MUNICIPALIS, commonly called the Table of Heraclea. In the year
1732 there were found near the Gulf of Tarentum and in the
neighbourhood of the city of ancient Heraclea, large fragments of a
bronze table, which contained on one side a Roman lex, and on the
other a Greek inscription. The whole is now in the Museo Borbonico
at Naples. The lex contains various provisions as to the police
of the city of Rome, and as to the constitution of communities of
Roman citizens (_municipia_, _coloniae_, _praefecturae_, _fora_,
_conciliabula civium Romanorum_). It was accordingly a lex of that
kind which is called Satura. It was probably passed in B.C. 45.
JULIA ET PAPIA POPPAEA. Augustus appears to have caused a lex to
be enacted about B.C. 18, which is cited as the _Lex Julia de
Maritandis Ordinibus_, and is referred to in the Carmen Seculare of
Horace, which was written in the year B.C. 17. The object of this
lex was to regulate marriages, as to which it contained numerous
provisions; but it appears not to have come into operation till
the year B.C. 13. In the year A.D. 9, and in the consulship of
M. Papius Mutilus and Q. Poppaeus Secundus (consules suffecti),
another lex was passed as a kind of amendment and supplement to
the former lex, and hence arose the title of Lex Julia et Papia
Poppaea, by which this lex is often quoted. The lex is often
variously quoted, according as reference is made to its various
provisions; sometimes it is called _Lex Julia_, sometimes _Papia
Poppaea_, sometimes _Lex Julia et Papia_, sometimes _Lex de
Maritandis Ordinibus_, from the chapter which treated of the
marriages of the senators, sometimes _Lex Caducaria, Decimaria_,
&c. from the various chapters. The Lex Julia forbade the marriage
of a senator or senator’s children with a libertina, with a woman
whose father or mother had followed an ars ludicra, and with a
prostitute; and also the marriage of a libertinus with a senator’s
daughter. In order to promote marriage, various penalties were
imposed on those who lived in a state of celibacy (_caelibatus_)
after a certain age, and various privileges were given to those who
had three or more children. A candidate for the public offices who
had several children was preferred to one who had fewer. After the
passing of this lex, it became usual for the senate, and afterwards
the emperor (_princeps_), to give occasionally, as a privilege to
certain persons who had not children, the same advantage that the
lex secured to those who had children. This was called the _Jus
Liberorum_, and sometimes the _Jus trium Liberorum_.
PECULATUS, cited in the Digest, related to sacrilege as well as
peculatus.
JULIA ET PLAUTIA, respecting stolen things.