The death of Charles Darwin focussed, as it were, into one concentrated
glow the feelings of admiration, and even reverence, which had been
growing stronger and stronger in the years since the "Origin of Species"
was published. It soon became evident that a public funeral in
Westminster Abbey was very generally called for, and this being granted,
a grave was chosen in the north aisle and north-east corner of the nave,
north of and side by side with that of Sir John Herschel, and ten or
twelve feet only from that of Sir Isaac Newton. On April 26, 1882, a
great representative host of scientists, literary men, politicians, and
theologians assembled for the final scene. The pallbearers were the
Dukes of Devonshire and Argyll, the Earl of Derby, Mr. J. Russell Lowell
(then American Minister in London), Mr. W. Spottiswoode (President of
the Royal Society), Sir Joseph Hooker, Mr. Alfred Russel Wallace,
Professor Huxley, Sir John Lubbock, and Canon Farrar. The Bishop of
Carlisle, preaching at the Abbey on the following Sunday, admitted that
Darwin had produced a greater change in the current of thought than
any other man, and had done it by perfectly legitimate means. He had
observed Nature with a strength of purpose, pertinacity, honesty, and
ingenuity never surpassed.
"The career of Charles Darwin," wrote _The Times_ on the day of his
funeral, "eludes the grasp of personal curiosity as much as of personal
enmity. He thought, and his thoughts have passed into the substance of
facts of the universe. A grass plot, a plant in bloom, a human gesture,
the entire circle of the doings and tendencies of nature, builds his
monument and records his exploits.... The Abbey has its orators and
ministers who have convinced senates and swayed nations. Not one of them
all has wielded a power over men and their intelligences more complete
than that which for the last twenty-three years has emanated from a
simple country house in Kent. Memories of poets breathe about the mighty
church. Science invokes the aid of imagination no less than poetry.
Darwin as he searched, imagined. Every microscopic fact his patient eyes
unearthed, his fancy caught up and set in its proper niche in a fabric
as stately and grand as ever the creative company of Poets' Corner wove
from sunbeams and rainbows."
"Our century is Darwin's century," said the _Allgemeine Zeitung_. _The
New York Herald_ described his life as "that of Socrates except its
close." The _Neue Freie Presse_ said truly that his death caused
lamentation as far as truth had penetrated, and wherever civilisation
had made any impression.
A movement was at once set on foot for securing a worthy public memorial
of Darwin. Subscriptions flowed in abundantly, and came from all
countries of Europe, the United States, the British Colonies, and
Brazil. Sweden sent the astonishing number of 2296 subscriptions;
persons of all ranks contributed, from a bishop to a seamstress. Over
£4,000 in all was subscribed, and it was resolved, in the first place,
to procure the best possible statue. This work was entrusted to Mr.
Boehm, R.A., with admirable results. Permission was obtained to place it
in the great hall of the British Museum of Natural History, South
Kensington, and here it was unveiled on June 9, 1885, by the Prince of
Wales, who accepted the statue on behalf of the Trustees of the British
Museum from Professor Huxley as representing the subscribers. It is
agreed that the statue is excellent, the attitude easy and dignified,
the expression natural and characteristic. The only defect is that the
hands are unlike Darwin's. The balance, about £2,200, remaining over
from the fund, was given to the Royal Society to be invested for the
promotion of biological studies and researches.
The conditions under which Darwin lived were just those in which, as
_The Saturday Review_ put it, his sweet and gentle nature could blossom
into perfection. "Arrogance, irritability, and envy, the faults
that ordinarily beset men of genius, were not so much conquered as
non-existent in a singularly simple and generous mind. It never occurred
to him that it would be to his gain to show that he and not some one
else was the author of a discovery. If he was appealed to for help by a
fellow-worker, the thought never passed into his mind that he had
secrets to divulge which would lessen his importance. It was science,
not the fame of science, that he loved, and he helped science by the
temper in which he approached it. He had to say things which were
distasteful to a large portion of the public, but he won the ear even of
his most adverse critics by the manifest absence of a mere desire to
shine, by his modesty, and by his courtesy. He told honestly what he
thought to be the truth, but he told it without a wish to triumph or to
wound. There is an arrogance of unorthodoxy as well as an arrogance of
orthodoxy, and if ideas that a quarter of a century ago were regarded
with dread are now accepted without a pang, the rapidity of the change
of opinion, if not the change itself, is largely due to the fact that
the leading exponent of these ideas was the least arrogant of men."
Geniality and genuine humour must be remembered as among the many
delightful traits in Darwin's character. Mr. Edmund Yates, in his
"Celebrities at Home" (second series), describes his as a laugh to
remember, "a rich Homeric laugh, round and full, musical and jocund."
"At a droll suggestion of Mr. Huxley's, or a humorous doubt insinuated
in the musical tones of the President of the Royal Society (Sir Joseph
Hooker), the eyes twinkle under the massive overhanging brows, the
Socratic head, as Professor Tyndall loves to call it, is thrown back,
and over the long white beard rolls out such a laugh as we have
attempted to describe."
Exceptionally good-hearted and sympathetic as a man, Darwin discovered
his life-work, and did it, in spite of a most powerful hindrance, in the
best possible manner, with the least possible waste of force. But, more
than doing his work, he set others to work, incited them, suggested to
them, aided them, scattered among them seeds which, finding fertile
soil, sprang up and bore fruit a hundredfold. His greatness is as much
in what be caused others to do as in what he did himself. Even in
arousing antagonism, though by the gentlest means, he did a great work,
for he secured examination and criticism in such bulk that the whole
world was leavened by his doctrine; and in controversy no man has any
disagreeable reminiscence of him. Many have cause to bless the day when
they first came into communication with Darwin, to find him welcome
them, encourage them, place his own vast stores of knowledge and thought
at their disposal, and, best of all, make them love him naturally as a
dear friend.
Darwin's was one of those open and frank minds which are entrenched
behind no rampart of isolating prejudice, and elevated on no platform of
conscious superiority. It was equally natural to him to ask and to give
information. No one ever was more accessible to all who genuinely sought
his aid in their inquiries or their projects; no one ever more truly
sought information from all quarters whence truth was attainable. Hence
the mass of his letters to all kinds of persons is enormous, and only a
small proportion, probably, will ever be published. His letters are like
his conversation, free, frank, without a trace of _arrière pensée_,
praising others where possible--and no man ever found it more possible
to praise others more genuinely--depreciating himself and his work most
unduly. "You so overestimate the value of what I do," he writes on
one occasion, "that you make me feel ashamed of myself, and wish to
be worthy of such praise." Again, "You have indeed passed a most
magnificent eulogium on me, and I wonder that you were not afraid of
hearing 'oh, oh,' or some other sign of disapprobation. Many persons
think that what I have done in science has been much overrated, and
I very often think so myself, but my comfort is that I have never
consciously done anything to gain applause." Here we see the scientific
man occupying the highest possible moral standpoint as a seeker after
truth. His election as one of the honorary members of the Physiological
Society was to him a "wholly unexpected honour," and a "mark of
sympathy" which pleased him in a very high degree.
"Work," he writes on another occasion, "is my sole pleasure in life."
"It is so much more interesting to observe than to write." So long as he
could devise experiments and mark the results he continued to do
it, rather than prepare his voluminous notes on many subjects for
publication. "Trollope, in one of his novels, gives as a maxim of
constant use by a brickmaker, 'It is dogged as does it,' and I have
often and often," wrote Darwin, "thought this is a motto for every
scientific worker." How faithfully he adopted it himself those who read
through any one of his experimental books can appreciate. He habitually
read or heard some good novel as a recreation, and took a by no means
restricted interest in general literature.
Considering how usual it is for leading thinkers to be drawn into
controversy, even when most desirous of avoiding it, it is remarkable
how little Darwin was mixed up with hotly-debated questions. "I hate
controversy," he writes, "and it wastes much time, at least with a man
who, like myself, can work for only a short time in a day." One of the
few occasions on which he appeared as a champion of a cause was on the
question of vivisection, in which a chivalrous feeling led him to
intervene with the following letter to Professor Holmgren, of Upsala
University, which was published in _The Times_ of April 18, 1881. "I
thought it fair," he wrote, "to bear my share of the abuse poured in so
atrocious a manner on all physiologists."
"DEAR SIR,--In answer to your courteous letter of April 7, I have
no objection to express my opinion with respect to the right of
experimenting on living animals. I use this latter expression as
more correct and comprehensive than that of vivisection. You are at
liberty to make any use of this letter which you may think fit, but
if published I should wish the whole to appear. I have all my life
been a strong advocate for humanity to animals, and have done what
I could in my writings to enforce this duty. Several years ago,
when the agitation against physiologists commenced in England, it
was asserted that inhumanity was here practised, and useless
suffering caused to animals; and I was led to think that it might
be advisable to have an Act of Parliament on the subject. I then
took an active part in trying to get a Bill passed, such as would
have removed all just cause of complaint, and at the same time have
left physiologists free to pursue their researches--a Bill very
different from the Act which has since been passed. It is right to
add that the investigation of the matter by a Royal Commission
proved that the accusations made against our English physiologists
were false. From all that I have heard, however, I fear that in
some parts of Europe little regard is paid to the sufferings of
animals, and if this be the case I should be glad to hear of
legislation against inhumanity in any such country. On the other
hand, I know that physiology cannot possibly progress except by
means of experiments on living animals, and I feel the deepest
conviction that he who retards the progress of physiology commits a
crime against mankind. Any one who remembers, as I can, the state
of this science half a century ago, must admit that it has made
immense progress, and it is now progressing at an ever-increasing
rate.
"What improvements in medical practice may be directly attributed
to physiological research is a question which can be properly
discussed only by those physiologists and medical practitioners who
have studied the history of their subjects; but, as far as I can
learn, the benefits are already great. However this may be, no one,
unless he is grossly ignorant of what science has done for mankind,
can entertain any doubt of the incalculable benefits which will
hereafter be derived from physiology, not only by man, but by the
lower animals. Look, for instance, at Pasteur's results of
modifying the germs of the most malignant diseases, from which, as
it so happens, animals will, in the first place, receive more
relief than man. Let it be remembered how many lives, and what a
fearful amount of suffering have been saved by the knowledge gained
of parasitic worms through the experiments of Virchow and others on
living animals. In the future every one will be astonished at the
ingratitude shown, at least in England, to these benefactors of
mankind. As for myself, permit me to assure you that I honour, and
shall always honour, every one who advances the noble science of
physiology.
"Dear sir, yours faithfully,
"CHARLES DARWIN."
As an experimenter Darwin was by no means overconfident either in his
methods or his power of obtaining results. He simply took the best means
open to him, or that he could devise, applied them in the best way known
to him, and calmly studied the result. "As far as my experience goes,"
he wrote, in reference to experimental work, "what one expects rarely
happens." On another occasion, after working like a slave at a certain
investigation, "with very poor success;" he remarks, "as usual, almost
everything goes differently to what I had anticipated." How few
investigators have the magnanimity which appears in this confession. But
more than this, it is an indication of the rare patience with which he
stuck at a subject till he knew all he could read or discover or develop
in connection with it. It was "dogged" that did it; "awfully hard work"
sometimes. In reference to an attempt of his to define intelligence,
which he regarded as unsatisfactory, after remarking that he tried to
observe what passed in his own mind when he did the work of a worm, he
writes: "If I come across a professed metaphysician, I will ask him to
give me a more technical definition with a few big words, about the
abstract, the concrete, the absolute, and the infinite. But sincerely, I
should be grateful for any suggestions; for it will hardly do to assume
that every fool knows what 'intelligent' means."
Inasmuch as it must necessarily be of great interest to know
the attitude which so great a thinker as Darwin adopted towards
Christianity, revelation, and other matters of theology, we give
unabridged two letters which were written without a view to publication,
and were published after his death without the authorisation of his
representatives. Having been widely published, however, it is right
that they should be given here.
The first of these was sent in 1873 to N. D. Deedes, a Dutch gentleman,
who wrote to ask Darwin his opinion on the existence of a God:
"It is impossible to answer your question briefly; I am not sure
that I could do so even if I wrote at some length. But I may say
that the impossibility of conceiving that this grand and wondrous
universe, with our conscious selves, arose through chance, seems to
me our chief argument for the existence of God; but whether this is
an argument of real value, I have never been able to decide. I am
aware that if we admit a first cause, the mind still craves to know
whence it came and how it arose. Nor can I overlook the difficulty
from the immense amount of suffering through the world. I am, also,
induced to defer to a certain extent to the judgment of the many
able men who have fully believed in God; but here, again, I see how
poor an argument this is. The safest conclusion seems to be that
the whole subject is beyond the scope of man's intellect, but man
can do his duty."
The second letter was addressed to Nicholas, Baron Mengden, a German
University student, in whom the study of Darwin's books had raised
religious doubts. It is dated June 5, 1879. The following is a
re-translation of a German translation:
"I am very busy, and am an old man in delicate health, and have not
time to answer your questions fully, even assuming that they are
capable of being answered at all. Science and Christ have nothing
to do with each other, except in so far as the habit of scientific
investigation makes a man cautious about accepting any proofs. As
far as I am concerned, I do not believe that any revelation has
ever been made with regard to a future life; every one must draw
his own conclusions from vague and contradictory probabilities."
It should be added that he was greatly averse to every form of militant
anti-religious controversy, and always deprecated it. He would have been
the last to desire that his words should be quoted as of scientific
authority, or as being more than the results of his own thought on
questions which were not the subject of his life study. Let those who
think that his having expressed these views is a regrettable blow to
orthodox Christianity, set against it the enormous service Darwin did to
reasonable natural theology by giving an intelligible key to the
explanation of the universe. And let all men remember that genuine
honesty such as Darwin's cannot possibly hinder the interests or the
spread of truth. His declaration that "man can do his duty," implies his
conviction that man may know what his duty is; and very many noble
spirits besides Darwin have not found it possible to advance with
certainty beyond this point.
As to Darwin's place in literature, that is due supereminently to his
thoughts. In his expression of them he had the saving quality of
directness, and usually wrote with simplicity. Incisive he was not
ordinarily; caution of his type harmonises ill with incisiveness. But
what he lost thereby he gained in solidity and in permanence. Sometimes,
as we have pointed out, his imagination carried him beyond his usual
sober vein, and then he showed himself aglow with feeling or with
sympathetic perception.
But when we speak of his imagination we pass at once to the other side
of his mind--if indeed any such patient inquiry as his could have been
maintained except for the imaginative side of him. This lit up his path,
buoyed him in difficulties and failures, suggested new expedients,
experiments, and combinations. The use of imagination in science has
never been more aptly illustrated nor more beneficial than in his case.
Darwin, more than any other man perhaps, showed the value, if not the
essentiality, of "working hypotheses"; and if any man now wants to
progress in biology, he will be foolish if he does not seek such and use
them freely, and abandon them readily if disproved.
Darwin imagined grandly, and verified his imaginings as far as one man's
life suffices; and no man can do more. And Darwin won, as far as a man
can win, success during his lifetime. As Professor Huxley said, in
lecturing on "The Coming of Age of 'The Origin of Species,'" "the
foremost men of science in every country are either avowed champions of
its leading doctrines, or at any rate abstain from opposing them." His
prescience has in less than a generation been justified by the discovery
of intermediate fossil forms of animals too numerous to be here
recounted. The break between vertebrate and invertebrate animals,
between flowering and non-flowering plants, between animal and plant, is
now bridged over by discoveries in the life histories of animals and
plants which exist to-day. Embryo animals and plants are now known to go
through stages which repeat and condense the upward ascent of life; and
they give us information of the greatest value as to lost stages in the
path. We can, as it were, see the actual track through which evolution
may have proceeded. "Thus," says Professor Huxley, "if the doctrine of
evolution had not existed, palæontologists must have invented it, so
irresistibly is it forced upon the mind by the study of the remains of
the Tertiary mammalia which have been brought to light since 1859;" and
again, "so far as the animal world is concerned, evolution is no longer
a speculation, but a statement of historical fact."
As to the limits of the truth of Darwin's theory, Professor Huxley,
writing on "Evolution in Biology," in "The Encyclopædia Britannica,"
says: "How far natural selection suffices for the production of species
remains to be seen. Few can doubt that, if not the whole cause, it is a
very important factor in that operation; and that it must play a great
part in the sorting out of varieties into those which are transitory,
and those which are permanent. But the causes and conditions of
variation have yet to be thoroughly explored; and the importance of
natural selection will not be impaired, even if further inquiries should
prove that variability is definite, and is determined in certain
directions rather than in others, by conditions inherent in that which
varies."
We have not space to describe the importance of the work Darwin did in,
or bearing on, entomology, changing its face and vastly elevating its
importance. A volume might be compiled from his writings on this
subject, as reference to Professor Riley's excellent summary (Darwin
Memorial Meeting, Washington, 1882) will readily show. Nor can we
recount his important work in other branches of biology further than has
been already done in the foregoing pages. To do so would require much
more than a volume of this size.
One special department may perhaps claim notice on the ground of its
supposed non-scientific character. Dr. Masters (_Gardeners' Chronicle_,
April 22, 1882) says of Darwin's service to horticulture: "Let any one
who knows what was the state of botany in this country even so recently
as fifteen or twenty years ago, compare the feeling between botanists
and horticulturists at that time with what it is now. What sympathy had
the one for the pursuits of the other? The botanist looked down on the
varieties, the races, and strains, raised with so much pride by the
patient skill of the florist as on things unworthy of his notice and
study. The horticulturist, on his side, knowing how very imperfectly
plants could be studied from the mummified specimens in herbaria, which
then constituted in most cases all the material that the botanist of
this country considered necessary for the study of plants, naturally
looked on the botanist somewhat in the light of a laborious trifler....
Darwin altered all this. He made the dry bones live; he invested plants
and animals with a history, a biography, a genealogy, which at once
conferred an interest and a dignity on them. Before, they were as the
stuffed skin of a beast in the glass case of a museum; now they are
living beings, each in their degree affected by the same circumstances
that affect ourselves, and swayed, _mutatis mutandis_, by like feelings
and like passions. If he had done nothing more than this we might still
have claimed Darwin as a horticulturist; but as we shall see, he has
more direct claims on our gratitude. The apparently trifling variations,
the variations which it was once the fashion for botanists to overlook,
have become, as it were, the keystone of a great theory."
A valuable summary of Darwin's influence on general philosophic thought
has been given by Mr. James Sully, in his article, "Evolution in
Philosophy," in "The Encyclopædia Britannica," 9th ed., vol. viii. He,
like many other thinkers, considers that Darwin has done much to banish
old ideas as to the evidence of purpose in nature. Mr. Sully's views are
not entirely shared, however, by Professor Winchell, an able American
evolutionist ("Encyclopædia Americana," vol. ii.) who considers that the
question of teleology, or of purpose in nature, is not really touched by
the special principle of natural selection, nor by the general doctrine
of evolution. The mechanical theorist may, consistently with these
doctrines, maintain that every event takes place without a purpose;
while the teleologist, or believer in purpose, may no less consistently
maintain that the more orderly and uniform we find the succession
of events, the more reason is there to presume that a purposeful
intelligence is regulating them. It is certainly impossible to show that
the whole system of evolution does not exist for a purpose. The ranks of
the evolutionists, and even of the Darwinians, as a fact, embrace
believers in the most diverse systems of philosophy, including many
of those who accept Christ's teaching as an authoritative Divine
revelation. May not this diversity among Darwinians itself teach hope?
Darwinism is held with vital grip and will therefore not become a dead
creed, a fossil formula. The belief that every generation is a step in
progress to a higher and fuller life contains within it the promise of
a glorious evolution which is no longer a faint hope, but a reasoned
faith.
"Man's thought is like Antæus, and must be
Touched to the ground of Nature to regain
Fresh force, new impulse, else it would remain
Dead in the grip of strong Authority.
But, once thereon reset, 'tis like a tree,
Sap-swollen in spring-time: bonds may not restrain;
Nor weight repress; its rootlets rend in twain
Dead stones and walls and rocks resistlessly.
Thine then it was to touch dead thoughts to earth,
Till of old dreams sprang new philosophies,
From visions systems, and beneath thy spell
Swiftly uprose, like magic palaces,--
Thyself half-conscious only of thy worth--
Calm priest of a tremendous oracle."[13]
Here let us leave Charles Darwin; a marvellously patient and successful
revolutioniser of thought; a noble and beloved man.
FOOTNOTES:
[13: Round Table Series. "Charles Darwin" (1886), by J. T.
Cunningham.]
THE END.
INDEX.
A.
Ainsworth, Mr. W. F., on Darwin at Edinburgh, 22
Allen, Mr. Grant, on Darwin, 25, 31, 95, 112
Ancestry of the Darwins, 11, 12, 14
Andes, 43, 45
Antiquity of man, 113
Ants, Observations on, 88, 89
Archæology and earthworms, 151, 152
_Athenæum_, The, 22, 94, 124
B.
Bahia, 32
Bahia Blanca, 38
_Beagle_, H.M.S., 27, 29, 34, 36, 40, 41, 44, 45, 48, 52-60, 65
Bees, Observations on, 88, 89
Bell, Sir C., "Anatomy of Expression," 126
Bentley, T., and Darwin's mother, 17
Blushing, 133
Bladderwort, The, 140
Botanical papers, 103
Botanical works, 103-108, 136-145
Brazil, 32-36
Breeds, Domestic, 80-82, 109-111
British Association, Darwin at, 60
Buenos Ayres, 39, 40
Burdon-Sanderson, Prof., 140
Butterwort, The, 140
Button, Jemmy, the Fuegian, 130
C.
Caldcleugh, Mr., 45
Cambridge University, 24-29, 146
Candolle, A. de, 148-150
Carlisle, Bishop of, on Darwin, 154, 155
Carlyle, Thomas and Mrs., and Erasmus Darwin, 19
Character of Darwin, 155-160, 162-165
Chili, 43-45
Chiloe, 43
Chonos Archipelago, 43
Christianity and Darwin, 115-117, 121, 163-166, 169
Cirripedia, Books on, 61-63
Classification, 91
"Climbing Plants," 107
Copley medal, 106
Coral reefs, Book on, 55-59;
observations on, 48, 52, 55
Corfield, Mr. R., 43
Cross-fertilisation of plants, 141-143
D.
Dana, Prof. J. D., on Coral Reefs, 58
Darwin, Charles, and domestic animals, 71;
and entomology, 25, 167;
and Malthus, 72, 73;
and novelists, 133;
and Prof. Henslow, 24-30;
and Sir C. Lyell, 31, 51, 52, 69, 70;
and Sir J. Hooker, 54, 74, 75, 78;
and slavery, 34, 35;
and spelling reform, 148;
as an experimenter, 162;
at Cambridge, 24-29;
at Edinburgh, 22-24;
"Biographical Sketch of an Infant," 131;
birth, 18;
character of, 155-160, 162-165;
"Climbing Plants," 107;
contributions to mental science, 134, 135;
death of, 153;
"Descent of Man," 112-125;
discovery of extinct mammals, 38, 39;
elected F.G.S., 51;
F.R.S., 52;
experience of missionaries, 43, 47;
experiments on children, 129, 131;
"Expression of Emotions," 126-135;
fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, 141-143;
"Fertilisation of Orchids," 103-106;
first scientific paper, 23;
"Formation of Mould," 150-152;
forms of flowers, 143;
funeral of, 154;
"Geology of the _Beagle_," 55-60;
history of "Origin of Species," 64-78;
honours bestowed on, 146;
"Insectivorous Plants," 136-139;
"Journal of Researches," 52;
modesty of, 28, 66;
on blushing, 133;
on Cirripedia, 61-63;
on religion, 115-117, 121, 163-169;
on vivisection, 160-162;
"Origin of Species," 41, 42, 46, 64-78, 79-99;
physical appearance and habits of, 100-102, 147, 148;
places named after, 48;
portraits of, 146;
power of movement in plants, 143-145;
school-days of, 19-21;
secretary of Geological Society, 51;
sons of, 102;
statue of, 156;
voyage in _Beagle_, 29-50
Darwin, Mrs. C., 53
Darwin, Erasmus, of Lichfield and Derby, 12-14, 66-67
Darwin, Erasmus, of London, 19, 153
Darwin, Mr. Francis, 140-144
Darwin, Mrs. R. W. (Susannah Wedgwood), 17-19
Darwin, R. W., of Elston, 12
Darwin, R. W., father of Charles, 14-18
Darwin Sound, 48
Death of Charles Darwin, 153
"Descent of Man," 112-125
Digestion by plants, 137, 138
Discovery of extinct mammals, 39
Down House, 60, 101, 102, 147-150
E.
Earle, Erasmus, 12
Earthquake experience, 44
Earthworms, Darwin on, 150-152
_Edinburgh Review_, on "Descent of Man," 124;
on Erasmus Darwin, 12, 13;
on "Origin of Species," 94
Edinburgh University, 21-24
Ehrenberg, 31
Entomology, 25, 141-143
Evolution, History of, in Darwin's mind, 39, 40-42, 46, 47, 50, 64-78, 112
"Expression of Emotions," 126-135
F.
Falkland Islands, 43, 60
Fertilisation, Cross and Self-, in the Vegetable Kingdom, 141-143
"Fertilisation of Orchids," 103-106
Fitzroy, Capt., 27, 29, 31, 48, 49
"Forms of Flowers," 143
Fuegians, 42, 43, 112
Funeral of Charles Darwin, 154
G.
Galapagos Islands, 45-47
Gauchos, 38, 40, 116, 130
Geikie, Prof. A., on Darwin's "Coral Reefs," 58
Geographical distribution, 91
Geological observations by Darwin, 30, 38, 39
Geological papers by Darwin, 51, 52, 59, 60
Geological record, Imperfection of, 90, 91
Geological Society, 51, 52, 63
"Geology of the _Beagle_," 53, 55-60
Germination of plants, 142
Grant, Prof., 23, 69
Greville, Dr., 23
H.
Haeckel, Prof., 71, 72, 147
Hall, Capt. Basil, and Coral Reefs, 55
Henslow, Prof., 24-30
Herbert, Dean, 71
Holmgren, Prof., Letter to, 160-162
Honours conferred on Darwin, 146
Hooker, Sir J., 54, 74, 78, 140
Huxley, Prof., 65, 91, 94, 165-167
I.
Imagination, Definition of, 115
"Insectivorous Plants," 136-141
Insects, 88, 89, 102-106, 136-139
Instinct, 88-90, 114
Interdependence of species, 84
J.
Jameson, Prof., 23
"Journal of Researches," 31, 34, 36, 42, 46, 53
K.
Keeling Islands, 48, 56
L.
Lamarck and Darwin, 67, 68
Linnean Society, 75-78, 107, 143, 147
Literary position of Darwin, 165
Lubbock, Sir J., 141
Lyell, Sir C., 31, 51, 52, 69, 70, 74
M.
Magellan, Straits of, 43
Maldonado, 36, 37
Malthus on Population, 72, 73, 82
Mammals, Extinct, 38, 39, 54
Masters, Dr., on Darwin and Horticulture, 167
Matthew, Mr. P., and "Origin of Species," 97
Mental powers of man, 114-123
Mental science, Darwin and, 134, 135
Meteyard, Miss, on R. W. Darwin, 16;
on Wedgwood, 18
Missionaries, 43, 47
Monkeys, 132
Monkeys and man, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120, 122
Monte Video, 36, 40
Montgomery, James, "Pelican Island," 55
Morphology, 64, 91, 92
"Mould, Formation of," 152
Mount Darwin, 49
Mount, The, Shrewsbury, 17-20, 80
"Movement, Power of, in Plants," 143-145
Murray, Mr. J., on Coral Reefs, 59
_Mylodon Darwinii_, 54
N.
"Naturalist's Voyage Round the World," 53
Natural Selection, 84, 85, 97-99, 108, 117
New Zealand, 47
Niata cattle, 40
Novelists, 133
O.
"Orchids, Fertilisation of," 103-106
"Origin of Species," 41, 42, 46, 64-78, 79-99
Owen, Sir R., 53, 64
Oxford, Bishop of, (Wilberforce), on "Origin of Species," 95
P.
Palæontographical Society, 62
Pampas thistles, 40
Pangenesis, Hypothesis of, 111
Patagonia, 41
Peru, 45
Phillips, Prof. J., 52, 63
Physiological Selection, 87
Physiological Society, 159
Plinian Society, Edinburgh, 22, 23
Port Darwin, 48
Portraits of Darwin, 146
_Punch_, 123, 124
Q.
_Quarterly Review_ on Darwin's "Journal," 53;
on "Descent of Man," 124, 125;
on "Origin of Species," 95
R.
Ray Society, 62
Religion, 115-117, 121
Religious views of Darwin, 163-166, 169
Reptiles of Galapagos, 46
Riley, Prof. C. V., on Darwin and Entomology, 25, 167
Rio Negro, 37, 40
Rio Plata, 41
Romanes, Mr., 87, 89, 115, 134, 135
Rosas, General, 38, 39
Royal medal, 62
Royal Society and Charles Darwin, 52, 62, 106
Rudimentary organs, 92
S.
Santiago, 43, 45
_Saturday Review_ on Charles Darwin, 156, 157;
on "Descent of Man," 125;
on "Origin of Species," 95
Savage man described, 49, 122, 123
"Scientific Inquiry, Manual of," 61
Selection, Natural, 84, 85, 97-99
Selection, Physiological, 87
Semper, Prof., on Coral Reefs, 58
Shrewsbury, 15-20
Shrewsbury school, 20
Social qualities of man, 116
Social questions, 121
Sonnet on Darwin, 169
Spencer, Mr. Herbert, Views of, 73, 112
Statue of Darwin, 155-156
Stokes, Admiral, 33, 34
Structure of human body, 114
Struggle for existence, 72, 73, 82, 83
Sully, Mr. James, on Evolution and Design, 168
Sun-dew, 136-139
Sweden and Darwin, 156
Sydney, 48
T.
Tahiti, 47
Tasmania, 48
Tierra del Fuego, 42, 43
_Times, The_, on Charles Darwin, 155
Tree of Life, 85-87
Tres Montes, 44
Tucutuco, Blindness of, 68
U.
Unitarian Church, Shrewsbury, 17, 19
V.
Valdivia, 44
Valparaiso, 43, 45
"Variation of Animals and Plants," 108-112
Variations of Species, 79, 85-87, 108-112
Verde, Cape de, 31, 41
"Vestiges of Creation," 73
Vivisection, Darwin on, 160-162
Volcanic islands, 59
W.
Wallace, Mr. A. R., 75-78
Wedgwood, Josiah, 14
Wells, Dr., and Origin of Species, 96
Winchell, Prof., and evolution, 168-169
Wollaston medal, 63
Woman compared with man, 119, 120
Woodall, Mr. E., on Charles Darwin, 17, 101
Y.
Yates, Mr. E., on "Darwin at Home," 157
Z.
Zoological Gardens, 115, 128, 131, 132
"Zoology of the _Beagle_," 53
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
BY
JOHN P. ANDERSON
(_British Museum_).
* * * * *
I. WORKS.
II. MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS.
III. APPENDIX--
Biography, Criticism, etc.
Magazine Articles.
IV. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF WORKS.
* * * * *
I. WORKS.
Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and
Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of
the Southern Shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation
of the globe. [With appendices and addenda.] 3 vols. London, 1839, 8vo.
Vol. iii. is the "Journal and Remarks, 1832-1836," by Charles Darwin.
The appendix to vol. ii. has a distinct title-page and pagination.
Some copies of this work were issued in 2 vols., the third being
complete in itself, and sold separately with the title "Journal of
Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the various
countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain
Fitzroy, R.N., from 1832 to 1836. By Charles Darwin, Esq.," etc.
Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the
Countries visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the World,
under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N. Second edition, corrected,
with additions. (_Murray's Colonial and Home Library._) London, 1845,
8vo.
This has been reprinted with a new title-page reading, "A Naturalist's
Voyage Round the World, etc."
The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain
R. Fitzroy, during the years 1832-36. Edited and superintended by C. D.
Part i., Fossil Mammalia, by R. Owen. (Part ii., Mammalia, described by
G. R. Waterhouse, with a notice of their habits and ranges by C. D. Part
iii., Birds, described by J. Gould, with a notice of their habits and
ranges by C. D., with an anatomical appendix by T. C. Eyton. Part iv.,
Fish, described by L. Jenyns. Part v., Reptiles, described by T. Bell.)
5 parts. London, 1840-39-43, 4to.
The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. Being the first part of
the Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Captain
Fitzroy, 1832 to 1836. London, 1842, 8vo.
Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands, visited during the
voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, together with some brief notices on the Geology
of Australia and the Cape of Good Hope. Being the second part of the
Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle, etc. London, 1844, 8vo.
Geological Observations on South America. Being the third part of the
Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Captain
Fitzroy, etc. London, 1846, 8vo.
The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, by C. D. With three
plates. Second edition, revised. London, 1874, 8vo.
Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands and parts of South
America, visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, by C. D. Second
edition, with maps and illustrations. London, 1876, 8vo.
A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidæ or Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great
Britain. (_Palæontographical Society._) London, 1851, 4to.
A Monograph of the sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the
species. (_Ray Society._) 2 vols. London, 1851-54, 8vo.
A Monograph of the Fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ of Great Britain.
(_Palæontographical Society._) London, 1854, 4to.
On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, or the
preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. By C. D.
London, 1859, 8vo.
---- Fifth thousand. London, 1860, 8vo.
---- Third edition, with additions and corrections. London, 1861, 8vo.
---- Fourth edition, with additions and corrections. London, 1866, 8vo.
---- Fifth edition, with additions and corrections. London, 1869, 8vo.
---- Sixth edition, with additions and corrections. London, 1872, 8vo.
On the Various Contrivances by which British and Foreign Orchids are
fertilised by Insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing. By C.
D. With illustrations. London, 1862, 8vo.
---- Second edition. With illustrations. London, 1877, 8vo.
The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants. By C. D. [From the Journal
of the Linnean Society.] London, 1865, 8vo.
---- Second edition, revised. With illustrations. London, 1875, 8vo.
The Variation of Animals and Plants under domestication, by C. D. With
illustrations. 2 vols. London, 1868, 8vo.
---- Second edition, revised. Fourth thousand. With illustrations. 2
vols. London, 1875, 8vo.
---- Second edition, revised. Fifth thousand. With illustrations. 2
vols. London, 1885, 8vo.
The Descent of Man, and Selection in relation to Sex. By C. D. With
illustrations. 2 vols. London, 1871, 8vo.
---- Second edition, revised and augmented. Tenth thousand. London,
1874, 8vo.
---- Second edition, revised and augmented. Seventeenth thousand.
London, 1883, 8vo.
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. By C. D. With
photographic and other illustrations. London, 1872, 8vo.
Insectivorous Plants. By C. D. With illustrations. London, 1875, 8vo.
The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom. By
C. D. London, 1876, 8vo.
The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the same Species. By C. D.
With illustrations. London, 1877, 8vo.
The Power of Movement in Plants. By C. D., assisted by Francis Darwin.
With illustrations. London, 1880, 8vo.
The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms, with
observations on their habits. By C. D. With illustrations. London, 1881,
8vo.
---- Fifth thousand (corrected). London, 1881, 8vo.
---- Sixth thousand (corrected). London, 1882, 8vo.
II. MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS.
For private distribution. The following pages contain extracts from
letters addressed to Professor Henslow by C. Darwin, Esq., printed for
private distribution among the Members of the Cambridge Philosophical
Society in consequence of the geological notices which they contain,
etc. [Cambridge, 1835.] 8vo.
Note sur la découverte de quelques Ossemens Fossiles dans l'Amérique du
Sud.
_Annal. Sci. Nat._ 2nd Ser. (Zoology). Tom. vii., 1837, pp. 319, 320.
Notes upon the Rhea Americana.
_Zool. Soc. Proc._, vol. v., 1837, pp. 35, 36.
Remarks upon the Habits of the Genera Geospiza, Camarhynchus, Cactornis,
and Certhidea of Gould.
_Proc. Zool. Soc._, 1837, p. 49.
Sur trois Espèces du Genre Felis.
_L'Institut._ Tom. vi., 1838, No. 235, pp. 210, 211.
On the formation of Mould (1837).
_Geol. Soc. Proc._, vol. ii., 1838, pp. 574-576;
_Geol. Soc. Trans._, vol. v., 1840, pp. 505-510;
_Froriep, Notizen._ Bd. vi., 1838, col. 180-183.
Observations of proofs of recent elevation on the Coast of Chili, made
during the survey of H.M.S. "Beagle," commanded by Capt. Fitzroy (1837).
_Geol. Soc. Proc._, vol ii., 1838, pp. 446-449.
A sketch of the deposits containing extinct Mammalia in the
neighbourhood of the Plata (1837).
_Geol. Soc. Proc._, vol. ii., 1838, pp. 542-544;
_Ann. Sci. Nat._ Tom. vii., (Zool.) 1837, pp. 319, 320.
On certain areas of elevation and subsidence in the Pacific and Indian
Oceans, as deduced from the study of coral formations (1837).
_Geol. Soc. Proc._, vol. ii., 1838, pp. 552-554;
_Froriep, Notizen._ Bd. iv., 1838, col. 100-103.
Geological Notes made during a survey of the East and West Coasts of
South America in the years 1832, 1833, 1834, and 1835; with an account
of a transverse section of the Cordilleras of the Andes between
Valparaiso and Mendoza.
_Geol. Soc. Proc._, vol. ii., 1838, pp. 210-212.
Origin of saliferous deposits. Salt Lakes of Patagonia and La Plata.
_Geol. Soc. Jour._, vol. ii. (pt. 2), 1838, pp. 127, 128.
On the connexion of certain volcanic phenomena, and on the formation of
mountain chains, and the effects of continental elevations.
_Geol. Soc. Proc._, vol. ii., 1838, pp. 654-660;
_Geol. Soc. Trans._, vol. v., 1840, pp. 601-632;
_Poggendorff, Annal._ Bd. lii., 1841, pp. 484-496.
Monographia Chalciditum, by Francis Walker. (Vol. ii., Species collected
by C. Darwin.) London, 1839, 8vo.
Note on a rock seen on an iceberg in 16° South Latitude.
_Geog. Soc. Jour._, vol. ix., 1839, pp. 528, 529.
Ueber die Luftschifferei der Spinnen.
_Froriep, N. Not._ Bd. lxxvii., No. 222, 1839, pp. 23, 24.
Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, and of other parts of
Lochaber in Scotland, with an attempt to prove that they are of marine
origin.
_Phil. Trans._, 1839, pp. 39-82;
_Edinb. New Phil. Jour._, vol. xxvii., 1839, pp. 395-403.
On a remarkable bar of Sandstone off Pernambuco, on the coast of Brazil.
_Phil. Mag._, vol. xix., 1841, pp. 257-260.
Notes on the effects produced by the ancient glaciers of
Caernarvonshire, and on the Boulders transported by floating ice.
_Edinb. New Phil. Jour._, vol. xxxiii., 1842, pp. 352, 353.
On the distribution of the erratic boulders, and on the contemporaneous
unstratified deposits of South America (1841).
_Geol. Soc. Proc._, vol. iii., 1842, pp. 425-430;
_Geol. Soc. Trans._, vol. vi., 1842, pp. 415-432.
The structure and distribution of Coral Reefs.
_Geog. Soc. Jour._, vol. xii., 1842, pp. 115-119;
_Poggendorff, Annal._ Bd. lxiv., 1845, pp. 563-613;
_Edinb. New Phil. Jour._, vol. xxxiv., 1843, pp. 47-50.
Observations on the structure and propagation of the genus Sagitta.
_Ann. Nat. Hist._ Tom. xiii., 1844, pp. 1-6;
_Ann. Sc. Nat._ (Zool.) Tom. i., 1844, pp. 360-365;
_Froriep, Notizen._ Bd. xxx., 1844, col. 1-6.
Brief descriptions of several Terrestrial Planariæ and of some
remarkable Marine species, with an account of their habits.
_Ann. Nat. Hist._, vol. xiv., 1844, pp. 241-251.
An Account of the Fine Dust which often falls on vessels in the Atlantic
Ocean.
_Geol. Soc. Jour._, vol. ii., 1846, pp. 26-30.
On the Geology of the Falkland Islands.
_Geol. Soc. Jour._, vol. ii., 1846, pp. 267-274.
On the Transportal of Erratic Boulders from a lower to a higher level.
_Geol. Soc. Jour._, vol. iv., 1848, pp. 315-323.
A Manual of Scientific Inquiry; prepared for the use of Her Majesty's
Navy, and travellers in general. Edited by Sir John F. W. Herschel.
London, 1849, 8vo.
This work, which has run through several editions, consists of a
series of papers by various writers. Charles Darwin wrote "Geology,"
pp. 156-195.
On British Fossil Lepadidæ.
_Geol. Soc. Jour._, vol. vi., 1850, pp. 439, 440.
Analogy of the structure of some Volcanic Rocks with that of Glaciers.
_Edinb. Royal Soc. Proc._ vol. ii., 1851, pp. 17, 18.
On the power of icebergs to make rectilinear uniformly-directed grooves
across a submarine undulatory surface.
_Phil. Mag._, vol. x., 1855, pp. 96-98.
On the action of Sea-water on the germination of Seeds (1856).
_Linn. Soc. Jour._, vol. i., 1857 (Bot.), pp. 130-140.
On the agency of Bees in the Fertilisation of Papilionaceous Flowers,
and on the crossing of Kidney Beans.
_Ann. Nat. Hist._, vol. ii., 1858, pp. 459-465;
_Gardeners' Chronicle_, 1857, pp. 725, and 1858, pp. 824, 844.
On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of
Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection. By C. D. and Alfred
Wallace.
_Jour. Proc. Linn. Soc._, vol iii., 1859, pp. 45-62.
On the variation of organic beings in a state of nature; on the natural
means of selection; on the comparison of domestic races and true
species.
_Linn. Soc. Jour._, vol iii., 1859, (Zool.) pp. 46-53;
_Halle, Zeitschr. Gesell. Nat._ Bd. xvi., 1860, pp. 425-459.
Fertilisation of _Vincas_.
_Gardeners' Chronicle_, 1861, pp. 552, 831, 832.
On the Two Forms, or Dimorphic Condition, in the species of Primula,
and, on their remarkable Sexual Relations.
_Linn. Soc. Jour._, vol. vi., 1862 (Bot.), pp. 77-96.
On the three remarkable sexual forms of Catasetum tridentatum, an Orchid
in the possession of the Linnean Society.
_Linn. Soc. Jour._, vol. vi., 1862 (Bot.), pp. 151-157.
Observations sur l'hétéromorphisme des fleurs et ses conséquences pour
fécondation.
_Annal. Sci. Nat._ Tom. xix., 1863, (Bot.) pp. 204-255.
On the thickness of the Pampean formation, near Buenos Ayres.
_Geol. Soc. Jour._, vol. xix., 1863, pp. 68-71.
On the existence of two forms, and on their reciprocal sexual relation,
in several species of the genus Linum.
_Linn. Soc. Jour._, vol. vii. (Bot.), 1863, pp. 69-83.
On the so-called "Auditory sac" of Cirripedes.
_Nat. Hist. Review_, 1863, pp. 115, 116.
On the sexual relations of the three forms of Lythrum Salicaria (1864).
_Linn. Soc. Jour._, vol. viii., 1865, (Bot.) pp. 169-196;
_Archives Sci. Phys. Nat._ Tom. xxiii., 1865, pp. 69-72.
On the movements and habits of Climbing Plants (1865).
_Linn. Soc. Jour._, vol. ix., 1867, (Bot.) pp. 1-118;
_Flora_, vol. xlix., 1866, pp. 241-252, 273-282, 321-325, 337-345,
375-378, 385-398.
Queries about Expression for Anthropological Inquiry.
_Report of Smithsonian Institution_ for 1867, p. 324.
Note on the Common Broom (Cytisus Scoparius).
_Linn. Soc. Jour._, vol ix., 1867 (Bot.), p. 358.
On the character and hybrid-like nature of the offspring from the
illegitimate unions of dimorphic and trimorphic plants.
_Linn. Soc. Jour._, vol. x., 1869 (Bot.), pp. 393-437.
On the specific difference between Primula veris, _Brit. Fl._ (_var._
officinalis, _Linn._), P. vulgaris, _Brit. Fl._ (_var._ acaulis,
_Linn._) and P. elatior, _Jacq._ and on the hybrid nature of the common
Oxlip. With supplementary remarks on naturally-produced hybrids in the
genus Verbascum.
_Linn. Soc. Jour._, vol. x., 1869 (Bot.), pp. 437-454.
De la variation des animaux et des plantes sous l'action de la
domestication. (_Transl._)
_Archives Sci. Phys. Nat._ Tom. xxxiv., 1869, pp. 41-66.
The Fertilisation of Winter-flowering Plants.
_Nature_, vol. i., 1869, p. 85.
Notes on the Fertilisation of Orchids.
_Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._, vol. iv., 1869, pp. 141-159.
Note on the habits of the Pampas Woodpecker: Colaptes campestris.
_Zool. Soc. Proc._, 1870, pp. 705, 706.
Pangenesis.
_Nature_, vol. iii., 1871, pp. 502, 503.
Fertilisation of _Leschenaultia_.
_Gardeners' Chronicle_, 1871, p. 1166.
Origin of certain Instincts.
_Nature_, vol. vii., 1873, pp. 417, 418.
On the males and complemental males of certain Cirripedes, and on
rudimentary structures.
_Nature_, vol. viii., 1873, pp. 431-433.
Perception in the lower animals.
_Zoologist_, vol. viii., 1873, pp. 3488-3489;
_Nature_, vol. vii., 1878, p. 360.
Fertilisation of the Fumariaceæ.
_Nature_, vol. ix., 1874, p. 460.
Flowers of the Primrose destroyed by birds.
_Nature_, vol. ix., 1874, p. 482; vol. x., p. 24.
Sexual Selection in relation to Monkeys.
_Nature_, vol. xv., 1876, pp. 18, 19.
Testimonial to Mr. Darwin. Evolution in the Netherlands. Letter of Mr.
Darwin.
_Nature_, vol. xv., 1877, pp. 410-412.
A Biographical Sketch of an Infant.
_Mind_, vol. ii. (No. 7, July 1877), pp. 285-294.
Les Débuts de l'intelligence; Esquisse biographique d'un petit enfant,
_Revue Scientifique_, tom. 13, 1877, pp. 25-29.
The Contractile Filaments of the Teasel.
_Nature_, vol. xvi., 1877, p. 339.
Fritz Müller on Flowers and Insects.
_Nature_, vol. xvii., 1877, p. 78.
Note on Fertilisation of Plants.
_Gardeners' Chronicle_, 1877, p. 246.
Transplantation of Shells.
_Nature_, vol. xviii., 1878, p. 120.
Flowers and their unbidden guests, from the German of Dr. A. Kerner.
With a prefatory letter by C. D. London, 1878, 8vo.
Erasmus Darwin. By Ernst Krause. Translated from the German by W. S.
Dallas. With a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin. London, 1879, 8vo.
Originally appeared in "Kosmos." Charles Darwin wrote the life, pp.
1-127 for the English edition, which on the publication of the work in
book form in Germany (1880) was translated and appears in that
edition, pp. 1-72. A copy of this work in the Library of the British
Museum contains MS. Notes by Samuel Butler.
Fritz Müller on a Frog having Eggs on its back: on the Abortion of the
Hairs on the Legs of certain Caddis Flies, etc.
_Nature_, vol. xix., 1879, pp. 462-464.
Rats and Water Casks.
_Nature_, vol. xix., 1879, p. 481.
Fertility of Hybrids from the Common and Chinese Goose.
_Nature_, vol. xxi., 1880, p. 207.
The Sexual Colours of certain Butterflies.
_Nature_, vol. xxi., 1880, p. 237.
The Omari Shell Mounds.
_Nature_, vol. xxi., 1880, pp. 561, 562.
Sir Wyville Thomson on Natural Selection.
_Nature_, vol. xxiii., 1880, p. 32.
Black Sheep.
_Nature_, vol. xxiii., 1880, p. 103.
Movements of Plants.
_Nature_, vol. xxiii., 1881, p. 409.
Mr. Darwin on Vivisection.
_Nature_, vol. xxiii., 1881, p. 583.
The Movements of Leaves.
_Nature_, vol. xxiii., 1881, pp. 603, 604.
Inheritance.
_Nature_, vol. xxiv., 1881, p. 257.
Leaves injured at night by free radiation.
_Nature_, vol. xxiv., 1881, p. 459.
On the Bodily and Mental Development of Infants.
_Nature_, vol. xxiv., 1881, p. 565.
Studies in the Theory of Descent, by August Weismann. Translated and
edited by K. Meldola, with a prefatory notice by Charles Darwin. 3 pts.,
London, 1882, 8vo.
The parasitic habits of Molothrus.
_Nature_, vol. xxv., 1882, pp. 51, 52.
The action of Carbonate of Ammonia on the roots of certain plants.
_Linn. Soc. Jour._ (Bot.), vol. xix., 1882, pp. 239-261;
abstract by Mr. Francis Darwin in _Nature_, vol. xxv., 1882, pp. 489-490.
The action of Carbonate of Ammonia on Chlorophyll Bodies.
_Linn. Soc. Jour._ (Bot.), vol. xix., 1882, pp. 262-284;
abstract by Mr. Francis Darwin in _Nature_, vol. xxv., 1882, pp. 489,
490.
On the dispersal of freshwater bivalves.
_Nature_, vol. xxv., 1882, pp. 529, 530.
On the Modification of a Race of Syrian Street Dogs by means of Sexual
Selection. By Dr. Van Dyck. With a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin.
_Proc. of the Zool. Soc. of London_, 1882, pp. 367-370.
Mental Evolution in Animals. By George John Romanes. With a posthumous
essay on Instinct, by Charles Darwin. London, 1883, 8vo.
Mémoire inédit sur l'instinct.
_Revue Scientifique_, tom. vi., 1883, pp. 749, 750.
The Fertilisation of Flowers. By Prof. Hermann Mueller. Translated and
edited by D'Arcy W. Thompson. With a preface by Charles Darwin. London,
1883, 8vo.
Notes on Parasites collected by C. D., by T. Spencer Cobbold.
_Jour. Linn. Soc._ (Zoology), vol. xix., 1885, pp. 174-178.
III.--APPENDIX.
BIOGRAPHY, CRITICISM, ETC.
The European Literature upon Charles Darwin and his Works is so
extensive that it is only possible to give a selection.
Adams, W. H. Davenport.--Master Minds in Art, Science, and Letters.
London, 1886, 8vo.
Charles Darwin, with portrait, pp. 251-276.
Allen, Grant.--The Evolutionist at Large. [Reprinted from the _St.
James's Gazette_.] London, 1881, 8vo.
---- English Worthies. Edited by Andrew Lang. Charles Darwin, by G. A.
London, 1885, 8vo.
Argyll, Duke of.--The Reign of Law. London, 1867, 8vo.
References to Charles Darwin.
---- The Unity of Nature. London, 1884, 8vo.
Numerous references to Charles Darwin.
Armstrong, R. A.--Modern Sermons. No. 3. Charles Darwin, by the Rev. R.
A. Armstrong. Manchester [1885], 8vo.
Aveling, Edward B.--The Student's Darwin. (_International Library of
Science and Freethought_, vol. ii.) London, 1881, 8vo.
---- Darwinism and Small Families. London, 1882, 8vo.
---- The Religious Views of Charles Darwin. London, 1883, 8vo.
Baildon, Henry B.--The Spirit of Nature, being a series of
interpretative essays on the history of matter from the atom to the
flower. London, 1880, 8vo.
Balfour, Francis M.--A Treatise on Comparative Embryology, 2 vols.
London, 1880-1, 8vo.
Bateman, Frederic.--Darwinism tested by language; with a preface by
Edward Meyrick Goulburn, Dean of Norwich. London, 1877, 8vo.
Bennett, A. W.--The Theory of Natural Selection from a mathematical
point of view. (Read before section D of the British Association, at
Liverpool, Sept. 20, 1870.)
Bennett, D. M.--The World's Sages, Infidels, and Thinkers. New York,
1876, 8vo.
Darwin, pp. 846-848.
Benson, Lawrence S.--Philosophic Reviews. Darwin answered; or, Evolution
a myth, etc. New York, 1875, 8vo.
Bentham, George.--"Addresses of George Bentham, President, read at the
meetings of the Linnean Society, 1862-1873."
Berkeley, Hon. G. C. Grantley F.--Fact against Fiction. With some
remarks on Darwin. 2 vols. London, 1874, 8vo.
Bernardo, D. di.--Il Darwinismo e le specie animali. Siena, 1881, 8vo.
Bianconi, J. Joseph.--La Théorie Darwinienne et la Création dite
Indépendante. Bologne, 1874, 8vo.
Biological Society of Washington.--Proceedings of the Biological Society
of Washington. With the addresses read on the occasion of the Darwin
Memorial Meeting, May 12, 1882. Washington, 1882, 8vo.
With vol. xxv. of the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. The
addresses delivered on the occasion were--
Introductory by Theodore Gill;
Biographical Sketch by William H. Dall;
The Philosophic Bearings of Darwinism, by John W. Powell;
Darwin's Investigations on the relation of Plants and Insects, by C.
V. Riley;
Darwin as a Botanist, by L. F. Ward;
Darwin on Emotional Expression, by F. Baker;
a Darwinian Bibliography, by F. W. True.
Blind, Mathilde.--Shelley's View of Nature contrasted with Darwin's.
London, 1886, 8vo.
Only 25 copies of this lecture were printed for private distribution.
Boase, Henry S.--A few words on Evolution and Creation, etc. London,
1832, 8vo.
Braubach, W.--Religion, Moral, und Philosophie der Darwin'schen
Artlehre. Neuwied, 1869, 8vo.
Bree, C. R.--Species not Transmutable, nor the result of secondary
causes. Being a critical examination of Mr. Darwin's work entitled
"Origin and Variation of Species." London [1860], 8vo.
---- An Exposition of Fallacies in the Hypothesis of Mr. Darwin. London,
1872, 8vo.
Büchner, Ludwig.--Sechs Vorlesungen über die Darwin'sche Theorie, etc.
Leipzig, 1868, 8vo.
---- Conférences sur la Théorie Darwinienne de la Transmutation des
Espèces, etc. Leipzig, 1869, 8vo.
Butler, Samuel.--Evolution, old and new; or, the theories of Buffon, Dr.
Erasmus Darwin, and Lamarck, as compared with that of Mr. Charles
Darwin. London, 1879, 8vo.
---- Second edition. London, 1882, 8vo.
---- Unconscious Memory, etc. London, 1880, 8vo.
---- Luck or Cunning, as the main means of organic modification? An
attempt to throw additional light upon the late Mr. Charles Darwin's
Theory of Natural Selection. London, 1887, 8vo.
Candolle, Alphonse de.--Histoire des Sciences et des Savants depuis deux
Siècles, suivie d'autres études sur des sujets scientifiques, en
particulier sur la Sélection dans l'Espèce Humaine. Genève, 1873, 8vo.
---- Darwin considéré au point de vue des causes de son succès et de
l'importance de ses travaux. Deuxième édition. Genève, 1882, 8vo.
Canestrini, Giovanni.--La Teoria dell' Evoluzione esposta ne' suoi
fondamenti come introduzione alla lettura delle opere del Darwin e de'
suoi seguaci. Torino, 1877, 8vo.
Carlyle, Rev. Gavin.--The Battle of Unbelief. London, 1878, 8vo.
Darwinianism and Man, pp. 149-173.
Carneri, B.--Sittlichkeit und Darwinismus. Wien, 1871, 8vo.
Cartoon Portraits.--Cartoon Portraits and Biographical Sketches of Men
of the Day. London, 1873, 4to.
C. R. Darwin, F.R.S., pp. 6 and 7.
Cattell, Charles C.--Is Darwinism Atheistic? (_The Atheistic Platform_,
No. viii.) London, 1884, 8vo.
Celakovsky, Ladislav.--Uvahy Prirodov[)e]decké o Darwinov[)e] Theorii,
etc. V Praze, 1877, 8vo.
Cleland, John.--Evolution, Expression, and Sensation, etc. Glasgow,
1881, 8vo.
Cobbe, Frances Power.--Darwinism in Morals, and other Essays. London,
1872, 8vo.
Collins, Mortimer.--Pen Sketches by a Vanished Hand; from the papers of
the late Mortimer Collins. 2 vols. London, 1879, 8vo.
Darwinism, vol. ii., pp. 51-61.
Conn, H. W.--Evolution of To-day, etc. New York, 1886, 8vo.
Cook, Joseph.--Boston Monday Lectures. Heredity, etc. London, 1881, 8vo.
Darwin's Theory of Pangenesis, pp. 59-79;
Darwin on the Origin of Conscience, pp. 80-99.
Cooper, Thomas.--Evolution, the Stone Book, and the Mosaic Record of
Creation. London, 1878, 8vo.
---- Thoughts at fourscore, and earlier. A Medley. London, 1885, 8vo.
Charles Darwin and the Fallacies of evolution, pp. 132-162;
The Origin of Species, pp. 322-334.
Cope, E. D.--Origin of the Fittest. London, 1887, 8vo.
Cunningham, J. T.--The Round Table Series. (No. 5.) Charles Darwin,
Naturalist. Edinburgh, 1886, 8vo.
Curtis, George T.--Creation or Evolution? A Philosophical Inquiry.
London, 1887, 8vo.
Darwin, Charles R.--The Darwinian Theory of the Transmutation of Species
examined by a Graduate of the University of Cambridge. Second edition.
London, 1868, 8vo.
---- The Fall of Man: or, the Loves of the Gorillas. A popular
scientific lecture upon the Darwinian Theory of Development by Sexual
Selection. By a Learned Gorilla. Edited by the author of "The New Gospel
of Peace." [Illustrated.] New York, 1871, 8vo.
---- Our Blood Relations; or, the Darwinian Theory. London, 1872, 8vo.
---- Stammen wir von den Affen ab? [Being a reply to Darwin's Origin of
Species.] Dresden, 1872, 8vo.
---- The Fall of Man; an answer to Mr. Darwin's "Descent of Man,"
being a complete refutation, by common sense arguments, of the Theory of
the Development of the human race by means of natural selection. London,
1873, 8vo.
---- The Darwinian Theory examined. London, 1878, 8vo.
---- Bondige uiteenzetting van het Darwinisme voor leeken in de
natuurwetenschappen. Deventer, 1878, 8vo.
---- What Mr. Darwin saw in his voyage round the world in the ship
"Beagle." [Illustrated.] New York [1879], 8vo.
---- Die Grundlehren der wahren Naturreligion nach Darwin und Haeckel.
Berlin, 1881, 8vo.
---- Darwinism stated by Darwin himself. Characteristic passages from
the writings of C. D., selected and arranged by N. Sheppard. New York,
1884, 8vo.
Daubeny, Charles.--Remarks on the final causes of the Sexuality of
Plants, with particular reference to Mr. Darwin's work on the Origin of
Species. Oxford, 1860, 8vo.
---- Miscellanies: being a collection of Memoirs and Essays, etc. 2
vols. Oxford, 1867, 8vo.
Remarks on the Final Causes of the Sexuality of Plants, etc., vol.
ii., pp. 85-107.
Davey, Samuel.--Darwin, Carlyle, and Dickens, with other essays. London
[1876], 8vo.
Davies, Charles M.--Mystic London; or, phases of occult life in the
Metropolis. London, 1875, 8vo.
"Darwinism on the Devil," pp. 179-197.
Diman, Jeremiah Lewis.--The Theistic Argument as effected by recent
theories. A course of lectures delivered at the Lowell Institute in
Boston. [Edited, with a preface, by G. P. Fisher.] Boston, 1881, 8vo.
Dixon, Charles.--Evolution without Natural Selection; or, the
Segregation of Species without the aid of the Darwinian Hypothesis.
London, 1885, 8vo.
Dodel, _afterwards_ Dodel-Port, Arnold. Die neuere Schöpfungsgeschichte
nach dem gegenwärtigen Stande der Naturwissenschaften, etc. Leipzig,
1875, 8vo.
Draper, Professor.--"On the Intellectual Development of Europe,
considered with reference to the views of Mr. Darwin and others, that
the Progression of Organisms is determined by Law." Paper read at the
Oxford Meeting of the British Association, 1860, with discussion.
(_Gardeners' Chronicle_, Aug. 6, 1860, pp. 713, 714.)
Dreher, Eugen.--Der Darwinismus und seine Consequenzen in
wissenschaftlicher und socialer Beziehung. Halle, 1882, 8vo.
Drury, John B.--Veddes Lectures, 1883. Truths and Untruths of Evolution.
New York [1884], 8vo.
Dubois-Reymond, Emil.--Darwin _versus_ Galiani. Berlin, 1876, 8vo.
---- Friedrich II. in Englischen Urtheilen. Darwin und Kopernicus, etc.
Leipzig, 1884, 8vo.
Ducasse, Félix.--Étude historique et critique sur le Transformisme, etc.
Paris, 1876, 8vo.
Dumont, Léon A.--Haeckel et la théorie de l'évolution en Allemagne.
Paris, 1873, 8vo.
Duval, Mathias.--Le Darwinisme. Paris, 1886, 8vo.
Dykes, Rev. J. Oswald.--Problems of Faith, a contribution to present
controversies, being a third series of Lectures to Young Men, etc. With
a preface by the Rev. J. O. D. London, 1875, 8vo.
---- Disputed Questions of Belief; being Lectures to Young Men, etc.
London, 1874, 8vo.
Evolution: An Exposition and Critique by the Rev. H. S. Paterson, pp.
183-252.
Elam, Charles.--Winds of Doctrine: being an examination of the modern
theories of automatism and evolution. London, 1876, 8vo.
Encyclopædia Americana.--The Encyclopædia Americana, etc. New York,
1885, 4to.
Articles Darwin and Darwinism, vol. ii., pp. 542-555.
Encyclopædia Britannica.--The Encyclopædia Britannica. Ninth edition.
Vol 8. Edinburgh, 1877, 4to.
The article _Evolution_ by Professor Huxley and James Sully.
Ercolani, Luigi.--Darwinismo. Reggio, Calabria, 1882, 8vo.
Essays.--English Essays. Hamburg, 1869, 12mo.
Mr. Darwin's Theories, vol. ii., pp. 108-138. Reprinted from the
_Westminster Review_, January 1869.
Fawcett, Henry.--On the Method of Mr. Darwin in his Treatise on the
Origin of Species. (_Report of the 31st Meeting of the British
Association_, 1861, p. 141.) London, 1862, 8vo.
Fée, A.--Le Darwinisme, ou Examen de la Théorie relative à l'origine des
espèces. Paris, 1864, 8vo.
Appeared originally in the _Gazette Hebdomadaire de Médecine et de
Chirurgie_, 1864.
Ferrière, Émile.--Le Darwinisme. Paris, 1872, 8vo.
Ferris, Benjamin G.--A new theory of the Origin of Species. New York,
1883, 8vo.
Fiske, John.--Darwinism, and other Essays. London, 1879, 8vo.
---- Another edition. Boston [U.S.], 1885, 8vo.
---- Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy, based on the Doctrine of Evolution,
etc. 2 vols. London, 1874, 8vo.
Numerous references to Charles Darwin.
---- Excursions of an Evolutionist. London, 1884, 8vo.
In memoriam: Charles Darwin, pp. 337-369.
---- The Destiny of Man viewed in the light of his Origin. Boston
[U.S.], 1884, 8vo.
---- The Idea of God as affected by modern knowledge. London, 1885, 8vo.
Flourens, M. J. P.--Examen du livre de M. Darwin sur l'origine des
espèces. Paris, 1864, 12mo.
Flower, Professor W. H. On Palæontological Evidence of Gradual
Modification of Animal Forms, read at the Royal Institution of Great
Britain, April 25, 1873 (_Journal of the Royal Institution_).
Force, M. F.--Pre-historic Man. Darwinism and Deity. The Mound Builders.
Cincinnati, 1873, 8vo.
Galton, Francis.--Hereditary Genius: an inquiry into its laws and
consequences. London, 1869, 8vo.
References to C. D.
---- English Men of Science: their nature and nurture. London, 1874,
8vo.
References to C. D.
---- Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development. London, 1883,
8vo.
References to C. D.
Geology.--Geology and its Teaching, especially as it relates to the
Development Theory as propounded in "Vestiges of Creation" and Darwin's
"Origin of Species." Reprinted from the "Leeds Express." London, 1861,
12mo.
Gibson, Rev. Charles B.--Philosophy, Science, and Revelation. Second
edition. London, 1874, 8vo.
Goblet d'Alviella, Count Eugène.--The Contemporary Evolution of
Religious Thought in England, America, and India. Translated by J.
Moden. London, 1885, 8vo.
Graham, William.--The Creed of Science, religious, moral, and social.
London, 1881, 8vo.
Gray, Asa.--Natural Selection not inconsistent with Natural Theology. A
free examination of Darwin's Treatise on the Origin of Species and of
its American Reviewers. London, 1861, 8vo.
Appeared originally in the _Atlantic Monthly_ for July, August, and
October, 1860.
---- Darwiniana: Essays and Reviews pertaining to Darwinism. New York,
1876, 8vo.
Greaves, C. A.--The Science of Life; and Darwin's Hypothesis. Two
lectures. London [1873], 8vo.
Haeckel, Ernst H. P. A.--Generelle Morphologie der Organismen.
Allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch
begründet durch die von Charles Darwin, etc. 2 Bde. Berlin, 1866, 8vo.
---- Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte, etc. Berlin, 1868, 8vo.
---- Die heutige Entwickelungslehre im Verhältnisse zur
Gesammtwissenschaft. Stuttgart, 1877, 8vo.
---- Gesammelte populäre Vorträge aus dem Gebiete der
Entwickelungslehre. Bonn, 1878-79, 8vo.
---- Anthropogenie, oder Entwickelungsgeschichte des Menschen, etc.
Leipzig, 1874, 8vo.
---- The Evolution of Man, etc. From the German of E. H. [With plates.]
2 vols. London, 1879, 8vo.
---- Ziele und Wege der heutigen Entwickelungsgeschichte. Jena, 1875,
8vo.
---- Die Naturanschauung von Darwin, Goethe, und Lamarck. Jena, 1882,
8vo.
---- The Pedigree of Man: and other Essays, by E. Haeckel. Translated
from the German by Edward B. Aveling. (_International Library of Science
and Freethought_, vol. 6.) London, 1883, 8vo.
Hall, A. Wilford.--The Problem of Human Life,... with a review of
Darwin, Huxley, etc. Revised edition. New York, 1880, 8vo.
Hallier, Ernst.--Darwin's Lehre und die Specification. Hamburg, 1865,
8vo.
Hartmann, C. R. E. von.--Wahrheit und Irrthum im Darwinismus. Berlin,
1875, 8vo.
---- Darwinismus und Thierproduction. München, 1876, 8vo.
---- Le Darwinisme, traduit de l'Allemand par Georges Guéroult. Paris,
1877, 8vo.
Hartsen, F. A.--Darwin en de Godsdienst. Eene populaire uiteenzetting
van het Darwinisme, etc. Leyden, 1869, 8vo.
Heller, Karl B.--Darwin und der Darwinismus. Wien, 1869, 8vo.
Henslow, George.--The Theory of Evolution of living things, and the
application of the principles of evolution to religion considered as
illustrative of the "Wisdom and Beneficence of the Almighty." London,
1873, 8vo.
---- The Fertilisation of Plants: a lecture [on D.'s
Cross-and-Self-Fertilisation of Plants] delivered 8th March, 1877.
(_Transactions of the Watford Nat. Hist. Soc._ Vol. i., 1878, pp.
201-210.)
Hertwig, R.--Gedächtnissrede auf Charles Darwin. Königsberg, 1883, 4to.
Hertzka, Theodor.--Die Urgeschichte der Erde und des Menschen, I.
Vorlesung über die Darwin'sche Theorie, etc. Pest, 1871, 8vo.
Hicks, L. E.--A Critique of Design-Arguments, etc. New York, 1883, 8vo.
Darwinism and Design, pp. 308-330.
Hodge, Charles.--What is Darwinism? London, 1874, 8vo.
Hoffmann, Hermann.--Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung des Werthes von
Species und Varietät, etc. Giessen, 1869, 8vo.
Huber, Johannes.--Die Lehre Darwin's kritisch betrachtet von Dr. J. H.
München, 1871, 8vo.
Humiecki, M.--Darwinizm. Lwów, 1878, 8vo.