Had I determined to travel in Sweden merely for pleasure, I should
probably have chosen the road to Stockholm, though convinced, by
repeated observation, that the manners of a people are best
discriminated in the country. The inhabitants of the capital are all of
the same genus; for the varieties in the species we must, therefore,
search where the habitations of men are so separated as to allow the
difference of climate to have its natural effect. And with this
difference we are, perhaps, most forcibly struck at the first view, just
as we form an estimate of the leading traits of a character at the first
glance, of which intimacy afterwards makes us almost lose sight.
As my affairs called me to Stromstad (the frontier town of Sweden) in my
way to Norway, I was to pass over, I heard, the most uncultivated part
of the country. Still I believe that the grand features of Sweden are
the same everywhere, and it is only the grand features that admit of
description. There is an individuality in every prospect, which remains
in the memory as forcibly depicted as the particular features that have
arrested our attention; yet we cannot find words to discriminate that
individuality so as to enable a stranger to say, this is the face, that
the view. We may amuse by setting the imagination to work; but we cannot
store the memory with a fact.
As I wish to give you a general idea of this country, I shall continue
in my desultory manner to make such observations and reflections as the
circumstances draw forth, without losing time, by endeavouring to
arrange them.
Travelling in Sweden is very cheap, and even commodious, if you make but
the proper arrangements. Here, as in other parts of the Continent, it is
necessary to have your own carriage, and to have a servant who can speak
the language, if you are unacquainted with it. Sometimes a servant who
can drive would be found very useful, which was our case, for I
travelled in company with two gentlemen, one of whom had a German
servant who drove very well. This was all the party; for not intending
to make a long stay, I left my little girl behind me.
As the roads are not much frequented, to avoid waiting three or four
hours for horses, we sent, as is the constant custom, an _avant courier_
the night before, to order them at every post, and we constantly found
them ready. Our first set I jokingly termed requisition horses; but
afterwards we had almost always little spirited animals that went on at
a round pace.
The roads, making allowance for the ups and downs, are uncommonly good
and pleasant. The expense, including the postillions and other
incidental things, does not amount to more than a shilling the Swedish
mile.
The inns are tolerable; but not liking the rye bread, I found it
necessary to furnish myself with some wheaten before I set out. The
beds, too, were particularly disagreeable to me. It seemed to me that I
was sinking into a grave when I entered them; for, immersed in down
placed in a sort of box, I expected to be suffocated before morning. The
sleeping between two down beds--they do so even in summer--must be very
unwholesome during any season; and I cannot conceive how the people can
bear it, especially as the summers are very warm. But warmth they seem
not to feel; and, I should think, were afraid of the air, by always
keeping their windows shut. In the winter, I am persuaded, I could not
exist in rooms thus closed up, with stoves heated in their manner, for
they only put wood into them twice a day; and, when the stove is
thoroughly heated, they shut the flue, not admitting any air to renew
its elasticity, even when the rooms are crowded with company. These
stoves are made of earthenware, and often in a form that ornaments an
apartment, which is never the case with the heavy iron ones I have seen
elsewhere. Stoves may be economical, but I like a fire, a wood one, in
preference; and I am convinced that the current of air which it attracts
renders this the best mode of warming rooms.
We arrived early the second evening at a little village called Quistram,
where we had determined to pass the night, having been informed that we
should not afterwards find a tolerable inn until we reached Stromstad.
Advancing towards Quistram, as the sun was beginning to decline, I was
particularly impressed by the beauty of the situation. The road was on
the declivity of a rocky mountain, slightly covered with a mossy herbage
and vagrant firs. At the bottom, a river, straggling amongst the
recesses of stone, was hastening forward to the ocean and its grey
rocks, of which we had a prospect on the left; whilst on the right it
stole peacefully forward into the meadows, losing itself in a
thickly-wooded rising ground. As we drew near, the loveliest banks of
wild flowers variegated the prospect, and promised to exhale odours to
add to the sweetness of the air, the purity of which you could almost
see, alas! not smell, for the putrefying herrings, which they use as
manure, after the oil has been extracted, spread over the patches of
earth, claimed by cultivation, destroyed every other.
It was intolerable, and entered with us into the inn, which was in other
respects a charming retreat.
Whilst supper was preparing I crossed the bridge, and strolled by the
river, listening to its murmurs. Approaching the bank, the beauty of
which had attracted my attention in the carriage, I recognised many of
my old acquaintance growing with great luxuriance.
Seated on it, I could not avoid noting an obvious remark. Sweden
appeared to me the country in the world most proper to form the botanist
and natural historian; every object seemed to remind me of the creation
of things, of the first efforts of sportive nature. When a country
arrives at a certain state of perfection, it looks as if it were made
so; and curiosity is not excited. Besides, in social life too many
objects occur for any to be distinctly observed by the generality of
mankind; yet a contemplative man, or poet, in the country--I do not mean
the country adjacent to cities--feels and sees what would escape vulgar
eyes, and draws suitable inferences. This train of reflections might
have led me further, in every sense of the word; but I could not escape
from the detestable evaporation of the herrings, which poisoned all my
pleasure.
After making a tolerable supper--for it is not easy to get fresh
provisions on the road--I retired, to be lulled to sleep by the
murmuring of a stream, of which I with great difficulty obtained
sufficient to perform my daily ablutions.
The last battle between the Danes and Swedes, which gave new life to
their ancient enmity, was fought at this place 1788; only seventeen or
eighteen were killed, for the great superiority of the Danes and
Norwegians obliged the Swedes to submit; but sickness, and a scarcity of
provision, proved very fatal to their opponents on their return.
It would be very easy to search for the particulars of this engagement
in the publications of the day; but as this manner of filling my pages
does not come within my plan, I probably should not have remarked that
the battle was fought here, were it not to relate an anecdote which I
had from good authority.
I noticed, when I first mentioned this place to you, that we descended a
steep before we came to the inn; an immense ridge of rocks stretching
out on one side. The inn was sheltered under them; and about a hundred
yards from it was a bridge that crossed the river, the murmurs of which
I have celebrated; it was not fordable. The Swedish general received
orders to stop at the bridge and dispute the passage--a most
advantageous post for an army so much inferior in force; but the
influence of beauty is not confined to courts. The mistress of the inn
was handsome; when I saw her there were still some remains of beauty;
and, to preserve her house, the general gave up the only tenable
station. He was afterwards broke for contempt of orders.
Approaching the frontiers, consequently the sea, nature resumed an
aspect ruder and ruder, or rather seemed the bones of the world waiting
to be clothed with everything necessary to give life and beauty. Still
it was sublime.
The clouds caught their hue of the rocks that menaced them. The sun
appeared afraid to shine, the birds ceased to sing, and the flowers to
bloom; but the eagle fixed his nest high amongst the rocks, and the
vulture hovered over this abode of desolation. The farm houses, in which
only poverty resided, were formed of logs scarcely keeping off the cold
and drifting snow: out of them the inhabitants seldom peeped, and the
sports or prattling of children was neither seen or heard. The current
of life seemed congealed at the source: all were not frozen, for it was
summer, you remember; but everything appeared so dull that I waited to
see ice, in order to reconcile me to the absence of gaiety.
The day before, my attention had frequently been attracted by the wild
beauties of the country we passed through.
The rocks which tossed their fantastic heads so high were often covered
with pines and firs, varied in the most picturesque manner. Little woods
filled up the recesses when forests did not darken the scene, and
valleys and glens, cleared of the trees, displayed a dazzling verdure
which contrasted with the gloom of the shading pines. The eye stole into
many a covert where tranquillity seemed to have taken up her abode, and
the number of little lakes that continually presented themselves added
to the peaceful composure of the scenery. The little cultivation which
appeared did not break the enchantment, nor did castles rear their
turrets aloft to crush the cottages, and prove that man is more savage
than the natives of the woods. I heard of the bears but never saw them
stalk forth, which I was sorry for; I wished to have seen one in its
wild state. In the winter, I am told, they sometimes catch a stray cow,
which is a heavy loss to the owner.
The farms are small. Indeed most of the houses we saw on the road
indicated poverty, or rather that the people could just live. Towards
the frontiers they grew worse and worse in their appearance, as if not
willing to put sterility itself out of countenance. No gardens smiled
round the habitations, not a potato or cabbage to eat with the fish
drying on a stick near the door. A little grain here and there appeared,
the long stalks of which you might almost reckon. The day was gloomy
when we passed over this rejected spot, the wind bleak, and winter
seemed to be contending with nature, faintly struggling to change the
season. Surely, thought I, if the sun ever shines here it cannot warm
these stones; moss only cleaves to them, partaking of their hardness,
and nothing like vegetable life appears to cheer with hope the heart.
So far from thinking that the primitive inhabitants of the world lived
in a southern climate where Paradise spontaneously arose, I am led to
infer, from various circumstances, that the first dwelling of man
happened to be a spot like this which led him to adore a sun so seldom
seen; for this worship, which probably preceded that of demons or
demigods, certainly never began in a southern climate, where the
continual presence of the sun prevented its being considered as a good;
or rather the want of it never being felt, this glorious luminary would
carelessly have diffused its blessings without being hailed as a
benefactor. Man must therefore have been placed in the north, to tempt
him to run after the sun, in order that the different parts of the earth
might be peopled. Nor do I wonder that hordes of barbarians always
poured out of these regions to seek for milder climes, when nothing like
cultivation attached them to the soil, especially when we take into the
view that the adventuring spirit, common to man, is naturally stronger
and more general during the infancy of society. The conduct of the
followers of Mahomet, and the crusaders, will sufficiently corroborate
my assertion.
Approaching nearer to Stromstad, the appearance of the town proved to be
quite in character with the country we had just passed through. I
hesitated to use the word country, yet could not find another; still it
would sound absurd to talk of fields of rocks.
The town was built on and under them. Three or four weather-beaten trees
were shrinking from the wind, and the grass grew so sparingly that I
could not avoid thinking Dr. Johnson's hyperbolical assertion "that the
man merited well of his country who made a few blades of grass grow
where they never grew before," might here have been uttered with strict
propriety. The steeple likewise towered aloft, for what is a church,
even amongst the Lutherans, without a steeple? But to prevent mischief
in such an exposed situation, it is wisely placed on a rock at some
distance not to endanger the roof of the church.
Rambling about, I saw the door open, and entered, when to my great
surprise I found the clergyman reading prayers, with only the clerk
attending. I instantly thought of Swift's "Dearly beloved Roger," but on
inquiry I learnt that some one had died that morning, and in Sweden it
is customary to pray for the dead.
The sun, who I suspected never dared to shine, began now to convince me
that he came forth only to torment; for though the wind was still
cutting, the rocks became intolerably warm under my feet, whilst the
herring effluvia, which I before found so very offensive, once more
assailed me. I hastened back to the house of a merchant, the little
sovereign of the place, because he was by far the richest, though not
the mayor.
Here we were most hospitably received, and introduced to a very fine and
numerous family. I have before mentioned to you the lilies of the north,
I might have added, water lilies, for the complexion of many, even of
the young women, seem to be bleached on the bosom of snow. But in this
youthful circle the roses bloomed with all their wonted freshness, and I
wondered from whence the fire was stolen which sparkled in their fine
blue eyes.
Here we slept; and I rose early in the morning to prepare for my little
voyage to Norway. I had determined to go by water, and was to leave my
companions behind; but not getting a boat immediately, and the wind
being high and unfavourable, I was told that it was not safe to go to
sea during such boisterous weather; I was, therefore, obliged to wait
for the morrow, and had the present day on my hands, which I feared
would be irksome, because the family, who possessed about a dozen French
words amongst them and not an English phrase, were anxious to amuse me,
and would not let me remain alone in my room. The town we had already
walked round and round, and if we advanced farther on the coast, it was
still to view the same unvaried immensity of water surrounded by
barrenness.
The gentlemen, wishing to peep into Norway, proposed going to
Fredericshall, the first town--the distance was only three Swedish
miles. There and back again was but a day's journey, and would not, I
thought, interfere with my voyage. I agreed, and invited the eldest and
prettiest of the girls to accompany us. I invited her because I like to
see a beautiful face animated by pleasure, and to have an opportunity of
regarding the country, whilst the gentlemen were amusing themselves with
her.
I did not know, for I had not thought of it, that we were to scale some
of the most mountainous cliffs of Sweden in our way to the ferry which
separates the two countries.
Entering amongst the cliffs, we were sheltered from the wind, warm
sunbeams began to play, streams to flow, and groves of pines diversified
the rocks. Sometimes they became suddenly bare and sublime. Once, in
particular, after mounting the most terrific precipice, we had to pass
through a tremendous defile, where the closing chasm seemed to threaten
us with instant destruction, when, turning quickly, verdant meadows and
a beautiful lake relieved and charmed my eyes.
I had never travelled through Switzerland, but one of my companions
assured me that I should not there find anything superior, if equal, to
the wild grandeur of these views.
As we had not taken this excursion into our plan, the horses had not
been previously ordered, which obliged us to wait two hours at the first
post. The day was wearing away. The road was so bad that walking up the
precipices consumed the time insensibly; but as we desired horses at
each post ready at a certain hour, we reckoned on returning more
speedily.
We stopped to dine at a tolerable farm; they brought us out ham, butter,
cheese, and milk, and the charge was so moderate that I scattered a
little money amongst the children who were peeping at us, in order to
pay them for their trouble.
Arrived at the ferry, we were still detained, for the people who attend
at the ferries have a stupid kind of sluggishness in their manner, which
is very provoking when you are in haste. At present I did not feel it,
for, scrambling up the cliffs, my eye followed the river as it rolled
between the grand rocky banks; and, to complete the scenery, they were
covered with firs and pines, through which the wind rustled as if it
were lulling itself to sleep with the declining sun.
Behold us now in Norway; and I could not avoid feeling surprise at
observing the difference in the manners of the inhabitants of the two
sides of the river, for everything shows that the Norwegians are more
industrious and more opulent. The Swedes (for neighbours are seldom the
best friends) accuse the Norwegians of knavery, and they retaliate by
bringing a charge of hypocrisy against the Swedes. Local circumstances
probably render both unjust, speaking from their feelings rather than
reason; and is this astonishing when we consider that most writers of
travels have done the same, whose works have served as materials for the
compilers of universal histories? All are eager to give a national
character, which is rarely just, because they do not discriminate the
natural from the acquired difference. The natural, I believe, on due
consideration, will be found to consist merely in the degree of
vivacity, or thoughtfulness, pleasures or pain, inspired by the climate,
whilst the varieties which the forms of government, including religion,
produce are much more numerous and unstable.
A people have been characterised as stupid by nature; what a paradox!
because they did not consider that slaves, having no object to stimulate
industry, have not their faculties sharpened by the only thing that can
exercise them, self-interest. Others have been brought forward as
brutes, having no aptitude for the arts and sciences, only because the
progress of improvement had not reached that stage which produces them.
Those writers who have considered the history of man, or of the human
mind, on a more enlarged scale have fallen into similar errors, not
reflecting that the passions are weak where the necessaries of life are
too hardly or too easily obtained.
Travellers who require that every nation should resemble their native
country, had better stay at home. It is, for example, absurd to blame a
people for not having that degree of personal cleanliness and elegance
of manners which only refinement of taste produces, and will produce
everywhere in proportion as society attains a general polish. The most
essential service, I presume, that authors could render to society,
would be to promote inquiry and discussion, instead of making those
dogmatical assertions which only appear calculated to gird the human
mind round with imaginary circles, like the paper globe which represents
the one he inhabits.
This spirit of inquiry is the characteristic of the present century,
from which the succeeding will, I am persuaded, receive a great
accumulation of knowledge; and doubtless its diffusion will in a great
measure destroy the factitious national characters which have been
supposed permanent, though only rendered so by the permanency of
ignorance.
Arriving at Fredericshall, at the siege of which Charles XII. lost his
life, we had only time to take a transient view of it whilst they were
preparing us some refreshment.
Poor Charles! I thought of him with respect. I have always felt the
same for Alexander, with whom he has been classed as a madman by several
writers, who have reasoned superficially, confounding the morals of the
day with the few grand principles on which unchangeable morality rests.
Making no allowance for the ignorance and prejudices of the period, they
do not perceive how much they themselves are indebted to general
improvement for the acquirements, and even the virtues, which they would
not have had the force of mind to attain by their individual exertions
in a less advanced state of society.
The evening was fine, as is usual at this season, and the refreshing
odour of the pine woods became more perceptible, for it was nine o'clock
when we left Fredericshall. At the ferry we were detained by a dispute
relative to our Swedish passport, which we did not think of getting
countersigned in Norway. Midnight was coming on, yet it might with such
propriety have been termed the noon of night that, had Young ever
travelled towards the north, I should not have wondered at his becoming
enamoured of the moon. But it is not the Queen of Night alone who reigns
here in all her splendour, though the sun, loitering just below the
horizon, decks her within a golden tinge from his car, illuminating the
cliffs that hide him; the heavens also, of a clear softened blue, throw
her forward, and the evening star appears a smaller moon to the naked
eye. The huge shadows of the rocks, fringed with firs, concentrating the
views without darkening them, excited that tender melancholy which,
sublimating the imagination, exalts rather than depresses the mind.
My companions fell asleep--fortunately they did not snore; and I
contemplated, fearless of idle questions, a night such as I had never
before seen or felt, to charm the senses, and calm the heart. The very
air was balmy as it freshened into morn, producing the most voluptuous
sensations. A vague pleasurable sentiment absorbed me, as I opened my
bosom to the embraces of nature; and my soul rose to its Author, with
the chirping of the solitary birds, which began to feel, rather than
see, advancing day. I had leisure to mark its progress. The grey morn,
streaked with silvery rays, ushered in the orient beams (how beautifully
varying into purple!), yet I was sorry to lose the soft watery clouds
which preceded them, exciting a kind of expectation that made me almost
afraid to breathe, lest I should break the charm. I saw the sun--and
sighed.
One of my companions, now awake, perceiving that the postillion had
mistaken the road, began to swear at him, and roused the other two, who
reluctantly shook off sleep.
We had immediately to measure back our steps, and did not reach
Stromstad before five in the morning.
The wind had changed in the night, and my boat was ready.
A dish of coffee, and fresh linen, recruited my spirits, and I directly
set out again for Norway, purposing to land much higher up the coast.
Wrapping my great-coat round me, I lay down on some sails at the bottom
of the boat, its motion rocking me to rest, till a discourteous wave
interrupted my slumbers, and obliged me to rise and feel a solitariness
which was not so soothing as that of the past night.
Adieu!