*For the final literary form of the second half of this paper P. E.
Goddard is responsible.
The artifacts, complete and fragmentary, unearthed during the excavation
of the Emeryville shellmound are of stone, bone or horn, and shell.[64]
In number, the objects of bone and horn about equal those of stone, or
if the large quantity of chipped stone in the lower strata be deducted,
being mainly workshop chips, the bone specimens are even in the
majority. Although shell heaps usually abound in bone implements, the
large number of such implements recovered in this mound is quite
remarkable, especially since the mound at West Berkeley, only two miles
distant, seems to possess a much smaller number of them. There the bone
implements recovered bear the proportion of from 1:5 to 1:10 of those of
stone, so in the case of bone implements we find verification of the
observation regarding the less frequent occurrence of the bones of
animals as waste in proportion to other waste.[65] The occupants of the
West Berkeley mound being essentially fishermen, apparently gave less
time to the chase, and as a result may have neglected handicrafts in
which bone implements were used.[66][67]
-----
[64] Remains of pottery are found in quantities in the shellmounds on
the Atlantic Coast (cf. Abbott, _l. c._, p. 43_a_), and also in those of
other localities (Brazil, Peru). They do not, of course, appear in
California shellmounds since stone pots and baskets were used in their
place at all times.
[65] The specimens of bone implements recovered in shellmounds are of
great importance in the study of the use of such implements among
primitive peoples, since they are so rarely found in other fields of
research (cf. also Abbott, _l. c._, p. 205). Still shellmounds greatly
differ in this respect. While bone implements are “quite abundant” in
the shellmounds of New England, the same as here (Wyman, Am. Naturalist.
I, p. 581), the mounds in New Jersey yield only one bone to every 3,000
stone implements. (Abbott, _l. c._)
[66]
[67]
A. Implements made of Stone.
a. Made by Grinding.
1. Mortars.
Stone mortars were among the most common and most useful implements that
the ancient inhabitants of the land possessed, being used for the
preparation of meal and for other purposes. Correspondingly numerous
therefore are these objects, found mostly in fragments, and scattered
through nearly all the strata from the second to the tenth. There are
three perfect specimens and eleven fragments in our collection, nearly
all made of lava. The largest of the mortars, 1-9102, fig. 3, was
recovered quite accidentally near g in plan III at the extreme western
end of the mound. Judging from the place of its discovery, about 3-1/2
inches below the surface, the mortar must have been lost in about the
middle period while the foot of the mound was increasing from n to p.
Its outside surface is rough like the natural boulder, it is 1 foot long
by 9 inches wide and 7-1/2 inches high. Within it is oval and measures 6
to 7 inches in diameter and 5 inches in depth. The smaller mortar,
1-8705, fig. 4, was found in stratum VI. On the outside it is rounded
off and ornamented with engraved vertical lines, which are intersected
near the edge by a horizontal one. The edge is partly worn away by use.
Such simple lines as an ornamentation of the outside are occasionally
observed on California mortars.
[Illustration: Fig. 3. × 1/4. A large mortar.]
1-8664, fig. 5, a small mortar from stratum III, is of different shape,
oval both in its outline and in cross section, the bottom being slightly
flattened; it has a rather small round cavity, 1-1/2 inches in diameter
and one-sixth inch deep. It may have served for the pounding up of
substances which were used only in small quantities, such as color
pigments. The width of this mortar is 2-1/2 inches, its height and
thickness 1-7/8 inches. Powers presents a view of a similar specimen
from California, a proof that this type occurred in this region. A
fragment, 1-8810 of the collection from stratum VIII, may be the bottom
of a similar utensil.
[Illustration: Fig. 4. About one-half natural size.]
[Illustration: Fig. 5. × 3/4. Small mortars.]
Some additional types of mortars are represented among the fragments;
they will be given below in the order in which they were recovered.
1-8594, fig. 6, from stratum II, is one of several fragments of this
stratum and belongs to a relatively advanced type, resembling a vessel.
These stone vessels had a fairly even thickness of the sides of about an
inch, and were fashioned quite regularly without and within. This rim is
flattened and slopes inward. The diameter of the complete mortars may
have been a foot. This type of mortar is quite common in California. The
collection from Santa Rosa Island in the University Museum made by Dr.
Jones contains several similar specimens. 1-8707 fig. 7, stratum IV, is
an odd fragment. Its well fashioned bottom part is surrounded by a rim
which in turn is bordered by two chambers which exactly correspond; the
surface between them is broken. This fragment may also have been part of
a mortar, although it is not possible now to restore it to any shape
represented among the familiar types. Fig. 8, 1-9077, shows a fragment
of a mortar recovered in the Xth stratum, and it is the only one found
lower than stratum VIII. It lay hardly an inch from the base of the
mound. It has a peculiarly jagged shape; the convex exterior is the
rough boulder stone, as are the uneven sides, but the inner concave
surface is ground down smooth. The peculiar jagged shape may be
explained by the fact that it is a piece of a mortar, the rim of which
by long usage had been worn away in places, and as a result points were
formed. The collection of Dr. Jones from Santa Rosa contains a mortar
with a jagged rim, caused probably also by wearing away, but in that
case the points of the rim show some decoration, unlike the present
fragment. 1-8848, fig. 9, stratum VII_a_, may throw some light on the
possible cause of these indentations resulting from long usage. In the
latter specimen the surface of the bulging portion is rough, as in
1-9077.
[Illustration: Figs. 6, 7, and 8. × 1/2. Fragments of mortars.]
[Illustration: Fig. 9. × 2/3.]
[Illustration: Fig. 10. × 1/2. Fragments of mortars.]
The small fragment, 1-8621, fig. 10, stratum II, has to be included also
in the class of mortar-like utensils. It is made of a soft material
resembling steatite, it curves as if it were a handle and is broken off
at one end, while the other rounded end shows marks of blows. This
object may be compared to the handle of the cup-shaped vessel of
steatite from Dos Pueblos in Southern California and shown by Professor
Putnam, l. c., pl. VI, fig. 5 (cf. l. c., p. 110). Similar utensils from
Santa Catalina Island and other places are mentioned there; hence it may
be assumed that this type of utensils was used by the occupants of the
mound during its last period.
[Illustration: Fig. 11. × 1/2. Fragment of a mortar.]
Fig. 11, 1-8533, from stratum I, shows a stone fragment, hollowed out
like a mortar. The upper rim of the specimen must have had a sharp
angle, as the outer surface is almost vertical while the concavity is
rather shallow, forming a cup with a considerable diameter.
[Illustration: Fig. 12. × 1/2. Fragment of a stone used for grinding.]
2. Flat Stones.
It is only from three small fragments that the presence of this type
within the mound may be inferred. All three were recovered in stratum V;
one of them, 1-8751, is shown in figure 12. Judging from the fragments,
these grinding stones were square in shape, about 1-1/2 to 2 inches in
thickness and were worn smooth, both on the horizontal surface and on
the sides and ends. The occurrence of flat grindstones is not
unprecedented in California; some have been found in Sonoma county[68]
and elsewhere. They were perhaps used in the manufacture of shell
ornaments and beads.
-----
[68] Moorehead, _l. c._, p. 291.
3. Pestles.
[Illustration: Fig. 13. × 1/2. Pestle with depression on one side. Fig.
14. × 1/2. A grooved sinker. Fig. 15. × 1/2. Upper end of a pestle.]
Many fragments having the usual form were found, but only one was
perfect, and that of unusual shape. 1-8670, fig. 13, was recovered in
cut A, 6 inches below the surface. It is 6-3/8 inches long, 3 inches
wide, and 2-1/8 inches thick, tapering toward the pestle-like rounded
end, the other end being flat. Marks on it show that it was also used as
a hammer. Sunk into one of the sides, at about the center of gravity, is
a long conical groove about one-third of an inch deep; the opposite side
shows the beginning of another such groove. They may have been worn into
the stone by using the broad side of the implement in driving stakes,
etc. The beginning of a second groove, otherwise superfluous, on the
opposite side seems to bear this out, as do the marks on the surface of
the broad end. These latter indications are a proof that the utensil was
not used as a pestle only. This is not the only instance of a pestle
with side grooves. Ch. Rau pictures a very similar one from Tesuque in
New Mexico.[69] Mr. Stevenson’s opinion that the side grooves served for
holding the pigment which had just been ground by the pestle seems to be
merely a conjecture on his part. A stone was found in the West Berkeley
shellmound which seems arbitrarily to combine several purposes,—a
groove encircling it shows its use as a sinker, a semispherical cavity
which at its widest part breaks into the groove points to its use as a
mortar.
[Illustration: Fig. 16 and 17. × 1/2. The lower ends of pestles. Fig.
18. × 1/2. Stone used for hammer with depression for fingers. Fig. 19. ×
1/2. A new type of implement of unknown use.]
The 17 fragments of pestles of usual shape were fairly uniformly
distributed throughout all the strata, as was the case with the mortars.
However, 7 of these came from stratum II alone. There were no
peculiarities to be noted in the fragments as to their forms. They were
about 2-1/2 inches thick and were rounded off at the lower end. The
upper end sometimes tapered after a conical swelling immediately next
the grinding surface. They were cut straight off at the upper end,
unless indeed the abruptly cut surface is the result of a previous
breaking. Sharply pointed or button-like ornamentations at the upper
ends which are usual in those found in California[70] were not noticed.
Figures 15 to 17 show three fragments,—1-8882, 1-8597, and 1-8666 from
strata VIII, II, and from the cut A. Of these, the first illustrates the
upper end of a pestle, the other two, lower ends.
The little object 1-8620 from stratum II, plate 12, fig. 11, seems to be
best included under pestle stones. It is made of fine grained stone,
which would point to its use for more delicate purposes. It is a
truncated cone, with oval section, 1-1/8 inches wide and 1-3/16 inches
thick. The lower base is slightly arched and, as can plainly be seen, is
scratched slightly by use; a small middle cavity in the narrow upper
surface shows traces of asphaltum. It may have been used as a pestle.
-----
[69] Observations on the cup-shaped sculpture in Contrib. to North
American Ethnology, 1882, V, fig. 39, with p. 47 repeated by Stephen D.
Peet in The Moundbuilders, 1892, I, p. 5, fig. 5.
[70] Putnam, _l. c._, pp. 87-89; Moorehead, _l. c._, p. 290.
4. Hammer-like Stones.
Strangely enough, only two such implements were found in this mound,
while in the West Berkeley mound several that conclusively belonged to
this class were unearthed.
One of these, a boulder stone the size of one’s fist, oval in shape and
flattened, was found in the lowest stratum, X. The marks of blows making
the side edges uneven show its use as a hammer. The other, 1-8720, fig.
18, from stratum IV, is one of the familiar type having a groove for the
insertion of the fingers. It is a stone 3-1/4 inches long, 3 inches
wide, and of an uneven thickness not exceeding 1-5/8 inches, flattened
off at its thickest (lower) end. There is a depression in each of the
broad sides. The surface of the indentations is dotted with small holes.
Similar stones have been found in many places in the United States,—in
New Jersey, Pennsylvania,[71] on the Aleutians,[72] and elsewhere.
Abbott has pointed out the fact that the edges of some of these stones
could not very well have been used for hammering since they do not show
the signs of such usage. The stone in question was evidently used in two
ways,—as a hammer at the lower flat surface, which is from five-eighths
to 1-1/8 inches wide and in this case provided with indentations serving
for the insertion of the finger; and as a hammer at the flat sides for
the driving of stakes, etc., in which case it was grasped by the rims.
The pits in the depressions were probably the result of this latter use
of the implement. The writer has noticed that just such flat stones were
used in Bolivia for the driving of stakes, and there, too, the broad
side which gave the blow was pitted. The material used is hard
sandstone.
-----
[71] Abbott, _l. c._, pp. 425 to 431, figs. 399 to 404. Chas. Rau, _l.
c._ Smithson. Contrib., No. 297, Vol. XXII, p. 20, figs. 80 to 81, and
p. 22.
[72] Dall, _l. c._, p. 55.
5. Flat Stones Pointed at both Ends.
Two objects of this form, coming from stratum II, represents a new type
of implement. They are almost identical in shape. One of them, 1-8604,
is shown in fig. 19. They consist of long, flat, quadrangular boulder
stones, 3-5/8 and 3-7/8 inches long, with an even width and thickness of
1-5/8 inches. Both ends are simply sharpened to a point, and the broad
sides, top and bottom, are shaved off as far as the middle of the stone.
In form, the stones are similar to a wooden top of today.
6. Sinker-like Stones.
Stones of this description form a large class, exhibiting, however,
great diversities of shape. They all seem to have served the same
purpose since most of them show indisputable signs of such usage.
About 18 stones of this kind were found in the mound. As regards their
varying form and utility, they may be classed as follows:
I. Spherical and oval stones with a peripheral groove: Fig. 20, 1-8669,
shows a spherical stone of this kind, found at a depth of 5 feet in cut
A. 1-8534, fig. 21, a fragment of an oval stone with a groove about its
largest circumference is from stratum I.
II. Flat boulder stones with notches in the corresponding sides for
fastening them: Two of these were found in the upper strata; one, from
stratum IV, is shown in figure 22.
[Illustration: Fig. 20. × 1/2. Figs. 21 and 22. × 3/4. Sinker-like
stones.]
III. Stones with holes pierced through them by which they were
suspended: These form the type that may with the most certainty be
classed as sinkers. 1-8535, plate 12, fig. 7, from stratum I, is the
only specimen of this class found.
IV. Pear-shaped and kindred stones; also conical pendant stones: The
fourth class is the largest, in that the greatest number of shapes may
be included in it. The following are to be counted in with this class:
_a._ Pear-shaped stones and others, though slighter, still very like
them. This type is represented by:
1. A perfect pear-shaped stone, 1-8611, plate 10, fig. 2, from stratum
II.
2. More or less fragmentary bits, 1-8612, 3, the first without a doubt,
the second probably from stratum II. See 1-8613, plate 10, fig. 1.
3. Five fragments of stones of a slenderer, less perfect though similar
form, 1-8614, 5 and 6 (plate 10, figs. 5, 3, 8), 1-8617 and 1-8718
(plate 10, fig. 4), the latter one from stratum IV, the others from II.
_b._ Inverted pear-shaped stones, some flat. This shape is related,
though distantly, to the above. Two fragments, 1-8618 and 1-8619, from
stratum II, see 1-8618, plate 10, fig. 6.
_c._ A conical stone with slanting lower surface (1-8719, plate 10, fig.
7) from stratum IV. It is very similar in shape to the upper part of the
pear-shaped stones.
_d._ A pointed stone, 1-8925, from stratum VIII, plate 10, fig. 9, which
is only very distantly related to the pear-shape forms.
These stones belong to that class of objects which have been interpreted
at different times as being:
1. Weights for determining the vertical.
2. Weights for weaving apparatus.
3. Weights used in spinning.
4. Weights used for fishing nets or lines.
5. Ornaments.
6. Medicine stones or charms.[73]
A number of articles under class IV (Form IV_a_) are made of
hematite.[74] Of the objects under consideration, 1-8925 (plate 10, fig.
9) is made of the same. The use of hematite generally presupposes that
an implement is going to be employed as a weight. Since the forms that
belong to this class merge into one another in an uninterrupted series,
one is justified in assuming that they were all weights.
It is further clear that the shape of the pear-like stones, which have
caused so much speculation, must have been fitted for some particular
purpose. This is to be inferred from the fact that stones of like shape
have been found in widely separated parts of the United States outside
of California, in Maine,[75] Massachusetts,[76] Ohio,[77] Illinois,[78]
and elsewhere.
Furthermore, H. H. Bancroft[79] has made the important assertion that
such implements are usually found in a mutilated condition. This is
borne out by the fact that out of the nine pear-shaped and inverted
pear-shaped stones represented by groups 4_a_ and 4_b_, there is only
one which is perfect. It is to be inferred from this that, however
elaborately they are ornamented, these implements were put to
essentially practical uses. Hence the theory that they were worn as
ornaments or charms is untenable.[80]
The supposition that they were used on the end of a plumb line is also
invalid, since civilization was not far enough advanced among the
Indians for that sort of thing. Weaving and spinning apparatus requiring
the use of the stones as weights are so rarely found that we cannot
explain the presence of such a large number of stones in that way. And
especially not in California since the Indians there have never spun nor
woven.
Hence the only explanation left is that they were used in fishing. The
great quantities of such implements found on the coast has often been
noted.[81] That nine were found in a shellmound such as the one at
Emeryville substantiates this theory. They have also been noticed in a
number of other shellmounds about the bay (even though these have been
little excavated), as at Ellis Landing and in Visitacion Valley,[82] and
their shape is identically the same (plate 10, fig. 2). There is one
from a shellmound on Seaver’s Ranch with exactly the same shape, plate
10, fig. 1. Drawings were made by J. Deans of two other objects which
were also taken from the same shellmound in Visitacion Valley and which
had like forms.[83] If we accept the hypothesis that these stones in
general are sinkers, there are of course difficulties in the case of
individual stones, that must be explained away. The following
peculiarities which appear must be mentioned:
1. Occasional peculiarities in material: Some are not very heavy, some
rather soft; and in others the ornamentation either in color, grain, or
crystalline markings is so prominent that an ornamental use is
suggested. 1-8615, plate 10, fig. 3, seems to be a stone of this
description,—the material of which it is made is reddish and fine
grained, and ornamented to some extent.
2. The occasional absolute lack of any contrivance by which the
implement might have been suspended: 1-8925, plate 10, fig. 9, is, for
instance, of this kind. It is for the greater part of its length
absolutely round and gradually tapers to a point. The outer end is in
the form of a handle which is flattened to about one-half inch wide and
one-quarter inch thick and is rough from the marks of blows; the main
part of the instrument is smooth. The handle-like part must, from its
form and roughness, have served to fasten it by. It looks, however, more
as though it were intended to fit into a shaft, rather than to be
suspended. It is important to note that one of the long sides is
entirely covered with asphaltum. This fact excludes the possibility that
it was fastened into a shaft. It must further be called to mind that, as
in the case of the California Indian dancing costume, various rod-like
bits of stone are sometimes fastened on by means of hangers, the
provision for their suspension being made on the stones themselves. The
use of asphaltum in securing them often did away with otherwise
necessary changes in their form. At any rate it allowed great
imperfection in form.
Fragment 1-8616, plate 10, fig. 8, is an example of the above; it is
pear-shaped and the upper conical point is encircled by a broad band of
asphaltum which served for its attachment.
The sinker-like stones of classes I-III present fewer difficulties in
their explanation than do the pear-shaped and kindred ones. The use of
flat boulder stones with side grooves as net-sinkers is agreed to by
all.[84] The fact that here as in the East, and as in the shellmound of
West Berkeley, many of these have been found in groups, points almost
conclusively to their use as net weights.
Professor Putnam has already called attention to the use of spherical
stones (fig. 20), with a peripherally encircling groove as sinkers.[85]
Similar stones are also found in shellmounds in Massachusetts and in the
Aleutian Islands.
Dr. Yates[86] was informed by an Indian that such was the use of a stone
found in Napa (California).[87] The use of the oval stones (as fig. 21)
is in general to be explained in the same way. A stone of that kind is,
for example, known to have been found in Oregon.[88] Another one has
been found in California (supposedly at Spanish Flat). It has been
pictured by H. H. Bancroft.[89]
The stone, 1-8535, plate 12, fig. 7, from stratum I, is a sinker,
judging from its general shape; it is long and oval, pierced at the
upper end. Stones of like form have been found in numbers in the
shellmound at West Berkeley. They are probably sinkers like many other
stones found there.[90] The upper eyelet has been broken off in the
stone under consideration. The stone is slightly flattened; one of the
end surfaces is more curved than the other and one of the broad sides
more elaborately adorned. On one side a lattice-like ornamentation joins
on to a deep groove. On the other side may be seen several somewhat
ruder lines like hatchings. The material is that commonly used. Abbott
describes an ornamented stone pendent as a gorget and another one from
Illinois with plastic ornaments, as a sinker.[91] Compare this with a
picture of a pendent stone from San Clemente Island.[92] The fact that
these stones are ornamented seems to make their use as sinkers doubtful
but not impossible, since fishhooks are sometimes much ornamented.[93]
Plate 12, fig. 8, 1-8630, is somewhat sinker-like, but in many respects
it diverges from the general class. It is made of very light, soft
stone, and is an elongated oval in shape, with five grooves parallel to
one another cut in about the edge. It is elaborately ornamented with
oblique hatch-like lines on the edges between the grooves. Hence it is
improbable that it was a sinker—it cannot, however, as yet be assigned
to another use.
-----
[73] Dr. L. G. Yates, Smiths. Rep., 1886, pt. I, p. 296, further
explained in Bulletin of the Santa Barbara Soc. of Nat. History, No. 2;
Moorehead, _l. c._, pp. 249 to 250, etc.
[74] Abbott, _l. c._, p. 232, fig. 220, from Illinois; Rau, Smith’s
Contrib., p. 27, No. 101, from Tennessee (cf. for both pl. VIII, fig.
2); Moorehead, _l. c._, p. 251, fig. 29, from Santa Barbara, Cal.
[75] Moorehead, _l. c._, p. 92, fig. 113.
[76] Rau, _l. c._, p. 27, figs. 105-106, Abbott, pp. 228 and 230, figs.
216 and 218.
[77] Abbott, _l. c._, p. 233, fig. 222, Rau, fig. 103.
[78] Abbott, _l. c._, pp. 232 and 233, figs. 221 and 223.
[79] Native Races, IV, p. 711.
[80] According to Dr. L. G. Yates, Bulletin 2 of the Santa Barbara Soc.
of Nat. Hist., the California Indians regard such pear-shaped stones as
charms and use them as such. This is analogous to their superstitious
belief concerning stone hatchets whose original significance has long
been forgotten and hence is no explanation of the original use to which
these articles were put.
[81] Cf. F. W. Putnam, _l. c._, p. 195.
[82] See Illustration in H. H. Bancroft’s Native Races, IV, p. 711.
[83] Journal of the Anthropological Institute, _l. c._, p. 489.
[84] Cf. particularly Abbott, _l. c._, p. 237.
[85] _l. c._, p. 203.
[86] Bulletin, _l. c._, pl. III, fig. 22, and p. 17.
[87] Spherical and oval stones with a peripheral groove are implements
of a very simple form and hence they lend themselves to different uses.
The old copper fac-simile of a stone hammer in the Museum of Science and
Art in Philadelphia shows conclusively for the region in which it was
found, _viz._, Lake Titicaca, Pako Island, in Bolivia, that similar
stones were used as hammers.
[88] Rau, Smiths. Contrib., No. 318, p. 27, fig. 110.
[89] Native Races, IV, p. 705.
[90] Sinkers provided with a hole and of like shape are in use among the
Western Eskimos. See J. Murdock, in IX, Am. Rep. of Bur. of Ethnology,
1887 to 1888, p. 282, fig. 273. They are found in great numbers in the
United States.
[91] _l. c._, pp. 398 and 234.
[92] Putnam, _l. c._, p. 209, fig. 81.
[93] Among the Thlinkites conys Niblack.
7. Cylindrical Stones.
These differ from the pestles in that their diameter is smaller and that
they bulge out only slightly toward the middle. Two objects of this kind
came from stratum II, of which 1-8609 is shown in plate 10, fig. 10.
Both are broken at their ends. They are respectively 4-13/15 inches and
2-5/8 inches long and fifteen-sixteenths inch and 1 inch thick. The
surface of the break in the shorter one was subsequently smoothed off;
perhaps by using it as a pestle. Long cylindrical stones of this kind
partly flattened on one side and having encircling grooves at the
tapering ends have been pictured by Yates[94] and Moorehead[95]; these
were found at Santa Barbara, Southern California. To these may also be
compared a stone pendant from Tuolumne county[96] pictured by Moorehead,
since the lack of complete ends in the stones gives considerable room
for speculation as to what the whole form might have been. On the other
hand, the tentative designation of them by Moorehead and Yates as charms
is in no way justified. The better interpretation of their use would be
that of sinkers especially in the case of those provided at both ends
with grooves for attachment,[97] since stones coming from Peru[98] which
are undeniably sinkers are very like these in many respects.
-----
[94] _l. c._, pl. IV, figs. 32, 33, so. Smiths. Reports, 1886, I,
partly, pl. IV, figs. 32, 33, pp. 296 to 305.
[95] _l. c._, p. 251, fig. 381, Nos. 30 to 33.
[96] _l. c._, p. 249, fig. 380, No. 1.
[97] Cf. V. A., also flat specimen, Smiths. Rep., I, pl. IV, fig. 30.
[98] In the Museum of the Univ. of Philadelphia.
8. Needle-like Stone Implements.
An awl, 1-8608, plate 12, fig. 10, of stone, comes from stratum II.
Plate 12, fig. 9, 1-8711, from stratum IV, is pierced and similar to the
above though needle-shaped.[99] From scratches appearing on 1-8608 we
infer that it was used on rather hard materials.
9. Tobacco Pipes.
It is remarkable that tobacco pipes were found only in stratum II; of
these we have five perfect specimens and one fragment. This bears out
the statement made above, that stone utensils well-made and smoothed off
were found only in the upper strata of the mound and particularly in
stratum II. Since it is not probable that the inhabitants of the lower
strata were ignorant of the practice of smoking, the absence of pipes
must be explained in some other way. On the one hand it is possible that
many of the older pipes were made of wood. Powers has described a number
of wooden pipes in use among the Indians of today. On the other hand, it
is possible that the practice of smoking was not so common in remoter
periods and therefore it would be likely that fewer pipes would be
found. There is a third possibility, that the large number of pipes
found in stratum II is dependent on the method of disposing of the dead,
so characteristic of this stratum and which caused articles to be
preserved which would otherwise have disappeared. The pipes described
below represent two primitive types, with some insignificant variations.
Plate 12, figs. 2_a_ and (cross section) 2_b_, 1-8622, represents one
type. It is made of a soft serpentine-like material, gray on the broken
surface and reddish brown on the outside. It is one and seven-eighths
inches long and incomplete. There is a broad bowl-like part and a narrow
neck or stem, a prolongation of it. The bowl is conical, one and
one-eighth inches long and of inconsiderable width, being three-fourths
of an inch in diameter. The “boring” of the stem portion is cylindrical
and eccentric.
Plate 12, figs. 3_a_ and 3_b_, 1-8623, is the only representative of the
second type. It is made of green serpentine, and is two and
one-sixteenth inches long, tapering into a tubular shape. The hole in
the stem is as above, only at the mouth end it is conical and shorter. A
groove is cut into the tapering end.
Plate 12, figs. 1_a_ and (in section) 1_b_, 1-8624, is made of soft gray
stone and is very similar to the preceding one, except that it lacks the
groove at the mouth end and that it is shorter and thicker.
Plate 12, figs. 4_a_ and (in section) 4_b_, 1-8626, is a small
cylindrical object only nine-sixteenths of an inch long and
seventeen-thirty-seconds of an inch wide. The seven-sixteenth inch
conical hole takes up nearly the whole width of the stem so that the rim
surrounding it is sharp. The short conical boring at the stem end is
only five-sixteenths of an inch wide. The proof that this too was used
as a tobacco pipe lies in the fact of the disparity of the two conical
borings and in that the entire width of the bowl end of the pipe is used
to the best advantage. It seems to have been more of a miniature or toy
than an article in common use. However, the quantity of tobacco needed
to fill any of the pipes could not have been great since the cone-shaped
cavity in the bowl is so small. One is here reminded of Schumacher’s
entertaining description of the way in which a Klamath tipped back his
head in order to raise his pipe vertically that he might lose none of
the tobacco. The stem ends of the pipes are equally imperfect. They must
certainly all have been fastened to a pipe-like mouth-piece similar to
the stone pipes which Professor Putnam has pictured and described and
which when unearthed still had the mouth-pieces attached by means of
asphaltum.[100] Some Indian pipes of today are fastened to the
mouth-pieces by means of ligatures,[101] as was evidently the case with
pipe shown in plate 12, fig. 3, and with another one of the collection
(1-8625) the stem of which had been broken. A rude notch was cut into
the outside of the stem to facilitate the rebinding and to give it a
better hold. At any rate, the means of attaching the mouth-piece (comp.
particularly figs. 1 and 4) was as inadequate as was the receptacle for
the tobacco at the front end. Short reed-like tobacco pipes are
particularly characteristic of the middle portion of California. A stone
tobacco pipe coming from a shellmound in Visitacion Valley south of San
Francisco, pictured by H. H. Bancroft,[102] is very similar to plate 12,
fig. 3. The fourth one in the plate, pictured by Powers, is also
analogous. Short pipes are of course also found in southern
California,[103] but the longer reed-like variety is more usual. A
tobacco pipe pictured by Marquis de Nadaillac and coming from the cliff
dwellers[104] is somewhat similar to plate 12, fig. 2, but here the stem
was so slight that there was no need of a special mouth-piece. The short
pipes as well as the long ones of southern California[105] are also
found in the eastern part of the United States. Several clay pipes from
New Jersey[106] may be compared to them; also two objects merely
classified as “pipes,” but most probably tobacco pipes, from West
Virginia[107] and Tennessee.[108]
-----
[99] Prof. Putnam, p. 211, in figs. 87, 88, from Santa Barbara.
[100] _l. c._, pl. IX.
[101] Powers, _l. c._, fig. 43, opp. p. 426.
[102] _l. c._, IV, p. 711.
[103] Comp. two of Putnam’s views in pl. VIII.
[104] _l. c._, p. 256, fig. 112. The one drawn by Peet, _l. c._, I, p.
282, shows the same object.
[105] Cf. Abbott, _l. c._, p. 330, fig. 322, from Massachusetts.
[106] Abbott, _l. c._, pp. 336 and 340.
[107] Fewkes, p. 128, fig. 155.
[108] Rau, Smiths. Contrib., _l. c._, p. 44, fig. 176.
10. Various Polished Stone.
In the mound were found different kinds of stones,—some isolated
specimens showing good workmanship but as yet unclassified, and others,
of the common kinds which were, of course, in use at the same time with
the more perfect implements.
Those of the first kind were all found in stratum II. One of these is
1-8671, plate 12, figs. 12_a_ and (front view) 12_b_. It is made of soft
serpentine. Its shape is that of a flat cylinder of not entirely uniform
height, with flat or almost imperceptibly curved ends; there is a
perforation which extends inward in the form of a cone from both
ends.[109] In the gentle curving-out of its peripheral surface it is
particularly like ear-pegs. It is worthy of note that Moorehead shows
two objects from the neighborhood of Stockton analogous to it in many
respects and designated by him as lip-pegs,[110] and that barbed, bone
spear-heads like those used on the northwest coast were found in the
vicinity of Stockton, according to Mr. Meredith, in close proximity to a
lip-peg[111] of the kind used on the northwest coast. The possibility,
therefore, of an ethnological connection between the ancient inhabitants
of the vicinity of the central California water basins and those of the
north cannot well be denied.
The small object, 1-8628, plate 12, fig. 13, seems similar in size and
form to the object shown in plate 12, fig. 12. This similarity is only a
superficial one, aside from the difference in the material of which it
is made,—burnt clay, rare in California and not carved but modeled; it
is further different in the fact that its cross section is oval and that
its slightly arched end is covered with marks of blows, and that the
perforation is absent.
Plate 12, fig. 6, 1-8631, is of quartz-colored material, flat and
tongue-shaped. It is broken off at the broad end, the lower surface is
flat, the upper slightly arched, and the edge blunt. Judging from its
form and the brittle nature of the material of which it is made, it must
have been an ornament.
Plate 12, fig. 5, 1-8850, of chalcedony, looks like a neckless head of a
bird resting on a bust-like body; the bill is linear; the eye is
represented by a deep hollow. That this object is not an artifact is the
conclusion suggested by the presence of a crust over the entire object
from beak to eye, formed by its weathering. In relation to other
products of human workmanship, such an object has worth only in so far
as its shape was of undoubted significance to the inhabitants, and
carefully preserved for that reason.
Besides this, various flat, smooth stones of chert and agate were found,
one of which, 1-8849, from stratum VII, is shown in fig. 23. It is made
of fine grained sandstone, has but one smooth side and was used as a
whet-stone. A thin oblong sheet of mica-slate was unearthed, but it must
have been used only as an ornament.
Fig. 24 (1-8721 from stratum V) illustrates one of two analogous objects
from the upper strata of the mound. It is a common stone with about
seven groove-like lines of varying breadth and depth on the sides. Two
of them form an angle which though purely accidental might seem to be
ornamental. The grooves come probably from its use as a whet-stone for
bone awls, etc. To this purpose the hard, sandy substance easily lent
itself. Long bars could not have been fixed to this stone, since for
that purpose the grooves are neither broad nor straight enough. Several
drawings by Rau[112] and by Moorehead[113] may here be compared.
[Illustration: Fig. 23. × 1/5. Fig. 24. × 1/2. Stones, probably used for
whetting.]
b. Chipped Stones.
A great number of these were found in the mound. As regards their shape
they fall into two classes, either finished implements or chips from the
workshop. As regards the material of which they are made, they also fall
into two large separate classes: those of the usual, light stone natural
to the place such as flint, chert (in green or brown variety),
horn-stone, jasper, etc., and those of obsidian (volcanic glass), which
was not to be had in the immediate locality, although it was the
preferred material. The classification according to material is the more
important. There were found about twenty-five obsidian objects (among
them a very few rough pieces or waste bits from the workshop, the latter
all small) and about 140 hewn stones of other kinds of material. Most of
these were waste from the workshop, all of the size of implements, but
relatively few (about one-fourth) complete tools.
The obsidian implements came from the Ist to the IXth strata, but most
of them were found in the upper layers. Nearly three-fourths of them
were taken from the three upper strata. In stratum II alone there were
ten implements and one piece of obsidian in the rough. It can certainly
be inferred that the great quantity of obsidian tools from II was
connected with the custom of burning the dead and of casting their
belongings into the flames. In addition, the great number found here
shows a broader and more universal use of obsidian in the making of
implements.
They are all of very simple form, such as arrow-and spear-heads,[114]
spear-like points and a flat knife-like blade, made from the rough stone
by polishing off bits[115] (see plate 10, figs. 11 to 16). Arrow-heads
of obsidian were found only in stratum II, comp. 1-8676, plate 10, fig.
13, the blade-like knife, 1-8633, fig. 11, and the spear-like knife end,
1-8634, fig. 16, which were found there. 1-8926 from stratum VIII, fig.
15, may have been either a spear-head or a knife. Fragment 1-8536 from
stratum I, fig. 12, by virtue of its two unevenly arched surfaces, and
1-8883, fig. 14 of the plate, from stratum VIII (found nineteen feet
down in the tunnel between parts 8 and 9 of the shaft frame) on account
of its long peg-like lower end, may be parts of knife-like implements.
They were fastened on rod-like shafts similar to the fine-handled knives
of southern California shown by Professor Putnam and which are in an
excellent state of preservation.
From a technical standpoint, it is worthy of note that implements of
such perfect workmanship as figs. 12[116] and 13 were not found among
the obsidian implements of the lower strata of the mound. A proportional
decrease in obsidian implements of good workmanship can be noted as one
approaches the lowest strata.
In northern California obsidian is found near Mt. Shasta, on the north
side of Mt. St. Helena and in pieces to the size of an ostrich egg in
Napa Valley.[117] It is a product of volcanic eruptions, phenomena which
were of frequent occurrence during the tertiary period. The material of
which the implements found about the bay in all the shellmounds were
made must have come from one of the above-named sources through trading.
The small number of such implements found in the shellmounds is probably
the result of the comparative rarity of the obsidian in this locality
and the resulting care with which it was hoarded.
It is to be inferred that at no period was obsidian exclusively the
material used for chipped stone implements, since workshop waste
composed of materials found in the neighborhood has been discovered up
to stratum II. Since, however, waste and no finished implements of local
materials have been found above stratum V, the instances of the use of
such must have been relatively isolated in the upper strata. Toward the
lower strata, from about the VIIth but practically from the VIIIth on,
there is a great increase in workshop waste. Stratum V is the uppermost
one out of which one or two single objects (among them 1-8756, plate 6,
fig. 21) may be considered finished implements. Of the thirty-nine
implement-like objects obtained in excavating, only one is of unusual
workmanship, an arrow-head of chert, 1-8815, plate 6, fig. 19, which
comes from stratum VII, at the lowest part of cut C. The extraordinary
accumulation of objects of chipped stone which can be termed implements
begins with stratum VIII and continues down to the lowest stratum X. A
considerable number of these is shown in plate 6. It is, however,
remarkable that of these not one shows in its workmanship complete
mastery in the handling of the material. The implement which, though
still crude, shows the next best workmanship is the leaf-like point of
crystalline rock, 1-8929, plate 6, fig. 20, from stratum VIII, found at
the innermost end of the gallery.[118] All of the remaining
implement-like objects of chipped stone bear the marks of crudity as do
all of those that come from strata IX and X. It is very noticeable that
because of this crudity in most of them, the line between implement and
waste is very vague. It was therefore difficult to decide in the case of
many objects whether they were to be regarded as tools at all. On the
other hand, it is probable that a number of pieces included under
rubbish may have really served as tools.[119]
Resulting from the discovery of obsidian, plate 10, fig. 15, chipped
stones of good workmanship were found as far down as the upper part of
stratum VIII. It is extremely doubtful whether they appeared at all in
the strata below this. The objects made of material from the vicinity of
the mound were certainly made during its settlement. A characteristic
mark of the uniform crudity of all of these tools made of local
materials and found in the lower strata is that they all are worked from
but one side and that the elaboration of that side is accomplished by
but a very few strokes. The only exception to this is the point, from
stratum VII, pl. 6, fig. 19, which as to technique belongs in another
place. Pl. 6, fig. 18, 1-9012, shows a ridge-like elevation on its lower
side, thus forming an unimportant and superficial exception. The point,
1-8929, pl. 6, fig. 20, is also entirely even on its under side. In this
they have a peculiarity characteristic of the well known
“turtle-backs.”[120] This latter kind which in the eastern states of the
United States has been found typical of the implements of the
palaeolithic age is to be recognized in two objects in our collection,
1-9095, of green chert, pl. 6, fig. 2, from stratum X, and 1-9007 of a
crystalline substance, pl. 6, fig. 1, from stratum IX. The first of
these is without a doubt an implement, and the second is probably one.
The palaeolithic turtle-backs of the East are unmistakably to be
differentiated from the two objects under question in the material of
which they are composed, which is argillite. In any case, however, the
presence of these two objects proves that primordial species of stone
implements existed into the neolithic period (for the mound rests on
alluvial soil) and they may give ground for the establishing of the
period from which such implements date, which is even farther back than
that. The conical piece of jasper brought to a point by chipping,
1-8851, pl. 6, fig. 3, from stratum VII_a_, illustrates how implements
were made by chipping from larger pieces of stone, and may even be
itself a tool. It cannot be stated indisputably that the greater number
of the common forms of chipped stones shown on pl. 6 were obsolete among
the latter inhabitants of the mound. But it must be noted that the
greater number and the most characteristic of them do not appear in the
upper strata. We may surmise that as far as they did occur among the
founders of the upper strata they had a better form. In addition to the
pointed (pl. 6, figs. 19 to 20) and knife-like implements (fig. 21) the
following important types are represented.
1. Long scrapers sharpened on one side, 1-9012, fig. 18, from stratum
IX, and 1-9093, fig. 17, from stratum X.
2. Chisel-like tools terminating in front in a straight sharp edge,
1-8857, fig. 14, from stratum VII_a_, and 1-9080, fig. 15, from stratum
X.
3. Scrapers, more or less rounded off or oval, 1-9023, fig. 8, from
stratum IX, 1-9053, fig. 9, from stratum IX, 1-9085, fig. 10, from
stratum X.[121]
In a like manner the following irregularly shaped objects might have
been used as scrapers.
1-9043, fig. 7, from stratum IX.
1-8966, fig. 11, from stratum VIII or IX.
1-9012, fig. 12, from stratum IX.
1-9040, fig. 13, from stratum IX.[122]
4. Oval stones with high “turtle-back” backs with the encircling edges
sharpened, probably too large for use as the usual scrapers:
1-9007, fig. 1, and 1-9095, fig. 2.
5. Drills or awl-like, pointed stones, with a more or less thick base.
1-8961, fig. 6, from stratum VIII or IX.
1-9005, fig. 5, from stratum IX.
1-9031, fig. 4, from stratum IX.
Instruments like the last have been found in many parts of the United
States.[123] Several of these bear a great resemblance to those here
shown, one such is pictured by Rau[124] from Santa Cruz Island, and one
of like origin by Putnam,[125] one from Santa Rosa Island.[126] Traces
of asphaltum found on the broad base of many similar ones would point to
the fact of their once having been fastened to a shaft.[127]
-----
[109] As regards its form it may be compared to the objects shown by
Moorehead, _l. c._, p. 279, fig. 418, Nos. 2 (from Napa county) and 7,
from North and Central California.
[110] _l. c._, p. 285, fig. 426, Nos. 3 and 5.
[111] The use of lip-pegs has never been observed in that region between
Mexico and the northwest coast of North America. W. H. Dall, Public of
the Bur. of Ethnology, 1881-82, III, p. 86.
[112] Smiths. Contrib., _l. c._, p. 304.
[113] _l. c._, p. 338, fig. 493.
[114] For the use of spears in California comp. Powers, _l. c._, pp.
221, 321, etc.
[115] No decorative or fantastic shapes were found among the obsidian
objects as elsewhere in central California. Moorehead has shown some of
these in _l. c._, p. 262. A curved hook-like object was found in the
shellmound at Ellis Landing.
[116] Moorehead, _l. c._, p. 265.
[117] Cf. Rau, Smiths. Rep., 1874, p. 358.
[118] It is similar in form to a point shown by Abbott, _l. c._, p. 92,
fig. 67, found in New Jersey, which he called a knife (p. 90).
[119] Comp. a similar remark in Abbott, _l. c._, p. 93, concerning the
doubtful nature of chipped stones as implements; from the stones in
their vicinity they were conjectured to be implements.
[120] Cf. Abbott, _l. c._, pp. 492 ff., and the same, Report of the
Peabody Museum, 1876 to 1879, II, p. 33 ff.
[121] A hide-scraper fastened into a wooden shaft from the Thuswap
Indians in British Columbia in the Jessup collection shown by Moorehead,
_l. c._, p. 255, fig. 388.
[122] Pictures of scrapers, see Abbott, _l. c._, pp. 12 to 138.
[123] Comp. Moorehead, _l. c._, pp. 146, 170, 308; Abbott, _l. c._,
Chap. VII, pp. 97 to 119.
[124] Smiths. Contrib., _l. c._, p. 90, fig. 318.
[125] F. W. Putnam, _l. c._, p. 68, fig. 15.
[126] Moorehead, _l. c._, p. 340, fig. 372, fig. 1.
[127] Rau, _l. c._, p. 91, after P. Schumacher.
B. Utensils of Bone, Horn, and the Teeth of Animals.
Implements of Bone.
Artifacts of animal derivation appear in great numbers and in a great
variety of form among the objects recovered in excavating. This
diversity in form is of course partly the result of the different kinds
of bone used in their manufacture, partly of their varied manipulation,
and partly of the uses to which they were put. There are all grades of
elaboration from the most common splinter of bone to the tool whose
shape is almost entirely different from that of the bone employed. All
the objects found, however, may be reduced to the principal types of
bone instruments which have been found in the United States under the
most varying circumstances. In addition to awls, needles and
paper-cutter-like knives of bone, there are instruments of horn used
principally for chiseling and instruments of a secondary nature. They
were the usual tools used in making clothes,[128] in weaving
baskets,[129] etc., not to mention several subordinate uses to which
they were put.
-----
[128] Schoolcraft called them “moccasin-needles.”
[129] The broom-binders of Mark Brandenburg to this day use bone awls,
see Ranke, _l. c._, II, p. 509.
1. Awl-like Tools.
This is a large class containing more than 100 objects having various
secondary forms and it is the most conspicuous class of bone
instruments. They may be classified as follows:
a. Common Awls with a Good Point.
These comprise more than 100 perfect and fragmentary specimens. They
were scattered through almost all the strata in the following way:
Stratum I—8 objects.
Stratum II—61 objects.
Stratum III—8 objects.
Stratum IV—11 objects.
Stratum V—3 objects.
Stratum VI— — objects.
Stratum VII-VIII—5 objects.
Stratum IX—5 objects.
Stratum X—4 objects.
The remarkable preponderance in stratum II is probably again the result
of the practice of cremation of bodies.
When one remembers that awls were the principal tools used in making
baskets and that baskets took the place of pottery in the household of
the California Indians, one will not wonder at their great number.
Their shapes vary. Four of them are shown in plate 9, figs. 1 to 4. Fig.
1, from stratum I, gives the type by far the most common in the 3 or 4
upper strata; the other three, fig. 2, 1-8686, from stratum IV, fig. 3,
1-8897, from VIII, fig. 4, 1-8972, from IX, give examples of the many
secondary forms and illustrate the diversity of form occurring in the
lower strata. Although fig. 4, as regards its shape, reminds us of the
type of the tool of the upper strata (cf. fig. 1), not a single
implement was found in the lower strata that was the exact counterpart
of those in the upper. Manifestly it was the inhabitants of the upper
strata who developed and established the latter form. Its distinctive
feature is this, that only one side of the bone (mostly tibia of deer)
is used, that a foot-like portion of the joint is left, and that the awl
is sharpened and well finished off on all sides, even to the inner
channel. Usually there is a slight bulging out in the middle of the tool
which increases its strength.
The characteristic feature of pl. 9, fig. 2, is that only the shaft of
the bone is open, the joint being left intact. In pl. 9, figs. 3 and 4,
the foot-like supports are missing; whether originally they were there
or not is a question. They seem to have been missing from the very
beginning, at least the one shown in pl. 9, fig. 3. The whole shape of
the instrument is crude. In several awl-like implements of the lower
strata, as in text-fig. 25, 1-8797, from stratum VII, the canal in the
bone is not even opened, but kept intact through the whole
instrument.[130]
b. Blunt Awl-like Implements.
[Illustration: Fig. 25. × 1/2. A bone, probably used for an awl. Fig.
26. × 1/2. Bone implement of unknown use.]
The absence of points indicates a somewhat different use to which such
instruments were put. In addition to this feature there is very
frequently a peculiar curve which, while it is the natural shape of the
bone, must have been chosen purposely,—for instance, 1-8692, pl. 9,
fig. 5, from IV, and 1-8829, text-fig. 26, from stratum VII_a_. The bone
of front leg of a stag is the original form of the partly awl-shaped
partly paper-cutter-like implement, 1-8579, text-fig. 27, from stratum
II. A similar one from the southern part of the United States has been
observed.[131]
[Illustration: Figs. 27 and 28. × 1/2. Bones probably used as awls. Fig.
29. × 1/2. Bone of “paper-cutter” type.]
c. Flat Awl-like Implements.
These represent a large and important class of implements which occur in
numbers in several of the lower strata (V and IX), although really only
in fragments; cf. 1-8985, pl. 9, fig. 6, from stratum V. They are curved
sideways, and well-pointed in spite of their otherwise flat character.
The interior reticulate structure of the natural bone is retained on one
side of the implement.
Fig. 28, 1-8541, from stratum II, has a peculiar shape; it is broad, in
the form of a channel and pointed. One of the edges of the channel seems
to be worn smooth through usage. The back end is broken off.
-----
[130] Numbers of awl-like bone implements of this kind coming from the
United States have been depicted. For those from California, see H. H.
Bancroft, Native Races, IV, p. 711, No. 1 (the other so-called tool, No.
2, is a natural bone without value as a tool); Moorehead, _l. c._, p.
271, fig. 410; F. W. Putnam, Rep. of U. S. Geogr. Survey, _l. c._, pl.
XI, figs. 13 to 15 and 19; p. 227, fig. 104; Nadaillac, _l. c._, p. 49,
fig. 15 (not very useful); from the southern states, for instance, Ch.
C. Jones, Antiquities of the Southern Indians, 1873, pl. XVI, fig. 1;
Moorehead, _l. c._, p. 142; Chas. Rau, Smiths. Contrib., No. 287, p. 64,
fig. 238 (Kentucky, Tennessee); from shellmounds of New England; Wyman,
Am. Naturalist, I, pl. 14, fig. 5, and pl. 15, fig. 9 (both repeated in
Abbott, _l. c._, p. 213, figs. 199 and 202), from New York; Schoolcraft
Archives of Aborig. Knowledge, 1860, II, pl. 49, fig. 3, with p. 90,
from the Aleutian Islands, Chas. Rau, _l. c._, fig. 236.
[131] Moorehead, _l. c._, p. 142; comp. also Ch. Rau, Smiths. Contrib.,
No. 287, XXII, p. 64, fig. 237 (from Kentucky).
2. Needle-like Implements.
They differ from the awl-like implements in that they are intended not
only to pierce an article but also to pass through it. In this class
there are also secondary shapes.
a. Straight Needles without Perforation.
1-8895, pl. 9, fig. 8, found twenty-seven feet beneath the surface in
stratum VIII, may be taken as the prevailing type. The needle is a thin,
pointed instrument, oval in cross section, blunt at the back end, well
finished throughout. To this class also belongs a number of fragments
found in different strata up to the VIIIth.
b. Curved Needles.
1-8901, pl. 9, fig. 9, from stratum VIII, represents this type. The
needle is very slender and thin and of good workmanship. Unfortunately
it is broken off at the smooth posterior end.[132]
c. Needles with “Eyes.”
We have also only one specimen of this type, 1-8735, pl. 9, fig. 10,
from stratum V. It is straight, round in cross section and tapering at
the perforated end.[133] The bluntness of the point must be the result
of use.
d. Long Crooked Needles.
1-8831, pl. 9, fig. 7, a well preserved and seemingly perfect specimen,
was found in stratum VII_a_, in the tunnel, from eleven to fourteen feet
below the surface. It consists of a long, thin rib pointed at the
stronger end, thereby exposing the canal within.[134]
Among those found there is also a needle of fish bone and likewise one
made from the spine of a stingray.
-----
[132] Comp. the objects found in a shellmound in New England, Am.
Naturalist, I; pl. 15, fig. 17; it, however, is broader.
[133] A similar needle from a mound in Ohio has been shown by C. L. Metz
and by F. W. Putnam, Rep. of the Peabody Museum, 1880 to 1886, III, p.
452. The Point Barrow Eskimos use a similar one (J. Murdock, IXth Ann.
Rep. of the Bur. of Ethnology, 1887-88, p. 318, fig. 325).
[134] It reminds one somewhat (in that it is curved and pointed) of an
instrument designated, and that manifestly wrongly, by Moorehead as a
hair-pin (see Moorehead, _l. c._, p. 271, fig. 410, under No. 4). Jeanne
Carr tells of needles made usually of the strong wing bones of the hawk,
used to keep the strands in place when the basket weaver left his work.
These were handed down from mother to daughter generation after
generation and regarded as valuable possessions. (The Californian, 1892,
No. 5, p. 603.)
3. Rough Awl-like Implements of the Lower Strata.
We have chosen to discuss a number of implements from the lower strata
under this separate head. Although some of these were probably used as
awls, yet along with others with which they form a small group they
cannot easily be considered with the other implements of this class.
Plate 7, which represents typical bone implements of the lower layers,
shows the greater number of these peculiar shapes in figs. 1 to 10.
Altogether about fourteen of these awl-like implements were found in
stratum VIII, five in stratum IX and four in stratum X. When one
considers that from layers IX and X, only small sections were explored,
the relative number of these implements must excite some interest. The
awl-like and needle-like objects of pl. 9, although but little worked,
are yet characterized by a definite fundamental form, different from
that shown in the objects represented in pl. 7, figs. 1 to 10.[135] They
represent simply bone splinters of the most varied forms such as would
be made by accident. To be sure, there were isolated bone splinters in
other places in the excavation, probably used as implements, as would
naturally occur in a shellmound. In all of these latter cases, however,
the character of the objects was, owing to the form of the bones and to
the accidental or typical intention of their use, completely different.
The objects shown in figs. 1 to 10 of this plate are made of fragments
of somewhat thick long bones. All of them have been much used and the
upper ends are strongly rounded and worn. Their use was evidently
intentional both with reference to their more general and their typical
uses. They do not belong to a peculiar type of implements because it is
evident from their form that they were used for many purposes.
Some, as figs. 6, 7, and 8, 1-8919, 1-8918 (VIII), 1-8979 (IX), have an
awl-like pointed form and may accordingly have been used as such an
implement. Others, as figs. 1, 3, 4, and 10, 1-8983 (VIII), 1-9069 (X),
1-9068 (X), 1-9072 (X), although in general awl-like, are blunter and
can hardly have been put to the same use as these forms just mentioned.
Objects like 1-8980, pl. 7, fig. 5; 1-8996, pl. 7, fig. 9, and possibly
also 1-8871, pl. 7, fig. 2, have such broad and blunt ends that for them
characterization as “awl-like” would be entirely unsuitable and their
use must be explained in some other way. The tie that holds them
together is, therefore, in no way that of similar use but rather of
analogous origin. They comprise a large number of implements having
different uses. What is common to them is the similarity of the way in
which they were obtained. Their use was determined by the chance form
which they thereby received. There is before us then a class of the most
primitive ethnological implements of which we have knowledge, in which,
as in the oldest known implement of the human period, the natural form
of the object determines the use, rather than the use the individual
form.
-----
[135] The principal smaller forms figured from southern California by
Putnam, _l. c._, Pl. IX, figs. 16-17.
4. Implements of the Shape of Paper-cutters.
It is natural that in so large a number of bone implements this shape
also should be represented. Five belonging to two different types have
already been discussed under the grave finds. Altogether the amount of
material of this character obtained from the upper strata of the mound
is remarkably small. Only a small number of fragments were found, of
which only a fragment of the point, 1-8803, from stratum VIII is
represented in fig. 29.
In the deeper strata the case was entirely different. There are from
these layers no perfect implements, only fragments, but their number is
in proportion to what one would expect, or even greater. Some of these
show a variety of form and a degree of ornamentation which was hardly to
be expected among the finds of the mound in general and least of all
among the specimens obtained from the lower strata. Little as the well
formed implements, which the fragments figured in pl. 7, figs. 11-17,
represent, appear to resemble the rough awl-like implements on the same
plate and which have been derived from the same strata, there is yet no
doubt possible that the two classes of implements must have been used by
the same people.
We have therefore the task, instead of denying the contrast, of
suggesting some solution for it.
These paper-cutter-like implements have a moderate width and a thickness
of only one-thirty-second to one-sixteenth of an inch. They are well
worked in all cases. The objects shown in fig. 12, 1-8989 (IX), fig. 14,
1-8987 (IX), fig. 15, 1-8920 (VIII), fig. 13, 1-8988 (IX), of plate 7
show artistic forms differing from the simpler types of implements.
Perforation, which in the bone implements of the mound is very
infrequent, is in these implements alone found four times on the lower
end. The notch on the lower end of pl. 7, fig. 14, probably the remnant
of a circular section, is very artistic and one notices also curved
lines on the surface about it. These show the geometric accuracy with
which this work was carried out. 1-8986, pl. 7, fig. 16, from stratum
IX, is the only piece of bone among all those recovered from the mound
which has been engraved with geometric figures.
Out of the strongly varying yet constantly artistic characters of these
fragments we are justified in drawing the conclusion that a much greater
variety of implements of this form was used by these people. The
variations seem to have been influenced largely by personal taste.
1-8875, fig. 11, represents a small fine point of a well formed small
paper-cutter-like implement.
1-8989, fig. 12, stratum IX, is a quadrate piece of bone cut out of a
“paper-cutter” and was possibly used in play.
1-8988, fig. 13, stratum IX, is the lower end of a “paper-cutter” with
parallel sides and obliquely truncated at the lower end with a
remarkably perfect perforation.
1-8987, fig. 14, stratum IX, is the lower part of a thin “paper-cutter”
with a semi-circular notch. The base shows broken surfaces next the
notch.
1-8920, fig. 15, stratum VIII, the lower, triangular part of a
“paper-cutter,” which has been very broad and thin, has a small
perforation.
1-8986, fig. 16, stratum IX, the middle fragment of a well-worked
“paper-cutter” ornamented with geometric figures.
1-8984, fig. 17, stratum IX, is the oblong upper part of a very thin,
well-worked “paper-cutter” with a perforation. The upper part is broken
off.
At this place there should probably be mentioned also the small bar of
bone, 1-8975, fig. 18, stratum IX, as it also comes from this stratum.
This is likewise an uncommon form of implement. It is small and well
worked, although not of the paper-cutter type. It is oval in cross
section and has a small paper-cutter-like lower end which shows that it
was fastened to some other object. Its upper end is broken.
5. Pointed Implements.
In the middle strata of the mound there were found about eight pointed
bones, of which the types are figured in pl. 9, figs. 11-16.
1-8869, pl. 9, fig. 11, stratum VII, is 2-1/8 inches long, oval in cross
section and having an inferiorly constricted neck. There is a small hook
on the lower end of the broad side. A small fracture on the opposite
side appears to indicate that there were originally two such hooks.
1-8868, fig. 12, stratum VIII, is two inches long. This specimen is in
general similar to the one just mentioned. There is only one hook at the
lower end. The side opposite is without a hook and is unbroken. Similar
is 1-8738, from stratum V. An analogous object is figured by Moorehead,
page 273, fig. 412, No. 3, from Stockton Channel.
1-8916, fig. 13, stratum VIII, 2 inches long, is similar to the last
with the differences that the small broad, flat hook points toward the
broad side, and that the pointed end has been smoothed by use. On this
end there are also small traces of asphaltum which indicate that a cord
had sometime been wound about it to fasten it to some other object.
1-8917, fig. 14, stratum VII_a_ or VIII, 1-7/15 inches long with a
rounded cross section, is slightly curved and gradually narrows towards
the lower point. The convex side shows a slight flattening.
1-8870, fig. 15, stratum VII_a_ or VIII, is 1-1/2 inches long, but the
lower end is incomplete. The cross section is oval to flat; it shows on
the broad side a sloping groove.
1-8694, fig. 16, stratum IV, an implement 2-3/15 inches long, is
typically knife-like in its form in so far as it has a broad blade-like
part. It is sharp on one side, blunt on the other and rounded at the
upper end. It is bent well backward. At the lower end it runs out into a
small neck-like portion which is extended in the same line with the back
of the implement and is broadened at the base.
The objects already described and shown in figs. 11, 13, 14, 15, and 16
of plate 9 represent the principal types. Among these the knife-like
object, fig. 16, is, judging from its shape, evidently to be separated
from the others.[136] Numerous other knives of obsidian occur in
addition to this one of bone.
Of the remaining, fig. 14 represents a typical arrow point made of bone
such as are used in various parts of the world, _e.g._, in South
America. The convex, slightly flattened side was laid against the
slightly truncated upper end of the shaft of the arrow and was fastened
to it by numerous coils of cord. The figure of a similar arrow point
from the Swiss Pile Dwellings is given in Ranke’s work, Vol. II, pp.
5-19, fig. 11. This shows very well the manner of attachment.
The similarity of the remaining bone points, figs. 11, 13, 14, 15, is so
significant that a similar use is to be ascribed to them. That they were
used as fishhooks, which might be conjectured, there appears to be less
evidence. It is worth considering that Mr. Meredith found on the breast
of a single skeleton 51 objects of the form shown in pl. 9, fig. 14. In
another case 28 such objects were found.[137] In the first case, with
the skeleton in addition to these were found two long spear points with
barbs such as are used on the northwest coast of America. A large number
of objects from one grave and the association with other analogous
objects supports very strongly the idea that the pointed bones were used
for the points of arrows. The neck of these points was the portion about
which the cord was wound and about this was laid a small quantity of
asphaltum to hold the cord in place, while the hooks had the object of
preventing the cord from sliding off from the neck. The form of the
hooks varies but slightly. This suggests the prominent hooks at the base
of the arrow points of stone. In a certain way these arrow points may
possibly be considered as a middle form between long bone points
provided with barbs, such as were used by the Eskimo, and the Indian
arrow points of stone. In this connection it is worth noting that Mr.
Meredith finds them in association with such bone points (also with a
lip-plug such as are used on the northwest coast of America). The form
of the Indian stone arrow-heads might have been imitated in the North in
other materials.
That the analogy with the more northerly races is not limited to the
burial layers of the mound from which the pointed implements, pl. 9,
figs. 11, 15, were found is indicated by the object, pl. 7, fig. 12,
which was found in the cremation layer, No. 2.
-----
[136] Compare knife-like “hide-scrapers” of bone used by the Eskimo of
Behring Straits and figured by E. W. Nelson in the 18th Annual Report of
the Bureau of Ethnology, 1896-97, Part I, pl. 50, figs. 3-6.
[137] In Moorehead, _l. c._, p. 272. Two similar objects from South
America are figured by F. W. Putnam, _l. c._, pl. 11, figs. 10, 11, and
are described (p. 227) as fishhooks.
6. Saw-like Notched Bones.
The excavations furnish twelve objects of this type of implement, of
which perhaps half were from stratum II. The remainder were found from
the lower strata up to the eighth. Quite a number of the objects from
stratum II were calcined, an evidence that they were deemed of value in
life since they were burned with the dead.
The best preserved type of this implement, of which in most cases only
small fragments were found, is shown in 1-8898, pl. 9, fig. 17, stratum
VIII.
[Illustration: Figs. 30 and 31. × 1/2. Notched bones perhaps used in
net-making or weaving.]
Nearly all of these objects have a stereotyped form, being made from the
shoulder blade of some large mammal, probably the deer. One, however,
seems to have been made from a bird bone (1-8900, fig. 30, stratum
VIII). On the specimen shown in pl. 9, fig. 17, about half of the length
is taken up by the rounded handle, using the ridge-like end of the bone
for this purpose. The other end of the object is incomplete, but
according to the form in other specimens it was probably cut off
squarely at the end. At any rate only a small piece of the implement is
missing since the teeth cut into the thin convex margin of the bone are
complete to the number of 15. The ridge-like edge runs next to the row
of teeth, giving the implement greater firmness. The teeth vary
considerably in different objects in size, in form, and in regularity
(compare 1-8573, fig. 31, from stratum II). They also vary in degree of
wear, which so far as observed is sometimes seen on the edge and
sometimes in the spaces between the teeth. On one specimen the opposite
edges of the bone are similarly toothed, although one side of the bone
was quite thick. A smoothing or polishing of the object is never to be
noticed, excepting on the under side.
Similar objects have frequently been found in California. Single
fragments are figured by Moorehead.[138] As similar as these objects are
to saws, it is probable that they were not used as such. The name
“sachos” given to these implements by the Napa Indians, who possibly did
not know their former use, is not to be taken as the slightest support
for the idea that they were actual saws. In the first place it is hardly
necessary to mention that the concept “saw” is missing among the
Indians. The form of these objects and the general state of wear as
already described shows that they were not and could not have been used
as saws. It is remarkable enough that saw-like implements made of bone
have a distribution much more extended than the Californian region.
Since these occurrences are mostly local and entirely independent of
each other, these implements must in their production have served
certain practical aims. Why, however, saws made of bone should have such
a wide distribution it is difficult to understand.
An analogous implement has been found in a shellmound in Massachusetts
and figured by J. Wyman. He also in his description has shown that
judging from the width of this implement it could not have been used as
a saw.[139][140]
Another saw-like toothed bone implement was found in the cave dwellings
in Franconia (Bavaria), which were inhabited in the early neolithic
period. This has been described by Ranke as probably used in
weaving.[141]
An implement having almost identical form as this just described above
was figured by J. Murdock. This object was obtained from the Pt. Barrow
Eskimo and was made of the shoulder blade of a reindeer. He received it
as a model of a saw said to have been used before the introduction of
iron.
After having made inquiries for the primitive form of the implement,
this specimen doubtless was made for him.[142] His paper also contains a
figure of another saw-like implement, of about twice the size of the
first, made of antler. There was with this a kind of shuttle and a form
of weaver’s sword with the statement that these three implements had
been used in weaving feather girdles. In watching the process of making
these belts he had, however, not seen any of these three
implements.[143] In the opinion of the writer there is no reason to
doubt materially the accuracy of the statements concerning the use of
these implements by the Eskimo. It therefore contains the key to the
understanding of all the remaining forms of this type of saw-like
implements found in the northern region. And this explanation may be
extended to the wrongly determined Californian bone saws. In our opinion
the bone implement first figured by J. Murdock shows simply that the
Eskimo remembered having had such an implement and that they gave to him
the impression that it had been used in the way in which the
investigator was inclined to think it ought to have been used. It
appears that Ranke was on the right track when he supposed the Frankish
bone implement to have been used in some processes of weaving. In like
manner all of the Californian bone saws agree thoroughly with this
supposed use.[144] In California many valuable feather girdles have been
made, in the weaving of which these bone implements may have been
used.[145] The exact mode of their use is not yet determined, but it is
to be hoped, however, that even this may some time or other be
discovered.
-----
[138] Moorehead, _l. c._, p. 236, fig. 363.
[139] [see Transcriber Notes
[140] The stone points with saw-like teeth on the edge do not represent
technically such an implement as a saw since the toothing is only a
result of the method of reproduction.
[141] Am. Naturalist, 1868, Vol. I, pl. 15, fig. 15, 583.
[142] Der Mensch, II, p. 558-560.
[143] Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1887-88, p. 175,
fig. 147.
[144] _l. c._, p. 317, fig. 323.
[145] Recently a great deal has been written about the relation of
widely separated peoples to each other. And this relationship has
usually followed definite geographic lines. It is, however, worth while
to notice the great similarity between the implements of eastern and
western United States, and those of the caves of Switzerland and of the
Arctic region. Many implements of similar type and use are to be found
in these regions, implements which are not discovered in any other
portion of the world.
7. Various Implements and Objects of Bone.
It naturally occurs that in a shellmound in which so many implements of
bone have been preserved there would be a number of bone objects the use
of which can only be imperfectly determined. These implements are in
part possibly only attempts to work bone, in part they are actually
implements which had a use somewhat different from that of the other
forms and a use for which the character of the material especially
fitted them.
[Illustration: Figs. 32 and 33. × 1/2. Bone artifacts of unknown use.]
Many fragments of bone show only a few cuts or marks as indications that
they were worked. In one case, 1-8527, fig. 32, stratum IX, the marks
which vary somewhat from those in the other strata may represent an
implement of the paper-cutter type. The point is in this case calcined,
as is also true of many other implements. This is evidently done
intentionally, possibly in order to work the bone more easily. Other
common bone fragments look as if they had occasionally been used as
implements when they happened to have the right form, and that they were
not intentionally worked into this shape. Still other bone fragments
show knife-like incisions on the other edges, as, for example, that
shown in fig. 33, 1-8877, stratum VII_a_. They are probably not to be
considered as marks of dog’s teeth, as which these could also be
determined, for they are generally very numerous in one place or else
they show exceeding regularity as if made intentionally.
The shellmound dwellers did not fail to notice the peculiar character of
the tubular bones, which when cut into sections are easily made into
small receptacles, similar to the cane plant, which is used in a similar
manner by the inhabitants of tropical regions (for instance by the
ancient Peruvians). Many such small objects with differing proportions
were found, two of which are shown in fig. 34. 1-8922, stratum VIII; and
fig. 35, 1-9076, stratum X.
Implements of Antler.
For many kinds of implements antler is particularly valuable on account
of its hardness. For this reason a number of implements of this
character have been found in the shellmound; they are, however, not so
numerous as those of bone. They are usually made of deer or elk antler.
1. Chisel-like Implements.
Of these there are two principal types.
a. Actual Chisels.
About half of the objects of antler are to be considered as complete
implements. These are shown in pl. 8, figs. 2_a_ and 2_b_, 1-8892,
stratum VIII; figs. 3_a_ and 3_b_, 1-8821, from stratum VII_a_,
represent the two subspecies of the same, _viz._, broad and narrow
chisels. The main difference between the two is simply one of size and
proportion.
The broad chisels are represented by about ten objects, which belong to
the middle and lower strata of the mound only, down to the Xth stratum.
Whether this is accidental or caused by other reasons remains undecided.
These objects are from four and one-half to five and one-half inches
long, to one and three-fourths inches broad, and even as thick as one
and one-quarter inches. Oval in cross section, they slightly diminish
toward the lower end. Frequently they pass one to two inches above the
lower end into the flat, knife-like, one-sided slope, ending in a
semi-circular edge about one inch broad. The sloping surface as well as
the polished sides of the implement frequently have impressions due to
actual use upon hard objects. In a similar manner, the straight surface
is broken by the use of a hammer which was struck upon it.
The narrow chisels are represented only by one complete specimen (pl. 8,
fig. 3) and two fragments of the knife-edge. The latter were found
between strata VII_a_ and IX. The complete chisel is only three and
nine-sixteenths inches long; while it is one and three-sixteenths inches
broad at the upper end, and but seven-sixteenths of an inch thick, it
nevertheless diminishes toward the lower end to a breadth of
three-eighths of an inch at the knife-edge. The slope of the one side
toward the latter is by far shorter than that of the broad chisel, and
yet the same indications of its use with a hammer can be found. The
curvature of the cross section of this implement corresponds to the
natural form of the antler from which it was made.
Such chisels[146] partly took the place of an axe in woodwork among the
Indians, just as, for example, this was still the case among the Hupa
during the eighties of the last century,[147] in the construction of
houses. The Klamaths in Oregon still make use of such chisels. The
better known implements of recent times possess only the natural surface
of the original antler.
It is of interest to know that implements of exactly the same kind were
found in the shellmounds of the Atlantic coast, _e.g._, in Maine.[148]
b. Chisel-like Implements of Varying Forms.
Implement 1-8730, pl. 8, fig. 1, found in stratum V, has a length of
nine and three-fourths inches and a breadth of one and seven-eighths and
one and five-sixteenth inches. It will be seen that though of greater
length and breadth it is flatter than the preceding. On account of its
origin from a complete antler it is curved along its length, and
slightly curved in on its concave side. At the lower end of the latter
it is given a straight slant for three and a quarter inches in the
diameter of the breadth. Its upper end shows the same signs of use with
a hammer, while the slanting surface is greatly worn on the sides. This
makes it probable that the use of this tool was in many respects
different from the preceding. It was possibly used as a lever.
For this also a parallel exists in the form of an apparently identical
implement from the shellmounds in Maine.[149] As regards form, certain
implements of the bones of cattle found in the caves of French
Switzerland are similar to this object. Rauch calls them
“leather-cutters” (Lederschneidemesser).[150]
-----
[146] A little information on this point is brought together by the
writer in Mitth. der Anthrop. Ges. Wien., 1886, Vol. 16.
[147] A similar one from San Joaquin county has been illustrated by
Moorehead, _l. c._, p. 271, fig. 410, No. 2. Cf. also F. W. Putnam, _l.
c._, p. 229, figs. 106-108, wedge-like implements from southern
California.
[148] Cf. Mason, Smithson. Reports, 1886, I, pl. xviii, fig. 19, with
10, 208.
[149] Cf. J. Wyman, _l. c._, pl. IV, figs. 2 and 2_a_ with p. 583. Ch.
A. Abbott, who represents the same implement, _l. c._, p. 211, fig. 196,
says Massachusetts probably by mistake.
[150] J. Wyman, _l. c._, pl. XIV, fig. 1, with p. 582. Cf. also Ch. A.
Abbott, _l. c._, p. 211, fig. 195. The implement is unfortunately
represented in both places sidewise in an unfavorable manner.
2. Implements of Antlers with Dull, Rounded Ends.
Three such objects have been found. One of them is seven and one-eighth
inches long, diminishing, horn-like, toward the blunt point. It came
from the middle stratum of the mound. It is represented in pl. 8, fig.
7. Another is a young branch of an antler, and the third is a mere
fragment. The use of these objects, which were doubtless implements,
cannot be conjectured.
3. Pointed Implements.
Only one fragmentary blade exists, about one inch long.
4. Straight, Truncated Implements.
Two specimens of this kind came from stratum V of the mound. They are
wanting in other parts of the mound. One of them is reproduced in pl. 8,
fig. 4. It diminishes, horn-like, toward the lower end. Here it is
truncated abruptly, having a breadth of five-eighths inches.
Unfortunately the upper end is incomplete. The other implement, 1-8722,
is absolutely identical with the one just described.
The collection contains also a fragmentary bone tool, 1-9066, which was
found in stratum X. It may have corresponded to the peculiar implement,
reproduced by J. Wyman,[151] pl. 14, fig. 3 (with the spiral cuts at the
upper end), which was found in the shellmounds of Massachusetts.
Implements of Tooth.
Only one object made of tooth was found, _viz._, 1-8736, fig. 36, in
stratum V. It is a bear’s tooth perforated at the root, serving the
purpose of ornament or amulet, and corresponds exactly to the typical
illustration of the one from New Jersey;[152] here Abbott emphasizes the
fact that such ornaments were the most common among the earlier and
present-day Indians.
[Illustration: Figs. 34 and 35. × 1/2. Fragments of bones. Fig. 36. ×
1/2. A bear-tooth ornament.]
C. Implements Made of Shells.
The objects of this material mentioned among the grave finds are
supplemented by two implements, one of which came from the IInd, the
other from the VIIIth stratum of the mound. Both are made of the
haliotis shell, the material preferred for ornamental purposes by the
Indians throughout the country. Recovered in different strata, they
differ completely with respect to their form. Yet, owing to the scarcity
of the finds we are not permitted to advance the opinion that the form
of one was limited in its stratum to the complete exclusion of the
other.
1-8632, fig. 37, from stratum II, is about as long as broad, but rounded
off at the lower part, while the upper rim is cut off straight. The
three-sixteenths inch wide perforations in one row on the upper rim
served for the purpose of suspending.
1-9106, fig. 38, from stratum VIII, represents the broken edge of a
larger ornamental plate which was originally triangular or of a
quadrilateral shape. The edge is now trapezoidal. Two of the four sides
still show the well-worked rims, ornamented with indentations, of the
original ornamental plate. The two other sides are rough surfaces of
fracture.[153]
[Illustration: Fig. 37. × 1/2. Fig. 38. × 4/5. Haliotis shell
ornaments.]
_Issued June 15, 1907._
-----
[151] _l. c._, II, p. 556.
[152] Cf. F. W. Putnam, _l. c._, pl. XI, fig. 18.
[153] Ch. A. Abbott, _l. c._, p. 406. fig. 388.
UNIV. CAL. PUB. AM. ARCH. &. ETH. VOL. 7, PL. 2
[Illustration]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2.
Emeryville Shellmound seen from the Bay. The cut made in the
side of the mound had been filled when the photograph was taken,
but the site of the excavation is seen in the light area on the
western slope.
UNIV. CAL. PUB. AM. ARCH. &. ETH. VOL. 7, PL. 3
[Illustration]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3.
Topographic map of the Emeryville Shellmound. Contour intervals
5 feet. Scale: 1 inch = 60 feet.
UNIV. CAL. PUB. AM. ARCH. &. ETH. VOL. 7, PL. 4
[Illustration]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4.
Fig. 1. Cross section of the western foot of Emeryville
Shellmound, showing the extent of the excavations. Scale: 1 inch
= 19.4 feet.
1. Alluvial clay. 2. Thin gravel layer. 3. Basement clay, the
stratum upon which the mound and the gravel layer rest.
Fig. 2. Cross section through the principal excavated portion of
the western foot of the Emeryville Shellmound, illustrating the
stratification of the deposits. Scale: 1 inch = 6.46 feet.
I-X, Recognized strata of the mound.
A, B, C. Sections of the excavation designated in text.
UNIV. CAL. PUB. AM. ARCH. &. ETH. VOL. 7, PL. 5
[Illustration]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 5.
The open cut on the western side of the Emeryville Shellmound.
UNIV. CAL. PUB. AM. ARCH. &. ETH. VOL. 7, PL. 6
[Illustration]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 6.
Figs. 1-21. Flaked cherts principally from the lower layers of
the mound. Some of these, as represented by figs. 4, 5, 6, 11,
19, and 20, are possibly finished implements. The others are
perhaps in part rejects, but all were probably used to some
extent. × 6/10.
Following are the accession numbers of the specimens, as
catalogued in the museum of the Department of Anthropology.
Fig. 1 (1-9007) Fig. 11 (1-8966)
Fig. 2 (1-9095) Fig. 12 (1-9012)
Fig. 3 (1-8551) Fig. 13 (1-9040)
Fig. 4 (1-9031) Fig. 14 (1-8857)
Fig. 5 (1-9005) Fig. 16 (1-?)
Fig. 6 (1-8961) Fig. 17 (1-9093)
Fig. 7 (1-9043) Fig. 18 (1-9012)
Fig. 8 (1-9023) Fig. 19 (1-8815)
Fig. 9 (1-9053) Fig. 20 (1-8929)
Fig. 10 (1-9085) Fig. 21 (1-8756)
UNIV. CAL. PUB. AM. ARCH. &. ETH. VOL. 7, PL. 7
[Illustration]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 7.
Rough bone implements and ornaments largely from the lower
layers of the mound. × 2/3.
Fig. 1 (1-8983) Fig. 10 (1-9072)
Fig. 2 (1-8871) Fig. 11 (1-8875)
Fig. 3 (1-9067) Fig. 12 (1-8989)
Fig. 4 (1-9068) Fig. 13 (1-8988)
Fig. 5 (1-8980) Fig. 14 (1-8987)
Fig. 6 (1-8919) Fig. 15 (1-8920)
Fig. 7 (1-8918) Fig. 16 (1-8986)
Fig. 8 (1-8979) Fig. 17 (1-8984)
Fig. 9 (1-8996) Fig. 18 (1-8975)
UNIV. CAL. PUB. AM. ARCH. &. ETH. VOL. 7, PL. 8
[Illustration]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 8.
Implements of bone and antler from the Emeryville mound. Figures
about one-half natural size.
Fig. 1 (1-8730) Fig. 5 (1-8780)
Figs. 2_a_ and 2_b_ (1-8892) Fig. 6 (1-8778)
Figs. 3_a_ and 3_b_ (1-8821) Fig. 7 (1-8889)
Fig. 4 (1-?)
UNIV. CAL. PUB. AM. ARCH. &. ETH. VOL. 7, PL. 9
[Illustration]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 9.
Bone implements from the Emeryville mound. × 6/10.
Fig. 1 (1-8522) Fig. 10 (1-8735)
Fig. 2 (1-8686) Fig. 11 (1-8869)
Fig. 3 (1-8897) Fig. 12 (1-8868)
Fig. 4 (1-8972) Fig. 13 (1-8916)
Fig. 5 (1-8692) Fig. 14 (1-8917)
Fig. 6 (1-8985) Fig. 15 (1-8870)
Fig. 7 (1-8831) Fig. 16 (1-8694)
Fig. 8 (1-8895) Fig. 17 (1-8898)
Fig. 9 (1-8901)
UNIV. CAL. PUB. AM. ARCH. &. ETH. VOL. 7, PL. 10
[Illustration]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 10.
Stone implements principally from the upper layers of the mound.
Figures about three-fifths natural size.
Fig. 1 (1-8613) Fig. 9 (1-8925)
Fig. 2 (1-8611) Fig. 10 (1-8610)
Fig. 3 (1-8615) Fig. 11 (1-8633)
Fig. 4 (1-8718) Fig. 12 (1-8536)
Fig. 5 (1-8614) Fig. 13 (1-8676)
Fig. 6 (1-8618) Fig. 14 (1-8883)
Fig. 7 (1-8719) Fig. 15 (1-8926)
Fig. 8 (1-8616) Fig. 16 (1-8634)
UNIV. CAL. PUB. AM. ARCH. &. ETH. VOL. 7, PL. 11
[Illustration]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 11.
Ornaments principally from the upper and middle layers of the
mound. Natural size.
Fig. 1 (1-8777) Fig. 9 (1-8791)
Fig. 2 (1-8784) Fig. 10 (1-?)
Fig. 3 (1-8879) Fig. 11 (1-?)
Fig. 4 (1-8775) Fig. 12 (1-8843)
Figs. 5_a_ and 5_b_ (1-?) Fig. 13 (1-8702)
Figs. 6_a_ and 6_b_ (1-8788) Fig. 14 (7-8743)
Fig. 7 (1-?) Figs. 15, 16, and 17 (1-8776)
Fig. 8 (1-8783) Fig. 18 (1-8766)
UNIV. CAL. PUB. AM. ARCH. &. ETH. VOL. 7, PL. 12
[Illustration]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 12.
Various artifacts principally from the upper layers of the
mound. Figures 1 to 4, × 3/4; figures 5 to 13, × 2/3.
Figs. 1_a_ and 1_b_ (1-8624) Fig. 8 (1-8630)
Figs. 2_a_ and 2_b_ (1-8622) Fig. 9 (1-8711)
Figs. 3_a_ and 3_b_ (1-8623) Fig. 10 (1-8608)
Figs. 4_a_ and 4_b_ (1-8626) Fig. 11 (1-8620)
Fig. 5 (1-8850) Figs. 12_a_ and 12_b_ (1-8671)
Fig. 6 (1-8631) Fig. 13 (1-8628)
Fig. 7 (1-8535)
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY
The following publications dealing with archaeological and ethnological
subjects issued under the direction of the Department of Anthropology
are sent in exchange for the publications of anthropological departments
and museums, for journals devoted to general anthropology or to
archaeology and ethnology, and for specimens contributed to the museum
collections of the University. They are for sale at the prices stated,
which include postage or express charges. Exchanges should be directed
to The Exchange Department, University Library, Berkeley, California, U.
S. A. All orders and remittances should be addressed to the University
Press.
AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. (Octavo).
Vol. 1. No. 1. Life and Culture of the Hupa, by Pliny
Earle Goddard. Pages 88, Plates 30, September,
1903 Price, $1.25
No. 2. Hupa Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pages
290, March, 1904 Price, 3.00
Vol. 2. No. 1. The Exploration of the Potter Creek Cave,
by William J. Sinclair. Pages 27, Plates 14,
April, 1904 Price, .40
No. 2. The Languages of the Coast of California
South of San Francisco, by A. L. Kroeber.
Pages 52, June, 1904. Price, .60
No. 3. Types of Indian Culture in California, by
A. L. Kroeber. Pages 22, June, 1904 Price, .25
No. 4. Basket Designs of the Indians of
Northwestern California, by A. L. Kroeber.
Pages 60, Plates 7, January, 1905. Price, .75
No. 5. The Yokuts Language of South Central
California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pages 213,
January, 1907 Price, 2.25
Vol. 3. The Morphology of the Hupa Language, by Pliny
Earle Goddard. Pages 344, June, 1905 Price, 3.50
Vol. 4. No. 1. The Earliest Historical Relations between
Mexico and Japan, by Zelia Nuttall. Pages 47,
April, 1906 Price, .50
No. 2. Contributions to the Physical
Anthropology of California, by A. Hrdlicka.
Pages 16, Tables 5, Plates 10, June, 1906. Price, .75
No. 3. Shoshonean Dialects of California, by A.
L. Kroeber. Pages 100, February, 1907 Price, 1.50
No. 4. Indian Myths of South Central California,
by A. L. Kroeber. Pages 84, May, 1907 Price, .75
No. 5. The Washo Language of East Central
California and Nevada, by A. L. Kroeber (in
press).
No. 6. The Religion of the Indians of
California, by A. L. Kroeber (in press).
Vol. 5. No. 1. The Phonology of the Hupa Language: Part
I, The Individual Sounds, by Pliny Earle
Goddard. Pages 20, Plates 8, March, 1907 Price, .35
No. 2. Navaho Myths, Prayers and Songs with
Texts and Translations, by Washington
Matthews, edited by Pliny Earle Goddard (in
press).
Vol. 6. The Ethno-Geography of the Pomo Indians, by S.
A. Barrett (in press).
Vol. 7. No. 1. The Emeryville Shellmound, by Max Uhle.
Pages 106, Plates 12, June, 1907 Price, 1.25
No. 2. Recent Investigations bearing on the
Question of the Occurrence of Neocene Man in
the Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada,
by William J. Sinclair (in press).
No. 3. The Geography and Dialects of the Miwok
Indians, by S. A. Barrett (in press).
No. 4. The Ethnography of the Cahuilla Indians,
by A. L. Kroeber (in press).
No. 5. A Mission Record of the California
Indians, from a Manuscript in the Bancroft
Library, by A. L. Kroeber (in press).
=GRAECO-ROMAN ARCHAEOLOGY. (Large Octavo).=
Vol. 1. The Tebtunis Papyri, Part 1. Edited by Bernard
P. Grenfell, Arthur S. Hunt, and J. Gilbart
Smyly. Pages 690, Plates 9, 1902 Price, $16.00
Vol. 2. The Tebtunis Papyri, Part 2 (in press).
Vol. 3. The Tebtunis Papyri, Part 3 (in preparation).
=EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY. (Quarto).=
Vol. 1. The Hearst Medical Papyrus. Edited by G. A.
Reisner. Hieratic text in 17 fac-simile plates
in collotype, with introduction and
vocabulary, pages 48, 1905. (J. C. Hinrichs,
Leipzig, 25 Marks) Price, $8.00
Vol. 2. The Early Dynastic Cemeteries at Naga-ed-Der.