SOME STAGE ILLUSIONS
FOR HOME PRESENTATION
ALTHOUGH from earliest times wizards and conjurers have attempted to
create illusions to impose upon the more credulous of their dupes, it
was not until the great Robert Houdin devoted his attention to the
matter that any real progress was made in the art. Yet such was the
genius of Houdin that his inventions have hardly been superseded in the
many years which have elapsed since his death, whilst in the greater
number of cases his original plans have barely been improved upon.
[Illustration: FIG. 1.--The principle of reflection.]
Having dealt with the subject of stage apparitions in the previous
chapter, it is the intention here to describe and explain the best
illusions in so simple a manner that, with the minimum of trouble, any
amateur can construct the apparatus necessary for their production. The
successful working of the performance depends entirely upon the skill of
the exhibitors.
A great number of stage illusions are based upon the principle that a
person looking into a mirror from any angle sees the reflection of
objects at a similar angle from the opposite direction. This is borne
out by Fig. 1. Supposing A, B to be the mirror, with the spectator
standing at D, he will see the reflection of an object at E, the angle
D, F, B being equal to the angle E, F, A.
A simple adaptation of this principle is seen in
THE MAGIC CUPBOARD
This is a large cupboard, of sufficient height to hold a man
comfortably, and about 4 feet wide by 2¹⁄₂ feet deep (Fig. 2). The doors
should be double, and meet at the center post H. The cupboard can be
lined with some simple paper of an unobtrusive pattern, and the doors
should close easily and securely.
Now to describe the performance as it appears to the audience.
[Illustration: FIG. 2.--The magic cupboard.]
[Illustration: FIG. 3.--Plan of magic cupboard.]
The cupboard is opened, and anybody allowed to mount the stage and see
for himself that there is no false bottom or trap in the floor. When he
is perfectly satisfied and has returned to his seat, the magician
introduces his assistant. At a nod from him she enters the cupboard,
which is then closed. The wizard makes a few mystic passes with his
wand, utters the words “Imshi! Imshi!” meaning in Arabic, “Depart!
Depart!” The cupboard is then opened and--found to be empty!
Once more the doors are closed. The magician reverses his passes, claps
his hands, looks upward, and again opens the doors. The pretty young
lady stands inside, smiling radiantly!
The mystery is understandable by a glance at Fig. 3. At E and F are
hinged two mirrors, identical in size with the walls of the cupboard.
When opened inwards these mirrors meet at the post, H, which serves to
conceal the line of their meeting.
Now the whole deception lies in the walls of the cupboard. When
inspected by the audience the two mirrors were flush against their
respective sides, and, having their backs covered with the same paper
used to line the whole interior of the cupboard, they were mistaken for
the real walls against which they were pressed. But when the mirrors are
opened inwards the spectator can see only the reflection of the actual
walls cast upon the mirrors in such a way that he imagines he sees the
back of the cupboard. Of course this is really hidden from him by the
opened mirrors, but they reflect the paper-lined walls so accurately
that a discovery of the deception is impossible.
When the lady is introduced into the cupboard the mirrors stand flat
against the sides of the box, which is really empty, but as soon as the
magician closes the outer doors upon his assistant, she pulls out the
sides, shuts herself into the triangle E, H, F, and awaits the opening
of the cupboard. When this takes place the mirrors are, of course, in
the position indicated by Fig. 3. The spectators, seeing in them the
reflection of the walls, think they see the back E, F, and thereby
conclude that the box is empty. This process is reversed when the lady
makes her reappearance.
[Illustration: FIG. 4.--The Mandarin’s head.]
It need scarcely be said that the object of the wizard’s passes and
incantations is to give the assistant time to open and close the
mirrors, as the case may be.
Care must be taken when making such a cupboard that the mirrors shall be
flush with the sides at every point, and that when drawn out they meet
at an angle of 45° from the walls. This is imperative in order that they
shall reflect the actual walls of the cupboard exactly.
The illusion known as
THE MANDARIN’S HEAD
is arranged upon a principle somewhat similar to the foregoing.
To the spectators the effect is this. A box, standing upon a simple
card-table, is opened and seen to contain a human skull. Remarking that
he will call up the original owner of the skull, the wizard closes the
box, mutters a few incantations, reopens it, and displays a living human
head as shown in Fig. 4.
This head laughs, speaks, and nods, and in numberless other ways shows
itself to be no mere imitation. The box having been closed again, the
incantations are reversed, and on the casket being opened once more the
skull is found inside as at first.
The secret of this remarkable illusion requires but little explanation.
In the first place, the table has a hole in its top sufficiently large
to allow of the passage of a human head. The hole is closed by a trap
from below, after the manner shown in Fig. 5, which may be described in
detail thus: A, B, C, D is the table, and E the lid filling the
circular hole. This lid is hinged by G to the table, whilst a bolt, F,
running through the loops I, I in the table and H, H in the lid, secures
the latter in its place. Upon drawing this bolt the lid opens downwards.
As a matter of fact, the simple card-table is not so innocent as it
looks. Indeed, the spectators do not really see under the table at all.
The surrounding screen is reflected in a couple of mirrors shown in Fig.
6. Let A, B, C, D be the four legs of the table, and A, E, D, E two
mirrors placed in the form of a V between them, and reaching from the
table top to the floor.
The result of this arrangement is that the two front legs, B, C, are
reflected in the mirrors in such a way as to appear to the spectators to
be the back legs, A, D, whilst, as in the former experiment, the
reflections of the walls G, H, F, K, appear to be the actual back F, G,
of the screen.
[Illustration: FIG. 5.--Base of table.]
[Illustration: FIG. 6.--Plan of screen and table.]
When the magician first opens the box the lid of the table is closed,
and a skull, imitation or otherwise, rests upon it. But no sooner does
he close the box than the lid is let down by a confederate, concealed in
the space A, E, D, and the skull removed by him.
This confederate, who has already been properly prepared, protrudes his
face through the hole, and, when the box is opened, acts his part to
life. When the box is closed he removes his head from the hole in the
table, replaces the skull on the lid, and the trick is done!
The arrangement of mirrors has all along concealed his body, whilst, as
already explained, the audience has been deceived into thinking they can
see beneath the table.
The wizard must take great care to make all his approaches to the table
directly from the front, as, should the reflection of his legs appear in
the mirrors, the “game would be all up.”
An illusion known as
“THE HEAD OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS”
is worked almost in the same manner.
The effect of the trick is shown in Fig. 7, where the head of the
unfortunate Queen is seen resting upon the hafts of two axes laid over
the arms of a chair.
[Illustration: FIG. 7.--The Queen Mary illusion.]
[Illustration: FIG. 8.--The Queen Mary illusion.]
It need scarcely be said that the whole trick lies in the construction
of the chair, illustrated by Figs. 7 and 8. The peculiarity about the
chair is that the back only reaches down to the spot where the arms join
it, thus leaving a space behind the seat. This space is concealed from
view by a slanting mirror, the bottom of which rests on the seat, whilst
the top comes between the arms of the chair. This mirror must incline at
an angle of 45° from the seat.
The haft of one of the axes laid across the chair arms serves to conceal
the upper edge of the mirror, so that when a head is thrust upwards, it
has the appearance of resting upon the ax handle.
In the curtain against which the chair is placed there must be a hole
exactly corresponding to the empty space in the back of the chair.
Now, through this hole a girl, whose face and hair have already been
made up to look like that of the murdered Queen of Scots, thrusts her
body just far enough to allow the head to appear above the edge of the
mirror. Owing to the angle at which it is placed the mirror reflects the
seat of the chair in such a way that it appears to be the missing
portion of the back. The spectators see nothing of the girl’s body; all
that is presented to their horrified gaze is the trunkless head of the
beautiful but unfortunate Queen.
[Illustration: FIG. 9.--When three are a crowd.]
WHEN THREE ARE A CROWD
Most people know the old saying, “Two are company, three are a crowd,”
and a glance at the illustration shows this may really be true.
If three persons stand in a prism-shaped arrangement of mirrors, as
indicated in plan in Fig. 9, an innumerable series of reflections would
appear and the three would in reality become a crowd.
THE FLOATING LADY
A most interesting illusion is that of The Floating Lady, which,
perhaps, should first be described from the point of view of the
audience.
[Illustration: FIG. 10.--The floating lady.]
The magician appears upon the stage leading by the hand a fairy-like
lady. Introducing her to the spectators as Mademoiselle Volatile, he
describes her susceptibility to his powers of mesmerism, in proof of
which he offers to keep her suspended in the air for any length of time.
Mlle. Volatile accordingly lies upon a board supported by two trestles
or chairs of the same height. Next the wizard walks round her, carefully
disposing of her drapery and tucking it neatly about her feet. He makes
a few mesmeric passes, examines her pulse carefully, and removes the
trestles. The lady is seen suspended in the air as in Fig. 10. After a
short time the magician reverses his passes, and smilingly helps
Mademoiselle to the ground.
All this is very mysterious until Fig. 11 “gives the show away.”
[Illustration: FIG. 11.--Key to floating lady illusion.]
A, B represents the back of the scenery through which a hole, E, is
bored. This hole is concealed by a little drapery on the face of the
curtain. Behind the scenes is a simple contrivance, the principle of
which can be seen from the cut. It consists of a strong upright F, which
branches into two arms, each of which terminates in a journal, H, H.
Through these journals runs an iron bar, D, which, terminating at one
end in the handle, G, has the other end protruding through the hole in
the scenery.
In the board, C, upon which the lady lies, is a socket to receive the
end of the handle.
Now, whilst the lady is putting herself in position on the board, the
magician can walk right round her, for the bar has not yet been
protruded through the scenery. But, at a signal from him, an assistant
behind the curtain seizes the handle, G, thrusts the bar through the
hole as far as it will go, and holds the handle firmly.
Whilst adjusting the lady’s robe the magician fits his end of the bar
into the socket in the board, and, still arranging the folds of her
drapery, carefully conceals any sign of what he has done. Having
ascertained that everything is safe, he removes the trestles, and the
board, with its living burden, is maintained in the air by the iron bar.
After replacing the supports the bolt is withdrawn by the assistant
behind the scenes, and no one suspects the existence of the very
material support which has kept the lady in the air.
HOUDIN’S MESMERISM
Robert Houdin used to exhibit to large audiences with startling success
the following example of his mesmeric powers. For the sake of clearness,
let it be supposed that the magician and Mademoiselle Volatile are
performing the trick.
After the usual remarks as to his powers of mesmerism, and how they set
at nought the laws of gravitation, the magician introduces the fair
lady, who wears a short skirt for the occasion.
Taking two sticks, each about five feet long, the wizard requests
Mademoiselle to step upon a stool. Placing one of the sticks beneath
each arm-pit, he then begins the incantation.
When the mystic words have been pronounced and the correct passes made,
the magician removes the stool, and Mlle. Volatile appears suspended
between the two sticks. One or two more passes are made and then the
wizard removes the stick from beneath her left arm, Fig. 12, slowly
raising her body to a horizontal position, as in Fig. 13, and passing a
hoop around her to show there is no hidden support from behind.
Having left the lady thus suspended for some time, he lowers her to the
perpendicular once more, replacing the stick under her left arm and
putting the stool beneath her feet. She is then awakened from the
trance.
The stick beneath Mademoiselle’s right arm is of special construction,
having a core of iron extending its entire length. The lower end fits
firmly into a socket in the floor, whilst the upper end itself contains
a socket the use of which is explained later.
[Illustration: FIG. 12.--Houdin’s mesmerism.]
[Illustration: FIG. 13.--Houdin’s mesmerism.]
Beneath the lady’s clothing, in fact next her skin, is a well-padded
iron cage, shown in Fig. 14. This cage consists of an iron band, H, G,
F, which passes round the body beneath the arm-pits of the wearer. It is
straight behind and somewhat V-shaped in front. A strong leather strap,
E, is fastened to the band at I, passing between the legs and up the
back, where it is fastened to the band again at G. Another piece of iron
stretches from H by the side of the body to a point above the right
knee, where it terminates in a loop of sufficient size to encircle the
leg. Every part of this cage must be well covered to avoid any
discomfort to the wearer.
[Illustration: FIG. 14.--Cage for suspended-lady illusion.]
[Illustration: FIG. 15.--The hinge.]
At H (Fig. 15) is a small bar hinging at B to a piece of iron, A, which,
in its turn, fits into the socket already mentioned in the prepared
stick. This hinge, B, contains several notches, X, X, X, the use of
which is now explained. The bolt G, is fastened to the leg-piece D, and
catches the notches X, X, X at the other end.
It will be obvious that when Mlle. is in her cage with the bolt C in the
lowest notch X, she will be maintained perfectly securely in a
perpendicular position. When the wizard lifts her horizontally, he
releases the bolt and moves the cage with its occupant upon the hinge B.
Having placed her in position, he shoots the bolt into the top notch,
where it holds the cage firmly.
The whole cage, being beneath her costume, is quite invisible to the
audience, and as soon as the experiment is completed Mlle. runs off the
stage and divests herself of this somewhat uncomfortable arrangement.
THE INDIAN BASKET
This familiar deception is yet sufficiently thrilling to prove
fascinating to the most blasé of spectators. With a little practice it
can easily be worked at home, and the following hints will explain the
performance.
The magician, dressed as Bluebeard, leads Fatima on the stage, and,
during the course of a short conversation, discovers that she has been
prying into matters which had better have been left alone. In a fit of
passion he draws his sword and rushes upon her, whereupon Fatima falls
to her knees, crying for mercy. Bluebeard is obdurate, but after many
tears from his wife he consents that she shall be blindfolded, to
prevent her being a witness of her own fate. He binds a black scarf
across her eyes, but has barely finished, when she breaks away, and
rushes from the stage.
Bluebeard pursues hotly, and in another moment returns dragging the
blindfolded girl after him. He puts her into a wicker basket, fastens
the lid, and with a savage grin, thrusts his sword through and through
the basket, his victim shrieking at every stroke.
Having worked the spectators to a pitch of agonized excitement, the
murderer throws down his sword, unfastens the lid of the basket, and
stoops to gaze on his sanguinary work.
The basket is empty!
Staggering back with a look of horror, he suddenly perceives the
“slaughtered” Fatima herself appearing from amongst the spectators,
pointing at him accusingly!
The deception in the trick is twofold. Firstly, the basket is of special
construction, and secondly, there are two Fatimas.
With regard to the basket the solution is shown in Figs. 16 and 17. The
first illustrates the appearance of the basket when Fatima is thrust
inside.
[Illustration: Fig. 16.--The Indian basket trick.]
[Illustration: Fig. 17.--The Indian basket trick explained.]
The lid, A, B, is plain, and hinged to the top at C, D. The back, E, G,
F, J, is similarly hinged at G, J. The top, E, C, F, D, is double,
having a duplicate, L, K, hinged at E, F.
Having placed Fatima in the basket, Bluebeard thrusts his sword through
and through the wicker-work, carefully avoiding the spot where, as he
knows, the girl is lying. At each stroke she screams lustily, as though
the blade were piercing her body.
Then, deftly pushing down the back of the basket, E, G, F, J (Fig. 17),
she rolls herself out upon it, drawing after her the false top, E, K, by
doing which the original back is entirely replaced. She is now lying
outside the basket, which is, of course, empty when opened by Bluebeard.
Now comes the question of the two Fatimas. The girl who is put into the
basket is not the one who was blindfolded by Bluebeard. When Fatima
rushed away pursued by her murderer her place was taken by another girl
waiting behind the scenes similarly dressed and of the same height and
figure. The bandage upon her eyes hid from the spectators any difference
in features.
The substitute having been apparently slain by Bluebeard, the original
Fatima slipped in at the back of the auditorium, slowly walked down
amongst the spectators (who recognized her face) and confronted the
assassin. In the confusion that naturally followed, the substitute
managed to leave her place behind the basket and vanish from the stage.
THE DISAPPEARING PRINCESS
This is an illusion originally produced at one of the French ballets.
A train of slaves appears, bearing a palanquin, in which reclines a
dazzlingly beautiful Princess. The slaves march slowly round the stage,
allowing the spectators ample opportunity to inspect the palanquin from
all sides.
Suddenly a band of brigands rushes upon the scene, with the obvious
intention of seizing the lovely Princess. Flourishing their glittering
swords and brandishing all manner of fearsome weapons, they surround the
palanquin and its terrified bearers.
The robber chieftain advances with uncouth flattery, assuring the lady
that not a hair of her head shall be touched. But the only answer she
makes is to lower in his face the curtain of the litter.
Furious at such an insult, the robber stretches out his hand, and with a
single touch causes the curtains to fly open.
The Princess has disappeared!
Gazing at one another in astonishment, the villains search for the
vanished lady, but their endeavors proving fruitless, they eventually
decide to butcher the slaves and carry off the palanquin as booty.
At this moment a handsome young Prince springs into view; the robbers,
startled at his sudden appearance, take to flight, and abandon all
thought of their prey.
In his turn the Prince approaches the palanquin, sees it empty, and
questions the slaves, who can only say that their mistress was there,
but has disappeared. Pulling the curtains aside to see if they offer a
solution to the mystery, he releases them almost instantly, and the
lovely Princess is found reclining upon the litter, smiling so
charmingly that the Prince then and there loses his heart.
[Illustration: FIG. 18.--The disappearing Princess.]
The explanation of all this is very simple. In Fig. 18 the lady is
sitting upon what appears to be the bottom of the palanquin. In reality
it is a false floor placed upon the real one. At each corner are
attached cords that run up the four columns and are counterpoised by
heavy weights.
When drawing the curtains, the Princess releases a catch, whereupon the
counterpoise and cords immediately draw her, together with the false
floor upon which she rests, to the roof of the palanquin, which has been
so painted as to make it appear shallower than it really is. By pressing
another spring she is enabled to lower herself once more, in time to
appear before the fortunate and admiring Prince.