into the Special Grade, an inmate's case will be
specially considered for conditional licence. During the time that
has elapsed since reception, under the scheme detailed, it ought
to be possible for the Authorities on the spot to have formed an
opinion whether, or not, as prescribed by Section 5(1) of the Act,
there is a reasonable probability that an inmate will lead a useful
and industrious life if let out on licence. Cases, of course, differ
infinitely. The causes that led to the Borstal sentence may be deeply
ingrained, thus requiring a long period of reformatory training,
or they may be due more to circumstance than character, and if the
criminal habit or tendency is not deep seated, it is hoped that in
many cases, the period of twelve months' detention, under healthy
influences, will furnish sufficient guarantee that a criminal course
is not likely to be persisted in. In arriving at an opinion on this
point, the Institution Board will, of course, avail themselves to the
fullest extent of the services and experience of the representative of
the Borstal Association. Such representative will, if possible, be a
member of the Visiting Committee, and thus closely identified with the
history of each case from the commencement of sentence. Inquiries made
by the Borstal Association as to home surroundings, parental influence,
capacity for any special branch of work, will furnish the guide to the
authorities in their determination of each case.
Inmates in the Special Grade will be specially located. Those not
considered eligible for licence will, on passing into the Special
Grade, be at once transferred to superior quarters, where they will be
kept distinct from the main body, under a distinct body of officers,
who will reside in quarters contiguous to such superior buildings. In
addition to the privileges enjoyed by the Probationary Grade inmates
in this Grade will have a special dress: their mess-room and dwelling
rooms will be supplied with superior crockery, and they will elect
their own mess president of each table or section. The reading of
newspapers will be allowed.
Inmates may earn a good conduct stripe for every three months passed
with exemplary conduct, carrying 5s. gratuity for the first stripe, 7s,
6d. for the second stripe, and 10s. for each stripe thereafter, up to a
maximum of £2, half of which may be spent in purchase of articles for
their own use, _e.g._, material for private work, articles of clothing
&c.
Inmates may, in addition to the privileges allowed in the Probationary
Grade, be allowed outside the walls on parole, or to go errands, or to
undertake work in the neighbourhood.
Every ease in the Special Grade will be specially considered every
two months by the Institution Board, with a view to conditional
licence. The behaviour of inmates on parole will furnish the test of
trustworthiness, and by its appeal to higher instincts, on conduct or
behaviour, will strengthen the probability of successful liberation. A
careful study and individualization, therefore, of each inmate in state
of parole or semi-liberty, will furnish the necessary evidence for
determining her fitness for liberty.
_Star Special Grade._
6. When an inmate in the Special Grade appears, after close
observation, to satisfy the Governor, by her general demeanour and
efficiency, that she can be safely placed in a position of special
trust, she may be promoted to what will be known as the Star Special
Grade, or Honour Party, and wear a distinctive dress.
Such inmates may act as Monitors in different capacities, be employed
in positions of trust in the Institution,--clerical work, library,
nursing &c.,--or they may be placed in authority over other inmates
or in situations where they can assist the administration in various
capacities.
_Penal Class._
7. The sanction of the System will be the Penal Class. This is an
administrative, not a judicial, weapon in the hands of the Governor,
and whose powers of degradation are unlimited. Strict separation in
rooms, and loss of privilege, will be a sufficient deterrent for the
unruly, combined with such ordinary punishment for occasional offences
as the rules admit.
Where an inmate is believed to be exercising a bad influence, she shall
be placed by the Governor in the Penal Class, for such time as the
Governor considers necessary in the interest of the inmate herself,
or others. She will forfeit the privilege of letters and visits. The
Governor will record in the journal particulars of every case ordered
to be placed in the Penal Class, with the reasons for the same, and
stating the period during which an inmate is so retained. This record
will be placed before the Commissioner or Inspector at each visit. The
inmate will not be restored to a higher Grade without passing through
a period of probation in the Ordinary Grade of such duration as the
Governor may determine.
_Gratuity._
8. A sum of £1 will be paid to the Borstal Association for each inmate
released, for the purpose of providing assistance to inmates on
discharge.
_Letters & Visits._
9. An inmate will be allowed at the Governor's discretion to write and
receive letters and have visits as follows;--
In the Ordinary and Intermediate Grades--every six weeks.
In the Probationary Grade--every month.
In the Special Grade--Visits monthly; Letters fortnightly.
Visits will be of 30 minutes' duration for the Ordinary and
Intermediate, and 40 minutes' for the Probationary and Special Grades,
with reasonable extension in any case at the discretion of the Governor.
_Education._
10. There will be a Board of Education, over which the Chaplain will
preside. It will be the authority to consider all questions connected
with the education of inmates, and will decide, as the result of
examination, into which Grade each inmate shall be placed on reception.
11. The education of inmates will be classified as follows:--
(1) Elementary.--Such inmates as are found on reception not to have
profited sufficiently by the teaching received in Public Elementary
Schools to pass out of Grade III of the National Code.
(2) Progressive.--Those who can pass out of that Stage, and are fit
subjects for higher Grades.
(3) Technical.--Inmates who are being prepared for commercial or other
special pursuit.
(1) Elementary Education.--The standard aimed at may be broadly defined
as follows, _viz_.:--"the ability to write a letter such as is needed
by a woman applying for employment, and such arithmetic as a woman
needs for the ordinary purpose of daily life, including checking her
wages." Such a Standard is practically represented by Grade III of the
National Code, _viz_.:--
WRITING:--
Simple Spelling rules.
simple Composition.
Reconstruction of easy stories.
Easy letter writing.
Dictation.
ARITHMETIC:--
4 simple rules.
4 compound rules (money & easy weights & measures).
Introduction to decimal system.
Simple fractions.
All inmates not qualified to pass from that Grade shall receive
Education during the first three months of their sentence, at such
times and in such classes as the Board of Education, created by
Instruction 10, shall decide; and such period may be extended in any
special case where the Board is of opinion that it would be to the
advantage of an inmate that this should be done.
Where an inmate obviously fails to profit by instruction, and there may
be reason to think that this may be due to physical or mental causes,
she will be specially examined by the Medical Officer, and such steps
will be taken on his report as may be deemed suitable to meet the
special circumstances of the case.
(2) The Progressive Class will consist of all those inmates who have
passed through a period of Elementary instruction. Arrangements will
be made by the Board of Education for such inmates to attend Evening
School at such times, and for such objects as they may decide.
(3) Technical Classes.--These will be limited to those inmates who have
been specially selected for a career in which a knowledge of special
subjects is called for.
12. In addition to the times set apart for these respective Classes,
there will be a Silent Hour for private study, for which a period of
absolute silence for one hour daily will be introduced throughout the
Institution, during which time all inmates will be engaged in the study
of educational or trade matter. It is considered that organized private
study is the most satisfactory way of securing that inmates shall not
be locked in their rooms until late in the evening.
The objects of the Silent Hour are:--
(1) To provide opportunity (a) for the working of tasks set by the
Schoolmistresses; (b) for inmates to study their trade text books and
prepare notes from the same;
(2) To occupy the minds of the inmates in a profitable manner;
(3) To inculcate habits of studious application in order that the
benefits of mental concentration and self-control may become apparent.
13. It will be seen that a great responsibility is incumbent on
the Education Board in arranging the details of Education on these
lines. It will be the duty of the Governor, acting on the advice of
the Chaplain and Schoolmistresses, to arrange the details of each
Class, consistently with the general needs of the Establishment and
the convenience of the staff; and it is only by a real and hearty
co-operation between all members of the educational staff that the
object of the system can be attained, _viz_.:--in the first place, to
raise the ignorant and illiterate to such a standard of education as
will enable them to compete with the ordinary conditions of life on
discharge; and, secondly, to furnish opportunity to write intelligent
English, and to rise not only to the higher educational grades, but
to obtain special knowledge in the particular careers to which their
faculties are applied.
14. In addition to the ordinary educational curriculum, it will be the
duty of the Education Board, subject to the authority of the Governor,
to organize a regular system of Lectures or Addresses, on such subjects
as, in their opinion, are calculated to increase knowledge, to widen
outlook, and to inspire by example, _e.g._, readings from history or
biography. They may, in addition, organize Debating Societies, where
inmates can themselves take part in discussion on selected subjects.
It is considered that Debating Societies might be a great advantage to
the Institution. The advice of the Chaplain Inspector will always be
available for the organization of the conduct of such Societies. They
may also arrange for the formation of Singing or Choral Classes.
_Revoked Licences._
15. Inmates whose licences are revoked, if not removed to a special
Institution for such cases, will be placed in the Penal Class for one
month, and will work with their room doors open, and will be employed
at any suitable form of manual labour. After one month, they may, at
the discretion of the Governor, be placed in the Ordinary Grade, and
will be again removed to the Penal Class if he is satisfied that the
inmate is making no real effort to improve. Any such case will be
recorded in the Governor's Journal, to be laid before the Commissioner
or Inspector at each visit. If no signs of improvement are manifest,
the case will be submitted to the Visiting Committee for such action as
may be desirable under Section 7 of the Act of 1908.
_Industrial Training._
16. It is desirable that after a close observation of character
and capacity, a definite view should be taken as to the class of
training--industrial, domestic, clerical, or otherwise--for which an
inmate is best fitted, and that she should be specialized on this with
a view to her employment on discharge, but each inmate should, in the
first instance pass through a course of instruction in laundrywork,
housework, needle-work and cooking, as such a course must always be of
advantage, whatever the special employment to be followed on discharge
may eventually be.
Farm and garden work, attending to poultry and cattle, will be a
special feature of the Establishment, and will require special
training, which will be provided. The various garden spaces will also
offer profitable employment and training under suitable instruction.
In any place where there are garden plots, they will be kept with
scrupulous care and neatness in all parts of the Establishment.
The grass will be kept closely mown, and flower beds placed in all
appropriate spots. Officers will be given the option of cultivating the
plots contiguous to their Quarters, but failing this, it will be the
duty of the inmates.
Farm and garden work, though it can be assigned specifically as
training for a certain number of inmates, is rather a valuable
subsidiary employment, to be made use of largely on medical and
physiological grounds for girls requiring active labour in the open
air, or who are unsuitable for other forms of labour. For such
reasons, there would be no objection to employing girls in the Ordinary
Grade on such work for limited periods, or in the summer evenings in
lieu of labour in their rooms, always provided that girls in this Grade
work under disciplinary supervision, which will be the differentia of
this Grade.
_Punishments._
17. No punishment or privation of any kind shall be awarded to an
inmate by any officer of the institution except the Governor, or in his
absence, the officer appointed to act for him.
An inmate shall be guilty of an offence against the discipline of the
institution if she;--
(1) Disobeys any order or rule.
(2) Treats an officer with disrespect.
(3) Is idle or careless at work.
(4) Is irreverent at Divine Service or Prayers.
(5) Uses bad language or threats.
(6) Is indecent in language, act or gesture.
(7) Strikes or behaves in a provoking way to another inmate.
(8) Makes a disturbance by singing, whistling or shouting.
(9) Does any damage.
(10) Has in her room, or cubicle, or dormitory, or in her pockets or
clothes, anything she has not been given leave to have. Nothing found
on the grounds, or on the farm, may be picked up and kept.
(11) Receives anything from any other inmate, or gives anything to any
inmate without leave.
(12) Misbehaves herself in any other way.
The Governor may examine any person touching any alleged offence
against the discipline of the institution, and determine thereupon and
punish the offence.
In addition to the power vested in the Governor for ordering an inmate
to be placed in the Penal Class, the above offences may be punished in
the following way:--
(1) By deprivation of any privilege, or
(2) In the manner prescribed by Prison Rules.
If an inmate is charged with any serious or repeated offence for
which the punishment the Governor is authorized to inflict is deemed
insufficient, she shall be brought before the Visiting Committee, or
one of them, who, in addition to any power vested in the Governor,
may order such punishment as is prescribed by Prison Rules; or, in
the exercise of their discretion, may report her to the Secretary of
State as incorrigible, or exercising a bad influence, with a view to
commutation to a sentence of imprisonment under Section 7 of the Act of
1908.
18. Officers and Inmates of Borstal Institutions shall be subject to
the Standing Orders for Local Prisons, except in so far as they are
inconsistent with the Regulations and Instructions made under the
Prevention of Crime Act, 1908.
TIME TABLE FOR FEMALES.
6.0 a.m. Inmates rise.
6.30 " Clean rooms, boots, &c.
7.25 " Inmates breakfast.
7.55 " Chapel.
8.15 " Labour.
12 noon Drill Exercise and inmates dinner.
1.25 p.m. Labour.
5.0 " Inmates tea.
5.30 " Bible class, choir practice, singing class & bathing.
6.0 " Silent hour.
7.0 " Evening labour.
8.0 " Recreation.
9.30 " Lights out.
APPENDIX (b)
RULES FOR PERSONS UNDERGOING PREVENTIVE DETENTION.
(1.) Persons undergoing Preventive Detention shall be divided into
three Grades, Ordinary, Special, and Disciplinary. On entering upon
Preventive Detention, they shall be placed in the Ordinary Grade.
(2.) After every six months passed in the Ordinary Grade with exemplary
conduct a prisoner who has shown zeal and industry in the work assigned
to him may be awarded a certificate of industry and conduct. Four of
these certificates will entitle him to promotion to the Special Grade.
With each certificate a prisoner will receive a good conduct stripe
carrying privileges or a small money payment.
(3.) A prisoner may be placed in the Disciplinary Grade by order of
the Governor as part of a punishment for misconduct, or because he is
known to be exercising a bad influence on others, and may be kept there
as long as may be necessary in the interests of himself and of others.
While in the Disciplinary Grade he may be employed in association if
his conduct justifies association, but he will not be associated with
others except at labour.
(d.) Prisoners will be employed either at useful trades in which they
will be instructed, or at agricultural work, or in the service of the
Prison, and those in the Ordinary and Special Grades will be allowed to
earn gratuity by their work. They will be allowed to spend a portion
of their gratuity in the purchase of additions to their dietary, or
to send it to their families, or to accumulate it for use on their
discharge.
(5.) A prisoner who is in Hospital, or medically unfit for full work
will, on the recommendation of the Medical Officer who will certify
that the disability was genuine and not caused by the prisoner's own
fault, be credited with gratuity in proportion to his earnings when in
health or calculated on his general disposition to work, coupled with
good conduct.
(6.) A canteen will be opened in the Prison at which prisoners in the
Ordinary and Special Grades may purchase articles of food, and other
small articles at prices to be fixed by the Directors. The cost of
such articles will be charged against each prisoner's gratuity. The
privilege of purchasing articles in the canteen may at any time be
limited or withdrawn by the Governor.
(7.) Prisoners who have obtained three certificates of industry, will
be eligible to have a garden allotment assigned to them which they may
cultivate at such times as may be prescribed. The produce of these
allotments will, if possible, be purchased for use in Prisons at market
rates, and the proceeds credited to the prisoner.
(8.) Prisoners in the Ordinary Grade may be allowed to associate
at meal times and also, after gaining the second certificate, in
the evenings. Prisoners in the Special Grade may also be allowed to
associate at meal times and in the evenings, and shall be allowed such
additional relaxations of a literary and social character as may be
prescribed from time to time.
(9.) Any of the privileges prescribed in these special rules or
gratuity earned may be forfeited for misconduct. A prisoner has no
legal claim upon his gratuity, which will be expended for his benefit,
or may be withheld at the discretion of the Society or person under
whose supervision he is placed.
(10.) It will be the duty of the Chaplain and Prison Minister to see
each prisoner individually from time to time during his detention and
to promote the reformation of those under their spiritual charge.
Divine Service will be held weekly in the Prison, and there will be in
addition such Mission Services, lectures and addresses on religious,
moral and secular subjects as may be arranged.
(11.) Prisoners shall receive the diets which the Directors may
prescribe from time to time.
(12.) Prisoners will be allowed to write and receive a letter and to
receive a visit at fixed intervals according to their Grade.
(13.) The Board of Visitors appointed by the Secretary of State under
Section 13 (4) of the Prevention of Crime Act, 1908, shall hold office
for three years. Their powers shall not be affected by vacancies. The
Secretary of State shall, as soon as possible, fill any vacancy by
making a new appointment. At their first meeting they shall appoint a
Chairman. One or more of them shall visit the Prison once a month, and
they shall meet as a Board as often as possible. They shall hear and
adjudicate on such offences on the part of prisoners as may be referred
to them by the Directors, and they shall investigate any complaint
which a prisoner may desire to make to them, and, if necessary, report
the same to the Directors with their opinion. They shall have free
access to every part of the Prison and may see any prisoner in private,
inspect the diets and examine any of the books. They shall bring any
abuses to the immediate notice of the Directors, and in cases of
urgency they may make recommendations in writing which the Governor
shall carry out pending the decision of the Directors. They shall
keep minutes of their proceedings, and make an annual report to the
Secretary of State at the beginning of each year.
(14.) The Committee appointed under Section 14 (4) of the said Act
shall meet once a quarter, and shall forward to the Directors such
reports as may be required for their assistance in advising the
Secretary of State as to the prospects and probable behaviour of
prisoners after discharge.
(15.) Any person whose licence has been revoked or forfeited may on his
return to Prison be placed and kept in the Disciplinary Grade for such
length of time as the Board of Visitors shall think necessary.
THE ENGLISH PRISON SYSTEM.
INDEX TO CHAPTERS
Aged convicts, 41
Ages of prisoners received on conviction, 221
Aid-on-discharge (see 'Borstal,' and 'Central' Associations and
Discharged Prisoners' Aid Societies), 164
Alcoholism and crime, 160, 211
America, visits to, 25, 62, 64, 91
Appeal, Court of Criminal, 21
Auburn and Philadelphian Systems, 24, 63
Australia, Transportation to, 27, 31
Aylesbury Borstal Institution, 118
Baker, Dr., Inquiry at Pentonville as to young offenders, 86
Bedford, Adeline, Duchess of, 117
Bermuda, convicts at, 27
Birmingham, Discharged Prisoners' Aid Society, 166
Birmingham Juvenile Court, 102
Board, Prison--Constitution of, 18, 46
Borstal Association, 92, 95, 118, 182
Borstal Committees at Local Prisons, 96
Borstal System, 11, 85, 194, 214
" " and age of criminal majority, 87
" " its aims, 11, 83, 98
" " origin of name, 85, 92
" " early stages, 91
" " statutory effect given to, 94
" " since the Act of 1908, 94
" " and the Act of 1914, 100, 121
" " the "Modified", 96, 119, 127
" " for young women, 118
" " for young convicts, 41, 97, 118
" " regulations for, 231
" " remarks of Lord Chief Justice, 95
" " statistics of 'after-care', 95, 117, 119
" " labour of inmates, 141
Branthwaite, Dr., Inquiry into cases of inebriety, 160
Camp Hill Prison, 52
_Cantine_ System, 165
Cells, Certification of, 64, 68
Census of convict population, 1901, 49
" prisoners fit for Hard Labour, 132
" " between the ages of 16 and 21, 85
Central Association for aid of discharged convicts, 54, 56, 174, 182
Central Control Board (Liquor Traffic), 225
Central Discharged Prisoners' Aid Society, 179
Centralization of authority, 69
Chaplains of Prisons, 5, 129
Children Act, 1908, 101
Classification (Convict) Inquiry of 1878, 37
" " present, 40
" " "Star" Class, 37, 40
" (Local) Under the Act of 1823, 62
" " " " 1877, 71
" " " " 1898, 78
" " " " 1914, 83
Cockburn, Lord Justice, 31, 89
Commission, Royal, 1863, 30, 34, 43
" " 1879, 37, 41
Commissioners of Prisons, The, 18
Committals to Prison since 1881, 219
Committee on Prisons, 1832 and 1836, 63
" " 1850, 65, 67
" " 1863, 67
" " 1895, Habitual criminals, 39
" " " separate confinement, 42
" " " Weakminded convicts, 42
" " " Local prisons, 75
" " " prisoners 16-21, 76, 86
" " " prison labour, 136
" " " and discharged prisoners, 76
Committees, Visiting &c., 32, 46, 53, 70, 123
"Conditional conviction", 107
Convict Prisons, 18, 131
Corporal Punishment, 34, 47, 70, 80
Correction, Houses of, 59
Courts, The Criminal, and their punishments, 19
Cranks and treadwheels, 67, 77, 134, 137
Crawford, Mr. W., Inspector of Prisons, 25, 62
Crime and its causes, 200
Crime, Prevention of, Act of 1908, 51, 82, 94
Crimes, Prevention of, Act of 1871, 36
Criminal Appeal, Court of, 21
"Criminal Diathesis,", 203
Criminal Justice Administration Act, 1914, 20, 82
" " " changes under, 82
" " " and Borstal System, 100, 121
" " " decrease in committals, 20, 224
Criminal, (clinical), laboratories, 195
Criminal Statistics, 1872 to 1914, 216
Criminal type, The, 203
Criminological Inquiry in English Prisons, 198
Death penalty, The, 21
Death-rate in Prisons, 186
Debating classes in prisons, 8, 128
Defective children, 105
Defectiveness, mental, (See 'Mental')
"Detention, Places of" for Juveniles, 102
Dietaries, Prison, 145, 188
Directors of Convict Prisons, The, 18
Discipline, Progressive Reformatory, and Sir J. Jebb, 29
Discharged Prisoners' Aid Societies, early history, 165
" " " " under Act of 1877, 167
" " " " Conference of 1878, 169
" " " " and co-ordination of effort, 15
" " " " scheme of 1896, 171
" " " " " 1913, 175
" " " " Central Committee of, 178
(See also "Borstal Association" and "Central Association")
Dover Harbour, last Public Works, 13
Drunkenness, Habitual, (See also 'Alcoholism' and 'Inebriety'), 154
" " statistics of, 115, 225
Du Cane, Sir E., 71, 73, 75
Earnings of prisoners, 138
Economy in administration, 73
Education in prisons, 6, 121
Elementary Education (Defective & Epileptic Children) Acts
1899 & 1914, 105, 106
Elmira State Reformatory, 91
Employment of prisoners (See 'Labour')
Female prison population, statistics, 114, 223
" " " and recidivism, 115, 122
" convicts, 47
" prisoners in Preventive Detention, 58
" " superintendence by female staff, &c., 114, 122
" under the Borstal System, 118
Fines, committals in default of payment, 20, 224
" release on part-payment, 79, 82
" 'supervision' until payment, 82
First Division prisoners, 71, 78
Gibraltar Prison, 27
Gloucester Refuge for discharged prisoners, 166
Goring, Dr. Chas. "A Criminological Inquiry", 198
Grant-Wison, Sir W., 92, 174
Gratuities, prisoners'--early convict system, 27
" high rate of, condemned, 31
" maximum earnable reduced to £3, 36
" English & continental systems, 165
" abolition of in Local Prisons, 175
" retained for certain classes, 180
Habitual Criminals Act, 1869, 36
Habitual Inebriates (see 'Inebriety')
Habitual Offenders Division, proposed, 39, 50
Hard Labour, definition of phrase, 60, 66, 134
" and Committee of 1863, 67
" and the cellular system, 66
" provisions of Act of 1865, 68,134
" " " 1877, 70
" present methods of enforcing, 77
" and the Act of 1914, 83
Heredity and environment, 209
Holloway Prison, 114
Hospital Staff of Prisons, 197
Howard, John, 23, 60, 62
Hulks, The, 26
Indeterminate sentence, the, 55
Individualization of prisoners, 75, 93
Industrial labour in Prisons, 136
" prosperity and criminal statistics, 160
Inebriety, Committee of 1872, 154
" Act of 1879, 155
" Home Office Inquiry, 1892, 155
" Act of 1898, 155, 157
" Types of inmates in Certified Reformatories, 156
" Infrequent use of Act of 1898, 158
" Committee of 1908, 158, 162
" Mental state of inmates, 161
" Alcohol as a factor in crime, 160
" Analysis of 1,000 cases of, 160
(See also 'Drunkenness')
Infectious disease in prisons, 186
Intermediate Class in Convict Prisons, 40
Irish System, The (1854), 30, 33
Jebb, Sir Joshua, 29
Justices, Visiting, 70
Juvenile-Adult prisoners (see "Borstal")
Juvenile Courts, 102
" Labour Bureaux and Exchanges, 106
" Offenders, commitment of, 101
" " statistics of committals, 220
Labour, Prison, The Act of 1865, 68, 134
" " Recent changes, 138
" " Prior to Act of 1877, 131
" " and the inquiry of 1894, 136
" " revision of labour statistics, 137
" " increase in output, 139
" " Public Works, 26, 35, 131
" " Juvenile-Adults, 140
Labour, Prison, in Convict Prisons, 131
" " in Local Prisons, 133
" " during the Great War, 140
Lectures and addresses, 6, 128
Libraries, prison, 127
Licensing system for convicts, 34, 38, 54
Local Prisons, 18, 59
Lombroso, Professor, 199
London Prison Visitor's Association, 92
Long Sentence Division, 41
Mark System, in Convict Prisons, 31, 34
" " in Local Prisons, 81
Mechanical tasks in Prisons, 68, 72, 137
Medical Officers of Prisons, 185
Mental defectiveness and crime co-operation between Justices
and Police, 16, 193
Mental defectiveness and inebriety, 161
" " duties of prison medical officers, 185
" " special prisons for cases of, 190
" " in prison, estimate of, 191, 207
" " The Mental Deficiency Act, 1913, 16, 105, 192, 215
" " Sir G. Newman, and prevention of, 196
" " Commission on Care and Control of
Feeble-minded, 190, 207
" " Dr. Goring's Inquiry, 207
Merxplas, Labour Colony at, 148
Metropolitan Asylums Board and Casual Wards, 151
Mettray Agricultural Colony, 90
Millbank Prison, 44, 62
Misdemeanants, First Class, 71, 78
Moral and religious influences in prisons, 8, 127
National Society for Prevention of Crime, 15, 180
New South Wales, Transportation to, 24
New York, State Probation Commission, 113
'Normal' and 'abnormal' man, 201
Oakum-picking in prisons, 136
Offences against the law, 19
Officers of Prisons, 10, 197
'Panopticon' (J. Bentham), 62
Parkhurst Prison for young offenders, 88
Part-payment of fines, 79, 82
Patronage (See 'Discharged Prisoners' Aid Societies')
Pearson, Professor Karl, 198
_Pécule_ System, 165
Penal Servitude: changes in System since 1894, 39
" " Act of 1853, 28
" " " 1857, 28
" " " 1864, 34
" " " 1891, 38, 39
" " " 1898, 46
" " decrease in committals, 38, 219, 230
" Reformatories for young offenders, 87
Pentonville Prison, 25, 26, 64, 65
Philadelphian and Auburn Systems, 24, 63
Philanthropic Association, 88
Physical criminal type, 203
Police Supervision, 20, 33
Population, prison-fall in (See also 'Statistics'), 46, 73, 114, 219, 223
Positive School of Criminology, 199
Prevention of Crimes Act, 1871, 36
Prevention of Crime Act, 1908, 51, 82, 94
Preventive Detention: the Advisory Committee, 54, 55
" " conditional release, 54
" " definition of, 49, 57
" " extension to penal servitude system, 14
" " objects of, 12, 51, 52
" " Memo, explanatory of Act of 1908, 51
" " 'parole' lines, 53
" " rules for, 53, 265
" " statistics of men discharged, 54
Prison Act 1778, 23, 24, 61
" " 1781, 61
" " 1823, 62
" " 1824, 25
" " 1835, 59, 66
" " 1839, 64
" " 1844, 66
" " 1865, 67, 134
" " 1877, 18, 69, 136
" " 1898, 46, 78
Prison Commission, The, 18
Prisons, &c. description of, 18, 60
Prisons Reform, meaning of, 1
" " in the future, 12
Probation, Act of 1887, and Summary Jurisdiction Act, 1879, 110
" " 1907, 21, 111
" New York State Probation Commission, 112
" indispensable to criminal justice, 113
" English and Foreign systems, 107
" national system of, 13
" statistics of, 111
Professional criminals, 49, 50
Progressive Stage System, 28, 34, 39
Punishments for prison offences (See also 'Corporal
Punishment'), 34, 47, 68, 70
Public Works, 26, 35, 131
Recidivism, statistics of, &c., 115, 183, 221, 229
Recidivist class in convict prisons, 41, 57, 230
Reform, prison, 1
Reformatory Schools Act, 1854, 89
Remission of sentence, 38, 81
Reporting to police, 36, 38
Rules for the government of Prisons, 66, 67, 71, 78
Sanitary condition of prisons, 186
Second Division prisoners, 38
Secondary Punishments, 36
Sentences to penal servitude, decrease in number, 38
" " " increase after Act of 1871, 36
" " " minimum term reduced, 31, 38
Separate Confinement--and Pentonville Prison, 25, 26, 64
" " Reports of Commissioners of Pentonville, 26, 64
" " History of, 42
" " present terms for convicts, 46
'Separate' and 'Silent' Systems, 24, 63
Short sentences, 73, 83, 224
Silence, the law of, 7
'Special' class of convicts, 40
Spike Island, 29
Staff of Prisons, 10, 197
Stages, Progressive, 28, 34, 39
'Star' Class, 37, 40
State, transfer of prisons to, 18, 69, 71
Statistics, Criminal, Comparison of 1872-1914, 216
" showing committals of young offenders since 1848, 220
" prison, during the Great War, and since, 223
" " in times of industrial prosperity, 160, 226
" " decrease in recidivism, 183, 222, 229
Stipendiary Magistrates, 20
Stretton Colony for young offenders, 87
Study-leave for Medical Officers, 196
Study in prison, facilities for, 8
Summary Jurisdiction, Courts of, 20
Supervision of young offenders, 82
"Sursis," law of, 107, 112
Surveyor-General of Prisons, 66
Talking in prisons, 7
"Temporary Refuge for distressed criminals", 165
Ticket-of-leave (See also 'Licensing'), 26, 28, 33
Transportation, history of, 23
_Travaux forces_ and Hard Labour, 30
Treadwheels and cranks, 67, 77, 134, 137
Triple Division of offenders in Local Prisons, 78
Tubercular disease in prisons, 187
Uniformity of system, 66, 67, 69, 72
Unconvicted prisoners, 71, 194
Vagrancy, early history of, 142
" the Act of 1824, 20, 142
" "Begging and Sleeping-out", 143
" and Labour Colonies, 148
" Colony at Merxplas, 148
" and Way-ticket system, 150
" and Casual Wards, 144, 151
" Committee of 1906, 147
" incorrigible rogues, 143
" Previous convictions and statistics, 149, 153, 222
Van Dieman's Land, 24, 27
Visitors, Boards of, 46
Visiting Committees of Prisons &c., 32, 53, 70, 123
Wakefield Industrial Home, 166
War, criminal statistics and the, 223
" employment of prisoners, 140
" closing of prisons during, 227
Weakminded prisoners (See 'Mental Defectiveness')
Whipping, 20
Works, Public, 26, 35, 131
Young Offenders, alternatives to committal to prison, 101, 109
" " at Parkhurst, 88
" " decrease in commitments to prison, 220
" " concentration of effort upon, 76, 106
" " supervision until fine is paid, 82
" " under sixteen years of age, 20, 101
(See also under "Borstal" and "Juvenile")
Printed at His Majesty's Convict Prison Maidstone.