In conclusion, a few words on the Hungarian literary productions outside
_belles-lettres_ proper. From the pre-eminently political character of
the Magyars, it may be inferred almost _a priori_ that questions bearing
on legal and constitutional matters have at all times been a favourite
subject with the writers and statesmen of Hungary. Previous to 1830,
in round numbers, these questions were treated mostly in Latin works.
Since then, however, a very considerable number of politico-legal and
politico-historical writers in Magyar has arisen. The most important
amongst them, both for the authority they commanded in practical
politics, and for the weight and power of their arguments, are Count
Stephen Széchenyi; Baron Nicolas Wesselényi; Count Aurelius Dessewffy;
Baron Joseph Eötvös (see pp. 142, etc.); the famous Lewis Kossúth,
probably the greatest political orator of the century; and Francis
Deák. They were all practical statesmen, and not mere scholars. Yet
most of their works on the constitution of Hungary, and especially on
the constitutional relation of Hungary to Austria, are also valuable
as sources of solid and scholarly information. Thus Deák showed the
extensiveness of his legal and politico-historical erudition in his
famous controversy with the Austrian professor Lustkandl, in no lesser
degree than his tact and wisdom in the conclusion of the final treaty
between Austria and Hungary in 1867. Eötvös enriched Magyar political
literature with an elaborate and thoughtful work on “The Influence of
the Dominant Ideas of the Nineteenth Century on the State” (“_A xix.
század uralkodó eszméinek befolyása az álladalomra_,” 1851-1854). In
more recent times a very great number of politico-legal monographs has
been published in Hungary. The student will find lists of them in the
works of Stephen Kiss and E. Nagy, both entitled “Constitutional Law of
Hungary” (“_Magyarország közjoga_,” the former in 1888, the latter, third
edition, 1896). Of older works on the constitutional law of Hungary,
the most useful are those of count Cziráky (1851, in Latin), and of
Professor Virozsil (also in Hungarian and German, 1865). Amongst the
numerous Magyar writers on _Jurisprudence_, Professor Augustus Pulszky is
well-known in England through his able work, written in English, on “The
Theory of Law and Civil Society” (1888).
In the department of _History_, and especially the history of Hungary,
the activity of the Magyars has been one of astounding intensity. In the
well-known annual bibliography of history, edited by Jastrow, in Berlin
(_Jahresberichte_, etc.), the annual report on the historical literature
published in Hungary, occupies a conspicuous space. The older historians
of Hungary, such as G. Pray (1774, 3 vols. fol.), Katona (1779-1817,
42 vols.), who wrote in Latin; and Engel (1814), Fessler (1825, 10
vols.), count John Majláth (1853, 5 vols.), who wrote in German, can
now be used only for occasional reference. Of Magyar writers on the
history of Hungary, Bishop Michael Horváth (1809-1878), and Ladislas
Szalay (1813-1864), have had the greatest influence on the reading
public and Magyar historiography up to the end of the seventies. The
bishop treats history in the style of fine and dignified ecclesiastical
allocutions. Szalay’s is a talent for the political and legal aspects
of history rather than for the personal and military element thereof.
In both historians there is a noble patriotism, and their works, even
if discarded as wanting in systematic research, will always claim a
high rank as literary productions. Hungary is still waiting for the
true historian of the whole of her history; but what other country is
not? Writers of historic monographs there are many, and they have done
excellent work. Some of the most prominent are Count Joseph Teleki
(1790-1855); Francis Salomon (born 1825); Anton Csengery (1822-1880);
Charles Szabó (1824-1890); Alexander Szilágyi (born 1830), the historian
of Transylvania; William Fraknói (born 1843, died recently), on Pázmány
and King Matthew; Julius Pauler (born 1841), whose great work on the
history of Hungary under the Árpáds (till 1301) is characterised by a
most careful study of all the original sources; Coloman Thaly (born
1839), whose “speciality” is the age of Francis Rákóczy II.; Emericus
Krajner (very valuable works on constitutional history); Lewis Thallóczy
(on relation to Balkan nations); Ignatius Acsády (on civilization and
finance of xvi. and xvii. cent.); Henry Marczali (on the age of Emperor
Joseph II.); Lewis Kropf, whose domicile is in London, and who, in a
long series of accurate and scholarly monographs has elucidated many
an important point of Hungarian history; G. Ladányi (constitutional
history); Sigismond Ormós (institutional history of the Árpádian
period); K. Lányi (ecclesiastical history); Alex. Nagy (institutional
history); F. Kubinyi (institutional history); S. Kolosváry and K. Óváry
(charters); L. Fejérpataky (charters); Árpád Kerékgyártó (history of
Magyar civilization); F. Balássy (institutional history); Professor
Julius Lánczy (institutional and Italian history); Baron Béla Radvánszky
(Magyar civilization); Emericus Hajnik (constitutional history);
Frederick Pesty (constitutional history); Wertner (most valuable works
on Hungarian genealogy), etc. Great also is the number of periodicals
systematically embracing all the aspects of Hungarian history; and
local societies effectively aid in the marshalling of facts, and in the
publication of ancient monuments. When the history of Austria, Poland,
and the Danubian countries has been written in a manner superior to what
we now possess in that respect, the history of Hungary too, will, we have
no doubt, find its adequate master among Magyar historians. The progress
in Magyar historiography has, in late years, been little short of that
made in any other country.
In the department of _literary history_ we notice the same lack of a
satisfactory general history of Hungarian Literature, and the same
abundance of meritorious monographs on single points. Francis Toldy
(formerly Schedel, 1805-1875), started a comprehensive history of
Hungarian Literature, which, however, he never completed. In numerous
essays and minor works he worked hard at various sections of such
a history, and his relative value as an initiator in that branch
cannot be disputed. The laborious works of K. M. Kertbény are purely
bibliographical, and as such, useful. His attempts were quite thrown
into the shade by the great works on Hungarian bibliography of Charles
Szabó, G. Petrik, and J. Szinnyei. The handiest and bibliographically
richest history of Hungarian Literature is that by Zsolt Beöthy (sixth
edition, 1892). Under Beöthy’s editorship a richly-illustrated history
of Hungarian Literature was published, in two volumes, in the year and
in honour of the Hungarian Millennium, 1896. Among the better writers of
monographs on literary history are Julius Zolnai (philology); J. Szinnyei
(biography); Sigism Simonyi (philologist); L. Négyessy (prosody); Alex.
Imre (popular humour and mediæval style); R. Radnai (history of Magyar
æsthetics); M. Csillagh (on Balassi); Sigism Bodnár (history of Hungarian
Literature); H. Lenkei (studies in Petőfi); K. Greska (on the epic of
Zrinyi); T. Szana (history of literature), etc.
The study of æsthetics has always been one of the favourite pursuits
of Magyar writers during the present century. The most conspicuous of
Hungarian students of æsthetics are Augustus Greguss and Paul Gyulai,
whose works have advanced not only Magyar views, but the study of
æsthetics in general.
The best known students of _Hungarian philology_ are John Fogarasi;
Joseph Lugossy; the late Sam. Brassai, who in his multifarious studies
reminds us of the great scholars of the seventeenth century; Paul
Hunfalvy, Joseph Budenz, Ferdinand Barna (Finnish philology); Gabriel
Szarvas and Sigismund Simonyi; and the well-known Arminius Vámbéry.
In the departments of _Science proper_ there has been very considerable
progress in Hungary during the last thirty years. Reports of the
general results of scientific researches made by Hungarians are also
published, for the greater convenience of the western nations, in special
periodicals written in German.
THE END.
FOOTNOTES
[1] The above statistics are taken from the _Régi Magyar Könyvtár_.
[2] We may mention, that Bessenyei was, to a certain extent, preceded by
two amiable and cultivated writers; Baron Lawrence Orczy (1718-1789), and
Count Gedeon Ráday (1713-1792).
[3] No continental writer has described and analysed the social status
of the continental peasant with so much charm and truth as has the late
Wilhelm Riehl, the Justus Möser of our century.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
For general and accurate information about Hungary:
“_Pallas_” Encyclopædia (in Hungarian) in sixteen volumes, just
(March, 1898) completed.
History of Hungarian Literature:
See the chapter at the end of the present work. In German there
is the able work of Professor J. H. Schwicker (“_Geschichte der
ungarischen Litteratur_,” Leipsic, 1889). In Italian we have
the short history of G. A. Zigány, “_Letteratura Ungherese_”
(Milan, 1892, one of Hoepli’s “Manuals.”)
Selections from Hungarian poets:
Paul Erdélyi, _A magyar költészet kincsesháza_ (Budapest, 1895).
Complete Catalogues of Hungarian books since the invention of typography:
Charles Szabó and Árpád Hellebrant “_Régi Magyar Könyvtár_”
(1879-1896, 3 vols.), comprising the books printed down to 1711.
Géza Petrik, _Bibliographia Hungariæ 1712-1860, catalogus
librorum in Hungaria, et de rebus patriam nostram attingentibus
extra Hungariam editorum_ (Budapest, 1888-1892), with subject
and author’s indexes.
Periodical Literature; index to Hungarian:
Szinnyei József, “_Hazai és külföldi folyóiratok magyar
tudományos repertoriuma_,” 3 vols. (1874-1885), two of which
give the list of articles, both in Hungarian and foreign
periodicals, on Hungarian history, and the third, articles
on mathematical and natural sciences. This excellent work
comprises even most of the political daily papers.
Periodical devoted to the study of the history of Hungarian Literature:
“_Irodalomtörténeti közlemények_,” edited first by Aladár
Ballagi, and now by Aron Szilády (since 1891; full, well
edited, with careful indexes).
Literary biography:
Joseph Szinnyei, the younger, “_Magyar irók élete és munkái_.”
Most exhaustive, with complete bibliographies to each writer
and his works, comprising even articles written in daily
papers. (Budapest, since 1891, still unfinished).
The Magyar Language:
The most comprehensive work is by Professor Sigismund Simonyi,
“_A magyar nyelv_” (2 vols., Budapest, 1889, 8vo).
INDEX
Abonyi, Louis. (Folk-Novelist), 241
Academy of Science, founded by Széchenyi and others, 112
its publications, 112
Acsády, Ignatius. (Historian), 253
Alvinczi, Peter. (Controversialist), 55
Amadé, Baron Ladislas. (Poet), 67
America has no epic; the reason of this, 123
American literature hampered by their language, 14
has no _naïveté_, reasons, 198
Andrássy, Count George, a founder of the Academy, 112
Andrew II., King of Hungary, 19
Ányos, Paul. (Poet), 80
Anzengruber. (Austrian Dramatist), 225
Apor, Peter. (Historian), 68
Arany, John—his Hungarian reputation, 194
compared with Petőfi, 195
reason why his work is not bourgeois poetry, 197
a Magyar and a class poet, 200
his charm of language, 200, 201
his position in Magyar literature, 202
his life, 202
his work, 204, 209
Arany, Ladislas. (Poet), 245
his collection of folk-poetry, 247
Árpád Dynasty of Hungary, 18, 124, 126, 129
in the epic, 40, 41
_Athenæum_, Hungarian periodical, 134
Auerbach, Berthold. (German Folk-Novelist), 225
_Aurora_, periodical, 116
Austrian Empire, its heterogeneity, 76
Bacsányi, John. (Poet), 86
Bajza, Joseph. (Critic and Poet), 133
Baksay, Alexander. (Folk-Novelist), 241
Balássy, F. (Historian), 253
Balassi, Baron Valentin. (Poet) (I.), 49
(II.), 58
Balassi stanza, the, 50
Balázs, Alexander. (Novelist), 241
Balzac. His genius not fully recognized, 157
Kemény compared to him, 157, 161
compared to Shakespeare, 158
Baranyi, Ladislas. (Poet), 80
Barcsai, Abraham. (Translator), 80
Bards, 40
Barna, Ferdinand. (Philologist), 256
Báróczi, Alexander. (Translator), 80
Bartók, Lewis. (Dramatist), 222
Batizi, Andreas. (Poet), 46
Beck, Charles. (Poet), 12
Bél, Matthew. His view of Magyar, 37
Bellarmin influences Pázmány, 54
Bem, General, and Petőfi, 190
Beniczky de Benicze, Peter. (Poet), 58
Beöthy, Ladislas. (Humorist), 241
Beöthy, Sigismund. (Poet), 135
Beöthy, Zsolt. His History of Hungarian Literature, 255
Béranger compared to Petőfi, 181
Berczik, Árpád. (Dramatist), 222
Bérczy, Charles. (Novelist), 241
Bernstein, Charles Hugo, _see_ Hugo, Charles
Berzsenyi, Daniel. (Poet), 81, 103, 109, 121
Bessenyei, Alexander. (Translator), 80
Bessenyei, George. (Dramatist, &c.), 79
Bethlens, the, 51, 164
Bible, the, published in Magyar, 46, 55
Bibliography, 254, 255, 257
Biró de Déva, Matthew. (Lutheran “pope”), 46
Blaha, Louise. (Hungarian Actress), 222
Bod, Peter. (Literary Historian), 69
Bodnár, Sigismund. (Literary Historian), 255
Bohemian Music, 236
Bonfini, Anton, at work in Hungary, 43
Brassai, Samuel. (Philologist), 255
Brutus, Michael. (Historian), 164
Budenz, Joseph. (Philologist), 36, 255
Bürger’s influence on Csokonai, 89
Burns compared to Petőfi, 180
Butler, E. D., of the British Museum (the foremost amongst British
students of Magyar philology and literature), _Preface_
Cesinge, John. (Hungarian Scholar), 44
Cowley compared to Virág, 80
Critical genius, its part in literature, 92
Crusaders, unfit heroes of epics, 42
Csengery, Anton. (Historian), 253
Csepreghy, Francis. (Dramatist), 225
Cséri de Apáca, John. (Author of Encyclopædia), 62
Cserei, Michael. (Historian), 68
Csiky, Gregory. (Dramatist), 221, 223
Csillagh, M. (Historian), 255
Csipkés, George Komáromi. (Translator of the Bible), 55
Csokonai, Michael Vitéz. (Poet), 88, 211
Csoma de Kőrős, Alexander. (Philologist), 36
Czakó, Sigismund. (Dramatist), 215
Cziráky, Count. (Authority on Hungarian Constitutional Law), 251
Czuczor, Gregory. (Poet and Philologist), 112, 129
Czwittinger, David, his list of Hungarian writers, 68
Dalmady, Victor. (Poet), 245
Dayka, Gabriel. (Poet), 86
Deák, Francis. (Statesman and Author), 26, 27, 250, 251
Debreczen, the Geneva of Hungary, 46
Decsi de Baranya, John. His collection of proverbs, 48
Degré, Aloisius. (Novelist), 241
Dessewffy, Count Aurelius. (Political Writer), 250
Dialects provide new elements of poetic speech, 201
Dobsa, Lewis. (Dramatist), 222
Dóczi, Lewis. (Dramatist), 222, 223
Drama, the, 46, 67, 116, 117, 127
opening of the National Theatre, 113
in the nineteenth century, 207
want of good actors, 207
Hungarian dramas unknown outside Hungary, 221
Dugonics, Andreas. (Novelist), 83
Édes, Gregory. (Versifier), 84
Education in Hungary, _see under_ Hungary
Egressy, Gabriel. (Actor), 208
Ekkehard’s Chronicles record Magyar epics, 41
Endrődi, Alexander. (Poet), 245
Engel. (Historian), 252
England and Hungary, their histories parallel, 19, 21
Eötvös, Joseph. (Novelist), 140, 146, 250, 251
character of his work, 149
his power as an orator, 156
Epic poetry, its character, 122, 126
Erdősi, or Sylvester, John. (Grammarian), 48
Faludi, Francis. (Poet), 67
_Faust_, its points of resemblance with Madách’s “Tragedy of Man”, 219
Fazekas, Michael. (Author of a chap-book), 84
Fejérpataky, L. (Historian), 253
Felix of Ragusa, at work in Hungary, 44
Fessler. (Historian), 12, 252
Fiction in the sixteenth century, 47
in the eighteenth century, 88
in the nineteenth century, 118, 137, 226, 240
(_see also_ Novels)
Fischart, as virtuoso of language, 45
Flygare-Carlén, Mme, her popularity in Hungary, 137
Fogarasi, John. (Philologist), 112, 255
Földi, John. (Writer on Prosody), 84
Folk-Drama in Hungary, 213, 224
compared with the folk-drama in Austria, 225
Folk-Novels and Tales, 241, 242
Folk-Poems of Hungary, 134
the chief inspiration of Hungarian poets, 247
published collections, 247
Fontius, Bartholinus, at work in Hungary, 44
Forgách, Francis. (Hungarian Author), 164
Fraknói, William. (Historian), 253
France, her constitution, 153
her national homogeneity, 159
France, Anatole, his veiled pessimism, 168
Fata Morgana of the Pusztas, 176
French literature compared with Hungarian, 31
its influence on Hungarian, 117
has enjoyed advantages of criticism, 133
Galeotto, Marzio, at work in Hungary, 43
Garay, John. (Poet), 131
Garnett, Richard; the work of Szász resembles his, 244
Gáti, Stephán. (Eighteenth century writer), 83
Gergei, Albert. (Poet), 47
German literature at the Reformation, 45
its influence on Hungarian, 78, 94, 117
influenced by Greek ideas, 96
its _bourgeois_ character, 199
Goethe’s _Hermann und Dorothea_, 204
Golden Bull, the—the Hungarian Magna Charta, 19
Greek not studied in the eighteenth century, 65
Kazinczy’s labours to introduce Greek models, 95
Literature, born of Greek parents, 96
influence on German literature, 96
Hungarian Literature, 128
Greek literature comparatively unknown in Hungary, 132
Greguss, Augustus. (Writer on Æsthetics), 255
Greska, K. (Literary Critic), 255
Grünwald, Béla. (Political Historian), 152
Gvadányi, Count Joseph. (Poet and Novelist), 83
Gyöngyössi, Stephen. (Poet), 58
Győry, William. (Novelist), 241
Gyulai, Paul. (Poet), 244
his collection of folk-poetry, 247
as a writer on Æsthetics, 255
Habsburg Dynasty, their work in Hungary, 21, 24, 43, 51, 52, 64, 66,
74, 115
Hajnik, Emericus. (Historian), 254
Haner. (Hungarian Author), 164
Heine compared to Petőfi, 177, 180
Heltai, Caspar. (Chronicler and Translator), 47, 48, 164
Hölty, the Hungarian—Dayka, 86
Horvát de Pázmánd, Andreas. (Poet), 129
Horváth, Ádám. (Poet), 82, 109
Horváth, Bishop Michael. (Historian), 252
Hugo, Charles. (Dramatist), 216
Hunfalvy, Paul. (Philologist), 36, 256
Hungarian bards, 40
constitution, 19, 21
language, its origin, 10, 34
its influence on native literature, 13
its capabilities, 15
made the official language, 25
agglutinative, 33
its characteristics, 34, 201, 245
cultivated by Protestants, 54
its decadence in the eighteenth century, 63
cultivated as national palladium, 77, 87
the labours of Kazinczy, 93
schools of philology, 97
foundation of the Hungarian Academy, 112
the Academy Dictionary, 112
Széchenyi’s work, 113
the vehicle of instruction, 114, 136
used in Parliament, 115
in Vörösmarty’s hands, 126
has no dialects, 201
the influence of Arany, 202
Literature of recent growth, 11
its extent, 11, 12
influenced by want of middle-class, 24, 30
its parallel in Hungarian music, 29
compared with French, 31
its originality impaired, 32
its four periods, 38
its most ancient products, 38
its epics and legends, 39
receives an impulse at the Reformation, 43
influenced by the Renascence, 43, 45
impeding causes at the Reformation, 45
controversial literature, 46
Magyar Bible published, 46
sixteenth century poets, 46, 49
the first drama, 46
early fiction, 47, 48
chronicles, 47
obstacles to progress in the seventeenth century, 51
produced by the nobles only, then, 53
controversial, 54
seventeenth century poets, 56
Kurucz poetry, 60
1711-1772, a period of decline, 63
reason of this decline, 64
poets, 67
historians, 68
revival of 1772, 70
causes of revival, 72
Magyar periodicals, 77, 88
the three “schools”, 79, 85
awakening individuality, 85
a patriotic bulwark against Austria, 87
Kazinczy’s work, 94
the romantic school, 100, 117
loses by patriotism of its exponents, 107
of slow growth, 1772-1825, 108
effect of want of literary centres, 109
hampered by political fetters, 110
brilliant revival, 1825-1850, 110
foundation of the Academy, 112
the “Kisfaludy Society”, 113
epics produced, 124
ballads, 131
want of effective criticism, 132
Bajza’s work, 134
reasons of late development of prose, 136
Petőfi’s pre-eminent work, 169
Hungary’s contribution to typical poetry, 185
literary criticism still crude, 192
rise of the drama in the nineteenth century, 207, 220
recent fiction, 226, 240
recent poetry, 245
folk-poems, 247
political works, 250
history, 252
historical societies, 254
history of, 254, 255
music, 10, 28, 29, 61, 103, 114, 231, 236
its influence on the nation, 30
pedigrees, 36, 254
wit, 237
writers in other languages, 11, 12, 68, 109, 250, 251
Hungarians establish themselves in Hungary, 18
their national character, 28, 147, 217
influenced by their music, 30
Hungary, its natural situation, 17
occupied by divers tribes, 17
the Hungarians establish themselves there, 18
her history resembles English history, 19
her constitution, 19, 153
preserves her liberties, 21
the Turks expelled, 22, 23
effect of their dominion, 22, 23
her want of a middle-class, 23, 30
her history in the eighteenth century, 24
rebellion against Austria, 26
incorporated with the Austrian Empire, 26
national reaction of 1860, 26
her present relations with Austria, 27
her _Parlature_ as compared with her literature, 31, 229
custom of speaking in several languages, 32
detached from the Eastern Church, 41
the Virgin, her patron saint, 41
the Reformation there, 43, 45, 46
the Renascence, 43-45
Universities in, 44, 52
schools, 52, 53, 63, 66
literature left to the nobles, 53
influence of the revolution, 72
character of its population, 72
abolition of serfdom and expansion of civic life, 73
dissolution of monasteries, 75
policy of Joseph II., 76
its effect in awaking Hungarian patriotism, 77
the national stage, 77
lacked literary centres, 109
the Academy supplies this want, 112
Pesth becomes a centre, 113
local learned societies spring up, 114
Parliament, the soul of its body-politic, 115
diversity of types of character, 118, 137
her need of an epic as an incitement, 123
character of the youth, 147
independence of local government, 150
the political training of her people, 153
her national heterogeneity, 159
the horse, the national animal, 176
the rebellion of 1848, 189
the Hungarian peasant, 195
has no _bourgeoisie_ proper, 197
transitional state of society, 1850-1860, 212
the national tendency to pathos, 217
its political strides since 1870, 220
the theatres in Budapest, 222
popularity of lyrical poems, 245
Huszár, Gál. (Poet), 46
Hutten, as an author, 45
Ibsen’s morbid psychology unknown in Csiky’s plays, 224
İlosvai, Peter. (Poet), 48
Improvisation unknown to Teutons and French, 229
in Hungarian, 229
its dangers in literature, 233
Imre, Alexander. (Literary Historian), 255
Istvánffy, Nicolas. (Hungarian Author), 164
Jakab, Ödön. (Folk-Novelist), 241
Jesuits in Hungary, 52
concerned in education, 52, 66
“Jingoism” in Hungary; its influence on literature, 209
Jókai, Maurus. (Novelist), 140
his reputation, 226
his character, 226
his power of work, 227
character of his work, 228
the Liszt of literature, 231
his life, 236
Jones, W. His “Magyar Folk-Tales”, 247
Joseph II. of Austria, 25, 73, 75, 77
Jósika, Nicolas. (Novelist), 44, 140, 228
character of his work, 144
Juhász, Peter. (Pope of the Magyar Calvinists), 46
Kalevala, the Finnish epic, 40
Kálmány, Lewis. His collection of Folk-Poetry, 247
Kármán, Joseph. (Novelist), 86
Károlyi, Caspar. (Translator of the Bible), 46
Károlyi, Count George, a founder of the Academy, 112
Katona. (Dramatist), 210
Katona. (Historian), 252
Kazár, Emil. (Novelist), 241
Kazinczy, Francis. (Translator and Critic), 93, 109
his influence and work, 94, 97
Kemény, Sigismund. (Novelist), 140, 157, 235
his Balzacian genius, 157, 158
his pessimism, 161
his erudition, 163
as an historian, 163, 164
his work as a novelist, 164, 166, 168
his journalistic work, 165
Kerékgyártó, Árpád. (Historian), 253
Kerényi, Frederick. (Poet), 135
Kertbény, K. M. (Literary Bibliographer), 254
Kis, John, founds Magyar Literary Society, 77
Kisfaludy, Alexander. (Poet), 101, 109
Kisfaludy, Charles. (Poet), 116, 121, 209, 212
his dramas, 116, 117
Kisfaludy Society, the, 113
Kiss, Joseph. (Poet), 245
Kiss, Stephen. His “Constitutional Law of Hungary”, 251
Klein, J. L. (The Historian of the Drama), a Hungarian, 12
Klopstock’s _Messias_, 123
Kohári, Count Stephen. (Poet), 58
Kölcsey, Francis. (Orator and Poet), 98, 104, 107, 121
Kolosváry, S. (Historian), 253
Komócsy, Joseph. (Poet), 245
Königsberg Fragment, the, 39
Kónyi, John. (Eighteenth Century Writer), 83
Kossúth, Lewis, 250
Krajner, Emericus. (Historian), 253
Kraus. (Hungarian Historian), 164
Kriza, John. His collection of Folk-Poetry, 247
Kropf, Lewis. His “Magyar Folk-Tales”, 247
(Historian), 253
Kubinyi, F. (Historian), 253
Kurucz Poetry, patriotic ditties, 60
Kúthy, Louis, 240
Laborfalvy, Rose. Hungarian actress, wife of M. Jókai, 222, 237
Ladányi, G. (Historian), 253
Lánczy, Julius. (Historian), 253
Language, its influence on literature, 14, 15, 136
Lányi, K. (Historian), 253
Latin used in Hungary, 12, 52, 63, 64, 66, 68, 109, 250
Lauka, Gustavus. (Novelist), 240
Lenau, Nicolaus. (Hungarian-German Author), 12
Lendvay. (Actor), 222
Lenkei, H. (Literary Critic), 255
Leopold II. of Austria, 25
Lessing, a genius both critical and creative, 93, 216
Lévay, Joseph. (Poet), 244
Lewis the Great, of Hungary, 44
Liberty affected by Reformation, 20
Listhy, Baron Ladislas. (Poet), 58
Lisznyay, Coloman. (Poet), 245
Liszt, Francis, 114, 128, 231, 236
Literature of a nation, as compared with its _parlature_, 31
influenced by language, 14
can only thrive in a republic of minds, 52
an urban growth, 72, 109
the influence of critical genius upon, 92
born of Greek parents, 96
universality of great writers, 107
Lugossy, Joseph. (Philologist), 255
Lucretius’ “_De rerum natura_” compared with Madách’s “Tragedy of
Man”, 219
Lustkandl. (Austrian Professor), 251
Luther, Martin, as an author, 45
Lytton’s novels, their popularity in Germany and Austria, 137
Madách, Emericus. (Poet), 217
Maeterlinck, his veiled pessimism, 168
Magyar, _see_ Hungarian
Majláth, Count John. (Historian), 252
Marczali, Henry. (Historian), 253
Margit, Saint, daughter of Béla IV., 42
her life extant, 42
Maria Theresa, her government of Hungary, 73, 75
Matthew Corvinus, King of Hungary, 43, 143
Metastasio’s influence on Csokonai, 89
Metres used in Hungarian Poetry, 50, 59, 78, 81, 84, 97, 101, 103,
104, 119, 130
Metternich, Prince, his work in Hungary, 25, 100
Middle Classes, a product of Feudalism, 24
Mikes, Clement, his “Letters”, 67
Mikó, Francis. (Hungarian Author), 164
Mikszáth, Coloman. (The Hungarian Bret Harte), 242
Mirandola, Pico della, 200
Molnár de Szencz, Albert. (Grammarian), 55
“Moralities,” Hungarian, 47
Music, _see_ Hungarian Music
Nagy, Alexander. (Historian), 253
Nagy, E., his “Constitutional Law of Hungary”, 251
Nagy, Emeric. (Poet), 135
Nagy, Francis. (Translator), 83
Nagy, Ignatius. (Novelist), 215, 240
Nagy de Bánka, Matthew. (Poetical Chronicler), 47
_Naïveté_, its origin and _locus_ in life and literature. None in
America, little in England, reasons, _ib._, 198
Naláczi, Joseph, (Poet), 80
Nature’s “Laws,” a convenient fiction, 170
Négyessy, L. (Author on Prosody), 255
Neo-Latin poets, the reason of their failure, 14
Novelists of Hungary, 137, 138, 140
popularity of foreign in Hungary, 137
Novels, Hungarian, their peculiarities, 139
reviews of individual works. (_See also_ Fiction), 141, 146, 149,
166, 237
Obernyik, Charles. (Dramatist), 215
Oláh, Nicholas. (Hungarian Author), 164
Orczy, Baron Lawrence. (Eighteenth century writer), 79
Ormós, Sigismond. (Historian), 253
Óváry, K. (Historian), 253
Pálffy, Albert. (Journalist and Novelist), 241
Pannonius, Janus, _see_ Cesinge, John
Pap, Andreas. (Poet), 135
Páriz-Pápai, Francis. (Lexicographer), 62
_Parlature_, as contrasted with Literature, 31, 229
Parliament, the soul of political life in Hungary and England, 115
Pathos, the Hungarian tendency to, 217
Pauler, Julius. (Historian), 253
Pázmány, Peter. (Cardinal and controversialist), 54
Peasantry of Hungary, 195, 213, 225
Pécs University, 44
Pessimism, the outcome of thought, 163
Pesth, suspension bridge connecting it with Buda, 127
Pesty, Frederick. (Historian), 254
Pesti, Gabriel. (Lexicographer and Translator), 47, 48
Péczeli, Joseph. (Translator), 80
Periodical literature in the eighteenth century, 77, 88
the periodical press in the nineteenth century, 113, 116, 134, 237
Petthő, Gregory. (Hungarian History), 164
Petőfi, Alexander, the greatness of his poetry, 169, 172
its spontaneity, 173
character of his work, 177, 181, 183, 190, 200, 233
his objectivity, 177, 183
his humour, 179
ill-judged comparisons with Burns and Béranger, 180
his patriotic poems distributed by Government, 183
appreciated in America, 185, 192
his poetry, the exponent of Hungarian nationality, 185
sketch of his life, 186
his growing European reputation, 192
compared with Arany, 195
Petrarch’s influence on Kisfaludy, 101
Petrik, Géza. (Bibliographer), 255
Petrőczi, Baroness Catherine S. (Poetess), 58
Platen compared to Berzsenyi, as writer of odes, 104
Podhorszky, his view of Magyar, 37
Poetry not inherent in Nature, but a human creation, 171
its greatness to be gauged by objective beauty, 184
Poetry and Poets of Hungary, sixteenth century, 47, 49
seventeenth century, 56
eighteenth century, 67, 79, 80, 84
nineteenth century, 116, 127, 129, 135, 169, 245
Poland, continuity of its liberties, 21
Pope’s influence on Csokonai, 89
European character of his work, 106
Porzó (Dr. Adolph Ágai), prince of feuilletonists, 237
Pozsony University, 44
Pray, G. (Historian), 252
Printing in Hungary, 44
Priscus, the Byzantine, records Magyar epics, 41
Prosody, _see_ Metres
Pulszky, Augustus. (Hungarian Jurist), 251
“Punch,” the Hungarian, 237
Pusztas the, of Hungary, 174
types of the dwellers there, 175
the Fata Morgana, 176
Pyrker, Ladislaus. (Hungarian-German Author), 12
Radákovics, Joseph, _see_ Vas, Gereben
Ráday, Count Gedeon. (Eighteenth century writer), 79
Radnai, R. (Art-historian), 255
Radvánszky, Béla. (Historian), 254
Rajnis, Joseph. (Poet), 80
_Rákóczy March_, the, 60
Rákóczy Francis, II., 23, 144
Rákosi, Eugene. (Dramatist), 221, 223
Ramler compared to Virág, 80
Ranzanus, Peter, at work in Hungary, 43
Realism inimical to art, 165
Reformation, the, in Hungary, 43, 45, 46
Reguly, Anton, his views on Magyar, 36
Reicherstorffer. (Hungarian Author), 164
Renascence, the, its influence in Hungary, 43, 45
Révai, Nicolas. (Philologist), 80, 97
Reviczky, Julius. (Poet), 245
Revivals in dead languages, a failure, 14
Revolutionary spirit in Europe, 70
Hungary, 72
Rhapsody in the music and poetry of Hungary, 185
its dangers, 233
Riehl, Wilhelm, his writings on continental peasantry, 196
Rimay de Rima, John. (Poet), 58
Romantic School, the, in England, France, and Germany, 100
“Sabbatarians,” their religious poetry, 55
in Transylvania, 167
Sajnovics, John. (Philologist, 1770), 36
Sárosy, Julius. (Poet), 135
Salomon, Francis. (Historian), 253
Sand, George, her popularity in Hungary, 137
Schesaeus. (Hungarian Historian), 164
Scott compared to Jósika, 144
Shakespeare better known in Austria than England, 107
his influence on Katona, 211
Shelley studied by Petőfi, 181
Simonyi, Sigismund. (Philologist), 35, 255
Sobieski, John, King of Poland, 22
Somogyi (Ambrosius). (Hungarian Author), 164
Sonnets first written by Kazinczy, 97
Stephen, Saint, King of Hungary, 18, 41
Sylvester, John, _see_ Erdősi
Szabó, Baróti David. (Poet), 80, 81
Szabó, Charles. (Historian), 253, 255
Szalárdi, John. (Chronicler), 62
Szalay, Ladislas. (Historian), 252
Szalóczy, Bertalan. (Folk-Novelist), 241
Szamosközy, Stephen. (Hungarian Historian), 164
Szana, T. (Literary Historian), 255
Szarvas, Gabriel. (Philologist), 256
Szász, Béla. (Poet), 245
Szász, Charles. (Poet). (The Hungarian Richard Garnett), _ib._, 244
Szathmáry, Charles. (Novelist), 241
Szatmáry, Joseph, _see his assumed name_, Szigligeti, Edward
Széchenyi, Count Stephen, 37, 250
his patriotism and political views, 111
a founder of the Academy of Science, 112
connects Buda and Pesth with a suspension bridge, 127
Székely, Alexander. (Preacher and Poet), 122
Székely, Joseph. (Poet), 245
Székely de Bencéd, Stephen. (Chronicler), 48
Szekér, Joachim. (Educationalist), 83
Szemere. (Joint Author of _Felelet_), 98
Szendrey, Juliet, wife of Petőfi, 188
Szigeti, Joseph. (Dramatist), 222
Szigligeti, Edward. (Dramatist), 211
Szilády’s Collection of Hungarian Poets, 39
Szilágyi, Alexander. (Historian), 253
Szinnyei, József. (Bibliographer), 255
Sztárai, Michael. (Dramatist), 47
Teleki, Count Joseph. (Historian), 99, 253
first President of the Academy, 112
Teleky, Count Ladislas. (Dramatist), 215
Temesváry, Stephen. (Poetical Chronicler), 47
Tennyson, not popular abroad, 139
Thackeray, not popular abroad, 139
Thallóczy, Lewis. (Historian), 253
Thaly, Coloman. (Historian), 253
his collection of Folk-poetry, 247
Tinódy, Sebastian, his “Chronicle”, 47, 164
Toldy, Francis. (Historian of Literature), 134, 254
Toldy, Stephen. (Dramatist), 222
Tolnai, Lewis. (Novelist and Poet), 241, 245
Tompa, Michael. (Poet), 206
Tóth, Andrew. (Poet), 245
Tóth, Coloman. (Poet), 245
Tóth, Edward. (Dramatist), 221, 224
Tóth de Ungvárnémet, Ladislas. (Poet), 105
Town life necessary to develop a literature, 72, 109
Translations from Magyar, 192, 238, 239, 242, 247
into Magyar, 47, 48, 55, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86, 94, 112, 128, 206, 244
Transylvania, her efforts for independence, 51
the home of patriotism, 140
her history in Kemény’s novels, 163
Turks driven out of Hungary, 22, 23, 56
effect of their dominion, 22, 23, 51
Ugoletus, Thaddeus, at work in Hungary, 44
Ugrian group of languages, 35
United States, its constitution, 152
Vachott, Alexander, 135
Vadna, Charles. (Novelist), 241
Vajda, John. (Dramatist and Poet), 222, 245
Vámbéry, Arminius. (Philologist), 36, 256
Várady, Anton. (Dramatist), 222
Varjas, John. (Versifier), 84
Vas, Gereben (Joseph Radákovics). (Humorist), 240
Vay, Baron Abraham, a founder of the Academy, 112
Verantius. (Hungarian Historian), 164
Verseghy, Francis. (Poet), 85, 98
Vértesi, Arnold. (Novelist), 241
Vienna, siege of, 1683, 22
Viennese, character, 87
Virág, Benedictus, 80
Virozsil, Professor. (Authority on Hungarian Constitutional Law), 251
Vitkovics, (Folk-Poet), 109
Vörösmarty, Michael, his character as a poet, 120, 127
his epic poem, 124
his power of language, 126, 127
his dramas, 127
contributor to the _Athenæum_, 134
Wertner. (Genealogist), 254
Wesselényi, Baron Nicolas. (Political Writer), 250
Wit of Hungary, 237
Wohl, Stephania. (Novelist), 241
Zalár, Joseph. (Poet), 245
Zichy, Count Peter. (Poet), 58
Zolnai, Julius. (Philologist), 255
Zrinyi, Count Michael. (Poet and Patriot), 56
“Zrinyiad,” the, 56
its national influence, 57
Zsámboky. (Hungarian Author), 164
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