CHAPTER XIX

EXPEDITION IN AID OF COMMERCE

COMMODORE MATTHEW C. PERRY AND THE FIRST AMERICAN TREATY WITH

JAPAN--AN EXHIBITION OF POWER AND DIGNITY THAT WON THE RESPECT OF

A NATION THAT HAD BEEN JUSTIFIED IN ITS CONTEMPT FOR CIVILIZED

GREED--SERVICES OF NAVAL OFFICERS THAT ARE NOT WELL KNOWN AND HAVE

NEVER BEEN FULLY APPRECIATED BY THE NATION.

Although any historian of the American Navy must be almost exclusively

occupied with the deeds of men whose chief business it was to secure

and promote the peace of the nation, one chapter of this work must

be devoted to achievements which, though bloodless and in no sense

spectacular, were of great importance not only to the American people

but to the whole world.

A most interesting and valuable work might be written on the doings of

the American Navy in times of peace. It would be especially valuable,

for it would demonstrate beyond question that the Yankee seamen

have at the least earned what they have cost during the years when

short-sighted legislators have argued that a navy was on the whole

a useless expense, or at best a school of preparation for a war not

likely to come.

The truth is that only one of the navy’s achievements in times of

peace has ever been fully appreciated by the American people, and

that was the expedition to Japan, in the early fifties, under Captain

Matthew Calbraith Perry. This Captain Perry, it is worth noting, was

a younger brother of Oliver H. Perry, the hero of Lake Erie. He was

made a lieutenant in 1813, but, like many others at that time, did not

make a great name simply because he lacked opportunity. He never had

a separate command where the qualities that give a naval officer fame

might have sway. However, in the Gulf squadron during the war with

Mexico, he found some work to do, and he had previously identified

himself with the progressive work of the Navy by services in connection

with the early use of steam, something of which will be told in the

last volume of this work.

After the Mexican war, came the tremendous developments on the Pacific

coast, and the wide expansion of commerce that gave the American

clipper ship an imperishable fame--an expansion of commerce that

reached out to every nation of the globe but one. That one was the rich

island-empire of Japan. A most remarkable and a most interesting

people were the Japanese. In the sixteenth century, a band of Christian

missionaries penetrated the empire, and found there a civilization

really far higher than that they had left in Europe. With wondrous zeal

and self-sacrifice, and arrogant confidence in their own superiority,

these missionaries set about converting this people to the Christian

faith and subverting the government to their own ends. They succeeded

in proselyting and in politics just far enough to throw the whole

empire into a turmoil that ended at last in much bloodshed and the

total expulsion of all the devotees of the Christian religion.

[Illustration]

[Illustration: A Japanese Portrait of M. C. Perry, with a poem

dedicated to him.

_From a lithograph presented to the Navy Department by William Elliott

Griffis, Esq._

TRANSLATION OF THE POEM

“When in the Land of the Morning, I came as Ambassador, aiming to

reach the Eastern Capital, many days passed while the ships lay at

anchor in a place called the harbor of Yokohama. One day, in order

to beguile the tedium of waiting, we gathered on board and feasted.

After sunset the moon rose resplendent, and, in playful mood, I

sang this verse:

On Musashi’s bright sea,

The rising moon,

In California

Makes setting gloom.

“Taira Hiraki [Sakuma Shozan] composed this, putting himself in the

place of the American Envoy.”

Translated by T. Harada and Wm. Elliot Griffis.]

So painful had been the experience of the Japanese that they determined

that thereafter no Christian should ever have a foothold in their

country; and for nearly three hundred years they were very nearly

faithful to this resolve.

The Dutch did, indeed, manage to establish something of a trading

station at Nagasaki. The Dutch were from the early days adroit and

enterprising traders, but the conditions to which they submitted were

so humiliating that the Japanese held them in the heartiest contempt.

In fact, the Japanese during the nineteenth century had come to believe

that the Christian world had really no thought unconnected with the

greed of material gain; and when the clear-eyed historian looks over

that world as a whole he cannot escape the feeling that the Japanese

were almost justified in their faith. A people who worship Beauty and

Art are justified in their contempt for those who worship the twin gods

of Utility and Profit.

Nevertheless it is certain that with the introduction of Western

civilization wrought by the American fleet the Japanese standards of

Liberty and Justice have been immeasurably raised. And that is to say

that the Japanese people have gained in happiness more than greedy

Western traders have gained in material profits, while the result of

spreading the knowledge of Japanese art over the rest of the civilized

world needs nothing more than mere mention here. It is with good reason

that the American people recall the work under Commodore Matthew

Calbraith Perry with hearty pride.

It is a matter of interest to note that Perry was advocating an

expedition to peacefully open the ports of Japan to American

commerce, when so wise a statesman as Webster viewed the matter with

indifference, for that was not the only occasion in the history of the

country when the people might well have given a quick ear to the advice

of naval officers in the matter of the nation’s foreign policy. As a

matter of fact, the officers of the Navy, with their knowledge of the

world and their sturdy patriotism, are the safest and in every way the

best judges of what the foreign policy of the nation should be.

[Illustration: The _Mississippi_ in a Cyclone on Her Japan Cruise.

_From a wood-cut in Perry’s “Narrative” of this trip._]

The advance upon Japan was slow. President Jackson sent a man to

the East in 1831 with that project, among others, in view. In 1845

Commodore Biddle was sent with the big ship-of-the-line _Columbus_ and

the _Vincennes_ to negotiate a treaty, but he was hampered by orders

“not to do anything to excite” either hostile feelings toward or

distrust of the United States, and nothing was accomplished. Another

expedition planned in 1851 failed even to reach the Japanese coast

because the commander, Captain James Aulick, of the _Susquehanna_, was

recalled, when _en route_, to face a charge based on a false report

regarding his conduct as a gentleman and an officer.

[Illustration: The _Mississippi_ at Jamestown, St. Helena.

_From a lithograph in Perry’s “Narrative.”_]

Finally, on March 24, 1852, Commodore Perry having been appointed to

the mission, he sailed from Norfolk in the steamer _Mississippi_, and

after touching at the Madeiras, St. Helena, the Cape of Good Hope, and

elsewhere _en route_ he arrived at Hong Kong, on the southeast corner

of China, on April 6, 1853. The American squadron on the China station

included the steamer _Susquehanna_ and the sailing-ships _Saratoga_

and the _Plymouth_. These were added to the expedition, with the

_Susquehanna_ as flagship, and on July 8th the squadron was in the Bay

of Yeddo and at anchor off Uraga.

As it happened, there was a fog on the sea that morning, and no

steamship had ever entered the harbor before that day. This combination

of circumstances--the sudden appearance of two big ships propelled out

of the fog, with two others in tow, by a power they had never seen,

made a profound impression on the people. Yet it was not the impression

that an ignorant people would have received, for the authorities were

expecting the fleet, having heard of it through the Dutch, and they

had read about and had seen pictures of steamships and steam-cars as

well.

But while the fleet was well adapted to excite the respect as well as

the admiration of the people, they still had but one idea of the white

race, and that was that it was animated by greed only, and so would

submit, as the Dutch had done, to every indignity to accomplish their

ends. And it was the not unnatural pleasure of this curious people to

inflict indignities on traders.

It was therefore with astonishment mixed with rapidly growing respect

that they became acquainted with the envoy of the American nation. For

it was a curious fact (curious to us) that this representative of a

people who believe all men born free and equal was the first to insist

on the Japanese recognizing distinctions in rank among Americans. The

representative of a people who believe in observing no other forms than

those that preserve the rights and comforts of the individual, and

despise formalities exacted for form’s sake, compelled the Japanese to

the observance of the most respectful formalities in their intercourse

with him.

[Illustration: View of Uraga. Yeddo Bay.

_From a lithograph in Perry’s “Narrative.”_]

As the squadron steamed up the bay, boat after boat bearing official

flags put out from the shore, but they were wholly ignored by the

Yankee commodore. And when the ships had come to anchor and

the little officials from the shore came alongside, the lines of

their boats were cut as fast as the crews tried to make fast to the

war-ships, and the officials themselves, who were so bold as to try

climbing on board, were driven back--in some cases knocked back--into

their boats, while an interpreter informed them that only the very

highest official would be admitted.

Then came one who was manifestly of no little importance, though not

of the highest rank. By motions he let it be known that he wanted a

gangway lowered. He was ignored until he showed an order for the ships

to leave the harbor immediately, when the interpreter informed him

that no communication could be held with such a low-grade fellow as

he was. At that, somewhat humbled, he asked that someone of a rank

corresponding to him might be delegated to receive him, and after a

delay that was long enough to make him think no one cared very much

for the matter, a lieutenant was assigned to listen to him and he was

permitted to come on board.

[Illustration: A Japanese Junk.

_From a lithograph in Perry’s “Narrative.”_]

On his reaching the deck of the flagship the Americans found they were

dealing with the Vice-Governor of the district. He said the Japanese

law provided for communicating with foreigners at Nagasaki only, where

the Dutch came to trade. The American representative (Lieutenant John

Contee) informed him that the Americans considered any such proposition

to be in the highest degree disrespectful. Further, they had come to

Japan with a message from their President to the ruler of Japan, and

that that message should be delivered only to a prince of the highest

rank, who especially represented the Japanese ruler. Moreover, it would

be delivered only on the shores of the bay where the squadron was now

lying, and at a point very near the capital.

Then pointing to the armed boats that swarmed around the _Susquehanna_,

Lieutenant Contee, in an indignant manner, informed the official that

the presence of those boats was an insult, and that if the boats did

not go away quickly the insult would be resented with violence--even

with the cannon.

At that the official ordered the boats away, and the upshot of

the visit was that the governor himself came next day on board to

negotiate. He was received by two captains--Buchanan and Adams--with

Lieutenant Contee, but he was informed that no third-rank official like

himself could see the American commodore.

After some little palaver the governor conceded that the Americans

might deliver their message there, but insisted that the answer of the

Emperor must be sent to Nagasaki. Immediately the watchful Americans

noted, although they did not understand the language, that the governor

used one term when he spoke of the Emperor and a different one when he

spoke of the American President. Assuming that he was less respectful

in speaking of the President, they demanded that he use the same term

for each ruler, and he apologized. Then they told him that the answer

to the message would be received only where the message was delivered.

Finding the Americans fully determined, the governor said he would

have to appeal to the throne for instructions. This seemed reasonable,

but when he said it would take four days to get his instructions back,

although the capital was but a few hours away, the Americans said that

if the Emperor did not send the order in three days the ships would

steam up to the capital to learn the cause of the delay, and in that

event the American commodore would go ashore and himself call for the

answer to the President’s message to the Emperor.

“I will wait until Tuesday, the 12th day of July, and no longer,” was

the emphatic message which Commodore Perry sent to the governor, and

that brought the governor to the American terms.

[Illustration: Commodore Perry’s First Landing at Gorahama.

_From a lithograph in Perry’s “Narrative.”_]

It may be worth noting here, as indicating the character of

the Japanese, that when the Governor of Uraga came on board he was

accompanied by three reporters, who not only wrote down everything that

was said, but asked many questions, wrote the answers carefully, and

added descriptions of everything they saw about the ships. Like good

reporters everywhere, they were careful, in matters of importance, to

get everything down in their notebooks, and then verify their notes.

They are called _Metsko Devantigers_--_i. e._, men who look in all

directions.

[Illustration: Commodore Perry Delivering the President’s Letter to the

Japanese Representatives.]

On Tuesday, July 12th, came word permitting the message to be delivered

in a house to be erected for the purpose on the shore of the bay and

promising an answer in due time at the same place. An official of

the highest rank was assigned to receive the message. The Thursday

following was the day set for delivering the message. So Commodore

Perry ordered out his barge with fourteen others to carry guards of

honor. The boats formed in line and the advance guard-boat, with an

American captain in command, was accompanied by two Japanese boats

containing, as a mark of honor, the Governor and Vice-governor

of Uraga. There was a band of music, and to the blare of brazen

instruments was added the roar of a thirteen-gun salute.

On reaching the shore the American guard, consisting of four hundred

marines and sailors, lined up to salute the commodore. Then a

procession was formed, with the commodore in a sedan-chair borne by

Chinese members of the crew, while the letter of the President and the

credentials of the commodore were borne by two negroes selected for

their size and bearing. These documents, by the way, were written on

vellum of folio size, the big seals were enclosed in solid gold boxes,

and the documents were enclosed in gold-mounted caskets.

The commodore’s sedan was flanked by two immense negroes in gorgeous

uniform and armed like pirates.

[Illustration: A Japanese Fish-Present.

(One of the invariable Imperial gifts. The substance protruding at

each end is edible sea-weed on which the fish is laid and covered with

paper.)

_From a wood-cut in Perry’s “Narrative.”_]

There was no great ceremony in the house of reception. The dignitaries

took seats, a box that had been prepared for the occasion was pointed

out as the receptacle of the message, and into it the message was

placed. There was, of course, plenty of bowing and rising up in the

presence of the great men of both nations. But after the big ceremony

was over the princes went on board ship and had a sail around the bay.

There was also an exchange of presents, the Japanese being somewhat

surprised to find the Americans refusing to accept presents without

returning something of equal value.

[Illustration: The Imperial Barge at Yokohama.

_From a wood-cut in Perry’s “Narrative.”_]

In February the commodore returned for the Emperor’s reply to the

President’s message requiring a commercial treaty. He came with the

steamers _Powhatan_, _Mississippi_, and _Susquehanna_, with the

_Lexington_, _Vandalia_, and _Macedonian_ in tow. They insisted on

anchoring farther up the bay than before--at Yokohama, within nine

miles of the capital. Here the commodore continued the practices of

the former visit, and the business of the expedition was concluded in

the signing of a treaty which granted everything that the Americans

could reasonably demand--a treaty, it is worth noting, that has been of

greater benefit to Japan than to the nation that insisted on making it.

[Illustration: The Final Page of the First Treaty with Japan.

_From a facsimile of the original._]

And to the very great honor of the American Navy it was made without

bloodshed as well as without a single humiliating concession. In fact,

the Japan expedition emphasizes the assertion that whenever matters

of foreign diplomacy have been left to the discretion of the officers

of the Navy both the honor of the nation and justice have been

carefully guarded.

[Illustration: Commodore Perry Meeting the Imperial Commissioners at

Yokohama.

_From a lithograph in Perry’s “Narrative.”_]

An amusing feature of the history of this expedition is found in the

periodicals of the day, where it is said that the Japanese idea of

entertaining their guests was a “disgusting exhibition” of the skill

of their wrestlers, while the American idea of a return entertainment

was a “brilliant” negro minstrel show in which the seamen of the fleet

performed as well as the professional talent at “Christy’s” on Broadway

might have done.

[Illustration: Japanese Wrestlers at Yokohama.

_From a lithograph in Perry’s “Narrative.”_]

No elaborate résumé of the doings of the scientific explorers of

the Navy can be given here. The exploring expedition of Lieutenant

Charles Wilkes, with the sloops _Vincennes_ and _Peacock_, the brig

_Porpoise_, the store-ship _Relief_, and the tenders _Sea-gull_ and

_Flying Fish_, was the most pretentious. It was authorized in 1836,

and was directed chiefly to the extreme South, but some work was done

among the islands of the Pacific. A number of thick quarto volumes

give the reports of officers and specialists, but only people engaged

in a scientific study of nature ever fully appreciated the great value

of the work done. Lieutenant J. M. Gilliss, assisted by Lieutenant

Archibald MacRea, Acting-Master S. L. Phelps, and Captain’s Clerk E. R.

Smith, were members of a “United States Astronomical Expedition to

the Southern Hemisphere” in 1849–52. There was an exploring expedition

in the Parana in the steamer _Water Witch_, which was fired on by the

Paraguyan dictator, and the event compelled a show of force, later on,

in order to teach the people there to respect the flag. An exploration

of the Dead Sea was made by Lieutenant William Francis Lynch, in 1848.

In 1850 Lieutenant Edwin J. De Haven sailed from New York with the

brigs _Rescue_ and _Advance_, in search of the remains of Sir

John Franklin, the Arctic explorer. A proper relation of what was

accomplished by these and other expeditions of the kind would fill a

large and most interesting work. But it may be said here that only

a cursory examination of the reports of the officers making them is

needed to show not only that the naval officers were fitted for the

work in hand, but that the work accomplished was in its influence upon

humanity in general, as well as upon the American nation, well worth

its cost.

[Illustration: Commodore’s Pennant, 1812–1860.

_From a pennant at the Naval Institute, Annapolis._]

[Illustration: The U. S. Brig _Porpoise_ in a Squall.

_From a picture drawn and engraved by W. J. Bennett, in 1844._]

[Illustration: The U. S. Frigate _Hudson_ Returning from a Cruise, with

a Fair Wind.]

APPENDIX

NAVAL CALLS

From the Station Bills of the U. S. Ship _Concord_ during her cruise in

the Mediterranean, 1830–1832, Captain M. C. Perry, Commander.

_From the original volume at the Naval Academy, Annapolis._

[Illustration: BUGLE CALLS

CALL FOR DRUMS & FIFE

BAND CALLS]

[Illustration: CALL 1st CUTTER]

[Illustration: CALL ALLIGATOR

CALL SHARK]

[Illustration: CALL LAUNCH]

[Illustration: BOATS CREW

CALL 1st GIG

CALL ARIEL]

[Illustration: MORNING CALL

EVENING CALL]

[Illustration: LAST CALL

CALL TO QUARTERS]

INDEX

_Abby Bradford_, merchant-ship, capture of, by the _Sumter_, iv. 412;

captured by the frigate _Powhatan_, 413.

_Abellino_, Yankee privateer, captures prizes in the Mediterranean,

iii. 343.

_Acasta_, British gun-boat, attacks the _Constitution_, iii. 260.

Acquia Creek, Potomac River, capture of Confederate forts at, iv. 66,

81–83.

_Active_, British brig, captured by the _Hazard_, i. 206.

_Adams_, American frigate, changed to a corvette, iii. 54;

Captain Charles Morris in command of, 57;

on the coast of Africa, 58;

chased by the _Tigris_, 59;

scurvy on board, 60;

runs on a rock, 61;

attacked on the Penobscot, 62;

burned, _ib._

Adams, Captain H. A., disloyal conduct of, iv. 117.

Adams, John, member of first Marine Committee, i. 36.

Adams, Samuel, and the Boston tea-party, i. 12.

_Adelaide_, Federal transport, iv. 100.

_Adeline_, American brig, recaptured from the British, ii. 74.

_Admiral Duff_, British privateer, blown up by the _Protector_, i.

207.

_Adriana_, American brigantine, Ambassador to Holland sails on, iv.

153.

_Adventure_, British ship, burned by Paul Jones, i. 78.

_Africa_, British ship-of-the-line, ii. 55.

Africa, making the coast of, safe for American traders, iii. 340–358.

_Aiken_, Southern revenue cutter, converted into the Confederate

privateer _Petrel_, iv. 93.

_Alabama_, Confederate privateer, off Galveston, iv. 357;

known as _No. 290_, 430;

Captain Semmes appointed to command, 431;

cruises off the Azores, Martinique, Galveston, Cape Town, and the

East Indies, 432–436;

encounters the _Kearsarge_ at Cherbourg, 436;

comparison of their armaments, 437;

the fight, 438–441;

prizes taken by, 447.

_Alabama_ claims, iv. 430.

_Albatross_, Federal gun-boat, passes the batteries of Port Hudson,

iv. 358.

_Albemarle_, Confederate ironclad ram, iv. 456;

laid up at Plymouth, N.C., 457;

blown up by Lieutenant Cushing, 461.

Albemarle Sound, N.C., a Confederate privateer resort, iv. 94.

_Albert Adams_, Federal merchant-ship, captured by the _Sumter_, iv.

415.

Alden, Captain James, iv. 386.

Alden, Commander James, iv. 314.

_Alert_, British corvette, surrenders to the _Essex_, ii. 42;

attempt to rescue from Porter, 43, 44.

_Alert_, British cutter, captures the _Lexington_, i. 119, 120.

Alexander, Captain Charles, i. 66.

_Alexandria_, British frigate, ii. 359.

Alexandria, Red River, Admiral Porter’s squadrons arrive at, iv. 370.

_Alfred_, American flagship, sent to France, i. 130;

captured, 132, 133.

Algerian fleet sent after Yankee merchantmen, iii. 341.

Algerian Navy, strength of the, iii. 344.

Algerian pirates encouraged by England, i. 308, 309.

Algiers, Africa, tribute paid to by the United States, iii. 339;

by England, 340.

Algiers, Dey of, ransom paid to, i. 309, 310;

treatment of Americans by, iii. 340, 341.

Algiers, harbor defences of, iii. 345.

_Allen_, American gun-boat, iii. 141.

Allen, Captain William Henry, ii. 360;

carries the American Minister to France, 361;

sails into the English Channel, _ib._;

captures a wine ship from Portugal, 362, 363;

encounters the _Pelican_, 362–364;

his ship surrendered, 367;

dies in Mill Prison Hospital, 371.

Allen, Lieutenant William Howard, takes charge of the ship, ii. 364;

continues the fight, 367;

killed in an engagement with pirates, iii. 333.

_Alliance_, American frigate, detailed to carry Lafayette home, i.

232;

fouls the _Bonhomme Richard_, 234;

takes a valuable prize, 236;

fires into the _Bonhomme Richard_, 254;

flight of Paul Jones on the, 275;

cruises on the French coast, 297;

narrow escape of, 298;

sails from Havana with specie, _ib._;

attacked by the _Sybille_, 299;

sold, 303.

_Alligator_, American tender, surrendered to the British, iii. 235.

_Alligator_, American schooner, defeats an attack at Cole’s Island,

ii. 419.

Alvarado, Mexican port, Commodore Conner attempts to take, iii. 410;

captured by Lieutenant Charles G. Hunter, 428.

Alwyn, John C., Lieutenant in the _Java_ fight, mortally wounded, ii.

166, 171, 172.

American citizens in foreign countries, iii. 385, 386.

American commerce, English policy toward, i. 306, 307, 384;

protected by Portugal, 307;

menace to, iv. 412.

American cruisers in British waters, i. 112–133.

American flag, first salute given to, i. 69;

designed, 134;

first hoisted, 135;

first saluted by a foreign power, 138;

protected by Portugal, 307;

a shield for an infamous traffic, iii. 361;

a Chinese assault on, 380.

American frontier in 1812, ii. 262.

American Navy, first existence of, i. 1;

founders of, 37;

first ships of, in commission, 39–43;

resolutions of Congress founding it, 41;

first officers and first ships of, 39–43;

origin of the, 1–47;

first cruise of the, 48–62;

first squadron poorly manned and inefficient, 49–53;

along shore in 1776, 63–83;

mismanagement in, 159;

at the time of the Declaration of Independence, 300;

building a new navy, 303;

strength of, at commencement of hostilities with France, 315;

almost extinct, 396;

reduced to a peace footing, 398;

discreditable lack of, ii. 26;

increase of, 356;

development of, from 1815 to 1859, iv. 1–9;

personnel of the, in 1859, 24–26;

number of men who took part with the Southern States, 27;

value of men from Northern ports and the Great Lakes, 36;

a nautical curiosity shop, 37;

ferryboats as naval ships, _ib._;

first great naval expedition of the War of the Rebellion, 168;

modern, sketch of, 523–554;

in 1885, condition of, 523.

American prisoners in England, i. 122;

in Tripoli, 345, 358.

American seamen, impressment of, ii. 18;

courage and skill of, 357.

American sea-power in 1812, ii. 21.

American shipping and French cruisers, i. 314.

American squadron, career of the first, i. 60.

Ammen, Captain Daniel, at Port Royal, iv. 163;

Commander of the _Patapsco_, 480.

_Amphitrite_, American pilot-boat, attacks a French privateer, ii. 34.

_Amy_, American bark, Blackford, at Rio Janeiro, iv. 548.

_Anacostia_, Federal screw steamer, at Acquia Creek, iv. 81.

Anarchy in the West Indies and along the Spanish Main, iii. 325.

_Andrea Doria_, brig of first American Navy, i. 39;

in the first naval battle of the Revolution, 58;

ordered to sea, 64;

fight with brig _Racehorse_, 68, 69;

burned, 70.

Andrews, Major W. S. G., Commander of Fort Hatteras, iv. 107.

Anglo-Saxon aggressiveness, iii. 391.

Anglo-Saxon cheer, the, ii. 308.

Angostura, Venezuela, Commodore Perry arrives at, iii. 329.

Anthracite coal used by blockade-runners, iv. 55.

Antonio, Cape, Captain Kearny of the _Enterprise_ captures pirates

near, iii. 331.

_Aquidaban_, Brazilian rebel monitor, iv. 548.

Arbuthnot, Captain James, captured by the _Wasp_, iii. 93–96.

_Arcade_, Federal merchant-ship, captured by Confederate cruiser

_Sumter_, iv. 415.

_Archer_, captured by Captain Read of the _Tacony_, iv. 424.

_Argus_, American sloop, ii. 360;

carries the American Minister to France, 361;

cruises in the English Channel, _ib._;

too successful for her safety, 362;

encounters _Pelican_, 362, 363;

her sails become unmanageable, 364;

surrenders, 367;

contemporary view of the battle, 369;

taken by a prize crew to Plymouth, 371.

_Argus_, American frigate, captures six prizes, ii. 151.

_Argus_, American cruiser, in the attack on Tripoli, i. 374.

_Ariadne_, British man-of-war, captures the _Alfred_, i. 132, 133.

_Ariel_, American schooner, ii. 292.

_Arkansas_, Confederate ram, skirmish in the Yazoo River, iv. 342,

343;

machinery gets out of order, 343;

attacks Farragut’s squadron, 344.

Arkansas Post, naval force sent to help capture, iv. 351.

_Armada_, British liner, chases the _Wasp_, iii. 92.

Armament and construction of gun-boats, iv. 246.

Armament of battle-ships from 1812 to 1859, iv. 24.

Armor-plated ships, first use of, iv. 9, 10.

Armstrong, Commodore James, surrenders Pensacola Navy Yard to

Confederates, iv. 112;

suspended for five years, 113.

Arnold, Benedict, invades Canada, i. 84;

builds a fleet, 89;

fight on Lake Champlain, 92–94;

character of, as a fighter, 105.

Arsenals established in New York State, ii. 264.

_Asp_, American ship, ii. 352.

_Atalanta_, British brig, surrenders to the _Alliance_, i. 298.

_Atalanta_, British ship, captured by the _Wasp_, iii. 100.

_Atalanta_, British frigate, ii. 16.

_Atlanta_, formerly the _Fingal_, Confederate ironclad, iv. 488;

surrenders to the _Weehawken_, 489.

_Atlanta_, United States cruiser, iv. 533.

_Atlantic_, British letter-of-marque whaler, captured by Porter, iii.

9.

See _Essex, Jr._

Audience, an intensely interested, iii. 152.

_Augusta_, Federal ship, in Port Royal squadron, iv. 172.

_Augusta_, armed merchantman, attacked by the Confederate ironclad

_Palmetto State_, iv. 474.

Aulick, Captain James, sent to Japan in 1851, iii. 443;

recalled on false charges, _ib._

_Avon_, British brig-sloop, captured by the _Wasp_ (3), iii. 93–96.

_Aylwin_, American gun-boat, iii. 141.

Bache, Lieutenant G. M., iv. 369.

Badajos, rapacity of English veterans in the streets of, iii. 134.

_Bahama_, British merchant-ship, officers and crew of the _Alabama_

taken in the, to Terceira, iv. 431.

Bahama Islands, a resort for contraband traders in the Civil War, iv.

48.

Bahia, Brazil, Captain Bainbridge paroles his prisoners at, ii. 167,

175.

Bailey, Lieutenant-colonel Joseph, saves Admiral Porter’s squadron,

iv. 371–376;

receives thanks of Congress, 376.

Bailey, Captain Theodorus, at New Orleans, iv. 316;

commands first division of Farragut’s squadron, 324;

sent ashore to deliver Farragut’s letter, 338.

Bainbridge, Captain William, i. 316;

surrenders to the French frigate _Insurgent_, _ib._;

Captain of the _Voluntaire_ refuses to accept his sword, _ib._;

deceives the French officer, 317;

sent to Tripoli in charge of the _Essex_, 335;

chases a Tripolitan corsair, 341;

loses his ship on a reef, 343;

court-martialed, 344;

a prisoner in Tripoli, 345;

communicates with American fleet, 346;

a shot penetrates his prison, 368;

remonstrates with the Navy Department of Madison’s administration,

ii. 26;

cruising in Brazil, 152;

fight with the British frigate _Java_, 153–173;

wounded, 155;

conducts his ship while his wounds are being dressed, 156;

paroles 378 of the _Java’s_ crew, 167;

blows up the _Java_, 173;

his dream realized, 172, 173;

his character illustrated, 177;

insulted at Barcelona, iii. 311–313.

Bainbridge, Midshipman Joseph, his duel with the Secretary of Sir

Alexander Ball, iii. 307–311;

captures a Carthaginian privateer, iii. 65;

attacked and captured by the _Orpheus_ and _Shelburne_, 65, 66.

Baker, Captain Thomas H., iv. 89.

Baldwin, Lieutenant, i. 66.

Ball, Sir Alexander, iii. 307.

_Ballard_, American gun-boat, iii. 141.

Ballard, Midshipman Edward J., ii. 206.

_Baltimore_, American frigate, five men of the, impressed in the

British service, 401.

Bankhead, Captain J. P., at Port Royal, iv. 163.

Banks, General Nathaniel Prentiss, sent on expedition to Shreveport,

La., iv. 368.

_Banshee_, the first steel blockade-runner, iv. 57.

Barbary pirates encouraged by England, i. 307;

war with, 333, 334.

_Barclay_, British whaler, captured by Porter, iii. 8.

Barclay, Captain Robert H., appears off Erie, ii. 289;

fond of festivities, 291;

misses the American fleet, 292;

opposes Perry, 296;

superiority of his ships, 298;

determines to meet Perry, 302;

awaits the American squadron, 306;

fires the first gun, 308;

surrenders, 324, 326;

loses a second arm in the battle, 330.

Barnard, Captain Tim, iii. 187;

captures nineteen prizes, _ib._

Barney, Captain Joshua, sketch of, i. 209–215;

has command of the clipper-schooner _Rossie_, ii. 245;

captures by, 246–248;

commands a fleet in Chesapeake Bay in 1813, 403;

attacked by the British on the Patuxent River, 403–409;

Captain Samuel Miller and Colonel Wadsworth sent to his assistance,

409, 410;

moves up the Patuxent River, 413;

burns his fleet, 414;

wounded, 416.

Barney, Major William B., acts as aid to his father, ii. 406;

in command of cutter _Scorpion_, 408.

_Barossa_, British frigate, ii. 395.

Barreaut, Captain, chases American ships, i. 316;

recalled by Captain St. Laurent, 317–319.

Barriers on the Mississippi to prevent Farragut’s advance, iv. 320;

broken down by the _Itasca_, 323.

Barron, Captain James, sent to Tripoli in charge of the _President_,

i. 335;

with Stephen Decatur, iii. 318–322;

restored to active service, 323.

Barron, Captain Samuel, sent to Tripoli in charge of the

_Philadelphia_, i. 335.

Barron, Flag Officer Samuel, captured at Fort Hatteras, iv. 106.

Barry, Captain John, i. 39;

commands American brig _Lexington_, 63;

cruises off Virginia capes, 64;

encounters British tender _Edward_, 64;

sinks the _Effingham_, 188;

captures and destroys the schooner _Alert_, 189, 190;

appointed to the _Raleigh_, _ib._;

chases the Unicorn, 191;

loses the _Raleigh_, 194.

Bashaw of Tripoli, treachery of, i. 335, 336;

refuses to make a treaty, 340;

agrees to give up prisoners, 378.

Bassett, Lieutenant F. S., opinion of Commodore Hopkins, i. 61.

Batteaux, travelling in, ii. 263.

Battle of Bunker Hill, i. 26;

Champlain, 92–111;

of Fort Pillow, iv. 298;

of Grand Gulf, 367;

of Lake Erie, ii. 309–325;

of Lexington, i. 14;

of Memphis, iv. 298–307;

of New Orleans (in the Civil War), 326–340;

of Pittsburg Landing, 284.

Baton Rouge surrenders to Captain Craven of the _Brooklyn_, iv. 340.

_Baudara de Sangare_, a private vessel, captured by the _Shark_, iii.

332.

Baury, Lieutenant Frederick, iii. 81.

Bay Point. See _Fort Beauregard_.

Bazely, Lieutenant John, captures the _Lexington_, i. 119, 120.

_Beagle_, American ship, captures Cape Cruz, iii. 334.

_Beaufort_, Confederate gun-boat, takes crew off the _Congress_ after

she surrenders to the _Merrimac_, iv. 208.

_Beauregard_, Confederate ram, attacks the _Queen of the West_ at

Fort Pillow, iv. 301;

rammed and sunk by the _Monarch_, 302.

Bell, Henry H., iv. 314.

Belligerent ships, rules and orders regarding, issued by British

Government, iv. 411.

Belligerents, rights of, iv. 86.

Belmont, on the Mississippi, battle at, iv. 251;

the Confederates compel Grant to retreat, 252.

_Belvidera_, British frigate, encounters the _President_, ii. 29;

escapes, 32.

_Ben. Dunning_, Federal merchant-ship, captured by Confederate

cruiser _Sumter_, iv. 415.

Benham, Admiral A. E. K.,

prompt action of, at Rio Janeiro, iv. 548.

Bentham, Commander George, attacks the _General Armstrong_ in the

harbor of Fayal, iii. 187–199;

sets fire to the _Armstrong_, 200.

_Benton_ snag-boat, converted by Eads into an armored vessel, iv.

246–249.

_Benton_, Porter’s flagship before Vicksburg, iv. 363.

_Benton_, Federal gun-boat, Lieutenant-commander J. A. Greer, iv. 369.

_Berceau_, French frigate, fights with the _Boston_, i. 328;

returned to France, 330.

Beresford, Captain John Poer, recaptures the _Frolic_ from the

_Wasp_, ii. 118.

Berkeley, British minister at Washington, recalled and promoted, ii.

2.

Bermudas a basis for contraband trade during the Civil War, iv. 48.

_Betsey_, British bark, captured by Captain Alexander, i. 66.

Biddle, Captain Nicholas, i. 64;

commands the _Randolph_, 160;

attacks the _Yarmouth_, 162.

Biddle, James, Lieutenant on the _Wasp_ (No. 2), ii. 111;

leads the boarders, _ib._;

hauls down the flag of the _Frolic_, 112;

appointed to command the _Hornet_, iii. 272;

commands the _Macedonian_, 331;

sent to the Pacific Coast, 401;

sent to Japan to negotiate a treaty of peace, 440.

_Bienville_, Federal ship, in Port Royal squadron, iv. 172.

_Black Hawk_, Federal gun-boat, iv. 369.

_Black Prince_, purchased by Naval Committee, i. 39.

Black Rock, near Buffalo, Lieutenant Elliott establishes a navy yard

at, ii. 273.

_Black Snake_, British gun-boat, iii. 126.

Blake, Captain H. C., iv. 432.

Blakely, Master-commandant Johnston, ii. 375;

fights with the _Reindeer_ and the _Avon_, iii. 85–96;

captures the _Atalanta_, 100;

lost with his ship, 103.

Blockade-runner, legal status of, iv. 57, 58.

Blockade-runners, chiefly in the hands of the British, iv. 48;

reckless loading of, 61;

profits of, 63, 64.

Blockading the Southern ports, iv. 28–30;

no force available to blockade at the beginning of the war, 32;

lack of ships and men, 34;

Congress slow to appreciate the need of a navy, 35.

“Blood is thicker than water,” iii. 381, 382.

Blythe, Captain Samuel, attacks the _Enterprise_, ii. 375;

killed, 379;

buried at Portland, 385.

Board of Admiralty, i. 158.

Boggs, Commander Charles S., iv. 314.

_Bolton_, American bomb-brig, i. 56.

_Bonhomme Richard_, American ship, i. 227;

origin of the name, 228;

fitted out by Jones, 229;

mixed crew of, 230;

Richard Dale as master’s mate on, _ib._;

the _Alliance_ runs foul of, 234;

accident to, 235;

meets the _Serapis_, 243;

fight with the _Serapis_, 245–259;

comparative strength of the two ships, 265;

after the surrender, 269–272;

sinking of the ship, 272.

_Bonita_, American schooner, in attack on Alvarado, iii. 410.

_Bonne Citoyenne_, British war-ship, blockaded in the harbor of

Bahia, ii. 179;

cowardice of Captain Greene, 180.

_Borer_, American gun-boat, iii. 141.

_Boston_, American frigate, i. 286, 287.

_Boston_, American ship, fights the _Berceau_, Captain Senez, i. 328,

329.

Boston Port Bill, i. 13.

Boston, tea destroyed in harbor of, i. 13;

press-gang riots in, 395.

_Boston_, United States cruiser, iv. 533.

Boutelle, Mr., of the Federal Coast Survey, replaces the buoys at

Port Royal, iv. 171.

Bowling Green, Kentucky, Confederate position at, untenable after

surrender of Fort Henry, iv. 266.

_Boxer_, British brig, attacks the _Enterprise_, ii. 375;

surrenders, 379;

crew of, 382;

decision of the British court on the loss of the, 384.

_Bragg_, Confederate ship, captured at Fort Pillow, iv. 302.

Breckenridge, General, attacks the Federal forces at Baton Rouge, iv.

344.

Breese, Lieutenant-commander K. R., iv. 369.

Breeze, Chaplain, on the _Lawrence_ in the battle of Lake Erie, ii.

317.

British Government, attitude of the, toward African pirates, iii. 340.

British grab at the Valley of the Mississippi, iii. 229, 230.

British merchants and the American war, i. 112.

British Navy in American waters, i. 195.

British waters, rights of belligerents in, iv. 411.

Brock, Sir Isaac, his view of the English possession of America, ii.

279.

_Broke_, British gun-boat, iii. 143.

Broke, Captain Philip Vere, Commodore British squadron, ii. 55;

challenges Lawrence of the _Chesapeake_ to fight, “ship to ship,”

ii. 203, 204;

boards the _Chesapeake_, 214;

is wounded, 217;

becomes delirious, 221, 225;

made a baronet, 226;

death of, 229.

Brooke, Lieutenant John M., assigned to assist in designing an

ironclad, iv. 184.

_Brooklyn_, screw sloop, iv. 314.

_Brooklyn_, Federal gun-boat, iv. 386.

Brown, Lieutenant George, iv. 389.

Brown, Captain Isaac N., iv. 342;

skirmish with the Federal fleet in the Yazoo River, _ib._;

attacks Farragut’s squadron, 344;

supports Breckenridge at Baton Rouge, _ib._

Brown, Lieutenant James, ii. 217.

Browne, Lieutenant G. W., iv. 370.

Brownson, Captain Willard H., at Rio Janeiro, iv. 548;

on the coast of Mexico, 553.

Bruinsburg, Federal army crosses from, to Grand Gulf, iv. 364.

Bryant, Captain N. C., before Fort Pillow, iv. 290.

Buchanan, Flag Officer Franklin, iv. 188;

his difficulty in finding a crew, 195;

wounded, 210;

his report of the fight, _ib._;

Confederate fleet of, at Mobile, 380;

sends the _Tennessee_ into action, 399;

wounded, 402.

Budd, Lieutenant George, ii. 206, 218.

Bullock, Commander James D., supervises construction of the

_Alabama_, iv. 430.

Bunker Hill, battle of, i. 26.

_Bunker Hill_, American privateer, ii. 394.

Burleton, Admiral Sir George, chases the _Hornet_, iii. 282.

Burnside, General A. E., sent to capture Roanoke Island, iv. 109.

_Burrows_, American gun-boat, iii. 141.

Burrows, Lieutenant William, appointed to command the _Enterprise_,

ii. 375;

encounters the _Boxer_, 375–377;

is mortally wounded, 377;

receives the surrender of the _Boxer_, 379.

Bushnell, David, invents first American submarine torpedo boat, i.

164;

sketch of his life, 180–184.

Butler, General Benjamin F., sent to attack the forts on Hatteras

Islands, iv. 100;

his report at, 107;

occupies New Orleans, 338, 339;

his plan for blowing up Fort Fisher, 508–510.

_Byron_, Captain of, chased by the _President_, ii. 29–32.

_Cabot_, brig of first American Navy, i. 39;

commanded by Captain Elisha Hinman, i. 66;

fired by her captain, 163.

_Cairo_, armor-plated Federal gun-boat, built by Eads, iv. 245;

Captain N. C. Bryant commands, 290;

runs by torpedoes in the Yazoo River expedition, iv. 350.

Calbreth, Peter, one of the capturers of the _Margaretta_, i. 17.

Caldwell, Lieutenant C. H. B., iv. 314;

breaks barriers across the Mississippi, 323.

_Caleb Cushing_, Federal revenue cutter, cut out and burnt by the

_Archer_, iv. 424.

_Caledonia_, British brig, captured by Lieutenant Elliott, ii. 279.

California, a bone of contention between Americans and English, in

1842, iii. 387, 388;

operations that insured the acquisition of, iii. 387, 388.

Canada invaded by American troops, i. 84;

annexation of, agitated in 1812, ii. 20;

invasions of, for resenting British aggressions, ii. 263.

Canning, British prime minister, diplomacy of, in regard to the

_Chesapeake_ affair, ii. 1.

Canton, China, American fleet sent to, to protect American interests,

iii. 380.

Cape Cruz, South America, a pirate resort captured by the

_Greyhound_ and _Beagle_, iii. 334.

Carden, Captain John Surnam, i. 389;

cruel treatment of sailors, _ib._;

cruises in the Azores, ii. 121;

falls in with the _United States_, 122;

fight with, 125–134;

Decatur refuses to receive his sword, 139.

Caribbean Sea a nest for pirates, iii. 326.

Carleton, Sir Guy, his supplies captured by Paul Jones, i. 79;

confidence of, 85;

his fleet at St. John’s, 87;

fight on Lake Champlain, 92–94.

_Carleton_, British schooner, ii. 100.

_Carnation_, British brig, attacks the _General Armstrong_ in the

neutral port of Fayal, Azores, iii. 187–200.

Caroband Bank, South America, fight between the _Hornet_ and

_Peacock_ near, ii. 181.

_Caroline_, American schooner, attacks the British camp at Villeré’s

Plantation on the Mississippi, iii. 239;

is fired and abandoned, 240.

Carondelet, James B. Eads’s shipyard at, iv. 243.

_Carondelet_, armor-plated Federal gun-boat, built by Eads, iv. 245,

369;

goes aground outside Fort Henry, 265;

gets free, 266;

shells Fort Donelson, 268, 271;

disabled before Fort Donelson, 271;

gun bursts on, 272;

in Porter’s fleet before Vicksburg, 363.

Carronades, description and value of, ii. 36–38.

Carronades (short guns) out of use, iii. 141.

Carrying trade of the Mediterranean, England’s tribute to the Dey of

Algiers for, iii. 340;

after the War of 1812, _ib._

Cassin, Lieutenant Stephen, iii. 139.

_Castilian_, English brig-sloop, iii. 93.

_Catherine_, British ship, captured by Lieutenant Downes, iii. 10.

Cat-o’-ninetails used to enforce orders on British ships, i. 389.

_Catskill_, Federal ironclad, iv. 480.

_Cayuga_, Federal screw gun-boat, iv. 314.

_Centipede_, American gun-boat, iii. 141.

_Centipede_, British launch, ii. 398;

sunk, 400.

Ceremonies connected with first American fleet, i. 44–46.

_Ceres_, British man-of-war, captures the _Alfred_, i. 132, 133.

Chads, Lieutenant, in the fight with the _Constitution_, takes

command when Captain Lambert is mortally wounded, ii. 165.

Champlain, Lake, naval battle on, i. 92–100;

reflections on the battle, 105–111.

Champlin, Stephen, in the battle of Lake Erie, ii. 326;

fires the last shot of the battle, 327.

Chandeleur Islands, the British forces arrive at, to attack New

Orleans, iii. 230.

Chaplin, Lieutenant J. C., attacks the forts at Acquia Creek, iv. 82.

Charles City, Ark., attack on, by Federal gun-boats and an Indiana

regiment, iv. 307.

_Charleston_, United States cruiser, plans of, imported, iv. 531.

Charleston, S. C., defences of, iv. 467;

bombardment of, iv. 480–502.

_Charlton_, British whaler, captured by Porter, iii. 14.

_Charwell_, British brig, iii. 110.

Chase, Major W. H., and Colonel Lomax, capture the Pensacola Navy

Yard, iv. 112.

_Chasseur_, Baltimore clipper, attacks the _St. Lawrence_, British

war-schooner, iii. 204.

_Chatsworth_, American brigantine, slave-ship captured by Lieutenant

Foote, iii. 366.

Chauncey, Commodore Isaac, appointed to command the forces on the

Great Lakes, ii. 270;

attacks Kingston, _ib._;

attacks Toronto, 341;

attacks Fort George, 342;

returns to Sackett’s Harbor, 348;

makes another assault on Toronto, 349;

Sir James Yeo’s squadron appears, _ib._;

jockeying for position, 350;

Chauncey opens fire, 351;

returns to the attack, 352;

misses the great opportunity of his life, 353;

operations of, on Lake Ontario, iii. 113–129.

_Cherub_, British war-ship, accompanies the _Phœbe_ in the attack on

the _Essex_, iii. 25.

_Chesapeake_, American frigate, built, i. 312.

_Chesapeake_, Lawrence appointed to command of, ii. 197;

her crew, 198;

the ship reputed to be unlucky, 199;

is fitted out for a voyage to intercept British ships, 200;

is blockaded by the _Shannon_ in Boston Harbor, 203;

goes out to meet the _Shannon_, 1813, 204;

crew mutinous, 205;

closes down on the _Shannon_, 206;

the battle, 209;

the _Chesapeake_ is boarded, 214;

hand-to-hand fight, 217;

the ship is captured, 221;

taken to Halifax, 222;

comparison of the two ships, 229.

_Chickasaw_, Federal monitor, iv. 386.

_Chickasaw_, Federal gun-boat, shells Fort Gaines, and compels it to

surrender, iv. 405.

_Chicora_, Confederate ironclad, built at Charleston, iv. 473;

fires on the _Keystone State_ and captures her, 475.

_Chillicothe_, Federal gun-boat, iv. 369.

Chinese assault on the American flag, a, iii. 380.

Chinese war of 1856, American interests involved in, and fleet sent

to protect them, iii. 379–382.

_Chippeway_, British schooner, in battle of Lake Erie, ii. 297.

_Chubb_, British ship, disabled and surrenders to Macdonough, iii.

156.

_Chubb_, British gun-boat, iii. 143.

_Cincinnati_, armor-plated Federal gun-boat, built by Eads, iv. 245;

flagship of Commodore Foote before Fort Henry, 261;

Captain R. N. Stembel commands, 289;

throws the first shell into Fort Pillow, 293;

attacked by Confederate rains, _ib._;

the _Mound City_ goes to the rescue of, 294;

sinks, _ib._

_Circassian_, blockade-runner, captured off Havana by the Fulton

ferryboat _Somerset_, iv. 37.

Civilization promoted by Anglo-Saxon aggressiveness, iii. 391.

_Clarence_, merchant-ship, captured by Captain Maffitt, of the

cruiser _Florida_, iv. 424;

placed under command of Lieutenant Read, _ib._;

burnt, _ib._

Coaling stations, need of, by Federal war-ships in Southern waters,

iv. 161.

Cocke, Captain W. H., iii. 333;

fired on and killed by a Porto Rican fort, _ib._

Collier, Sir Ralph, K. C. B., iii. 260.

Collins, Captain Napoleon, at Port Royal, iv. 163;

commanding the _Wachusett_, captures the _Florida_ in Bahia Harbor,

iv. 424.

“Colonial Navy,” distinguished from temporary cruisers, i. 28, 29.

_Colorado_, United States screw frigate, launched, iv. 15.

_Columbia_, American frigate, attacks and bombards the Malay town of

Quallah Battoo, iii. 375–379.

_Columbia_, United States cruiser, iv. 534.

Columbiad, description of, iv. 119.

_Columbus_, successful cruise of Captain Whipple in the, i. 66.

_Columbus_, American ship-of-the-line, sent to Japan, iii. 440.

Columbus, Ky., Confederate position at, becomes untenable after

surrender of Fort Henry, iv. 266.

Columbus, on the Mississippi, Confederates evacuate, iv. 275.

_Comet_, American privateer, ii. 252.

Commander-in-chief of the Navy, title held by Commodore Hopkins only,

i. 62.

_Condor_, blockade-runner, wreck of, at Fort Fisher, iv. 511.

_Conestoga_, merchant-vessel, purchased by Commander Rodgers, iv. 241;

Captain Phelps appointed to command, 251.

_Confederacy_, American frigate, i. 287.

_Confederacy_, American packet, captured by the English, i. 298.

_Confiance_, British frigate, iii. 142;

flagship of Captain Downie in the battle of Lake Champlain, 153;

disabled and surrendered to the _Saratoga_, 165.

_Congress_, American galley, i. 89;

Arnold’s, flagship, 99;

covers retreat at Crown Point, 104;

burned by Arnold, 105.

_Congress_, American frigate, built, i. 312;

opens fire on the ironclad _Merrimac_ in Hampton Roads, iv. 200;

grounded, 207;

two Confederate gun-boats open fire on her, _ib._;

Lieutenant Pendergrast surrendered her to the _Merrimac_, 208;

hot shot fired at her by the _Merrimac_, 209;

her magazine explodes, 215.

Connecticut troops desert, i. 30.

Conner, Commodore David, lands a force at Point Isabel, iii. 409;

his fleet not fitted for shallow waters, 410;

his conduct of the seige of Vera Cruz, 418.

Connyngham, Captain Gustavus, i. 123;

captures prizes on the French coast, 124;

commission taken from him, 125;

takes command of the _Revenge_, 126;

his ship injured, 127;

refits in English port, 128;

gets provisions in an Irish port, _ib._;

sails for America, _ib._;

denounced as a pirate, 129;

cruel treatment of, in English prison, _ib._

_Constellation_, American frigate, built, i. 312;

Captain Thomas Truxton commands, 316, 319;

battle with French frigate _Insurgent_, 320;

discipline on board of, 322, 323;

battle with French frigate _Vengeance_, 323–325;

Captain Charles Gordon appointed to command in Decatur’s fleet,

iii. 343.

_Constitution_, United States frigate, built, i. 312;

flagship in the attack on Tripoli, 367;

called a “pine box” by Englishmen, 380;

Captain Isaac Hull disputes with the Captain of the British warship

_Havana_, ii. 13, 14;

is chased by two frigates, _ib._;

ship prepares for action, _ib._;

frigates retreat, 16;

her escape from a British squadron, 53–69;

“a bunch of pine boards,” 73;

fight with _Guerrière_, 76–95;

comparative strength of the two ships, 96;

return to Boston, 101;

cruising off Brazil, 152;

falls in with the _Java_, 153, 155–173;

attempt of the _Java_ to board, 158;

the London _Times_ on the victory, 176;

Lawrence applies for the command of, 197;

laid up at Boston, iii. 241;

goes to sea again, 242;

captures the war-schooner _Picton_, _ib._;

falls in with the British frigate _La Pique_, _ib._;

the British ship runs away, 243;

is chased by the _Junon_ and _Tenedos_, 244;

returns to Boston, 245;

captures the _Lord Nelson_, _ib._;

chases the _Elizabeth_ and captures the _Susan_, _ib._;

is chased by the _Elizabeth_ and _Tiber_, 246;

fight with the _Cyane_ and _Levant_, 247–256;

sails to Porto Praya, 260;

attacked by three British frigates, 261;

her fighting days over, 268;

plan of, iv. 537.

Continental Congress, effect on the, of the British vengeance on

Portland, i. 26.

Continental Naval Board, i. 158.

Contraband trade in the Civil War, iv. 48–52.

Cooke, Captain. See _Albemarle_.

_Coquette_, American merchant schooner, plundered by the Porto Rico

privateer _Palmira_, iii. 332.

Cornwallis, Lieutenant-general Lord, released from imprisonment in

exchange for Henry Laurens, iv. 154.

Corpus Christi, Texas, captured by Farragut, iv. 357.

_Cossack_, Federal transport, iv. 478.

Cottineau, Captain Denis Nicholas, i. 232.

Cotton-mills of the world shut down during the War of the Rebellion,

iv. 47.

_Countess of Scarborough_ attacks Paul Jones’s fleet off Flamborough

Head, i. 243;

surrender to the _Pallas_, 267.

_Couronne_, French ironclad, witnesses the _Alabama-Kearsarge_ fight,

iv. 438.

Couthouy, Lieutenant S. P., iv. 369.

Cox, William, midshipman on the _Chesapeake_, ii. 206.

Coxetter, Captain Louis M., iv. 91–93.

Craighead’s Point, shells thrown into Fort Pillow from, iv. 290.

Craney Island, Captain Tattnall fires and blows up the _Merrimac_ on,

iv. 236–237.

Craven, Captain Thomas Tunis, iv. 314;

sinks with his ship, 394.

Craven, Commander T. A. M., iv. 386.

Crawford, William H., American minister to France, ii. 361.

_Cricket_, Federal gun-boat, iv. 370.

Crosby, Lieutenant Pierce, iv. 315.

Crown Point, retreat of Benedict Arnold to, i. 103;

account of the roads and distances to, from New York, 109.

Crowninshield, George, Jr., privateersman, brings home the bodies of

Captain Lawrence and Lieutenant Ludlow, ii. 225.

_Croyable_, French gun-ship, captured off the Delaware, and renamed

the _Retaliation_, i. 316, 400.

Cruisers, Confederate, tales of the, iv. 407–451.

_Cuba_, Federal merchant-ship, captured by Confederate cruiser

_Sumter_, iv. 415.

_Cumberland_, Federal sailing sloop-of-war, opens fire on the

ironclad _Merrimac_, iv. 200;

is rammed by the _Merrimac_, 201;

in a sinking condition, 202;

continues firing as she goes down, 203.

Cumberland Head, Plattsburg Bay, Macdonough’s squadron at, iii. 149.

Dabney, John B., American consul at Fayal, iii. 187;

his report on the fight between the _Carnation_ and the _General

Armstrong_, 195, 196, 198–201.

Dacres, Captain James Richard, ii. 55;

surrenders to Captain Hull, 94.

Dahlgren, Rear-admiral John Adolph, his smooth-bore gun introduced,

iv. 489.

Dahlgren, Admiral John A. B., relieves Dupont of his command, iv. 489.

Dale, Commodore Richard, master’s mate on _Lexington_, i. 68;

escape of, from English prison, 123;

joins Paul Jones’s fleet, 230;

resourceful conduct of, 256, 260–262;

wounded, 266;

gallant conduct on the _Trumbull_, 295–297;

placed in command of squadron in the Mediterranean, 334.

Dartmoor Prison, Rev. Joseph Bates imprisoned in, iii. 294.

_Dartmouth_, merchant-ship, tea thrown from, in Boston Harbor, i. 13.

_Dash_, privateer of Baltimore, captures schooner _Whiting_ in

Chesapeake Bay, ii. 241.

_Dauphin_, American ship, captured by Algerian pirates, i. 309.

Dauphin Island, Mobile, iv. 379;

Federal troops landed on, 385.

“Davids,” torpedo boats, first used at Charleston, iv. 497;

derivation of name, 498.

Davis, Captain Charles, relieves Commodore Foote, iv. 289;

his inactivity, 293.

Davis, Captain Charles H., replaces the buoys at Port Royal, iv. 171.

Davis, Jefferson, proclamation inviting applications for letters of

marque, iv. 85.

Davis, Gunner’s Mate John, heroism of, iv. 110;

promoted and honored, 111.

Davyson, Captain Thomas, surrenders to the _Providence_, i. 282, 283.

Dead Sea, exploration of the, iii. 464.

_Deane_, American frigate, with the _Boston_, captures six prizes, i.

284, 287.

Deane, Silas, member of first Marine Committee, i. 36;

American commissioner to France with Franklin, i. 117.

De Camp, Commander John, iv. 314.

_Decatur_, American privateer, throws her guns overboard, ii. 75.

Decatur, Lieutenant James, in the attack on the city of Tripoli, i.

361;

killed by the Tripolitans, 362.

Decatur, Lieutenant Stephen, Jr., i. 346;

captures the _Mastico_, _ib._;

sails on the _Mastico_ to set fire to the _Philadelphia_, 348–361;

made a captain, 358;

in the attack on the city of Tripoli, 361;

his encounter with a Tripolitan captain, 363, 364;

falls in with the British ships _Eurydice_ and _Atalanta_, ii. 16;

cruises in the Azores in the _United States_, 121;

encounters the _Macedonian_, 122;

fights the second frigate battle of the War of 1812, 125–134;

his personal direction of the guns, 128;

surrender of the British frigate, 133;

ball given to Decatur and his officers in New York, 149;

gold medal given by Congress to, 150;

transferred to the _President_, iii. 212;

ordered to cruise in the East Indies, 215;

chased by the British fleet, 216;

lightens his ship, 217;

addresses his crew, 218;

attempts to retreat, 221;

ordered to cruise in the South Atlantic, 271;

his duelling experiences, 307–315;

his fatal duel with Commodore Barron, 318–321;

his death, 322;

a squadron under his command sent to Africa, 343;

his treaty with the Dey, 347–355;

compels the Dey to pay indemnity, 355;

goes to Tripoli and compels the Bashaw to settle, 357.

_Deerhound_, English yacht, witnesses the _Alabama-Kearsarge_ fight

off Cherbourg, France, iv. 438;

assists in picking up the crew of the _Alabama_, 441.

_Defence_, Connecticut cruiser, captures two transports, i. 203, 204.

_Defiance_, Confederate ironclad, abandoned by her crew at New

Orleans, iv. 337.

De Gama, Saldanha, Brazilian rebel admiral, iv. 548.

_De Kalb_, armor-plated Federal gun-boat, built by Eads, first

called the _St. Louis_, iv. 245;

takes part in capture of Arkansas Post, iv. 351.

_Delaware_, United States frigate, i. 316.

_Demologos_, Fulton’s first steam war-ship, iv. 4, 11.

Desertions from British ships, i. 394.

_De Soto_, Federal boat, added to Ellet’s command, iv. 351;

burned, 352.

_Detroit_, American brig, captured by the British, ii. 274;

recaptured by Lieutenant Elliott, 276;

runs aground on Squaw Island, 278;

British again capture her, _ib._;

the Americans destroy her, 279.

_Detroit_, United States cruiser, at Rio Janeiro, iv. 548;

fires on the _Guanabara_, 553.

_Diadem_, British frigate, strength and armament of, iv. 23.

Diamond Reef, near Cape Hatteras, iv. 165.

Dickenson, Captain James, attacks the _Hornet_, iii. 273;

is killed in the fight, 276.

_Diligence_, British schooner, sent to capture Captain Jeremiah

O’Brien, i. 23.

_Diligent_, English brig, surrenders to the _Providence_, i. 282, 283.

Discipline on board American frigate _Constellation_, i. 322.

Discord fomented by England between the States of the Union, i. 384.

_Divided We Fall_, American privateer, ii. 253.

_Dixie_, Confederate privateer, iv. 93.

_Dolphin_, American cutter, purchased by Franklin and other

commissioners, i. 117.

_Dolphin_, American privateer, ii. 242.

_Dolphin_, United States cruiser, iv. 531.

Donaldson, Commander Edward, iv. 389;

of the _Sciota_, 315.

“Don’t tread on me,” the significant motto, i. 2, 46.

Douglas, Hon. Captain George, iii. 247;

surrenders, 255.

Douglas, Lord Howard, his views on armor-clad ships, iv. 198.

Downes, Lieutenant John, sent on a cruise in the _Georgiana_, iii. 10;

captures by, 10, 11;

in the _Essex-Phœbe_ fight, 28;

is appointed to command the _Epervier_, 1815, 343;

attacks and overpowers the Malays at Quallah Battoo, 373, 374.

Downes, Commander John, iv. 480.

Downie, Captain George, iii. 144, 145;

at the battle of Lake Champlain, 153, 154;

killed, 165.

Drayton, Captain Percival, at Port Royal, iv. 163;

Captain of the _Hartford_, 386;

of the _Passaic_, 480.

Drayton, General Thomas F., at Port Royal, iv. 170.

_Druid_, British brig, attacked by the _Raleigh_, i. 131, 132.

_Drummond_, British gun-boat, iii. 143.

_Drummond_, British schooner, captured by Chauncey at Lake George,

ii. 353.

Drunkenness and debauchery promoted by gun-boats, ii. 394.

_D. Trowbridge_, Federal merchant-ship, captured by the _Sumter_,

iv. 415.

_Dublin_, British frigate, cruises off Callas, iii. 389.

_Duc de Lauzan_, American frigate, i. 287, 299.

Duckworth, Admiral Sir John T., on the cartel of the _Alert_, ii. 47.

Duddingstone, Lieutenant William, i. 4;

shot, 10.

Duelling in the American Navy, iii. 305–323;

at Gibraltar, 313, 314.

_Duke of Gloucester_, British ship captured by Americans at Toronto,

burned at the attack on Fort George, ii. 346.

Dummy monitor sent adrift by Porter’s men, iv. 357.

Dunmore, Lord, in Chesapeake Bay, i. 35.

Dunovant, Colonel R. M., at Fort Beauregard, iv. 170.

Dupont, Commander Samuel Francis, spikes the guns of San Blas, iii.

402;

takes command of a fleet to take possession of Port Royal, iv. 163.

Dynamite cruisers, construction of, iv. 542.

Eads, James B., ship-builder, takes a contract to build seven

ironclad gun-boats, iv. 242–244;

construction of, described, 245, 246;

Eads and Ericsson, 244.

_Eagle_, American sloop, in Macdonough’s squadron, ii. 354;

sunk by the British in the Sorel River, 355.

_Eagle_, American sloop, iii. 136, 138.

Earle, Commodore, attempts to capture the _Oneida_ and destroy

Sackett’s Harbor, ii. 266, 268.

_Eastport_, Confederate river steamer, captured by Lieutenant Phelps,

iv. 267.

_Eastport_, Federal gun-boat, iv. 369.

_Eben Dodge_, Federal merchant-ship, captured by Confederate cruiser

_Sumter_, iv. 415.

_Eclipse_, American merchant-ship, attacked and looted by Malays,

iii. 374–376.

_Edinburgh Review_ on the treatment of America by Great Britain, i.

384.

_Edwin_, American merchant-brig, captured by the Dey of Algiers, iii.

341, 351.

_Effingham_, American frigate, sunk, i. 188.

_Eliza_, merchant-schooner, David Porter’s first ship, ii. 33.

_Elizabeth_, British schooner, captured by Porter, iii. 4.

Ellet, Colonel Charles, Jr., converts seven river steamers into rams

on the Ohio River, iv. 298;

his part in the attack on Fort Pillow, 301.

Ellet, Colonel Charles R., sent by Porter to control the Mississippi

between Vicksburg and Port Hudson, iv. 351.

Elliott, Lieutenant Jesse D., sent to Buffalo to purchase vessels,

ii. 273;

capture of the _Detroit_, 276, 278, 279;

in command of the _Niagara_, 292;

brings up the gun-boats, 322;

criticized for inactivity, 335, 336;

acts as second to Commodore Barron in his duel with Decatur, iii.

319;

commands the _Ontario_ in an expedition against the Dey of Algiers

in 1815, 343.

Elliptical route plan condemned by Admiral Porter, iv. 101.

_Emily St. Pierre_, British merchant-ship, seized by United States

cruiser _James Adger_, iv. 58;

recaptured by her captain, _ib._

_Enchantress_, merchant-schooner, captured by Confederate privateer

_Jefferson Davis_, iv. 91.

_Endymion_, British frigate, attacks the _Prince de Neufchâtel_,

American privateer, iii. 202;

is defeated, 203;

assists in the capture of the _President_, 222.

England, greed of, in dealings with her colonies, i. 4;

tries to crush the new republic, 314.

English Navy of 1812 in American waters, ii. 25.

English officers offended by names given to Yankee ships, iii. 313.

English seaman in 1812, ii. 25.

Ensign, naval, first American, i. 46.

_Enterprise_, American brig, sent to South America to put down

piracy, iii. 331.

_Enterprise_, American schooner, captures the French privateer

_Seine_, i. 330;

sent to Tripoli in charge of Lieutenant Andrew Sterrett, 335;

battle with the war polacre _Tripoli_, 335;

the luckiest, naval ship of the War of 1812, ii. 372;

captures eight privateers, 373;

cruises in the Mediterranean, _ib._;

captures the _Tripoli_ and the ketch _Mastico_, _ib._;

changed to a brig and overloaded with guns, 374;

drives off English privateers under command of Master-commandant

Johnston Blakely, 375;

Lieutenant William Burrows takes charge of her, _ib._;

cruises for privateers, _ib._;

encounters the _Boxer_, _ib._;

her commander wounded, and Lieutenant McCall takes his place, 377,

378;

the _Boxer_ surrenders, 379;

after the battle Master-commandant James Renshaw appointed to

command, 386;

cruises off the southern coast, _ib._;

escapes from a British frigate, _ib._;

employed as harbor guard, 387.

_Enterprise_, American sloop, i. 89.

_Epervier_, British brig-sloop, captured by the _Peacock_, iii. 66–71;

taken into Savannah by Lieutenant John B. Nicholson, 76–78.

_Epervier_, American ship, lost at sea, iii. 354.

_Era_, Confederate steamer, captured by Federal fleet, iv. 352.

Erben, Captain Henry, at Fort Pillow, iv. 289.

_Ericsson_, a name given to the first monitor, iv. 215.

Ericsson, John, Swedish engineer, his screw propeller, iv. 10;

his boat the _Francis B. Ogden_, _ib._;

induced to come to America, 11;

plans the first screw steamship, 12;

Naval Board makes a contract with, for the _Monitor_, 191.

Erie, Pa., chosen as base of operations for gaining control of Lake

Erie, ii. 282;

ship-building at, 286.

_Espiègle_, British war-brig, chased by Captain Lawrence of the

_Hornet_, ii. 181;

again chased after sinking the _Peacock_, 190.

_Essex_, American frigate, sent to Tripoli, i. 335.

_Essex_, American frigate, ii. 33;

first cruise in War of 1812, 34–50;

British frigate _Minerva_ refuses to fight with, 39–41;

captures the _Alert_, 41–43;

crew of _Alert_ plan a rescue, 44;

chased by the _Shannon_, 47;

Farragut’s account of the crew, 49;

begins her second cruise, Oct. 8, 1812, iii. 1;

cruises off Port Praya, 2;

captures the brig _Nocton_, 2, 3;

dysentery among the crew, 4;

panic on board, 6;

painted and disguised, 8;

captures British whalers, _ib._;

refitted from the captured ships, 9;

captures the _Atlantic_ and the _Greenwich_, _ib._;

captures the _Charlton_, 13;

goes into the harbor of Nukahiva to refit, 18–21;

an incipient mutiny on, 21;

attacked by the _Phœbe_ and _Cherub_, 24–43;

losses of, 44;

sent to England to be added to the British Navy, 48;

her captures, 52;

amount of damage done to the enemy, _ib._

_Essex_, Federal armor-plated gun-boat, iv. 249;

in the battle of Port Henry, _ib._;

disabled, 262;

Flag Officer Foote’s warning to his crews about wasting shot, 261;

Commander Robert Townsend, 369.

_Essex Junior_, formerly the British whaler _Atlantic_, iii. 12;

in the fight between the _Phœbe_ and _Cherub_ against the _Essex_,

33–43;

is disarmed and sent to New York, 49.

_Estido_, Algerian brig, captured near Cape Palos by the American

Navy, iii. 348.

_Eurydice_, British frigate, ii. 16.

Evans, Surgeon Amos E., ii. 168.

_Experiment_, British frigate, captures the _Raleigh_, i. 194.

_Experiment_, American schooner, i. 330.

Exploring expeditions of the American Navy, iii. 464.

“Export powder,” an inferior quality of gunpowder, ii. 368.

_Fair American_, British brig, driven ashore by the _Hyder Ali_, i.

215.

Fairfax, Lieutenant D. M., takes Mason and Slidell off the _Trent_,

iv. 144–146.

Fairfax, Commander D. M., iv. 480.

Falcon, Captain Thomas Gordon, chased by the _Constitution_, iii. 247;

surrenders, 252.

Falmouth (now called Portland), Maine, attacked by British, i. 24–26,

32.

_Fame_, privateer of Salem, ii. 241.

_Fanny_, successful blockade-runner, iv. 63.

Farragut, Commodore David Glasgow, midshipman on the _Essex_, ii. 40;

his wit saves a rescue of the _Alert_ by her crew, 44;

his account of the crew of the _Essex_, 49;

as captain when only twelve years old, iii. 12, 13;

resumes his studies at Nukahiva, 19–21;

his account of the fight of the _Essex_ with the _Phœbe_ and

_Cherub_, 40–42;

in his home at Norfolk, Va., 1862, awaiting orders, iv. 311;

a member of the Naval Retiring Board, 313;

suggested by Porter as a suitable commander of the New Orleans

expedition, 313;

accepts the position, 314;

ships in his squadron, 314, 315;

disguises his ships, 317;

advances past the barriers, 324–330;

demands surrender of New Orleans from Mayor Monroe, 338;

pressed by the Administration to open up the Mississippi, 341;

his bold cruise practically fruitless, 342;

his fortune in the Gulf of Mexico, 357;

runs his squadron past the works of Port Hudson, _ib._;

captures Galveston and Corpus Christi, _ib._;

losses in his fleet, 358;

watches Confederates strengthen their works at Mobile, 384;

moves his fleet up to Fort Morgan, 389;

commences the battle, 392;

disregards the torpedoes, 396;

lashed to the mast, _ib._;

wins the battle when the _Tennessee_ surrenders, 403;

in his report gives special praise to members of his fleet, _ib._;

his place in history, 465.

Faunce, Captain John, iv. 99.

Federal Government, its great aim to strangle and starve the

Confederates, iv. 239.

Fernando de Noronha, Brazil, Porter visits and communicates with

Bainbridge at, iii. 3;

Captain Semmes allowed to make his headquarters there, iv. 527.

Ferryboats as successful naval ships, iv. 37.

_Finch_, British gun-boat, iii. 143;

disabled in the battle of Lake Champlain, 161.

_Fingal_, Scotch iron steamer, erected into a Confederate ironclad,

iv. 486;

renamed the _Atlanta_, 488.

Fitch, Colonel, attacks Charles City, Ark., iv. 307;

storms and captures it, 308.

Flag. See _American Flag_.

_Flag_, armed merchantman, attacked by the Confederate ironclad

_Palmetto State_, iv. 474.

_Flambeau_, French privateer, captured by the _Enterprise_, ii. 373.

Flamborough Head, naval fight between the _Serapis_ and _Bonhomme

Richard_ near, i: 243.

Flannen Islands, the _Alliance_, of Paul Jones’s fleet, captures a

valuable prize off the coast of, i. 236.

Flores, General José Maria, paroled by Commodore Stockton, iii. 397;

breaks his parole, _ib._

_Florida_, Confederate cruiser built at Liverpool, iv. 416;

her first voyages, 417;

Captain John Newland Maffitt appointed to command of, 418;

is fired at by Captain Preble of the _Winona_, 419;

escapes, _ib._;

blockaded by the _Cuyler_, 420;

runs the blockade, 423;

Captain Charles M. Morris appointed to command of, 424;

rammed by the _Wachusett_ and taken to the United States, _ib._;

scuttled at Newport News, 429.

_Fly_, schooner of first American Navy, i. 40.

Foote, Admiral Andrew Hull, Lieutenant on the American brig _Perry_,

sent to Africa to assist in putting down the slave traffic,

iii. 363;

his sincere desire to stop the traffic, 364;

captures the slave-ships _Martha_ and _Chatsworth_, 364–366;

the “original prohibitionist of the navy,” 367;

is sent to Canton to protect American interests, 380;

is fired on by the Chinese forts, _ib._;

bombards and captures the forts, 380, 381;

relieves Commander John Rodgers of his command on the Mississippi,

iv. 250;

assembles a fleet at Paducah, 255;

inspects the crews, 256;

seeming insolence of Captain Walke to, 266;

joins the expedition to Fort Donelson, 268;

is seriously wounded, 271;

again, 272;

is relieved by Captain Charles H. Davis, 289.

_Forest Queen_, Federal army transport, in Porter’s fleet before

Vicksburg, iv. 364.

Fort Beauregard, on Bay Point, Charleston, S. C., Confederate fort

at Port Royal, iv. 169, 467.

Fort Donelson, strength of, iv. 268;

arrival of the _Carondelet_, _ib._;

the _St. Louis_, _Louisville_, and _Pittsburg_ arrive before, 271;

all three ships disabled, _ib._;

the fleet at a disadvantage, 272;

surrendered to General Grant, _ib._

Fort Erie, the Coney Island of Buffalo, ii. 273.

Fort Fisher, N. C., capture of, iv. 503–518;

fortifications of, 505;

General Butler’s plan of capture, 508–514;

garrison of, 514.

Fort Gaines shelled by Federal gun-boat _Chickasaw_, iv. 405.

Fort George attacked by the Americans under Winfield Scott, ii.

342–344;

Scott hauls down the British flag, 344.

Fort Gregg, Charleston, S. C., iv. 467.

Fort Henry, Tennessee River, Foote assembles a fleet at Paducah to

attack, iv. 255;

troops under Grant proceed up the river, _ib._;

storm clears the river of torpedoes, 256;

attacked by Foote’s fleet, 261–266;

a victory for the gun-boats, 266;

its importance to both armies, _ib._

_Fort Hindman_, Federal gun-boat, iv. 370.

Fort Jackson, Confederate fortification on the Mississippi, iv. 318;

bombardment of, 322–324;

surrendered to Porter, 339.

Fort Johnson, Charleston, S. C., iv. 467.

Fort Morgan, iv. 385, 386, 389.

Fort Moultrie, Charleston, S. C., iv. 467.

Fort Pillow, Federal fleet advances to, iv. 289;

evacuated by Confederates, 298.

Fort Pinckney, Charleston, S. C., iv. 467.

Fort Ripley, Charleston, S. C., iv. 467.

Fort Sumter, five monitors open fire on, iv. 491;

bombarded and reduced to a wreck, 493.

Fort Wagner, Charleston, S. C., iv. 467, 469, 490.

Fort Walker, on Hilton Head, Confederate fort at Port Royal, iv. 169.

Fortress Monroe, the _Monitor_ retires to, after the fight with the

_Merrimac_, iv. 226.

_Forward_, American schooner, in attack on Alvarado, iii. 410.

_Forward_, filibuster craft, cut out by Lieutenant Brownson of the

United States frigate _Mohican_, iv. 553.

Foster, Lieutenant-commander J. P., iv. 369.

Foster, General John G., Captain Flusser appeals to him to go and

burn the Confederate ironclad _Albemarle_, iv. 454.

Fox, Augustus V., appointed assistant to Gideon Welles, Secretary of

the Navy, iv. 35.

_Fox_, Captain W. H. Cocke, iii. 333.

Foxardo affair, the unfortunate, iii. 337, 338.

France, United States Government abrogates all treaties with, July 7,

1798, i. 314.

_Francis B. Ogden_, Ericsson’s model boat, attains speed of ten miles

an hour, iv. 10;

Captain Stockton makes a trip on, _ib._

Franklin sails for France on the _Reprisal_, i. 114.

Franklin, Sir John, American expedition sent to search for the

remains of, iii. 464.

_Franklin_, American schooner, captures ten vessels and Governor

Wright of St. John’s, i. 203;

captures a quantity of war supplies, _ib._

_Freeborn_, Federal steamer, at Acquia Creek, iv. 81.

“Free trade” before “sailors’ rights,” the motto of Washington

politicians in 1812, ii. 18.

_Freely_, Confederate privateer, iv. 93.

Frémont, John C. (“the Pathfinder”), takes possession of San Diego,

iii. 394;

commands in the Mississippi Valley, iv. 241.

French cruisers destroy American shipping, i. 314.

French troops enter Mexico, iv. 367.

_Friendship_, American ship, attacked and looted by natives of

Sumatra, iii. 368.

_Frolic_, American sloop, built at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1814, iii.

64;

Master-commandant Joseph Bainbridge appointed to, 65:

sinks a Carthagenian privateer, _ib._;

encounters the British frigate _Orpheus_ and schooner _Shelburne_,

_ib._;

surrenders, 66.

_Frolic_, British brig, encountered by the _Wasp_, ii. 106;

captured by the _Wasp_, 107–112;

comparison between the ships, 116;

recaptured by the _Poictiers_, 118.

Frontier posts retained by England contrary to treaty, i. 383;

posts used as Indian headquarters, _ib._

Fry, Captain Joseph, capture of, iv. 308;

captured and executed by the Spaniards in the _Virginius_

expedition, _ib._

Fulton ferryboat _Somerset_ captures the blockade-runner _Circassian_

off Havana, iv. 37.

Fulton, naval plans of, iv. 3, 4;

his first steam war-ship, the _Demologos_, 4;

report of commissioners appointed to examine her, 7, 8;

blown to pieces, 9.

_Fulton 2d_, launched in 1887, iv. 11.

Gadsden, Christopher, member of first Marine Committee, i. 36.

_Gaines_, Confederate gun-boat, iv. 380.

_Galatea_, British frigate, chased by the _Congress_ and _President_,

ii. 151.

_Galena_, Federal gun-boat, iv. 389.

_Gallinipper_, American barge, captures a pirate schooner, iii. 335.

Galveston, Texas, blockaded by the _South Carolina_, iv. 44;

bombarded by Captain James Alden of the Federal frigate _South

Carolina_, 121;

the foreign consuls protest against the bombardment, 123;

captured by Farragut, 357;

is retaken by the Confederates, _ib._

Gamble, Lieutenant Peter, killed in the battle of Lake Champlain,

iii. 157.

_Gaspé_, captured by men armed with paving-stones, i. 9.

_Gazelle_, Federal gun-boat, iv. 370.

Geisinger, Midshipman David, placed in charge of the captured ship

_Atlanta_, iii. 100.

_General Armstrong_, American privateer schooner, iii. 186;

owned by New York men, _ib._;

under Captain Tim Barnard captures nineteen prizes, 187;

sails from New York under command of Captain Samuel C. Reid, _ib._;

arrives at Fayal and encounters the _Carnation_, _Plantagenet_, and

_Rota_, _ib._;

is attacked by boats from the three ships, but beats them off, 189;

scuttled and abandoned by her crew, 200.

_General Bragg_, Confederate gun-boat, rams the _Cincinnati_ at Fort

Pillow, iv. 293;

raked by the _Carondelet_, 294;

surrenders, 302.

_General Monk_, British ship, attacked and captured by the _Hyder

Ali_, i. 209–215.

_General Pike_, American ship, burned at the attack on Fort George,

ii. 346.

_General Price_, Federal ram, in Porter’s fleet before Vicksburg, iv.

364.

_General Rusk_, Confederate steamer, blockaded in Galveston by the

Federal frigate _Santee_, iv. 137.

_Georgiana_, British whaler, captured by Porter, iii. 8.

Gerdes, F. H., Federal coast surveyor at New Orleans, iv. 322.

German troops hired by England to fight in America, i. 32.

Ghent, terms and conditions of the treaty of, iii. 209.

Gherardi, Commander Bancroft, iv. 389.

_Gibraltar_, formerly the _Sumter_. See _Sumter_.

Gibraltar, duels between American and English officers at, iii.

311–313.

Gillis, Captain John P., iv. 99;

of the _Seminole_ at Port Royal, 163.

_Glasgow_, British sloop-of-war, fight with Commodore Hopkins’s

American squadron, i. 59.

_Globe_, American privateer, ii. 250.

“God Save the King,” American sailors on British ships compelled to

bare their heads when played, i. 394, iii. 291.

Godon, Captain S. W., at Port Royal, iv. 163.

_Golden Rocket_, captured by the _Sumter_, iv. 410.

Goldsborough, Flag Officer L. M., in charge of expedition sent

against Roanoke Island, iv. 109;

in charge of a large fleet sent to ram the _Merrimac_, 235.

Gordon’s Landing, Red River, fort at, attacked by Ellet, iv. 352.

Gorringe, Master H. H., iv. 370.

_Governor_, Federal transport, sinks off Cape Hatteras, iv. 166.

_Governor Tompkins_, American privateer, ii. 253.

_Governor Tryon_, British sloop, attacked by and strikes to the

American privateer _Thorn_, i. 209.

_Grampus_, American schooner, in fleet sent to punish pirates in

South America, iii. 331;

captures the _Pandrita_, 332.

Grand Gulf, Porter attacks fortifications of, and finds them

evacuated, iv. 367;

Grant makes it his base of supplies, _ib._

Grant, General Ulysses Simpson, attempts to dislodge Confederates

below Cairo, iv. 251;

attacks the Confederates at Belmont, 251, 252;

proceeds up the Tennessee, to attack Fort Henry, 255;

muddy roads prevents his taking part in the capture of the fort,

266;

at Fort Donelson, 268;

Captain Walker diverts the Confederates’ attention from him, 271;

Confederates surrender to him, 272;

fight with Confederates at Pittsburg Landing, 284;

arrives before Vicksburg, 351;

goes to New Carthage to surround Vicksburg, 363;

makes Grand Gulf his base of supplies, 367.

_Granville_, French privateer, in the fleet of Paul Jones, i. 234.

Graves, Admiral, destroys Portland, Maine, i. 24–26.

Grease as a protection on armor-plated ships, iv. 10.

Great Britain, sea-power of, in 1812, ii. 22;

European nations dread the power of, 23.

Greene, Lieutenant Charles H., iv. 386.

Greene, Captain P. B., blockaded in Bahia Harbor, ii. 179;

refuses Lawrence’s challenge, _ib._;

cowardice of, 180;

rescued by the _Montagu_, _ib._

Greene, Lieutenant S. D., executive officer of the _Monitor_, iv. 216;

takes charge of the guns in the turret, 219, 220;

takes command after Worden is disabled, 226;

his statement, 229, 230;

orders regarding the _Merrimac_, 235.

Greenpoint, Brooklyn, N. Y., the _Monitor_ constructed at, iv. 192.

_Greenwich_, British letter-of-marque whaler, captured by Porter,

iii. 9.

Greer, Lieutenant-commander James A., before Vicksburg, iv. 363, 369.

_Greyhound_, Captain John Porter, iii. 333.

_Growler_, American schooner, captured by the British, ii. 351;

recaptured by the Americans, 351.

_Growler_, American sloop, in Macdonough’s squadron, ii. 354;

grounded in the Sorel River, 355.

_Growler_, American sloop, iii. 135, 138.

_Guanabara_, Brazilian rebel warship at Rio Janeiro, iv. 548;

fired on by the United States cruiser _Detroit_, 553.

_Guerrière_, American frigate, built in 1814, iii. 64;

Decatur’s flagship in expedition sent against the Dey of Algiers,

346, 347.

_Guerrière_, British frigate, picking sailors from American ships,

ii. 6;

flees from an inferior force, 7;

stops the _Spitfire_, and takes off John Deguyo, an American

citizen, _ib._;

race with the _Constitution_, 55;

Captain Dacres in charge of, 55–60;

fight with the _Constitution_, 76–95;

surrendered and blown up, 95.

Gun-boats, the ideal navy, ii. 388;

description and build of, 389;

arguments in favor of, 390;

cheapness of, 392;

points against, _ib._;

cost of, 393;

difficulty of getting unanimity of captains in battle, 394;

lack of discipline on gun-boats, _ib._;

use of, in Long Island Sound, 395;

first encounter with gun-boats, _ib._;

uselessness again shown, 416.

Gunners of 1812 and 1861 compared, iv. 419.

Gunpowder, expedients for getting, by the United Colonies, i. 28.

Guns, penetrating power of long and short, iii. 142;

improvements made in, iv. 18–23.

Gwin, Lieutenant, supports Grant at Pittsburg Landing, iv. 284.

Hacker, Captain Hoysted, i. 79, 282, 283.

Haggerty, Captain F. L., at Port Royal, iv. 163.

_Halifax_, British war-ship, i. 406, 407.

Hallock, Captain William, i. 66.

Hambleton, Purser on the _Lawrence_ in the battle of Lake Erie, ii.

317.

_Hamilton_, American schooner, ii. 350.

Hamilton, Schuyler, suggests cutting through the trees of swamp from

the Mississippi to New Madrid, iv. 281.

Hampton Roads, the first point blockaded in the Civil War, iv. 40;

_Keystone State_ blockades, 45.

Hanchett, Captain, ii. 398.

Handy, Captain Robert, misunderstands signals, iv. 133, 134;

letter to Captain Pope, showing his fear of the _Manassas_, 136.

_Hannah_, a Providence packet, chased by the _Gaspé_, i. 5.

Harding, Captain Seth, surrenders to the _Orpheus_ and _Roebuck_, i.

298.

_Harriet Lane_, American revenue cutter, used as a war-ship, iv. 42;

Captain John Faunce, 99.

_Harriet Lane_, Federal frigate, captured in the Gulf of Mexico, iv.

357.

Harrison, Lieutenant Napoleon B., iv. 314.

_Hartford_, United States screw sloop, built, iv. 16;

flagship of Captain Farragut, 314;

set on fire by Confederate fire-raft, 329;

passes the batteries at Port Hudson, 358;

flagship of Rear-admiral Farragut, 386.

Hatteras, Cape, battle between the _Wasp_ and the _Frolic_ in the

tail of a gale off, ii. 107.

Hatteras, Fort, captured by Federal forces, iv. 106;

the first Union victory in the War of Secession, _ib._

Hatteras hurricane, a fleet of transports in a, iv. 166.

Hatteras Inlet, N. C., resort of the “Hatteras Pirates,” iv. 97.

_Hatteras_, merchant-steamer, captured and sunk by the _Alabama_ at

Galveston, iv. 432.

_Hawke_, American tender, captured by British off Long Island, i. 56.

Hawkins, Captain Richard, refuses to fight the _Essex_, ii. 39–41;

branded as a coward, 40.

Haymakers, Machias, attack of the, on the _Margaretta_, i. 21.

Haymakers and wood-choppers as Yankee seamen, iii. 82, 83, 86, 90, 95.

_Hazard_, American privateer, captured the British brig _Active_, i.

206.

Hazard, Captain, in the first naval battle of the Revolution, i. 57.

_Hebrus_, British frigate, ii. 420.

_Hector_, British letter-of-marque ship, captured by Lieutenant

Downes, iii. 10.

Heddart, Captain Francis, extracts from his account of the

_Serapis_-_Bonhomme Richard_ battle, i. 245, 257.

Henley, Midshipman John D., assists in the attack on the city of

Tripoli, i. 366.

_Henry Clay_, Federal army transport, in Porter’s fleet before

Vicksburg, iv. 364;

catches fire and sinks, _ib._

Hewes, Joseph, member of first Marine Committee, i. 36.

_Hibernia_, British transport, captured by Captain Hopkins, i. 281.

Hickman, on the Mississippi, evacuated by the Confederates, iv. 275.

_Highflyer_, British schooner, Captain Rodgers succeeds in getting

private signals from, ii. 23, 358.

Hillyar, Captain James, in the harbor of Valparaiso, iii. 25;

attempts to attack the _Essex_, but is scared off, 26;

attacks the _Essex_ in company with the _Cherub_, 30–43;

criticism on handling his ship, 46.

Hilton Head. See _Fort Walker_.

Hinman, Captain Elisha, i. 66;

sent to France for army supplies, 130;

his ship captured by the British, 133.

Hislop, Lieutenant-general, Governor of Bombay, on board the _Java_

in her fight with the _Constitution_, ii. 168;

Captain Bainbridge’s curious dream of, 172, 173.

Hoel, Lieutenant W. R., iv. 363, 370.

Hoffman, Lieutenant B. V., sent to take charge of the _Cyane_ when

she surrendered, iii. 252.

Hoke, General, advances on Plymouth, N. C., and captures it, iv. 455,

456.

Holdup, Thomas, in the battle of Lake Erie, chases and captures the

_Chippewa_ and _Little Belt_, ii. 326.

_Holland_, torpedo boat, launching of, iv. 543.

Holland, John P., inventor of submarine torpedo boats, iv. 542.

Honor, American Medal of, origin of, iv. 111.

Hope, Lieutenant David, horrible cruelty of, to sailors, i. 389;

wounded on the _Macedonian_, ii. 140;

his report on gunnery practice, 143.

Hopkins, Esek, Commander-in-chief of first American fleet, i. 42;

career of, 48;

dismissed from the service, 61;

dies near Providence, R. I., _ib._

Hopkins, Captain John Burrows, in command of the _Cabot_, i. 57.

Hopkins, Commodore Robert, receives his appointment through influence

of John Adams, i. 49;

sent to Chesapeake Bay in search of Lord Dunmore, 53;

goes to the Bahamas instead and attacks the British there, _ib._

Hopkins, Stephen, member of first Marine Committee, i. 36.

_Hornet_, sloop of first American Navy, i. 40.

_Hornet_, American sloop-of-war, blockades the British warship _Bonne

Citoyenne_ in Bahia Harbor, ii. 179;

raises the blockade on the approach of the _Montagu_, 180;

captures the _Resolution_, 181;

falls in with the _Peacock_, _ib._;

fight with the _Peacock_, 182–184;

encounters the _Penguin_, iii. 273;

the _Penguin_ surrenders, 274–280;

the _Hornet_ chased by the _Cornwallis_, but escapes, 282–284;

Captain Robert Henley appointed to command, 330;

detailed to South America to destroy pirates, 331.

Horses, wild, as weapons of offence, iii. 401.

_Housatonic_, Federal war-ship, attacked by the Confederate ironclad

_Palmetto State_, iv. 474.

Howard, Lieutenant Samuel, iv. 370.

Howe, Captain Tyringham, i. 59.

Huger, Captain Thomas B., at New Orleans, iv. 321;

mortally wounded, 332.

Hull, Lieutenant Isaac, cuts the privateer _Sandwich_ out of Puerto

Plata, i. 329;

tricky conduct of the officers of two British frigates to, ii. 15;

the frigates turn and retreat, 16;

his opinion of the crew of the _Constitution_, 52;

his escape from a British squadron, after standing at his post for

two days, 53–69;

race with the _Guerrière_, 55;

fight with and capture of the _Guerrière_, 76–95;

reception on returning to Boston, 101;

Congress votes a gold medal to, 103.

Humphreys, Joshua, American ship-builder, statement of, in regard to

new ships, i. 311;

his theories accepted, 312.

Hunt, William H., Secretary of the Navy, appoints a board of naval

officers, with Rear-admiral Rodgers at its head, iv. 527.

_Hunter_, American ship, captured by the _Peacock_, ii. 191;

taken in charge by the _Hornet_, _ib._

_Hunter_, British ship, attacked by privateers, i. 200.

_Hunter_, British brig, in battle of Lake Erie, ii. 296.

_Hussar_, Austrian war-ship, Martin Koszta, an American citizen taken

and detained on, iii. 385;

on demand of Captain Ingraham of the _St. Louis_ is given up, _ib._

Hutter, Midshipman, killed while assisting the Union wounded out of

the _Congress_, iv. 209.

_Hyder Ali_, American privateer, Captain Joshua Barney, attacks and

captures the _General Monk_, i. 212–215.

_Illinois_, United States battle-ship, iv. 534, 536.

Impressment, feeling of American seamen regarding the practice of,

ii. 18.

_Independence_, American privateer, Commander Thomas Truxton, cuts

out three big ships from the British fleet, i. 205.

_Indian Chief_, Confederate ship, iv. 499.

_Indiana_, United States battle-ship, iv. 534.

_Indianola_, Federal armored gun-boat, in attack on Port Hudson, iv.

352;

captured and sunk by the Confederates, _ib._

Indians, friendship of, cultivated by England to injure United

States, i. 383;

incited by British to attack pioneers, _ib._

Ingraham, Captain Duncan Nathaniel, demands the surrender of Martin

Koszta, an American citizen detained on the Austrian war-ship

_Hussar_, iii. 385;

medal presented to him by Congress, 386.

Inland navy an imperative necessity to reach the heart of the

Confederacy, iv. 241.

Inman, Lieutenant William, chases and captures a pirate schooner,

iii. 335.

_Insurgent_, French frigate, Captain Barreaut, captures the American

ship _Retaliation_, i. 316;

battle with the _Constellation_, 320–322;

surrenders, 321;

lost at sea, 330.

International law, a question of violation of, iv. 160.

_Intrepid_, formerly the _Mastico_, used as a fire-ship at the attack

on Tripoli, i. 371;

explodes, 378.

_Investigator_, Federal merchant-ship, captured by Confederate

cruiser _Sumter_, iv. 415.

_Iowa_, United States battle-ship, iv. 534, 536.

Ironclad warfare, superior activity of the Confederates in preparing

for, iv. 184.

Ironclads, the Confederate Government the first to construct, iv. 185;

the _Merrimac_ launched, 188;

Congress makes appropriation for construction of, 190;

dilatory action of Naval Board in making contracts for, 191;

first battle between, 220.

_Iroquois_, United States screw sloop, built, iv. 16.

_Iroquois_, Federal screw corvette, iv. 314.

Irving, Washington, on Perry’s victory on Lake Erie, ii. 338.

_Isaac Smith_, Federal war-ship, in the Port Royal fleet, iv. 164.

Island No. 10, strongly fortified by the Confederates, iv. 275;

Foote’s flotilla arrives in front of, 276;

capture of, delayed two weeks by Foote, 281;

Captain Walke successfully runs the gauntlet of batteries on, 282,

283;

the island captured, 283, 289;

has disappeared under action of the current, 284.

Isle-aux-Noix, British fort at, iii. 136, 139.

Isle St. Mary, Paul Jones lands on and surrounds the house of the

Earl of Selkirk, i. 147, 148.

_Itasca_, Federal screw gun-boat, iv. 314;

breaks down barriers placed across the Mississippi, 323;

Lieutenant-commander George Brown, 389.

_Ivy_, Confederate gun-boat, iv. 127.

James, Reuben, seaman, saves Decatur’s life, i. 364.

_James Adger_, American cruiser, captures the _Emily St. Pierre_, iv.

58;

the latter recaptured, _ib._

_Jamestown_, Confederate warship, captures several prizes in sight of

the _Monitor_, iv. 235.

Japan, condition of, in the sixteenth century, iii. 438;

experience with Christianity, _ib._;

Dutch trading at Nagasaki, _ib._;

introduction of Western civilization by the American fleet, 439;

Commodore M. C. Perry’s work in opening the ports of Japan, _ib._;

appointed to the Japan mission, 443;

Commodore Perry’s exhibition of power and dignity wins the respect

of, 444.

_Jason_, British transport, captured by Captain Hopkins, i. 281.

_Java_, British frigate, fight with the _Constitution_ off the coast

of Brazil, 155–173;

poor gunnery of, 157;

a complete wreck in sixty-five minutes, 162;

losses of, 169.

_Jefferson_, American brig, iii. 113.

_Jefferson Davis_, Confederate privateer, captures the _John Welsh_,

_Enchantress_, _S. J. Waring_, iv. 91;

_Mary Goodell_ and _Mary E. Thompson_, 92;

runs aground at St. Augustine and is lost, 93.

Jenkins, Captain Thornton A., iv. 386.

_Jersey_, the notorious prison-ship, sketch of, i. 221–226.

_John Adams_, Perry’s flagship on his cruise to South America, iii.

327.

_John Welsh_, merchant-brig, captured by Confederate privateer

_Jefferson Davis_, iv. 91.

Johnson, Captain Henry, in charge of brig _Lexington_, sent to

Europe, i. 117.

Johnson, Captain J. D., succeeds Admiral Buchanan on the _Tennessee_,

iv. 402;

surrenders his ship to Captain Le Roy, of the Federal steamer

_Ossipee_, 403.

Jones, Captain Jacob, encounters the _Frolic_ in a gale, ii. 106;

captures the _Frolic_, 107–117;

surrenders the _Wasp_ and the _Frolic_ to the frigate _Poictiers_,

118, 119;

rewarded with a gold medal from Congress, 119;

given command of the frigate _Macedonian_, 119, 143.

_Jones_, American brig, iii. 113.