Allen, Robert W., and Margaret M. Nice.
1952. A study of the breeding biology of the purple martin (_Progne
subis_). Am. Midl. Nat. 47(3):606-665.
Bailey, Alfred M., and R. J. Niedrach.
1965. Birds of Colorado. Denver Mus. Nat. Hist., Denver, Colo. Vol.
1-2, 895 p.
Baker, W. Wilson.
1971. Observations on the food habits of the red-cockaded
woodpecker. P. 100-107. _In_ The ecology and management of the
red-cockaded woodpecker: symposium proceedings, Okefenokee
Natl. Wildl. Refuge, Folkston, Georgia, May 26-27, 1971. U.S.
Dep. Int., Bur. Sport Fish. and Wildl. [Published in
cooperation with Tall Timbers Res. Stn., Tallahassee,
Florida.]
Baida, Russel P.
1975. The relationship of secondary cavity nesters to snag densities
in western coniferous forests. U.S. For. Serv. Region 3,
Albuquerque, New Mexico. Wildl. Habitat Tech. Bull. 1. 37 p.
Barlow, Jon C.
1973. Status of the North American population of the European tree
sparrow. P. 10-23. _In_ A symposium on the house sparrow
(_Passer domesticus_) and European tree sparrow (_P.
montanus_) in North America. AOU Ornithol. Monogr. 14.
Baumgartner, Luther L.
1939. Fox squirrel dens. J. Mammal. 20(4):456-465.
Beal, F. E. L.
1907. Birds of California in their relation to the fruit industry.
Part I. Biol. Surv. Bull. 30.
Beal, F. E. L.
1911. Foods of the woodpeckers of the United States. U.S. Dep.
Agric. Bull. 37. 64 p.
Beal, F. E. L., W. L. McAtee, and E. R. Kalmbach.
1916. Common birds of southeastern United States in relation to
agriculture. U.S. Dep. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. 755, p. 34-35.
Beal, F. E. L.
1918. Food habits of the swallows, a family of valuable native
birds. U.S. Dep. Agric. Bull. 619. 28 p.
Beaver, Donald L.
1967. Feeding niches of flycatchers in a montane forest in Colorado.
M.S. Thesis. Colorado State Univ. 122 p.
Beckett, Ted.
1971. A summary of red-cockaded woodpecker observations in South
Carolina. P. 87-95. _In_ The ecology and management of the
red-cockaded woodpecker: symposium proceedings, Okefenokee
Natl. Wildl. Refuge, Folkston, Georgia, May 26-27, 1971. U.S.
Dept. Int., Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl., [Published in cooperation
with Tall Timbers Res. Stn., Tallahassee, Florida.]
Bellrose, Frank C., Kenneth L. Johnson and T. Udell Meyers.
1964. Relative value of natural cavities and nesting houses for wood
ducks. J. Wildl. Manage. 28(4):661-676.
Bellrose, Frank C.
1976. Ducks, geese and swans of North America. Stackpole Books,
Harrisburg, PA. 543 p.
Bellrose, Frank, Jr.
1938. Duck hawks nesting in western Tennessee. Wilson Bull.
50(2):139.
Bendire, Charles E.
1892. Life histories of North American birds. U.S. Natl. Mus. Spec.
Bull. 1.
Bent, Arthur C.
1923. Life histories of North American waterfowl. Part I. U.S. Natl.
Mus. Bull. 126, Wash., D.C. 244 p. (Reprinted by Dover Publ.,
Inc., New York 1962).
Bent, Arthur C.
1937. Life histories of North American birds of prey. Vol. I. U.S.
Natl. Mus. Bull. 167, Wash., D.C. 409 p. (Reprinted by Dover
Publ., Inc., New York 1961).
Bent, Arthur C.
1938. Life histories of North American birds of prey. Vol. II. U.S.
Natl. Mus. Bull. 170, Wash., D.C. 495 p. (Reprinted by Dover
Publ., Inc., New York 1961).
Bent, Arthur C.
1939. Life histories of North American woodpeckers. U.S. Natl. Mus.
Bull. 174, Wash., D.C. 334 p. (Reprinted by Dover Publ., Inc.,
New York 1964).
Bent, Arthur C.
1940. Life histories of North American cuckoos, goatsuckers,
hummingbirds, and their allies. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 176,
Wash., D.C. 506 p. (Reprinted by Dover Publ., Inc., New York
1964).
Bent, Arthur C.
1942. Life histories of North American flycatchers, larks, swallows,
and their allies. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 179, Wash., D.C. 555
p. (Reprinted by Dover Publ., Inc., New York 1963).
Bent, Arthur C.
1946. Life histories of North American jays, crows, and titmice.
U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 191, Wash., D.C. 495 p. (Reprinted by
Dover Publ., Inc., New York 1964).
Bent, Arthur C.
1948. Life histories of North American nuthatches, wrens, thrashers,
and their allies. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 195, Wash., D.C. 475
p. (Reprinted by Dover Publ., Inc., New York 1964).
Bent, Arthur C.
1949. Life histories of North American thrushes, kinglets, and their
allies. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 196, Wash., D.C. 454 p.
Bent, Arthur C.
1950. Life histories of North American wagtails, shrikes, vireos,
and their allies. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 197, Wash., D.C. 411
p. (Reprinted by Dover Publ., Inc., New York 1965).
Bent, Arthur C.
1953. Life histories of North American wood warblers. U.S. Natl.
Mus. Bull. 203, Wash., D.C. 734 p.
Bock, Carl F.
1970. The ecology and behavior of the Lewis woodpecker (_Asyndesmus
lewis_). Univ. Calif. Publ. Zoology, Vol. 92, 100 p. Univ.
Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
Bolen, E. G.
1967. Nesting boxes for black-bellied tree ducks. J. Wildl. Manage.
31(4):794-797.
Bolen, Eric G. and Billy J. Forsyth.
1967. Foods of the black-bellied tree duck in south Texas. Wilson
Bull. 79(1):43-49.
Bolen, E. G., B. McDaniel, and C. Cottam.
1964. Natural history of the black-bellied tree duck (_Dendrocygna
autumnalis_) in southern Texas. Southwest Nat. 9(2):78-88.
Brewer, Richard.
1961. Comparative notes on the life history of the Carolina
chickadee. Wilson Bull. 73(4):348-373.
Brock, Elbert M.
1958. Some prey of the pygmy owl. Condor 60(5):338.
Brown, Leslie, and Dean Amadon.
1968. _Falco peregrinus_, peregrine falcon. P. 850-856. _In_ Eagles,
hawks and falcons of the world. Vol. 2. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Brown, Vinson, and Henry G. Weston, Jr.
1961. Handbook of California Birds. Naturegraph Co., Calif. 224 p.
Bruns, Herbert.
1960. The economic importance of birds in forests. Bird Study
7(4):193-208.
Bunch, Carl H.
1964. Nesting of the western purple martin. Murrelet 45(1):10-11.
Burleigh, Thomas D.
1972. Birds of Idaho. The Caxtonprinters Ld., Caldwell, Idaho. 467
p.
Burton, J. A., ed.
1973. Owls of the world. E. P. Dalton and Co., Inc., New York. 216
p.
Carter, Brian C.
1958. The American goldeneye in central New Brunswick. Canadian
Wildl. Serv. Wildl. Manage. Bull., Series 2(9). 47 p.
Catling, Paul M.
1972. A study of the boreal owl in southern Ontario with particular
reference to the irruption of 1968-69. Can. Field Nat.
86(3):223-232.
Cink, C. L.
1976. The influence of early learning on nest site selection in the
house sparrow. Condor 78(1):103-104.
Conner, Richard N., Robert G. Hooper, Hewlette S. Crawford, and Henry
S. Mosby.
1975. Woodpecker nesting habitat in cut and uncut woodlands in
Virginia. J. Wildl. Manage. 39(1):144-150.
Cooke, W. W.
1888. Report on bird migration in the Mississippi Valley in the
years 1884 and 1885. U.S. Dep. Agric., Div. Econ. Ornith.,
Bull. 2. 313 p.
Cottam, Clarence.
1939. Food habits of North American diving ducks. U.S. Dep. Agric.
Tech. Bull. 643. 140 p.
Craighead, John, and Frank Craighead.
1940. Nesting pigeon hawks. Wilson Bull. 52:241-248.
Crockett, Allen B., and Harlow H. Hadow.
1975. Nest site selection by Williamson and red-naped sapsuckers.
Condor 77(3):365-368.
Crosby, Gilbert T.
1971. Ecology of the red-cockaded woodpecker in the nesting season.
M.S. thesis. Univ. of Florida, Gainesville.
Davis, John, George F. Fisher, and Betty S. Davis.
1963. The breeding biology of the western flycatcher. Condor
65(5):337-382.
de Kiriline, Louise.
1952. Red-breast makes a home. Audubon 54(1):16-21.
Dennis, John V.
1967. The ivory-bill flies still. Audubon 11:38-45.
Dippie, George F.
1895. Nesting of Richardson’s merlin. Oologist 11:236-237.
Dunn, Harry H.
1901. The spotted owl. Oologist 18:165-167.
Emlen, John T., Jr.
1937. Bird damage to almonds in California. Condor 39:192-197.
Erskine, Anthony J.
1971. Buffleheads. Canadian Wildl. Serv., Monograph Series 4. 240
pp.
Erskine, A. J., and W. D. McLaren.
1972. Sapsucker nest holes and their use by other species. Can.
Field. Nat. 86(4):357-361.
Ferguson, Henry L.
1922. The fall migration of hawks as observed at Fisher’s Island,
New York. Auk 18:488-496.
Fisher, Albert K.
1893. The hawks and owls of the United States and their relations to
agriculture. Bull. 3. 210 p. U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Wash.,
D.C.
Forbush, Edward Howe, and John Bichard May.
1939. A natural history of American birds of eastern and central
North America. Bramhall House, New York. 552 p.
Foreman, Larry D.
1976. Nest site and activity of an incubating common merganser in
northwestern California. Calif. Fish and Game 62(1):87-88.
Forsman, Eric.
1976. The spotted owl in Oregon. M.S. Thesis. Oregon State Univ. 131
p.
Fyfe, Richard.
1969. The peregrine falcon in the Canadian arctic and eastern North
America. _In_ J. J. Hickey, ed. Peregrine Falcon Populations.
Univ. of Wisconsin Press. Milwaukee.
Ganier, A. F.
1932. Duck Hawk at Reelfoot Herony. Migrant 3(2):28-32.
Gibbs, Richard M.
1961. Breeding ecology of the common goldeneye, _Bucephala clangula
americana_, in Maine. M.S. Thesis. Univ. Maine, Orono. 113 p.
Gibo, D. L., R. Stephens, A. Culpeper, and H. Dew.
1976. Nest site preferences and nesting success of the starling,
_Sturnus vulgaris_ L., in marginal and favorable habitats in
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. Am. Midl. Nat. 95(2):493-499.
Gillespie, Mabel.
1930. Behavior and local distribution of tufted titmice in winter
and spring. Bird-Banding 1(3):113-127.
Gingrich, William F.
1914. Young turkey vultures. Bird Lore 16(4):281.
Givens, Lawrence S.
1971. Introduction to the symposium on the ecology and management of
the red-cockaded woodpecker. P. 1-3. _In_ The ecology and
management of the red-cockaded woodpecker: Symposium
Proceedings, Okefenokee Natl. Wildl. Refuge, Folkston,
Georgia, May 26-27, 1971. U.S. Dept. Int., Bur. Sport Fish.
Wildl. [Published in cooperation with Tall Timbers Res. Stn.,
Tallahassee, Florida.]
Godfrey, W. Earl.
1966. The birds of Canada. Natl. Mus. Can. Bull. 203. Ottawa,
Ontario. 428 p.
Goss, Nathaniel S.
1878. Breeding of the duck hawk in trees. Nutt. Ornithol. Club Bull.
3:32-34.
Greenway, James C., Jr.
1958. Extinct and vanishing birds of the world. Am. Comm, for Int.
Wildl. Protection Spec. Publ. No. 13. p. 357-362.
Grenquist, P.
1965. Changes in abundance of some duck and seabird populations of
the coast of Finland 1949-1963. Finn. Game Res. 27:1-114.
Grice, David, and John P. Rogers.
1965. The wood duck in Massachusetts. Final rep. Fed. Aid in Wildl.
Restor. Proj. W-19-R. 96 p.
Grinnell, Joseph, and Tracy Storer.
1924. Animal life in the Yosemite. Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley,
752 p.
Grinnell, Joseph, and Alden H. Miller.
1944. The distribution of the birds of California. Cooper Ornithol.
Club. 27. 608 p.
Gysel, Leslie W.
1961. An ecological study of tree cavities and ground burrows in
forest stands. J. Wildl. Manage. 25(1):12-20.
Hadow, Harlow H.
1973. Winter ecology of migrant and resident Lewis’ woodpeckers in
southeastern Colorado. Condor 75(2):210-224.
Hamerstrom, Frances.
1972. Birds of prey of Wisconsin. Dep. Nat. Res., Madison, Wis. 64
p.
Hamerstrom, Frances, Frederick N. Hamerstrom, and John Hart.
1973. Nest boxes: an effective management tool for kestrels. J.
Wildl. Manage. 37(3):400-403.
Hansen, Henry L.
1966. Silvical characteristics of tree species and decay processes
as related to cavity production. P. 65-69. _In_ L. R. Jahn
(ed.,) Wood duck management and research: a symposium. Wildl.
Manage. Inst. Wash., D.C. 212 p.
Harris, Stanley W., Charles L. Buechele, and Charles F. Yocum.
1954. The status of Barrow’s golden-eye in eastern Washington.
Murrelet 35(3):33-38.
Hayes, Allan, and Pauline James.
1963. Elf owl rediscovered in lower Rio Grande delta of Texas.
Wilson Bull. 75:179-182.
Henderson, Archibald D.
1919. Nesting of the American hawk owl. Oologist 36:59-63.
Henderson, Archibald D.
1925. With the early breeders. Oologist 40:126-127.
Hespenheide, Henry A.
1971. Flycatcher habitat selection in the eastern deciduous forest.
Auk 88(1):61-74.
Hickey, Joseph J.
1942. Eastern populations of the duck hawk. Auk 59(2):176-204.
Hickey, Joseph J., and Daniel W. Anderson.
1969. The peregrine falcon: life history and population literature.
P. 3-42. _In_ J. J. Hickey, ed. Peregrine falcon populations.
Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Milwaukee.
Hopkins, Melvin L., and Teddy E. Lynn, Jr.
1971. Some characteristics of the red-cockaded woodpecker cavity
trees and management implications in South Carolina. P.
140-169. _In_ The ecology and management of the red-cockaded
woodpecker; symposium proceedings, Okefenokee Natl. Wildl.
Refuge, Folkston, Georgia, May 26-27, 1971. U.S. Dep. Int.,
Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl. [Published in cooperation with Tall
Timbers Res. Stn., Tallahassee, Florida.]
Houseman, J. E.
1894. Nesting habits of Richardson’s merlin. Oologist 11:236-237.
Howell, Thomas R.
1952. Natural history and differentiation in the yellow-bellied
sapsucker. Condor 54(5):237-282.
Hoxie, Walter J.
1886. Breeding habits of the black vulture. Auk 3(2):245-247.
Hoyt, J. Southgate Y.
1941. Through the year with the pileated woodpecker. Audubon
43(6):525-528.
Hoyt, Sally F.
1957. The ecology of the pileated woodpecker. Ecology 38(2):246-256.
Hubbard, John P.
1965. Summer birds of the Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico. Condor
67:404-415.
Huey, Lawrence M.
1932. Note on the food of an Arizona spotted owl. Condor 34:100-101.
Jackman, Siri M.
1975. Woodpeckers in the Pacific northwest in relation to the forest
and its inhabitants. M.S. Thesis. Oregon State Univ. 147 p.
Jackman, Siri M., and J. Michael Scott.
1975. Literature review of twenty-three selected forest birds of the
Pacific northwest. U.S. For. Serv., Region 6. p. 339-353.
Jackson, Jerome A.
1971. The evolution, taxonomy, distribution, past populations, and
current status of the red-cockaded woodpecker. P. 4-29. _In_
The ecology and management of the red-cockaded woodpecker:
symposium proceedings, Okefenokee Natl. Wildl. Refuge,
Folkston, Georgia, May 26-27, 1971. U.S. Dep. Int., Bur. Sport
Fish. Wildl. [Published in cooperation with Tall Timbers Res.
Stn., Tallahassee, Florida.]
Jackson, Thomas.
1903. The turkey vulture and its young. Bird Lore 5(6):184-187.
Jacot, Edouard C.
1931. Notes on the spotted and flammulated screech owls in Arizona.
Condor 33(1):8-11.
Johnsgard, Paul A.
1975. Waterfowl of North America. Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomington.
575 p.
Johnson, Leon L.
1967. The common goldeneye duck and the role of nesting boxes in its
management in north-central Minnesota. J. Minnesota Acad. Sci.
34:110-113.
Johnston, Richard F.
1967. Seasonal variations in the food of the purple martin _Progne
subis_ in Kansas. Ibis 109(1):8-13.
Kale, Herbert W.
1968. The relationship of purple martins to mosquito control. Auk
85(4):651-661.
Kalmbach, E. R.
1928. The European starling in the United States. U.S. Dep. Agric.
Farmers’ Bull. 1571. 27 p.
Kalmbach, E. R.
1940. Economic status of the English sparrow in the United States.
U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 711. 66 p.
Karalus, Karl E., and Allan W. Eckert.
1974. The owls of North America. Doubleday & Co., Inc., New York.
278 p.
Kempton, Russell Marshall.
1927. Notes on the home life of the turkey vulture. Wilson Bull.
39(3):142-145.
Kenyon, Karl W.
1947. Cause of death of a flammulated owl. Condor 49:88.
Kessel, Brina.
1957. A study of the breeding biology of the European starling
(_Sturnus vulgaris_ L.) in North America. Am. Midl. Nat.
58(2):257-331.
Kilham, Lawrence.
1958. Pair formation, mutual tapping, and nest hole selection of
red-bellied woodpeckers. Auk 75(3):318-329.
Kilham, Lawrence.
1962. Reproductive behavior of downy woodpeckers. Condor
64(2):126-133.
Kilham, Lawrence.
1963. Food storing of red-bellied woodpeckers. Wilson Bull.
75(3):227-234.
Kilham, Lawrence.
1968a. Reproductive behavior of hairy woodpeckers. H. Nesting and
habitat. Wilson Bull. 80(3):286-305.
Kilham, Lawrence.
1968b. Reproductive behavior of white-breasted nuthatches. I.
Distraction display, bill-sweeping, and nest-hole defense. Auk
85(3):477-492.
Kilham, Lawrence.
1970. Feeding behavior of downy woodpeckers. I. Preference for paper
birches and sexual differences. Auk 87(3):544-556.
Kilham, Lawrence.
1971. Reproductive behavior of yellow-bellied sapsuckers. I.
Preference for nesting in _Fomes_ infected aspens, and nest
hole interrelationships with flying squirrels, raccoons, and
other animals. Wilson Bull. 83:159-171.
Koplin, James R.
1972. Measuring predator impact of woodpeckers on spruce beetles. J.
Wildl. Manage. 36(2):308-320.
Korschgen, Leroy J., and Henry S. Stuart.
1972. Twenty years of avian predator-small mammal relationships in
Missouri. J. Wildl. Manage. 36(2):269-282.
Laskey, Amelia R.
1940. The 1939 nesting season of bluebirds at Nashville, Tennessee.
Wilson Bull. 52:183-190.
Laskey, Amelia R.
1948. Some nesting data on the Carolina wren at Nashville,
Tennessee. Bird-Banding 19(3):101-121.
Laskey, Amelia R.
1957. Some tufted titmouse life history. Bird-Banding 28(3):135-145.
Lawrence, Alexander G.
1932. New Manitoba nesting records. Free Press Evening Bull.,
Winnipeg. 27 May.
Lawrence, Louise de K.
1949. Notes on nesting pigeon hawks at Pimisi Bay, Ontario. Wilson
Bull. 61:15-25.
Lawrence, Louise de K.
1967. A comparative life history of four species of woodpeckers.
Ornithol. Monogr. 5:1-156.
Ligon, J. David.
1967. The biology of the elf owl, _Micrathene whitneyi_. Ph.D. Diss.
Michigan Univ.
Ligon, J. David.
1971. Some factors influencing numbers of the red-cockaded
woodpecker. P. 30-43. _In_ The ecology and management of the
red-cockaded woodpecker: symposium proceedings, Okefenokee
Natl. Wildl. Refuge, Folkston, Georgia, May 26-27, 1971. U.S.
Dep. Int., Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl. [Published in cooperation
with Tall Timbers Res. Stn., Tallahassee, Florida.]
Ligon, J. David.
1973. Foraging behavior of the white-headed woodpecker in Idaho. Auk
90(4):862-869.
Ligon, J. Stokley.
1961. New Mexico birds and where to find them. Univ. of New Mexico
Press, Albuquerque. 360 p.
Low, Seth H.
1933. Further notes on nesting of the tree swallows. Bird-Banding
4(2):76-87.
Lowry, George Hines, Jr.
1960. Louisiana birds. Louisiana State Univ. Press, Baton Rouge.
Mackay, Violet M., and William M. Hughes.
1963. Crested mynah in British Columbia. Can. Field Nat.
77(3):154-162.
MacLellan, C. R.
1958. Role of woodpeckers in control of the codling moth in Nova
Scotia. Can. Entomol. 90(1):18-22.
MacLellan, C. R.
1959. Woodpeckers as predators of the codling moth in Nova Scotia.
Can. Entomol. 91(11):673-680.
MacRoberts, Barbara R., and M. H. MacRoberts.
1972. A most social bird. Nat. Hist. 81(10):44-51.
Marshall, Joe T.
1942. Food and habitat of the spotted owl. Condor 44:66-67.
Marti, Carl D.
1974. Feeding ecology of four sympatric owls. Condor 76(1):45-61.
Martin, Alexander C., Herbert S. Zim, and Arnold L. Nelson.
1951. American wildlife and plants. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., New
York. 500 p.
Massey, Calvin L., and Noel D. Wygant.
1973. Woodpeckers: most important predator of the spruce beetle.
Colo. Field Ornithol. 16:4-8.
McAtee, W. L.
1911. Woodpeckers in relation to trees and wood products. U.S. Dep.
Agric. Biol. Surv. Bull. 39.
McClelland, B. Riley, and Sidney S. Frissell.
1975. Identifying forest snags useful for hole-nesting birds. J.
For. 73(7):414-418.
McGilvrey, Frank B. (Compiler).
1968. A guide to wood duck production habitat requirements. U.S.
Bur. Sport Fish, and Wildl., Resource Pub. 60. 32 p.
McLaren, Margaret A.
1975. Breeding biology of the boreal chickadee. Wilson Bull.
87(3):344-354.
Meanley, Brooke, and Ann Gilkeson Meanley.
1958. Nesting habitat of the black-bellied tree duck in Texas.
Wilson Bull. 70(1):94-95.
Mendall, H. L.
1944. Food of hawks and owls in Maine. J. Wildl. Manage. 8:198-208.
Miller, Alden H., and Carl E. Bock.
1972. Natural history of the Nuttall woodpecker at Hastings
Reservation. Condor 74(3):284-294.
Miller, Edwin V.
1941. Behavior of the Bewick wren. Condor 43(2):81-99.
Morse, Thomas E., Joel L. Jakabosky, and Vernon P. McCrow.
1969. Some aspects of the breeding biology of the hooded merganser.
J. Wildl. Manage. 33(3):596-604.
Nelson, Morlan W.
1969. The status of the peregrine falcon in the northwest. P. 61-72.
_In_ J. J. Hickey, ed. Peregrine falcon populations. Univ. of
Wisconsin Press, Milwaukee.
Nice, Margaret M., and Ruth H. Thomas.
1948. A nesting of the Carolina wren. Wilson Bull. 60(3):139-158.
Nicholls, Thomas H., and Dwain W. Warner.
1972. Barred owl habitat use as determined by radiotelemetry. J.
Wildl. Manage. 36(2):213-224.
Oberholser, Harry C.
1974. The bird life of Texas. Vol. 1. Univ. of Texas Press, Austin.
530 p.
Odum, Eugene P.
1941. Annual cycle of the black-capped chickadee—1. Auk
58(3):314-333.
Odum, Eugene P.
1942. Annual cycle of the black-capped chickadee—3. Auk
59(4):499-531.
Oliver, William W.
1970. The feeding patterns of sapsuckers on ponderosa pine in
northeastern California. Condor 72(2):241.
Olson, Harold.
1953. Beetle rout in the Rockies. Audubon 55(1):30-32.
Packard, Fred Mallery.
1945. Birds of Rocky Mountain National Park. Auk 62(3):371-394.
Palmer, Ralph S. (ed.)
1976. Handbook of North American birds. Vol. 3. Yale Univ. Press,
New Haven, Conn. 560 p.
Pearson, T. Gilbert (ed.)
1936. Birds of America. Garden City Books, Garden City, New York.
289 p.
Peterson, Roger Tory.
1948. Birds over America. Dodd, Mead, and Co., New York. 342 p.
Peterson, Roger Tory.
1961. A field guide to western birds. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.
309 p.
Phillips, Allan, Joe Marshall, and Gale Monson.
1964. The birds of Arizona. Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson. 212 p.
Planck, Roy J.
1967. Nest site selection and nesting of the European starling
(_Sturnus vulgaris_ L.) in California. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ.
Calif., Davis. 111 p.
Pough, Richard H.
1957. Audubon western bird guide. Doubleday and Co. Inc., Garden
City, New York. 316 p.
Preble, Edward A.
1908. A biological investigation of the Athabaska-Mackenzie region.
N. Am. Fauna 27.
Prince, Harold H.
1968. Nest sites used by wood ducks and common golden-eyes in New
Brunswick. J. Wildl. Manage. 32(3):489-500.
Rasmussen, D. Irvin.
1941. Biotic communities of the Kaibab Plateau, Arizona. Ecol.
Monogr. 11(3):229-275.
Reed, Chester A.
1965. North American bird eggs. Dover Publications Inc., New York.
372 p.
Reed, J. Harris.
1897. Notes on the American barn owl in eastern Pennsylvania. Auk
14(4):374-383.
Reller, Ann Willbern.
1972. Aspects of behavioral ecology of red-headed and red-bellied
woodpeckers. Am. Midl. Nat. 88(2):270-290.
Ridgway, Robert.
1889. The Ornithology of Illinois. Vol. 1. Plantagraph Printing &
Stationery Co., Bloomington, Ill. 550 p.
Robbins, Chandler S., Bertel Bruun, and Herbert S. Zim.
1966. Birds of North America. Golden Press, New York. 340 p.
Roest, A. I.
1957. Notes on the American sparrow hawk. Auk 74(1):1-19.
Royall, Willis C., Jr.
1966. Breeding of the starling in central Arizona. Condor
68(2):196-205.
Rustad, Orwin A.
1972. An eastern bluebird nesting study in south central Minnesota.
Loon 44(3):80-84.
Rylander, Michael Kent and Eric G. Bolen.
1974. Feeding adaptations in whistling ducks (Dendrocygna). Auk
91(1):86-94.
Scheffer, T. H., and C. Cottam.
1935. The crested myna, or Chinese starling, in the Pacific
northwest. U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 467.
Scott, Virgil E., and David R. Patton.
1975. Cavity-nesting birds of Arizona and New Mexico forests. USDA.
For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-10, Rocky Mt. For. and Range
Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, CO 52 p.
Short, Lester L.
1971. Systematics and behavior of some North American woodpeckers,
genus _Picoides_. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 145(1):1-118.
Simpson, Marcus B., Jr.
1969. The prothonotary warbler in the Carolina Piedmont. Chat
33(2):31-37.
Small, Arnold.
1974. The birds of California. Winchester Press, New York. 310 p.
Spofford, W. R.
1942. Nesting of the peregrine falcon in Tennessee. Migrant
13(2):29-31.
Spofford, W. R.
1943. Peregrines in a western Tennessee swamp. Migrant 14:25.
Spofford, W. R.
1945. Peregrine falcons in a western Tennessee swamp. Migrant
16:50-58.
Spofford, W. R.
1947. Another tree nesting peregrine falcon record for Tennessee.
Migrant 18(4):60.
Sprunt, Alexander, and E. Burnham Chamberlain.
1949. South Carolina bird life. Univ. South Carolina Press,
Columbia. 655 p.
Strange, Thomas H., Earl R. Cunningham, and John W. Goertz.
1971. Use of nest boxes by wood ducks in Mississippi. J. Wildl.
Manage. 35(4):786-793.
Summers-Smith, D.
1963. The house sparrow. New Nat. Ser. Spec. Vol., St. James Place,
London, England. 269 p.
Sutton, George Miksch.
1930. The nesting wrens of Brooks County, West Virginia. Wilson
Bull. 42(1):10-17.
Sutton, George Miksch.
1967. Oklahoma birds. Univ. Oklahoma Press, Norman. 674 p.
Tanner, J. T.
1942. The Ivory-billed woodpecker. Nat. Audubon Soc. Res. Rep. 1.
Tate, James, Jr.
1973. Methods and annual sequence of foraging by the sapsucker. Auk
90(4):840-855.
Tatschl, John L.
1967. Breeding birds of the Sandia Mountains and their ecological
distribution. Condor 69(5):479-490.
Telford, Allan D., and G. G. Herman.
1963. Chickadee helps check insect invasion. Audubon Mag.
65(2):78-81.
Tevis, Lloyd, Jr.
1953. Effect of vertebrate animals on seed crop of sugar pine. J.
Wildl. Manage. 17(2):128-131.
Thomas, Jack Ward, Glenn L. Crouch, Roger S. Bumstead, and Larry D.
Bryant.
1975. Silvicultural options and habitat values in coniferous
forests. P. 272-287. _In_ Proc. Symp. on Manage. For. and
Range Habits for Non-game Birds. Dixie R. Smith. Tech. Coord.
USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-1. Wash., D.C. 343 p.
Thomas, Jack Ward, Rodney J. Miller, Hugh Black, Jon E. Rodiek, and
Chris Maser.
1976. Guidelines for maintaining and enhancing wildlife habitat in
forest management in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and
Washington. 41st N. Am. Wildl. and Nat. Resour. Conf., Wash.,
D.C. 45 p.
Thomas, Ruth Harris.
1946. A study of eastern bluebirds in Arkansas. Wilson Bull.
58(3):143-183.
Townsend, Manley Bacon.
1914. Turkey vultures in northwestern Iowa. Bird Lore 16(4):279-280.
Troetschler, Ruth G.
1976. Acorn woodpecker breeding strategy as affected by starling
nest-hole competition. Condor 78(2):151-165.
Tufts, Robie W.
1925. Nesting of the Richardson’s owl. Can. Field Nat. 39:85-86.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
1976. For. Serv. Manual—Title 5100—Fire Management. R-3 Suppl.
119:5151.13b-5152.23d.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
1977. For. Serv. Manual—Title 2630.3 (Policy)—Wildlife Management.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
1976. Nest boxes for wood ducks. Wildl. Leafl. 510. 16 p.
(unnumbered).
von Haartman, Lars.
1956. Territory in the pied flycatcher. Ibis 98(3):461-475.
von Haartman, Lars.
1968. The evolution of resident versus migratory habits in birds:
some considerations. Ornis Fenn. 45(1):1-7.
Ward, Billy.
1930. Red-cockaded woodpeckers on corn. Bird Lore 32(2):127-128.
West, J. David, and J. Murray Speiers.
1959. The 1956-1957 invasion of three-toed woodpeckers. Wilson Bull.
71(4):348-363.
Wetmore, Alexander.
1964. Song and garden birds of North America. Nat. Geogr. Soc.,
Wash., D.C. 400 p.
White, Clayton M., and David G. Roseneau.
1970. Observations on food, nesting, and winter populations of large
North American falcons. Condor 72(1):113-115.
Whittle, Charles L.
1926. Notes on the nesting habits of tree swallows. Auk
43(2):247-248.
Winternitz, Barbara L.
1973. Ecological patterns in a montane breeding bird community.
Ph.D. Diss., Univ. of Colo.
Plants Referred to in Text:
Common Name Scientific Name
Agave _Agave_ sp.
Alder _Alnus_ sp.
Almond _Prunus_ sp.
American linden _Tilia americana_ L.
Anaqua _Ehretia anacua_ (Teran & Berl.) I. M.
Johnst.
Apple _Malus_ sp.
Arrow arum _Peltandra_ sp.
Ash _Fraxinus_ sp.
Ash, black _Fraxinus nigra_ Marsh.
Ash, green _Fraxinus pennsylvanica_ Marsh.
Ash, water _Fraxinus caroliniana_ Mill.
Aspen _Populus_ sp.
Baldcypress _Taxodium distichum_ (L.) Rich.
Basswood _Tilia_ sp.
Bayberry _Myrica_ sp.
Beech _Fagus grandifolia_ Ehrh.
Bermuda grass _Cynodom dactylon_ (L.) Pers.
Birch _Betula_ sp.
Birch, paper _Betula papyrifera_ Marsh.
Blackberries _Rubus_ sp.
Blueberries _Vaccinium_ sp.
Bulrush _Scirpus_ sp.
Butternut _Juglans cinerea_ L.
Buttonbush _Cephalanthus occidentalis_ L.
Cabbage _Brassica_ sp.
Cactus Cactaceae
Catalpa _Catalpa_ sp.
Catclaw _Acacia_ sp.
Cedar
Cherries _Prunus_ sp.
Cherry, wild _Prunus_ sp.
China tree _Koelreuteria_ sp.
Cissus _Cissus_ sp.
Coontail _Ceratophyllum demersum_ L.
Corn _Zea mays_ L.
Cottonwood _Populus_ sp.
Cottonwood, black _Populus trichocarpa_ Torr. & Gray
Crabgrass _Digitaria_ sp.
Creosote bush _Larrea tridentata_ (DC.) Cov.
Crowberries _Empetrum_ sp.
Currant _Ribes_ sp.
Cypress
Dogwood _Cornus_ sp.
Douglas-fir _Pseudotsuga menziesii_ (Mirb.) Franco
Duckweed _Lemna_ sp.
Ebony _Diospyros_ sp.
Elderberry _Sambucus_ sp.
Elm _Ulmus_ sp.
Elm, American _Ulmus americana_ L.
Fig _Ficus_ sp.
Fir _Abies_ sp.
Fir, balsam _Abies balsamea_ (L.) Mill.
Fir, red _Abies magnifica_ A. Murr.
Fir, subalpine _Abies lasiocarpa_ (Hook.) Nutt.
Fir, white _Abies concolor_ (Gord. & Glend.) Lindi.
Grapes, wild _Vitis_ sp.
Gum, black _Nyssa sylvatica_ Marsh.
Gum, sour _Nyssa_ sp.
Hackberry _Celtis_ sp.
Hazelnut _Corylus_ sp.
Hemlock _Tsuga_ sp.
Hickory _Carya_ sp.
Hickory, bitternut _Carya cordiformis_ (Wangenh.) K. Koch
Holly _Ilex_ sp.
Honeysuckle _Lonicera_ sp.
Huisache _Acacia farnesiana_ (L.) Willd.
Ironwood _Olneya tesota_ Gray
Juniper _Juniperus_ sp.
Larch _Larix_ sp.
Larch, western _Larix occidentalis_ Nutt.
Lettuce _Lactuca_ sp.
Loganberries _Rubus_ sp.
Magnolia _Magnolia_ sp.
Maize _Zea mays_ L.
Maple _Acer_ sp.
Maple, red _Acer rubrum_ L.
Maple, silver _Acer saccharinum_ L.
Mescal _Agave_ sp.
Mesquite _Prosopis_ sp.
Millet _Setaria_ sp.
Mistletoe _Phoradendron_ sp.
Oak _Quercus_ sp.
Oak, black _Quercus velutina_ Lam.
Oak, blackjack _Q. marilandica_ Muenchh.
Oak, bur _Q. macrocarpa_ Michx.
Oak, cherrybark _Q. falcata_ var. _pagodaefolia_ Ell.
Oak, live _Q. virginiana_ Mill.
Oak, overcup _Q. lyrata_ Walt.
Oak, pin _Q. palustris_ Muenchh.
Oak, red _Quercus_ sp.
Oak, white _Q. alba_ L.
Oats _Avena_ sp.
Palmetto _Sabal_ sp.
Palo Verde _Cercidium_ sp.
Pear _Pyrus_ sp.
Pecan _Carya illinoensis_ (Wang.) K. Koch
Pepper, red _Capsicum_ sp.
Pigweed _Chenopodium_ sp.
Pine _Pinus_ sp.
Pine, Bishop _Pinus muricata_ D. Don.
Pine, Jeffrey _P. jeffreyi_ Grev. & Balf.
Pine, loblolly _P. taeda_ L.
Pine, lodgepole _P. contorta_ Dougl.
Pine, longleaf _P. palustris_ Mill.
Pine, Monterey _P. radiata_ D. Don.
Pine, pinyon _P. edulis_ Engelm.
Pine, ponderosa _P. ponderosa_ Laws.
Pine, shortleaf _P. echinata_ Mill.
Pine, slash _P. elliotti_ Engelm.
Pine, sugar _P. lambertiana_ Dougl.
Pine, white _P. strobus_ L.
Poison ivy _Rhus radicans_ L.
Poison oak _Rhus diversiloba_ T. & G.
Pokeberry _Phytolacca americana_ L.
Pondweed _Potamogeton_ sp.
Poplar _Populus_ sp.
Poplar, balsam _Populus balsamifera_ L.
Prunes _Prunus_ sp.
Ragweed _Ambrosia_ sp.
Raspberries _Rubus_ sp.
Red heart fungus _Fomes_ sp.
Redwood _Sequoia sempervirens_ (D. Don.) Endl.
Retama _Retama_ sp.
Sago pondweed _Potamogeton pectinatus_ L.
Saguaro cactus _Carnegiea gigantea_ (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose
Salmonberries _Rubus spectabilis_ Pursh.
Sawgrass, tall _Cladium_ sp.
Screwbean _Prosopis_ sp.
Serviceberries _Amelanchier_ sp.
Skunk cabbage _Symplocarpus foetidus_ (L.) Nutt.
Smartweed _Polygonum_ sp.
Snowberries _Symphoricarpos_ sp.
Sorghum _Sorghum_ sp.
Spruce _Picea_ sp.
Spruce, Engelmann _Picea engelmannii_ Parry
Spruce, Sitka _Picea sitchensis_ (Bong.) Carr.
Strawberries _Fragraria_ sp.
Sumac _Rhus_ sp.
Sunflower _Helianthus_ sp.
Sweetgum _Liquidambar styraciflua_ L.
Sycamore _Platanus_ sp.
Tamarac _Larix laricina_ (Du Roi) K. Koch
Tulip-poplar _Liriodendron tulipifera_ L.
Tupelo _Nyssa sylvatica_ Marsh.
Virginia creeper _Parthenocissus quinquefolia_ L.
Walnut _Juglans_ sp.
Water stargrass _Heteranthera dubia_ (Jacq.) MacM.
Wax-myrtle _Myrica cerifera_ L.
Wheat _Triticum_ sp.
Widegon grass _Ruppia maritima_ L.
Wild celery _Vallisneria americana_ Michx.
Willow _Salix_ sp.
Willow, black _Salix nigra_ Marsh.
Yucca _Yucca_ sp.
Invertebrates Referred to in Text:
Common Name Class or Order Family Genus and Species
Amphipods Crustacea
Ants Hymenoptera Formicidae
Aphids Homoptera Aphididae
Assassin bugs Hemiptera Reduviidae
Bark beetles Coleoptera Scolytidae
Bees Hymenoptera Apidae
Beetles Coleoptera
Black crickets Orthoptera Gryllidae
Blue mussel (phylum) Mollusca
Boll weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae _Anthonomus
grandis_ Boheman
Bugs Hemiptera
Butterflies Lepidoptera
Caddis flies Trichoptera
Carpenter ants Hymenoptera Formicidae _Camponotus_ sp.
Caterpillars Lepidoptera
Centipedes Chilopoda
Chironomids Diptera Chironomidae
Cicadas Homoptera Cicadidae
Clover weevils Coleoptera Curculionidae
Cockroach Orthoptera Blattidae
Codling moth Lepidoptera Olethreutidae _Carpocapsa
pomonella_ L.
Cone worms Lepidoptera
Corn earworm Lepidoptera Noctuidae _Heliothis zea_
(Boddie)
Cotton boll weevils Coleoptera Curculionidae
Crabs Crustacea
Crane flies Diptera Tipulidae
Crayfish Crustacea
Crickets Orthoptera Gryllidae
Culicine mosquitoes Diptera Culicidae
Cutworm moths Lepidoptera Noctuidae _Agrotis_ sp.
Daddy long legs Phalangida
Damselflies Odonata
Dragonflies Odonata
Dung beetles Coleoptera Scarabaeidae
Earthworms Oligochaeta
Elm bark beetle Coleoptera Scolytidae _Scolytus
multistriatus_
(Marsham)
Flat bugs Hemiptera Aradidae
Flies Diptera
Flying ants Hymenoptera Formicidae
Gnats Diptera
Grasshoppers Orthoptera Acrididae
Grubs Coleoptera
Gypsy moth Lepidoptera Lymantriidae _Porthetria
dispar_ (L.)
Hairy crickets Orthoptera
Harvestmen Phalangida
Hawk moths Lepidoptera Sphingidae
Hemipterans Hemiptera
Hornets Hymenoptera Vespidae
House fly Diptera Muscidae _Musca domestica_
L.
Hymenopterans Hymenoptera
Ichneumon flies Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae
Isopods Crustacea
Jassids Homoptera Cicadellidae
Jerusalem crickets Orthoptera Gryllacrididae
Jumping plant lice Homoptera Psyllidae
Katydids Orthoptera Tettigoniidae
Ladybird beetles Coleoptera Coccinellidae
Leaf bugs Hemiptera Miridae
Leafhoppers Homoptera Cicadellidae
Leaf skeletonizers Lepidoptera Lyonetiidae _Bucculatrix_ sp.
Lepidopterans Lepidoptera
Locusts Orthoptera Acrididae
Locust seed weevils Coleoptera Mylabridae _Bruchus_ sp.
Lodgepole needle Lepidoptera Gelechiidae
miners
Long-horned beetles Coleoptera Cerambycidae
Long-horned Orthoptera Tettigoniidae
grasshoppers
Long-legged Diptera Tipulidae
tipulids
Lyonetiid moths Lepidoptera Lyonetiidae _Bucculatrix_ sp.
May beetles Coleoptera Scarabaeidae
Mayflies Ephemeroptera
Metallic wood Coleoptera Buprestidae
boring beetles
Midges Diptera Chironomidae
Millipedes Diplopoda
Molluscs (phylum) Mollusca
Mosquitoes Diptera Culicidae
Moths Lepidoptera
Negro bugs Hemiptera Corimelaenidae
Nut weevils Coleoptera Curculionidae _Curculio_ spp.
Praying mantids Orthoptera Mantidae
Pseudoscorpions Pseudoscorpionida
Psyllids Homoptera Psyllidae
Ribbed pine borer Coleoptera Cerambycidae _Stenocorus
inquisitor_
(Oliv.)
Roaches Orthoptera Blattidae
Round-headed Coleoptera Cerambycidae
woodborers
Sawflies Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae
Scolytid beetles Coleoptera Scolytidae _Scolytus_ sp.
Scorpions Scorpionida
Seed beetles Coleoptera Bruchidae _Bruchus_ sp.
Seed bugs Hemiptera Lygaeidae
Spiders Areneida
Spittle bugs Homoptera Cercopidae
Spittle insects Homoptera Cercopidae
Spruce aphid Homoptera Chermidae _Chermes cooleyi_
Gill.
Spruce beetles Coleoptera Scolytidae _Dendroctonus_ sp.
Spruce budworm Lepidoptera Tortricidae _Choristoneura
fumiferana_
(Clemens)
Stinkbugs Hemiptera Pentatomidae
Tent caterpillars Lepidoptera Lasiocampidae _Malacosoma_ sp.
Termites Isoptera
Tree hoppers Homoptera Membracidae
True bugs Hemiptera
Wasps Hymenoptera Vespidae
Water boatmen Hemiptera Corixidae
Weevils Coleoptera Curculionidae
Wood ants Hymenoptera Formicidae
Wood boring beetles Coleoptera
Wood boring larvae Coleoptera
Vertebrates Referred to in Text:
Common Name Class or Order Family Genus and Species
Amphibians Amphibia
Bats Chiroptera
Carp Cypriniformes Cyprinidae _Cyprinus carpio_
Linnaeus
Catfish Cypriniformes Ictaluridae
Chipmunks Rodentia Sciuridae
Chubs Cypriniformes Cyprinidae
Cotton rat Rodentia Cricetidae _Sigmodon
hispidus_ (Say &
Ord)
Cottontail rabbit Lagomorpha Leporidae _Sylvilagus
floridanus_
(Allen)
Cow Artiodactyla Bovidae _Bos taurus_
Linnaeus
Deer mouse Rodentia Cricetidae _Peromyscus
maniculatus_
(Wagner)
Eels Anguilliformes Anguillidae _Anguilla_ sp.
Flying squirrels Rodentia Sciuridae _Glaucomys_ sp.
Frogs Anura
Gizzard shad Clupeiformes Clupeidae _Dorosoma
cepedianum_
(LeSueur)
Gophers Rodentia Geomyidae
Ground squirrels Rodentia Sciuridae
Horse Perissodactyla Equidae _Equus caballus_
Linnaeus
Lizards Squamata
Masked shrew Insectivora Soricidae _Sorex cinereus_
(Kerr.)
Meadow mouse Rodentia Cricetidae _Microtus
pennsylvanicus_
(Ord)
Meadow vole Rodentia Cricetidae _Microtus
pennsylvanicus_
(Ord)
Mice Rodentia
Moles Insectivora Talpidae
Perch Perciformes Percidae
Pig Artiodactyla Suidae _Sus scrofa_
Linnaeus
Pocket gophers Rodentia Geomyidae
Porcupine Rodentia Erethizontidae _Erethizon
dorsatum_
(Linnaeus)
Raccoon Carnivora Procyonidae _Procyon lotor_
(Linnaeus)
Rats Rodentia
Red-backed mouse Rodentia Cricetidae _Clethrionomys
gapperi_ (Vigors)
Red-backed vole Rodentia Cricetidae _Clethrionomys
gapperi_ (Vigors)
Reptiles Reptilia
Rodents Rodentia
Salamanders Urodela
Salmon Clupeiformes Salmonidae
Short-tailed shrew Insectivora Soricidae _Blarina
brevicauda_ (Say)
Shrews Insectivora Soricidae
Snakes Squamata
Squirrels Rodentia Sciuridae
Star-nosed mole Insectivora Soricidae _Condylura
cristata_
(Linnaeus)
Suckers Cypriniformes Catostomidae
Toads Anura
Trout Clupeiformes Salmonidae
Voles Rodentia Cricetidae
White-footed mouse Rodentia Cricetidae _Peromyscus_ sp.
Woodrats Rodentia Cricetidae _Neotoma_ sp.