[1] According to the _Diary_ of Richard Cocks, this prince was the
father-in-law of Calsa Sama, the youngest son of the shogun Hidétada.
[2] Pedro de Avila joined the Franciscan missions in the Philippines
in 1616, and immediately requested from his superiors permission to
go to Japan. This was finally granted; he went there in 1619, but was
imprisoned for preaching the faith, in 1620, and, after nearly two
years of most painful and wretched imprisonment, was burned at the
stake at Nangasaqui, on September 10, 1622, at the age of thirty years.
[3] The original MS. of this document is badly worn, in places;
and the words enclosed in brackets, in the two following paragraphs,
indicate the conjectures of the transcriber.
[4] These priests were Pedro de Zuñiga, an Augustinian, and Luis
Flores, a Dominican. In 1622, they, with the Japanese captain of
the vessel, were burned to death by a slow fire, and the crew were
beheaded. The Japanese shogun appropriated the cargo of the ship,
leaving only the empty hull for the Dutch and English. (See Cocks's
_Diary_, i, pp. xxxvi and xxxvii.)
[5] As a result of this alliance, the English and the Dutch East India
Companies were united; "a combined fleet of English and Dutch ships,
sailing under the modest name of the Fleet of Defence, was equipped
for the purpose of endamaging the common enemy and diverting the
trade of China from the Philippine Islands to the Dutch and English
settlements; in other words, to blockade the Spanish and Portuguese
ports and seize as many of the Chinese trading junks as possible. In
the two expeditions to the Philippines undertaken by the fleet before
the English and Dutch again separated, they captured many prizes." (See
E.M. Thompson's preface to Cocks's _Diary_, i, pp. xxxi-xxxvi.)
[6] La Concepción (v, pp. 106, 107), in reporting this incident says
that the amour of the governor's wife was with a "distinguished subject
of this community," that is, Manila, and that the latter was not killed
but escaped across seas. Montero y Vidal (_Historia_, i, pp. 177, 179),
who had evidently not seen the documents of the text, and partially
following La Conceptión's error and improving on it, lays the time of
Fajardo's vengeance in 1624, and says that the paramour was unknown
and escaped by jumping from a window, later probably finding means to
get to America. Montero y Vidal is usually more careful of his dates.
[7] _i.e._, for prayers or works for the benefit of the souls in
purgatory.
[8] Serrano apparently overlooks the diocesan council convened in 1600
by Bishop Agurto at Cibú (see _Vol_. XIII, pp. 133-135). Addis and
Arnold's _Catholic Dictionary_ says (p. 46): "Provincial councils,
owing to the difficulties of the times, have been less frequent in
recent times than formerly; but, by the Council of Trent, metropolitans
are bound to convene them, every three years."
[9] The ecclesiastical judge to whom the bishop delegates his authority
and jurisdiction for the determination of the suits and causes
pertaining to his jurisdiction; and hence a synonym for vicar-general.
Rev. T.C. Middleton, in a recent communication, says that the term
"provisor" was apparently used only by the Spanish and Spanish
colonies. It is not to be found in Ferrario, Moroni, or Soglia,
and has no legal equivalent in English. It generally appears linked
with another term as "provisor y vicario capitular" or "provisor y
vicario general." An archbishop or bishop usually had his "provisor"
whose powers were apparently the same as a vicar-general's or a
vicar-capitular's. The nomination, or creation, of a vicar-general is
in the hands of an archbishop or bishop; whereas a vicar-capitular
is chosen only when a see becomes vacant, the cathedral chapter
naming the person, who is to rule (during the said vacancy) with
title of "vicar-capitular." In the United States, since there are
no cathedral chapters, there are in consequence no vicars-capitular,
their place, etc., being taken by an administrator, who is chosen by
the metropolitan, unless already named by the former occupant of the
vacant see.
[10] The discalced Franciscans were founded by St. Francis of
Assisi, under the name Friars Minor, and the rule was very binding
and strict. Under the immediate successor of St. Francis, Elias of
Cortona, sprang up a branch of the order, made up of former members
who wished a less strict rule, and those who wished to preserve the
strict rule were persecuted. The members of the relaxed branch became
known as "Conventuals" or "Minors Conventual" in contradistinction to
the Friars Minor (or Minorites), who are known also as "Observants"
or "Observantines." Three great branches sprang later from the
Friars Minor: Reformed Minors, founded in 1419, by St. Bernardino of
Siena; the Recollects, founded in 1500, by John of Guadalupe; and
the Alcantarines, founded in 1555, by St. Peter of Alcantára--but
all under one head or chief superior, termed minister-general. The
Alcantarines wore a white habit, the others brown, except in England
and Spanish countries, where they wear gray. In 1897, Pope Leo XIII,
by his Bull _Felicitate quadam_ ordered the Observants, Reformed,
Discalced, or Alcantarines, and the Recollects, to unite under the
same general superior, to use the same constitutions, to wear the same
habit, and to bear the same name, viz., "Friars Minor." The Conventuals
and Capuchins were to remain distinct orders as heretofore. The term
_paño_ in the text refers to the Conventuals, the less strict branch
of the Franciscans, who were wont to dress in what one might call
"fine raiment"--habits of cloth, as distinguished from the coarse
serge-like stuff of the others. Cf. Addis and Arnold's _Catholic
Dictionary_.--_Rev. T.C. Middleton_.
[11] Referring to the church and convent of Santi Quattro Incoronati
(one of the titular churches of Rome), which was founded by Honorius I
(A.D. 622), on the site of a temple of Diana, in honor of four painters
and five sculptors who all were martyred for refusing to paint and
carve idols for Diocletian. See historical and descriptive account
of it in A.J.C. Hare's _Walks in Rome_, pp. 230-232.
[12] Argensola (_Conquista_), p. 317, mentions the Anhayes merchants,
and speaks of them as coming from Chincheo. See _Vol_. XII of this
series, pp. 155, 277; the word is there spelled _avay_ and auhay,
because thus written in the Spanish transcription from the original.
[13] Pedro de San Pablo made his profession in the Franciscan
province of San José, and in 1606 went to the Philippines, where
he was appointed conventual preacher of Naga. In 1609 he went to
Manila as preacher, and at the same time had charge of Santa Ana de
Sepa. October 29, 1611, he was elected definitor, and in 1616 minister
of Santa Ana de Sepa once more. He became provincial August 3, 1619,
and held that office until March 15, 1622, when he embarked for Mexico,
but died at sea. See Huerta's _Estado_.
[14] Spanish, _descalces_; literally, "barefootedness;" a term
applied to monastic organizations whose members are not permitted to
wear shoes.
[15] A reference to I Cor. i, 12, and possibly to iii, 22.
[16] Huerta says of Sotelo (p. 393): "As the preparations for his
journey to Japan were not made so promptly as he desired, he retired
to our convent of San Francisco del Monte, where he occupied himself
in the practice of all kinds of virtues until the year 1622, when
he succeeded in reaching Japan." Fuerza here apparently refers to
ecclesiastical interference with Sotelo's plans, to which reference
has been several times made in preceding volumes.
[17] Andres del Sacramento was a native of a small village in the
valley of Sayago. He made profession in the province of San Pablo,
and reached the Philippines in 1611. In October of that year he was
assigned to the village of Ligmauan, whence he went to Tacboan. At the
chapter held August 3, 1619, he was elected definitor. He afterward
ministered at Manila, Minalabag, Polangui, and again at Minalabag. He
became provincial November 18, 1628, and held that office until January
17, 1632. In that time he projected and partly executed the opening of
a navigable canal from Nueva Cáceres to the port of Pasacao. After 1632
he ministered in several villages, and was elected provincial for the
second time September 16, 1639, holding the office until January 17,
1643. He died in the convent at Manila in 1644. See Huerta's _Estado_.
[18] Agustin de Tordesillas was born in Tordesillas in 1528, and
in his childhood served as acolyte in the parochial church, where
he learned to play the organ. In 1558 he took the Franciscan habit
as a lay brother, and made profession in the Observantine province
of La Concepcion in 1559. He was finally ordained a priest, and
became a confessor. He afterward joined the province of San José,
and arrived with the first Franciscans at Manila in 1577, and was
appointed first president of the convent there. On May 20, 1579, he
went to China, returning thence at the beginning of 1580. That year
he was appointed first master of novitiates, first chaplain of the
royal hospital of Manila, and vicar-general of all the archipelago,
which last office he held until the arrival of Bishop Salazar in
1581. In 1582 he went to China again, whence he went to Siam in
1583, via Macao. Returning to Macao he was appointed guardian of the
convent there, but returned to Manila in 1586. There he labored in the
hospital until he was elected definitor at the chapter of September
15, 1594, after that being guardian one or more times of the convents
at Manila, San Francisco del Monte, and Cavite, besides having charge
of Sampaloc. He lived to the age of one hundred and one years, dying
in the Manila convent, having been the last one of the first mission
to die. He wrote a relation of the expedition of the Franciscans to
China. See _ut supra_, and _Vol_. VI, p. 131. note 31.
[19] In the MS. at this point the text apparently reads _pol_ desta
pos; but it is uncertain what these words refer to, especially as
Tordesillas was not at the time provincial of the Franciscan province,
but was probably minister at Sampaloc, near Manila (Huerta, p. 504).
[20] Huerta's lists contain no one of this name; but he gives a sketch
of Alonso de Santa Ana, missionary in the Philippines from 1594 until
his death in 1630. This priest, however, was absent in Mexico and
Europe from 1617 until 1621, when he returned to Manila.
[21] Diego Fernandez de Córdoba, marques de Guadalcázar, was viceroy
from 1612 to 1620. The Audiencia of Mexico then assumed rule, which
lasted until the arrival (August, 1621) of the new viceroy, Diego
Carrillo de Mendoza y Pimentel, marques de Gelves. He was a just,
stern, and efficient ruler, who reformed many abuses and protected
the poor and the Indians; but he thus incurred the enmity of corrupt
men in high position, and even that of the archbishop, Juan Perez
de la Serna. In consequence, Gelves was excommunicated by Serna
(January, 1624), and soon afterward deposed by popular clamor and
riots; the Audiencia then governed until the following October, when
a new viceroy came, the marques de Cerralvo. By his efforts, Gelves
was vindicated in every respect, and honorably returned to Spain.
[22] Bancroft (_History of Mexico_, iii, pp. 28, 38) characterizes
the viceroy Guadalcázar as a weak and somewhat indolent ruler, in
whose term corruption flourished; but of Gelves he says: "He broke
up effectually the trade in contraband goods between Acapulco and
Peru.... He removed the royal officials having charge of the supplies
for the Philippines, putting clean-handed men in their places; and
in consequence the amount of supplies sent to that colony was greater
than ever before.... [_Note_:] In 1622 the value of these supplies was
nine hundred thousand dollars, and in the following year two-thirds
of that amount."
[23] Alluding to the death, by Fajardo's own hand, of his unfaithful
wife and her lover; see the first two documents of the present volume.
[24] Celebes was long almost unknown to Europeans, and its deep
indentations by gulfs led to the notion, long entertained, that it
was a group of islands, rather than one. It has an estimated area
of some 57,000 square miles, but its soil is generally poor, and its
population thin and scanty. The two leading and more civilized people
of Celebes are the Macassars and Bugis, who inhabit its southwestern
peninsula. The Macassar nation (in their own language, Mangkasara)
conquered the Bugis in the sixteenth century, and became converts
to Mahometanism early in the seventeenth. They were conquered by the
Dutch in 1669, and the latter nation has since then been nominal ruler
of Celebes Island. By the name Macassar is commonly meant the Dutch
fortified town of Rotterdam, on the western shore of the peninsula
above mentioned; the Dutch made it a free port in 1847. See the full
descriptive and historical account of Celebes by Valentyn, _Oud en
Nieuw Oost-Indien_, part iii, book ii, pp. 128-235.
[25] Pernambuco, one of the most important of the Portuguese colonies
in Brazil, was founded early in the sixteenth century. It was captured
and plundered in 1593 by the English, under Sir James Lancaster,
and again seized by the Dutch in 1630; but the Portuguese drove out
the Dutch in 1654, after which time Brazil remained in possession
of Portugal, until the peaceful revolution of that colony, and the
formation of the present republic.
[26] In the original, the order of these two letters is the reverse of
that given here. Although the letter presented here first is undated,
sufficient internal evidence attests that its date is earlier than
the other letter, and that it is the duplicate of a letter sent by
the ships of an earlier year.
[27] So in original; evidently an ironical comment.
[28] Our transcript reads "_gente Religiosissima_," "a most religious
race," which is evidently intended for "_gente Belicosissima_."
[29] Colin, _Labor evangélica_, p. 159, in discussing the events of
Fajardo's government of the islands says: "And inasmuch as there were
many complaints of the annoyances imposed upon the Indians during Don
Juan de Silva's term, because of the construction of so many and so
great galleons, he was charged to moderate that, and to endeavor to
give relief to the natives; in consequence of which, as soon as he had
entered by the strait of San Bernardino, he ordered two galleons which
he found on the stocks there to be reduced in size. During his entire
government he was very favorable to the Indians, and relieved as many
of their burdens as possible. Therefore they loved him as a father. He
also favored particularly the progress of the Spanish community,
endeavoring to get worthy soldiers to become citizens there--to whom,
for that purpose, he granted encomiendas and offices. By that means
the soldiers were reformed, and many daughters of Spaniards who were
without protection were married."
[30] _Retraido_: one who has taken refuge in a sacred place.
[31] See this and other regulations concerning suits that affect
auditors, in "Foundation of the Audiencia," _Vol_. V of this series.
[32] The reading of this and following legal quotations of this
document are due to the kindly cooperation of Dr. Munroe Smith, of
the School of Political Science of Columbia University; Mr. Joseph
FitzGerald, of Mamaroneck, New York; and Rev. José Algué, S.J.,
of the Manila Observatory. The passages allow for the most part,
of only conjecture, while some portions are unintelligible.
[33] Mr. FitzGerald conjectures that _ultra multa cum tiber farsnaci_
is equivalent to "many [passages, texts, authorities?] besides in
Tiberius Farsnaci."
_Regni col[lectio]._ Possibly the citation is from the _Nueva
Recopilación_ of 1567. In some contemporary Latin commentaries
the _Nueva Recopilación_ is described as _Regiæ Constitutiones_;
in others as _Collectio legum Hispania_. Book 9, title 4 of the
_Nueva Recopilación_ deals with "_los officiales de la Contaduria
mayor_." _Regni collectio_ would naturally refer to the Castilian
law. Possibly, however, the reference is to some collection of
laws for the colonies. The _Recopilación de las leyes de Indias_
was not published till 1680; but, according to Antequera (_Hist. de
la Legislacion_, p. 564), a previous collection of the colonial laws,
down to 1596, was made "_en cuatro tomos impresos_;" also, early in the
seventeenth century, "_Se publicó como provisional el libro titulado
'Sumarios de la Recopilación' general de leyes_."--_Munroe Smith_.
[34] _No ymperio, ni mero, ni misto. Imperio mero_ [_i.e.,_ pure
authority], the authority that resides in the sovereign, and by
his appointment in certain magistrates, to impose penalties on the
guilty, with the trying of the cause; _imperio mixto_ [_i.e._, mixed
authority], the authority that belongs to judges to decide civil cases,
and to carry their sentences into effect. See _Novísimo Diccionario
de la Lengua Cast_. (Paris, 1897).
[35] ff = Digest (ff was a Lombard form of D), and the reference is to
Justinian's _Digest_, book 48, tit. 19 (_de poenis_) fragment 27, which
begins "_Divi fratres_." The last paragraph of this fragment empowers
the Roman governor (_præses_) to arrest and imprison any of the leading
citizens (_principales_) who have committed felonies. It is cited as
a precedent in favor of the Spanish president.--_Munroe Smith_.
[36] At this point the following citation occurs in the margin: _ultra
plures cum Cobb lib. 3, variar, c. 13, nº 6. Bartol alias ex conducto
et item cumquidam ff locat e inl c et divus ff de uauj e ex trah i
egruti p. totum maxime n° 15 luias De penia in l i c de principal
lib. 12_. Much of this is unintelligible and there have evidently
been many errors in transcription due to the illegibility of the
original MS. The following conjectures and information, however,
clear up certain portions of the passage.
Mr. FitzGerald conjectures _ultra plures_ to be "several [authors]
besides." _Cobb._ is read _Codieibus_ by Father José Algué, S.J.
_Ex conducto et item cumquidam ff locat_. The reference is to
Justinian's Digest, book 19, tit. 2 (_locati conducti_), fr. 15, which
begins "_ex conducto_" and especially to the passage in the middle of
fr. 15 (§ 3 of modern editions) which begins "_cum quidam_." It reads:
"When a certain person alleged a conflagration on the (leased) land
and desired a remission (of the rent), the following rescript is sent
to him: 'If you have tilled the soil, relief may not undeservedly be
given you on account of the accident of a sudden conflagration.'" The
transcription of the following reference to the Digest: _Divus
ff_: is too hopelessly muddled to identify. Before these is a
reference to Bartolus, and at the end a reference possibly to Cujas
(Cujacius). Bartolus was the leading civilian of the fourteenth
century; Cujacius of the sixteenth.--_Munroe Smith_.
_In l_ is for _in loco_, and _l i c_ for _loco ibi citato_.--_Jose
Algue_, S.J.
[37] Chocolate was at that time supplied to the Philippines from Nueva
España; but the cultivation of the cacao-tree (_Theobroma cacao_),
of which chocolate is a product, was introduced into the islands
about 1665 by the governor Diego Salcedo, at the instance of the
Jesuit Juan de Avila, according to Delgado (_Hist. de Filipinas_,
p. 535). Blanco says (_Flora,_ p. 420), citing Gaspar de San Agustin,
that this honor belongs to a pilot named Pedro Brabo de Lagunas,
who brought cacao plants to Manila in 1670.
[38] There is evidently a slip of some sort here, due either to
mistranscription or to a slip between Messa's hand and brain. The
sense seems to require some such phrase as "depositions were given
with great fear."
[39] There is a probable play on words here, the original reading
_asolar_, literally, "destroy;" but the writer may have used it in the
sense of "to deprive the earth of the sun," in view of the succeeding
remark, _sol_ being the word for "sun."
[40] This letter is published, in an abridged form, by Rev. Pablo
Pastells, in his edition of Colin's _Labor evangélica_, ii, pp. 688,
689; but he there dates the letter July 25, while the Sevilla MS. (here
followed) makes it August, in 1621.
[41] The italic side heads and center heads throughout this letter
appear in the margin of the original, and were made either by the
archbishop himself or by a government clerk.
[42] _i.e._, guardianship: the district allowed to each convent in
which to beg.
[43] This last sentence is evidently the correction in the margin
noted by the archbishop in the last clause of the present letter.
[44] The numbers given in the text (all written out in words, not
figures) amount to 205,000.
[45] The numbers given in the text, for the various bishoprics,
amount to 509,450.
[46] Conducted by the confraternity of that name; see letter of
Audiencia regarding the objects and work of this association, in
_Vol_. XIV, pp. 208-313. See also Dasmariñas's account of the royal
hospital, in _Vol_. X, pp. 28-40.
[47] At that period the (new) Parián, as shown by a plan of 1641,
was opposite the city of Manila on the other side of the Pasig
River. Evidently, then, the Chinese and Indians were obliged to pay
tolls for crossing the river to the city.
[48] See _Vol_. XIII, p. 185, note 33. _Beca_ is most suitably
translated "sleeves."
[49] A decree of like tenor was sent to the Audiencia on the same
date. It is quite probable that similar decrees were sent to all
the orders.
[50] Regarding this, Fajardo wrote thus to the king, on August 17,
1623 (a letter found in the Sevilla archives): "The expedition to
take possession of the gold mines of the Ygolotes, which border on
peaceful lands of this island, has been accomplished, although it
has entailed some expense, not a little labor, and some bloodshed;
for those barbarians are so indomitable, and occupy fortifications,
in which are Spaniards and Indians belonging to the peaceful vassals
of your Majesty. The indications of the mines, the disposition of
the ridges, and the quality of the earth where they were, promise
more richness than do the trials which have been made thus far by
washing and separating the gold. Until all the tests which are used
for this purpose have been made, it can not be certainly said what
their value, will be--although it appears to me that that cannot
be small, considering the large amount of gold which these natives
take from the mines and barter with the friendly Indians. Even if the
profit is not large enough to make it expedient to administer it on
your Majesty's account, in pacifying and reducing to obedience these
Ygolotes Indians there will be no little advantage, besides the taxes,
from reducing them to the vassalage of your Majesty, and to instruction
in our holy Catholic faith, which they have never received."
[51] "The nutmeg [_Myristica fragrans_] grows naturally in Cebu and in
Laguna province, and will grow in all parts of the islands cultivated"
(_Report_ of U.S. Philippine Commission, 1900, iii, p. 271).
Delgado states (_Historia_, p. 537) that in 1737 he found the nutmeg
growing wild in Leyte, a native of the Visayas Islands. He adds:
"It could be cultivated in these islands, if the natives would apply
themselves to this work--or at least if the alcaldes-mayor would
compel them to do so, as they do now in La Laguna of Manila, from
which results to the people of the islands no little benefit."
[52] Probably the same as Ramón Beguer, who arrived in the islands
in 1615, and ministered in various missions in Pangasinan. Finally
he retired to the Dominican convent in Manila, where he died in 1661
(_Reseña biog. Sant. Rosario_, i, p. 348).
[53] George F. Becker in his "Report on Geology of the Philippine
Islands"--in _Twenty-first Annual Report_ of U.S. Geological Survey
(Washington, 1901), part iii, pp. 487-625--cites (p. 622; cf. also
p. 517) the geologist R. von Drasche thus: "Layers of tuff [or tufa--a
volcanic rock formed of agglutinated volcanic earth or scoria]
are also exposed (_Fragmente zu einer Geologie der Insel Luzón_,
pp. 29-31) at many points between Aringay and Benguet, but these
tuffs toward the interior, even at Galiano, are 'no longer earthy,
but quite hard, crystalline, and sandstone like.'" This probably
explains Martin's description of the hard ground.
Ariñgay is located on the northwestern coast of Luzón, at the mouth
of Ariñgay River, in the province, of Unión.
[54] Bacacayes; see description of these weapons in _Vol_. XVI, p. 55,
note 26.
[55] The distance from the end of the thumb to the end of the
forefinger (both extended)--about equivalent to the English span.
[56] For the dress of the Igorrotes, see Sawyer's _Inhabitants of the
Philippines_, pp. 254, 255, and the names of their various articles
of dress, p. 264.
Concerning the Igorrotes, Bulletin No. I, of the _Census of
the Philippine Islands: 1903_, "Population of the Philippines"
(Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of the Census: 1904)
contains the following (p. 6): "Of the other wild tribes in the
Philippine Islands, one of the most important is the Igorot, which
inhabits the central Cordillera from the extreme north of Luzón
south to the plains of Pangasinán and Nueva Ecija. Under this general
name there are various subgroup designations, such as the Gaddans,
Dadayags, or Mayoyao. Another branch of the Igorot tribe is the
Kalinga, along the Cagayán river, near Ilagan, in the province of
Isabela. To the westward, in the sub-province of Bontoc, is another
branch of the Igorot people, who are said to be the most famous of
the head-hunters. Another branch is the Tinguian, inhabiting the
provinces of Nueva Ecija, Ilocos Sur, Lepanto-Bontoc, and Abra."
[57] See Sawyer, _ut supra_, p. 263. The spear described is probably
the _say-aug_. The sharp-pointed stakes are of bamboo, and are called
_sayac_ or _dayac_.
[58] That is, the bones of the animals that they had killed for
their feasts, and which they hung up in their houses as ornaments
and display.
[59] See Becker's account of the gold-producing districts in Luzón,
their geological conditions, and the native methods of mining
(_Twenty-first Annual Report_ of U.S. Geological Survey, part iii,
pp. 576-580). He states that the Igorrotes have always refused,
even to the present day, to allow any outsiders, of any race, to
visit the quartz mines in their country.
[60] "Roasted and powdered copper pyrites added to ores of silver when
reduced to the state of a magma [_i.e._, a thin paste], in order to
reduce the horn silver; formerly so called at the Spanish mines of
Mexico and South America" (Webster's _Dictionary_).
"The _magistral_ is a mixture of pyritous copper and sulphuretted salt,
roasted for some hours in a reverberating oven, and slowly cooled"
(Humboldt's _New Spain_, Black's trans., iii, p. 260).
[61] Spanish, _greta_, an old word used for _almártaga_; oxide of
lead in the form of small scales, and lustrous; commonly called
"litharge of silver," or "of gold," as it resembles those metals.
[62] Also written _temesquitato_; a Mexican word, applied to the
dross from the surface of lead into which pulverized silver ore
is introduced.
[63] See Humboldt's account of the mining methods and processes in
vogue in Nueva España, in his _New Spain_ (Black's trans.), iii,
pp. 231-280.
Various laws and ordinances concerning the discovery and operation
of mines in the Spanish colonies may be found in _Recopilación de
leyes_. mainly in lib. iv, tit. xix, xx, and lib. viii, tit. xi.
[64] The first figure refers to the number of onzas loss of
quicksilver, and the second to the number of the assay. Thus ten
onzas of quicksilver were lost in the second assay.