BINDERY IN THE LIBRARY BUILDING
How large an amount of binding must a library have before it becomes
economical to establish a bindery in the library building? This question
is frequently asked and is difficult to answer. In the first place,
local conditions must be taken into consideration. Is there in the same
city a library bindery which does satisfactory work at reasonable
prices, or must work be sent a long distance away? Is there ample room
in the building and is it easily adapted to binding purposes? Can a good
foreman be employed? Is the local rate of wages so high as to make the
cost of the binding in the library equal the cost in a good bindery
outside the city? These are some of the questions which must be
considered.
Some of the advantages in having a bindery in the building are as
follows:
1. It is more convenient. When books are much needed they can be found
and generally used, even if incompletely bound.
2. There is less chance of losing books. When books are sent to a binder
who does the work of other libraries also there is always a chance of
loss. The binder, of course, is responsible, but one would always rather
have the book than the cash value.
3. There is no chance of damage to books in transit.
4. Repairs which are too difficult for the ordinary library mender to
make can easily be done in the library bindery at slight cost.
5. The books need not as a rule spend so long a time in the bindery. If
perchance the bindery becomes clogged with extra work the librarian can
rush the books that are needed most. If such books are in another
bindery, especially when that bindery is outside the city, it is
difficult to get the books that are needed first.
6. There is a certain amount of competition which works to advantage if
part of the books have to be bound outside. The outside binder knows
that the librarian who operates a bindery in his own building knows
something about the cost of binding, and he realizes that unless his
prices are reasonable and his work good he need not expect to be
favored.
7. The librarian can at all times inspect materials on hand and see the
books in the process of binding. The bindery outside the building can
sometimes substitute inferior materials without fear of detection for
many months.
8. When the work reaches a certain amount it can be done at reduced
cost in the library, since the ordinary profits of the bindery will
accrue to the library.
9. It is much easier to make experiments with new materials or new
processes. While the outside binder does not care to get a small
quantity of a new material, the library which owns its own bindery can
do so easily.
10. A bindery in the library can do much work, such as the mounting of
maps or photographs, gilding of call numbers and book-mending, which
needs skilled workmen. Such work frequently remains undone, either
because the regular library force has no time to do it or because it
seems unwise to send it outside the library.
Such are some of the benefits, but only the larger libraries which bind
many thousands of volumes can take advantage of them successfully from
the financial standpoint. In order to be administered economically there
must be sufficient work to keep several workmen busy. It probably is not
wise to open a bindery when the annual expenditure for binding is less
than $4,000.
There are two ways in which a library bindery may be administered. Under
the first plan the library buys all material and hires all the workmen,
employing a foreman on salary to take charge. A schedule of prices which
is lower than the prices paid to outside binders should be adopted, and
the total value of binding in a year based on this schedule must equal
the cost of material, wages and depreciation on the value of the plant.
Under this plan the work may be unexcelled in quality, but there is no
incentive to produce it in quantity. So long as the work turned out
balances the outlay the employees, unless they are exceptionally
conscientious, are satisfied. There is also the added difficulty of
finding a competent foreman. Any man who is able to manage a library
bindery successfully is able to manage any bindery successfully and he
will not be willing to work for the salary which the library can afford
to pay. The librarian himself, harassed as he is with many problems,
must of necessity leave such matters as the purchase of material and the
hiring of workmen to the foreman in whom he must have implicit
confidence. The librarian cannot assume the same attitude toward his
bindery foreman that the proprietor of a regular bindery may assume. He
is not skilled in the craft, does not know about materials, especially
leathers, and cannot direct the work.
Under the second plan the library lets the work out by contract to some
binder who agrees to do the work in the building. The contractor is
under no expense for rent, heat and light, and in arranging prices this
is taken into consideration. It is obvious that it is to the interest of
the binder to turn out as large a number of books as possible. Since the
librarian has safeguarded the library in the contract by specifying that
all materials and work must meet with his approval, this plan is more
advantageous to him than the former plan. The contract should allow for
frequent revision of schedule.
Under the first plan the librarian will be obliged to buy all machinery,
tools and materials, and to hire the workmen. Under the second plan he
may have to buy the machinery and tools, but the purchase of materials
and the hiring of labor will be in the hands of the contractor.
A good binding plant will contain the articles in the following list.
Those marked * are necessary, even when the amount of work turned out is
small:
* 1 sewing frame
* 1 standing press
* 4 dozen press-boards (all sizes)
* 1 glue pot
* 3 hammers
* 1 board shears
* 1 lever paper cutter
1 perforating machine
2 extra cutting knives
* 1 hammering-block with plate
1 grindstone
* 1 paring stone
* 1 oil stone
* 2 pairs of shears
* 2 paring knives
* 8 bone folders
* 4 brushes
* 1 monkey wrench
1 sandstone
* 2 saws
* 1 book-backing machine
* 2 dozen sewing needles
1 ruler
* 1 screw driver
1 lying press
* 1 finishing press
1 steel square
* 1 pair pliers
2 straight-edges
* 3 awls
* 1 iron divider
* 1 oil can
* 1 paste bucket
* 1 complete set of brass type
* 1 pallet
* 1 gold cushion
* 1 gold knife
* 6 gilding rolls
* 1 imprint stamp
* 1 single fillet
1 two-line fillet
* 1 finishing gas stove
* 1 ten-drawer type cabinet
1 flat agate polisher
1 flat steel polisher
1 round agate polisher
1 gas stove for heating glue
* 1 forwarder's bench
* 1 sewing table
* 1 finisher's bench
1 small table
1 band nippers
1 creaser
The total cost of the plant will vary in various sections of the
country, but it ought not to cost more than $800. If second-hand
cutting machines, benches, etc., can be obtained it is possible that the
cost may be reduced to $650 or less. The St. Louis Public Library
recently equipped a bindery at a cost of $587. During the first year,
with a force of fifteen, it turned out work to the value of $9,609.
APPENDIXES
APPENDIX A
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE U. S. BUREAU OF STANDARDS FOR BOOK CLOTHS
FABRIC
The fabric shall be made from first-quality staple cotton, uniformly
woven and of a grade known as "firsts." The weave shall be two up and
two down in the warp and one up and one down in the weft.
The gray cloth shall consist of from 33 to 36 threads per centimeter (85
to 90 per inch) in the warp, and 12 to 15 threads per centimeter (30 to
38 per inch) in the weft.
The surface shall be finished smooth and hard and show no tendency to
stick when folded upon itself.
THICKNESS, TENSILE STRENGTH AND WEIGHT
The thickness of the finished fabric shall not exceed 0.30 millimeter
(0.012 inch) or be less than 0.20 millimeter (0.008 inch). The tensile
strength of the gray cloth shall be not less than 18 kilograms per
centimeter (100 pounds per inch) of width in the warp, and 9 kilograms
per centimeter (50 pounds per inch) in the weft. The average value for
the warp and weft in the finished fabric must show an increase over the
average value for the warp and weft in the gray cloth of at least 10
per cent of the strength of the gray cloth.
The finished fabric, when dry, shall weigh not more than 250 grams per
square meter (0.5 pound per yard), or less than 200 grams per square
meter (0.4 pound per yard).
ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE
At a normal relative humidity of 65 per cent it shall not absorb more
than 5 per cent of moisture, or expand (an average of both directions)
to exceed 0.45 per cent, and when subjected in a closed case to a
saturated atmosphere for two hours at a temperature of 20 deg. C. (68 deg. F.)
shall not absorb more than 10 per cent of moisture or expand (an average
of both directions) to exceed 2 per cent. All increases to be computed
on the basis of the dry weight and dimensions.
FOLDING ENDURANCE
The folding endurance, as determined by the Schopper folder, shall be
not less than 65,000 double folds for the warp and not less than 10,000
for the weft.
COLOR
Before coating, the fabric must be dyed with a purely mineral or
inorganic color (such as iron salts), so as to imitate the color of the
finished cloth, but somewhat lighter in shade, so as to give the desired
"linen" effect. All coal-tar, aniline, vegetable, or other organic dyes
and lakes must be strictly excluded from both fabric and coating, even
in traces; except where necessary to match color, lake may be used in
red, blue, or brown. The following substances must be also excluded:
Chrome yellow and other chromates, ultramarine, browns containing
bituminous or other organic matter, compounds of lead and arsenic.
The color of the finished fabric should be slightly darker than the
standard sample, which will be furnished on application, and it must not
show the slightest change of color after exposure under prescribed
conditions to direct sunlight, or to the action of ammonia gas,
sulphuretted-hydrogen gas, sulphur-dioxide gas, or illuminating gas.
RESISTANCE TO MOLD AND INSECTS
The finished fabric shall be immune to the growth of mold or the attack
of insects.
TESTS
Physical and chemical tests to verify the properties required by these
specifications will be made according to the "Standard method for
testing book cloths" as used by the Bureau of Standards, copies of which
can be obtained on application.
APPENDIX B
READING LIST ON BINDING
Adam, Paul. Practical bookbinding. 1903. Van Nostrand. $1.25.
A translation of a German work.
American library association. Committee on bookbinding. Binding for
libraries. 1915. A. L. A. Publishing Board. $.15. (Library handbook No.
5. Second edition, revised.)
Binding specifications which may be used by large as well as small
libraries.
Bailey, A. L. Bookbinding. 1911. A. L. A. Publishing Board. $.10.
Preprint of Manual of library economy, Chapter 26.
Bindery talk. 1912-13. v. 1-2. All published.
A periodical published by W. E. Reavis, Los Angeles, California,
covering various phases of library binding.
Bliss, H. E. Better bookbinding for libraries. Library Journal, 1905,
30:849-57.
Brief article on methods and materials.
Brown, J. D. Bookbinding and repairing. In his Manual of library
economy, pp. 328-48.
Valuable chiefly for its section on lettering.
Brown, M. W. Mending and repair of books. A. L. A. Publishing Board.
$.15. (Library handbook No. 6.)
Caldwell, M. R. Preparing for the binder. Public Libraries, 1906,
11:302-3.
Chivers, Cedric. Paper and binding of lending library books. American
Library Association. Bulletin. 1909, 3:231-59.
Also published separately by Mr. Chivers. A record of experiments
and tests of modern book papers.
Chivers, Cedric. Relative value of leathers and other binding materials.
1911. Published by the author.
A record of tests of leathers. Practically the same article will be
found in the Bulletin of the American Library Association for 1911,
p. 164.
Cockerell, Douglas. Bookbinding and the care of books. 1902. Appleton.
$1.25.
Best general book on binding processes, but does not cover all
library requirements.
Coutts, H. T., and Stephen, G. A. Manual of library bookbinding. 1911.
Libraco Limited. 7s. 6d. net.
A valuable book for all libraries. Gives the English point of view.
Crane, W. J. E. Bookbinding for amateurs. 1903. Scribner. $.65.
Cundall, Joseph, ed. On bookbindings, ancient and modern. 1881. Bell,
Lond. $12.
Will be used mainly by those interested in the history and artistic
side of bookbinding.
Dana, J. C. Notes on bookbinding for libraries. Ed. 2. 1910. Library
Bureau. $1.
The best single book for the librarian.
Drury, F. K. W. On protecting pamphlets. Library Journal, 1910, 35:
118-19.
Field, C. Book repairing. California News Notes, 2: 105-8.
Hasluck, P. N., ed. Bookbinding. 1903. McKay. $.50.
Practical handbook. Does not cover strong binding for libraries.
Horne, H. P. Binding of books. 1894. Scribner. $2.
For those interested in the artistic side of binding.
Hulme, E. W., and others. Leather for libraries. 1905. Library Supply
Co., London. 2s. 6d. net.
Lowe, J. A. Permanent book marking. Library Journal. 1910, 35: 15-17.
Macleod, R. D. Preservation of books in libraries. Library World, 11:
256, 331, 368, 417.
Deals with general repairs, etc. The second part (p. 331) is
especially valuable for the large number of cleaning recipes.
Memoranda relative to binding publications for distribution to state and
territorial libraries and depositories. 1908. U. S. Superintendent of
Documents.
An account of the tests of book cloths made by the Bureau of
Standards.
Philip, A. J. The business of bookbinding from the viewpoint of the
binder, the publisher, the librarian and the general reader. 1912. S.
Paul. 6s. net.
In spite of the title the viewpoint is that of the librarian.
Prideaux, S. T. Historical sketch of bookbindings. 1893. Lawrence,
London. $1.50 net.
Sawyer, H. P. How to care for books in a library. 1912. Democrat
Printing Co., Madison, Wis. $.10.
A good article on mending.
Society of arts. Report of the Committee on leathers for bookbinding.
1905. Bell. 10s. 6d.
Stephen, G. A. Commercial bookbinding. 1910. Stonhill, London. 2s. 6d.
The best book on this subject.
----. Machine book-sewing. 1908. Aberdeen University Press.
Reprinted from the Library association record, June 1908.
----. Notes on materials for library bookbinding. Library Assistant,
1905-7, 5:143-6, 162-4.
Swezey, A. D. Binding records. Public Libraries, 1909, 14: 5-7.
Worcester (Mass.) County law library. Leather preservation. 1911.
----. A small binding plant in the building. 1912.
Zaehnsdorf, Joseph. Bookbinding. Macmillan. $1.50.
Zahn, Otto. On art binding. 1904. Toof & Co., Memphis. $1.50.
By a well known artistic bookbinder.
APPENDIX C
LIST OF TECHNICAL TERMS
In this list terms relating to paper, to materials described in the body
of this work and to historical bindings, and terms seldom used have been
omitted.
=Acid free leather.= Leather which is manufactured without using acid.
As interpreted by some dealers, it means leather from which all acid has
been removed.
=Aldine style.= Decorative design consisting of solid face ornaments
without shading. First used by Aldus and other early Italian printers.
=All-along.= In hand-sewing when the thread passes from kettlestitch to
kettlestitch in each signature it is sewed all-along.
=Antique.= See Blind-tooled.
=Arabesque.= Decorative design consisting of many interwoven lines and
curves arranged in conventional patterns. Sometimes applied to a design
consisting of interwoven plants, animals, birds, etc.
=Arming press.= See Blocking press.
=Asterisk.= This well known sign is sometimes used to indicate that the
printed matter on which it appears is to take the place of pages
previously printed.
=Awl.= See Bodkin.
=Azure tools.= Tools with a series of horizontal lines parallel on their
faces.
=Back lining.= Cloth or paper glued to the back of a book to help hold
the signatures together.
=Backing.= Forcing over the folds on each side at the back to form
grooves into which boards fit, forming the joint.
=Backing boards.= Used for backing or forming the joint. Made of
hardwood sometimes faced with iron. Have a beveled edge, over which the
paper is forced by hammering and are thicker at this edge than at the
other, so that when placed one on each side of the book and all are
placed in the lying press, the power of the press is brought to bear on
the part of the book nearest the back.
=Backing hammer.= Has a broad, flat face and short handle. Used in
rounding and backing.
=Backing machine.= Machine run by power used in edition work for backing
books.
=Backing press.= A press having vertical steel plates brought together
with a screw. When the book is placed in it with the back slightly
projecting it can be backed in exactly the same way as if backing boards
were used.
=Band-driver.= Used in forwarding to eliminate irregularities of raised
bands.
=Band nipper.= Pincers used after leather has been put on over raised
bands in order to straighten them.
=Banding.= Decorating by means of horizontal stripes.
=Bark skiver.= Tanned with oak bark.
=Bastard title.= See Half title.
=Beading.= Small twist or roll formed when winding the cotton or silk in
head-banding.
=Beating.= Process of flattening and smoothing out the folded sheets to
make the leaves lie closely together.
=Beating hammer.= Heavy, short-handled hammer used for beating books to
make the leaves lie closely together.
=Beating stone.= Stone or iron bed on which books are beaten.
=Beveled boards.= Heavy boards with beveled edges, sometimes used for
the sides of very heavy or large books.
=Binder.= 1. Case used for the temporary protection of pamphlets and
periodicals. Can be detached and used on succeeding numbers. 2. One
whose business it is to bind books.
=Binder's title.= Title lettered on the back of a book. Frequently
differs from that on the title page.
=Binder's board.= See Boards.
=Binding slip.= Sheet of paper containing instructions to the binder
inserted in each book sent to the bindery.
=Blanks.= Books with blank leaves of good paper used for keeping records
which are more or less permanent. The binding of such books is a special
trade.
=Bleed.= When books are trimmed so that part of the print is cut off
they are said to bleed.
=Blind-tooled.= Books on which impressions have been made by tools
without the use of gilt are blind-tooled. Sometimes called "Antique"
tooling.
=Block.= The solid metal stamp used for impressing a design on a book
cover.
=Blocking.= Stamping the design in gold or other material on book
covers.
=Blocking press.= Used in stamping designs on cloth book covers or back.
Known also as stamping press and arming press.
=Board papers.= The parts of end papers pasted to the boards.
=Board shears.= Heavy shears with a gauge, for cutting boards for the
sides of books.
=Boards.= Boards for the sides of books are called cloth board, binder's
board, mill board, tar board. They are called boards in the full size
and also when cut for sides.
=Bodkin.= An awl used for punching holes in boards through which the
bands are laced.
=Body.= Main part of the book, from Chapter I to the end of the text.
=Bolt.= The folded edge of signatures at the head, fore edge and tail
of books.
=Book card=, or =Book slip=. Card kept in the book, used in charging the
book when it is borrowed.
=Book label.= See Label.
=Book pocket.= A pocket made of paper, generally pasted on the last
fly-leaf to hold the book card when the book is on the shelf, or to hold
the reader's card when the book is borrowed.
=Bosses.= Metal ornaments fastened on the boards of books.
=Broken.= 1. Paper folded over. 2. The back of a book which has been
cracked open from head to tail is broken.
=Broken up (or over).= Plates are broken up when they are folded over a
short distance from the back before being placed in the book.
=Burnish.= The gloss produced by the application of a burnisher to the
edges of a book.
=Burnisher.= Piece of agate or blood-stone set in handles and used to
produce a gloss on the edges of books.
=Calendered paper.= Paper with a highly polished surface.
=Cancels.= Leaves containing errors which are to be replaced with
corrected pages. The replacements are frequently marked with an
asterisk.
=Canvas.= Same as duck. See page 80.
=Caps.= Coverings which protect the edges of books during the processes
of covering and finishing.
=Case.= 1. A cover for a book made independently of the book, i. e. the
boards are not laced in. 2. Cover made to fit over book already bound in
order to protect it.
=Case bindings.= Books in which the boards and covering materials are
made into a case and the book glued into it. Term generally applied to
commercial work, which is practically all done by machinery.
=Casing-in.= The operation of putting a sewed and forwarded book into
its case.
=Catchword.= In old books and in a few modern books the first word of a
page is printed under the last line on the preceding page. This is
called the catchword.
=Center tools.= Specially-cut tools for ornamenting the centers of
panels.
=Circuit edges.= Projecting flexible covers turned over to protect the
leaves of the book. Used almost wholly on Bibles and prayer books.
Sometimes called divinity edges.
=Clasp.= A catch for fastening the covers of a book together.
=Clearing-out.= The process of removing the waste paper and paring away
superfluous leather on the inside of the covers before pasting down end
papers.
=Cloth boards.= 1. Boards covered with cloth. 2. Boards used for the
sides are sometimes called cloth boards instead of mill boards.
=Collation.= An examination of a book to see if it is complete. May be
done by signatures before book is bound. Must be done page by page in
books which are to be rebound.
=Combs.= An instrument with wire teeth used in marbling.
=Compensating guards.= Short stubs bound in the back to equalize space
taken up by thick folded plates.
=Creaser.= The tool used in marking on each side of raised bands.
Generally made of steel.
=Cropped.= Term applied to books which have been trimmed too much.
=Crushed.= Term applied to leather, generally morocco, which has been
pressed so that the surface, naturally grained, is made smooth.
=Cut edges.= See Edges cut.
=Cut flush.= In very cheap binding the book is trimmed after the cover
is on and edges of boards are cut flush with the leaves.
=Cutter=, or =Cutting machine=. A machine used for trimming the edges of
books. Sometimes called guillotine.
=Cutting boards.= Boards similar to backing boards, except that they are
not beveled. Used in trimming.
=Cutting in boards.= See In boards.
=Cutting press.= The "lying press" turned over so that the runners are
uppermost.
=Deckle edge.= The rough untrimmed edge of hand-made paper.
=Dentelle.= A form of book ornament which supposedly represents lace.
=Derome.= A style of ornament having dentelle border with small birds
among the arabesques.
=Diaper.= A form of ornament consisting of a small pattern repeated in
geometrical form.
=Divinity calf.= Dark brown calfskin blind-stamped and without gilding,
formerly used in binding religious books.
=Divinity edges.= See Circuit edges.
=Die.= An engraved stamp used for stamping a design.
=Double.= See Doublure.
=Doubled.= A design is doubled when the finisher tries to make a second
impression and the tool does not quite follow the lines of the first
impression.
=Doublure.= The lined and decorated inside face of boards on fine
bindings. When so lined the cover is said to be "double."
=Dummy.= 1. A book made up of blank leaves to show style of binding and
grade of workmanship. 2. A piece of leather or cloth mounted on a board
to show exact size and lettering of a periodical.
=Duodecimo.= Book printed on paper folded into twelve leaves. Generally
written 12mo. Loosely applied to books from six to eight inches high.
=Dutch metal.= An imitation of gold leaf which soon tarnishes.
=Edges cut.= A book which has all edges trimmed smooth.
=Edges gilt.= All edges trimmed smooth and gilded.
=Edges opened.= A book which has the folds of leaves cut by hand with a
paper knife, has its edges opened.
=Edges rolled.= The edges of the covers are marked with a roll.
=Edges trimmed.= Edges cut somewhat, but not enough to cut all the
folds.
=Edges uncut.= Uncut edges have not been trimmed in any way, though they
may have been opened with a paper knife.
=Edition de luxe.= Fine editions of books printed on large paper and
handsomely bound. Many books so-called are in reality cheaply bound.
=Eighteenmo.= A book printed on paper folded into eighteen leaves. Not
often found.
=Elephant folio.= See Folio.
=Embossing.= The process of producing raised designs by means of stamps.
Used in imitating leathers.
=End papers.= Folded sheets at the beginning and end of books, half of
which are pasted to the boards. Sometimes called lining papers.
=Eve style.= Decorative design consisting of geometrical figures joined
by interlaced circles. The figures contain flowers and the space
surrounding them contains scroll work and branches of laurel and palm.
=Extra binding.= Trade term for the best work.
=Fanfare style.= Leafy spirals interwoven with a delicate tracery over
the cover.
=Fast.= Colors are fast to sunlight if they do not fade; to water if
they do not wash off.
=Fillet.= 1. Plain lines stamped upon the back or cover of the book. 2.
The tool with which the work is done.
=Filling.= See Weft.
=Finishing.= 1. All processes after the book leaves the hand of the
forwarder are known as finishing processes. 2. The ornaments stamped on
a book.
=Finishing press.= A small wooden press with wooden screws which holds a
book with the back up.
=Finishing stove.= A small gas or electric stove used for heating
finishing tools.
=Flexible.= A form of binding in which the book is sewed on raised
bands, the thread being passed entirely around the bands.
=Flush cut.= See Cut flush.
=Fly leaves.= Blank leaves at the beginning and end of the book between
end papers and the book itself.
=Folder.= 1. Small flat piece of bone used in folding sheets and in
other binding processes. 2. Person engaged in folding sheets.
=Folding machines.= Power machine for folding sheets.
=Folio.= 1. A book printed on paper folded in two leaves--four pages.
Loosely applied to books over fifteen inches high. Very large books are
sometimes called elephant folios. 2. Consecutive page numbers of a book.
=Fore-edge.= The front edge of the leaves of a book.
=Font.= The complete number of letters, figures, etc., forming a set of
type.
=Format.= Size and shape of a book.
=Forwarding.= 1. All processes between sewing and finishing. 2. The
department which takes charge of books during these processes. Those who
work in it are called forwarders.
=Foxed.= Books having leaves stained by dampness are said to be foxed.
=French guard.= The back edge of an illustration turned over and folded
around the adjoining signature.
=French joint.= Joint formed by setting the boards a short distance away
from the back. See page 46.
=French morocco.= A very inferior quality of levant morocco. Many skins
so-called are sheep skins or cowhide.
=Frontispiece.= Illustration facing the title page.
=Full-bound.= Term applies to books entirely covered, back and sides,
with the same material, whether cloth or leather.
=Gascon style.= The distinguishing characteristic of this style of
decoration is that dotted lines are used instead of lines which are
continuous.
=Gathering.= Collecting the folded sheets, or signatures, in the order
in which they are bound.
=Gaufre edges.= Edges which have had impressions made by finishing tools
after the edges have been gilded.
=Gauge.= A tool used for obtaining the correct size of a volume in order
to mark it on boards for squaring.
=Gilding press.= Same as the finishing press.
=Gilt edge.= See Edges gilt.
=Gilt tops.= Top edges gilded.
=Glaire.= A liquid made by beating whites of eggs. Used in lettering and
gilding. See page 195.
=Goffered edges.= See Gaufre edges.
=Gold cushion.= Leather cushion on which the finisher cuts gold leaf.
=Gold knife.= A long straight knife used in cutting gold leaf.
=Gold leaf.= Gold beaten very thin, used for lettering and gilding.
=Gouge.= A finishing tool used to stamp the segment of a circle on a
book.
=Grain.= The outer surface of a piece of leather from which the hair has
been removed. Generally used with adjectives which indicate the
appearance of the grain in question.
=Graining.= 1. Process of "bringing up" the natural grain of leather by
artificial means. 2. Process of embossing leather to produce a
fictitious grain.
=Grater.= Tool used for rubbing backs after they are paste-washed.
=Grolier.= An elaborate style of ornament consisting of scroll work with
interwoven squares, circles and diamonds, parts of the design being
studded with gold dots.
=Grooves.= Projections at the back against which boards rest to form the
joint. Made by the backing hammer. Sometimes called joints.
=Guards.= 1. Narrow strips of paper bound in books to which plates or
leaves are attached later. 2. Narrow strips of cloth or paper used to
reinforce the folds of signatures, or pasted to single leaves and folded
around adjoining signatures.
=Guides.= The grooves in which the plough moves on the face of the
cutting press.
=Guillotine.= See Cutter, or Cutting machine.
=Half-bound.= Term indicating that leather is used on the back, with
cloth or paper on the sides. If small pieces of leather are placed on
the corners the book is still half-bound. If the corner pieces are large
the book is three-quarters bound.
=Half-title.= Brief title on the leaf preceding the main title page.
Also called Bastard title.
=Hand letters.= Single letters affixed to handles and used in lettering.
=Head.= The top of the back of the book.
=Headband.= A silk or cotton band attached to the head of the book to
strengthen it, improve its appearance, and make the back even in
thickness with the boards.
=Head cap.= Fold of leather over the headband.
=Heel-ball.= Shoemaker's preparation of wax used for taking rubbings of
the backs of books.
=Holeing.= Piercing the boards with an awl so that bands can be
laced-in.
=Hollow back.= See Loose back.
=Imperfections.= In commercial binderies, sheets rejected because
imperfect.
=In boards.= 1. Term used when books are cut after boards have been
attached. 2. Style of binding which has a very narrow cloth back and
paper covered sides.
=In print.= Obtainable from the publishers.
=India-rubbered.= When the backs of books consisting of single leaves
are covered with a solution of india rubber instead of being sewed they
are said to be India-rubbered. Not practicable for permanent bindings.
=Inlaid.= The cover of a book bound in leather in which leather of a
different kind or color has been inlaid.
=In quires.= Unbound books in sheets.
=Inset.= A folded sheet laid inside of another.
=In sheets.= A book is said to be in sheets before it has been bound,
whether the sheets are folded or not.
=Inside margin.= The border made by the turned-in leather on the inside
face of the boards.
=Inside tins.= Sheets of tin sometimes placed in books which are to
receive heavy pressure.
=Jansen style.= A style of decoration in which the book is absolutely
plain on the outside except for lettering. The inside covers, however,
may be elaborately decorated.
=Joints.= The part of the book which bends when the book is opened. See
also Grooves; French joint.
=Kettlestitch.= The stitch made at the head and tail of the book
fastening a signature at these points to the preceding signature.
=Keys.= Small metal objects which fasten the bands to the under side of
the sewing bench.
=Kip calf.= Made from the skin of a heifer. Stronger than calfskin.
=Knocking-down iron.= Iron plate on which books are placed when it is
necessary to hammer down the ends of laced-in bands to prevent them from
showing.
=Label.= A piece of paper or leather affixed to the back of a book on
which to letter information.
=Lacing-in.= Process of attaching the ends of bands to boards through
holes made with an awl. See page 42.
=Large-paper edition.= Copies of a book printed on paper with wide
margins.
=Laying press.= See Lying press.
=Law sheep.= Uncolored sheepskin. So-called because at one time it was
generally used on law books. See page 65.
=Lay cords.= The bands when stretched on the sewing bench ready for the
signatures.
=Leatherette.= Imitation leather, generally made of cloth.
=Lettering block.= A dummy book made of wood on which leather labels
that are to be lettered are placed for greater ease in gilding.
=Lettering box.= That part of the pallet in which type is screwed up
before lettering.
=Limp leather.= Books bound in full leather without stiff boards are
said to be bound in limp leather.
=Lining papers.= See End papers.
=Loose back.= Books are loose backed when the covering material is not
glued to the back, but springs out when the book is opened. Called
"hollow back" in England.
=Lying press.= The under side of the cutting press used in backing.
Sometimes called laying press.
=Magazine binder.= See Binder.
=Maioli style.= Decoration formed of shields or medallions with scroll
work running through them.
=Marbled calf.= Calfskin treated with acid so that it resembles marble.
=Marbling.= Process of staining the paper or the edges of books with
colors irregularly combined, similar to the irregular colorings and
markings in marble.
=Marker.= Piece of ribbon fastened to the headband and used as a book
mark. Also called Register.
=Marking-up.= Marking the position of the cords on the back.
=Millboard.= See Boards.
=Millboard machine.= Used for cutting and squaring boards.
=Mitred.= Term indicating that lines in finishing meeting each other at
right angles, continue but do not overrun each other.
=Mosaic binding.= A leather binding ornamented by designs made of inlaid
pieces of leather or other material of different colors.
=Mottled calf.= Light brown calf treated with acid to give it a mottled
appearance.
=Mull.= See Super.
=Octavo.= Book printed on paper folded into eight leaves. Usually
written 8vo. Loosely used to indicate that the size of a book is between
eight and ten inches in height.
=Off and on.= Term used in machine sewing, meaning that certain stitches
in each signature are skipped.
=Off-set.= Marks made on opposite page because the printer's ink had not
become thoroughly dry. In case of illustrations tissue paper is
frequently inserted to prevent this. Also called set-off.
=Opened edges.= See Edges opened.
=Out of boards.= A book trimmed before the boards have been fastened to
it.
=Out of print.= Not obtainable from the publishers.
=Overcasting.= Process of sewing single leaves over and over. Also
called whipstitching. See page 23.
=Pallet.= A tool used in lettering having an adjustable box for holding
type securely, with a handle attached.
=Panel.= 1. Space between raised bands, or between stamped lines on the
back. 2. A square or rectangular space on the side of a book, whether
sunken or enclosed by beveled edges or gilded lines.
=Papering-up.= Covering the leaves of a book, especially if it has
gilded edges, to protect it during further processes.
=Parchment.= A material similar to vellum, but not so thick.
=Paring.= Process of thinning the edges of leather with a sharp knife,
so that there will not be a rough edge when it is on the book. Sometimes
called skiving.
=Pastewash.= Paste diluted with water.
=Pasting-down.= Operation of pasting end papers to the boards.
=Payne, Roger.= Style of decoration distinguished by gold-tooled corner
pieces and by the grace and freedom of ornamentation.
=Pebble-grained.= Covering material grained in an irregular manner.
=Pegamoid.= An imitation leather made in England.
=Perforating machine.= A machine which punches holes in sections so that
they can be more easily overcast.
=Petits fers.= Small hand tools used in finishing, as distinguished from
the stamps or blocks used in a press.
=Pieced.= Any space on the cover of a book which has a piece of another
material attached to it. Most often used to mean leather which is used
as labels for titles; also called titled.
=Plate.= 1. Illustration printed from a plate. The term is often used
incorrectly for wood cuts. 2. In library usage any full-page
illustration not paged-in.
=Plough.= A tool used for trimming books.
=Pluviusin.= An imitation leather made in England.
=Pocket.= An envelope made of paper or cardboard generally attached to
the inside of the back cover and used to hold loose maps or plates. See
also Book pocket.
=Pointille style.= A form of decoration in which the design is marked
with small dots or points.
=Points.= Holes made in sheets during the process of printing which
serve as guides in registering and folding.
=Polisher.= A steel tool used to give a gloss to leather after
finishing.
=Portfolio.= A case made for holding loose plates or maps.
=Powder, Seme.= A form of decoration in which a small figure is repeated
regularly.
=Preliminary matter.= Half title, title, table of contents and preface,
and all other matter preceding the main part of the book.
=Press pin.= An iron bar used to turn the screws of standing presses.
=Presses.= For various kinds see Lying press; Cutting press; Finishing
press; Blocking press.
=Pressing boards.= Wooden boards placed between books in the standing
press. Brass strips which project over the edges of the board fit into
the grooves of the joint.
=Pressing plates.= Japanned or nickeled plates, which, when placed next
to leather bindings under heavy pressure give them a finish.
=Pulled.= A book taken from its cover and the signatures separated is
said to be pulled.
=Puppy.= The specially prepared rubber used to remove superfluous gold
leaf from a book is sometimes called the puppy.
=Quarto.= A book printed on paper folded into four leaves (eight pages).
Generally written 4to. Loosely applied to books between ten and fifteen
inches high.
=Quire.= Twenty-four sheets.
=Raised bands.= See Bands.
=Recasing.= Replacing a book in its original cover, either with or
without resewing.
=Recto.= Right hand page of an open book.
=Register.= 1. Ribbon attached to a book to be used as a book mark. 2.
Term indicating that the print on the verso falls exactly over that on
the recto.
=Rexine.= An imitation leather made in England.
=Roll.= Finishing tool with brass wheel having a design on the
circumference. Used in decorating leather bound books.
=Rolled edges.= See Edges rolled.
=Rolling machine.= Used in publisher's binding to press the leaves
firmly together.
=Roulette border.= Border design made with a roll.
=Rounding hammer.= Heavy hammer used in rounding.
=Roundlet.= Small circle in gold used in decorating books.
=Roxburgh binding.= Plain leather backed book, lettering near the top
enclosed in gold lines, gilt top, and cloth or paper sides.
=Rub-off=, or =Rubbing=. A copy of the back of a book showing exact
lettering. Made by placing a sheet of thin strong paper on the back and
rubbing it with a piece of heel-ball until all lettering is fully
outlined.
=Run-up.= The back of a book with a fillet from head to tail not mitred
at the bands is said to be run-up.
=Running title.= Short title of a book or chapter appearing at the head
of the page throughout the book or chapter.
=Saddle stitching.= A machine process which either sews or staples
pamphlets of one signature.
=Sawing-in.= Sawing the back of a book to make grooves in which the
bands will rest when the book is sewed.
=Section.= See Signature.
=Seme.= See Powder.
=Set-off.= See Off-set.
=Setting the headband.= Adjusting the leather so that it covers the
headband with a kind of cap.
=Sewer.= The person who sews the signatures together on a sewing bench
to form a book.
=Sewing bench.= A board about two feet long having at each end on the
front edge an upright. These are connected by a bar which is adjustable
in height and between which and the board are stretched the bands or
tapes on which the book is sewed.
=Sextodecimo.= See Sixteenmo.
=Shears.= See Board shears.
=Sheets in.= See In sheets.
=Signature.= 1. The letter or figure on the first page of each folded
sheet to ensure its proper place in the book when bound. 2. The folded
sheet itself. Often called section.
=Sixteenmo.= A book printed on sheets folded into sixteen leaves.
Generally written 16mo.
=Size.= A preparation used in gilding and finishing.
=Skiving.= See Paring.
=Slips.= The pieces of bands or tapes projecting beyond the book after
it is sewed.
=Smooth calf.= Plain, undecorated calf.
=Split boards.= 1. Boards split at the edge to admit slips and
back-lining. 2. Boards made of two boards glued together, leaving a
space for insertion of slips and back-lining.
=Sprinkled calf.= Calf treated with acid so that it looks as if it had
been sprinkled with dye.
=Sprinkled edges.= Edges which have been colored by shaking or spraying
coloring matter on them.
=Squares.= The parts of the board projecting beyond the edges of the
leaves of the book.
=Stabbing.= 1. Process of fastening together the signatures of a
pamphlet with wire. 2. Piercing the boards for lacing-in.
=Stabbed.= A pamphlet is said to be stabbed when the signatures are held
together by wire staples driven in vertically near the back and clinched
on the other side.
=Stamping press.= See Blocking press.
=Stamps.= Blocks or dies used to impress designs upon leather.
=Standing press.= A large fixed press capable of holding many books.
=Start.= Sections which after cutting project beyond the others, are
said to have started.
=Steamboating.= Cutting a number of books at the same time.
=Stitching.= Process of sewing signatures lengthwise with a sewing
machine. _See also_ Saddle stitching.
=Strawboard.= Very soft paper board easily broken or cut. Sometimes used
in cheap work.
=Super.= A thin, coarsely woven cotton cloth used for back-lining.
Called mull in England.
=Tacky.= Glue that is still sticky but not wet is tacky.
=Tail.= The bottom of the back of the book.
=Tar board.= See Boards.
=Thirty-twomo.= A book printed on sheets folded into thirty-two leaves.
Written 32mo.
=Three-quarters bound.= See Half-bound.
=Thrown out.= Folded maps or diagrams which are likely to be used a
great deal can be mounted on cloth guards the width of the book. When
opened they will be entirely outside the book and are said to be thrown
out.
=Tight back.= A book on which the covering material is glued to the
back. See page 44.
=Title.= Space between the bands upon which the title is lettered.
=Title skiver.= Very thin skiver used as labels on which to gild
lettering.
=Titled.= See Pieced.
=Tooling.= The decoration of leather made by stamping designs in gold
leaf upon it.
=Tools.= Brass stamps used in tooling.
=Top gilt.= Indicates that only the top edge of the book is gilded.
=Tree calf.= Imitation of the trunk and branches of a tree made with
acid on the sides of a book bound in full calf.
=Trimmed.= 1. Books which have only the edges of projecting leaves, not
the folds, cut off are said to be trimmed. 2. In library binding the
term generally means that all edges have been trimmed even.
=Trindle.= A small tool used to take out the round of a book when it is
being cut.
=Tub.= Stand supporting the lying press. Formerly a tub used to catch
the paper cut from the edges.
=Turning up.= When books are cut in boards it is necessary to take the
round out of the back. The process is assisted by the use of trindles
and is called turning up.
=Twelvemo.= See Duodecimo.
=Twenty-fourmo.= A book having twenty-four leaves to a sheet.
=Two on.= See page 23.
=Tying up.= When leather covers are put on over raised bands it is
necessary to tie them with twine so that the leather will stick to the
sides of the bands.
=Uncut.= See Edges uncut.
=Unopened.= When the folds of signatures have not been cut the book is
unopened.
=Varnish.= Bookbinder's varnish is used to give a gloss to leather. It
is claimed that it acts as a preservative also.
=Verso.= Left hand page of an open book.
=Warp.= The threads running lengthwise in cloth.
=Waste papers.= The part of the end papers or fly leaves which in some
kinds of work are removed when the end paper is pasted to the cover. The
terms end papers, fly leaves and waste papers are used in different
binderies with much the same meaning.
=Waterproof sheets.= Sheets of waterproof cardboard sometimes laid in or
between books when pressing.
=Weft.= The threads running crosswise in cloth. Also called woof, and
filling.
=Whipping=, or =whipstitching=. See Overcasting.
=Whole bound.= Term indicating that a book is bound in full leather. See
also Full bound.
=Wire sewing.= Sewing the signatures of a book to cloth by means of wire
staples driven through their centers.
=Wired.= Pamphlets held together by wire staples driven through and
clinched near the back edge, are said to be wired.
=Witness.= The leaves of a book which show the original size of the
sheet, although other sheets have been trimmed, are a witness to the
fact that the book has not been cut down.
=Woof.= See Weft.
INDEX
Acid-free leather, 58, 90
Acids used in dyeing, effects, 57
Adhesives, 167
Advertisements, when to bind, 135
Age of animals, effect on leather, 53
Aldine vellum, 76
A. L. A. Committee on Binding, 11
A. L. A. Specifications for reinforced books, 109
American russia, 65
Ammonia, 171
Angora goatskin, 69
Arrangement for binding, 132
Art canvas, 76
Art vellum, 76
Artistic binding, 7
Back-lining, 34
Backing, 33
Backs, loose, mending, 181
Backs, tight, mending, 181
Backs, tight and loose, 44
Bands, 19
Bands, frayed, 32
Bands, number necessary, 18, 91
Bands, raised, 40
Barbour's thread, 85
Bench sewing, 19
Bibliography of binding, 221
Bids for binding, 11
Binder, instructions for, 139
Binders' boards, 83
Binders for magazines, 199
Binders ignorant of library binding, 9
Bindery in the library, 209
Bindery, equipment, 213
Binding before purchase, 103
Binding records, 149
Binding routine, 157
Binding slip, use of, 139, 140
Boards, 83
Boards, cut, 36
Bock, 70
Bone folders, 172
Bookbinding terms, 225
Books, discarding of, 131
Books, opening of, 122
Books, proper care, 122
Booksellers, oppose reinforced books, 112
Brownie books, strong binding, 113
Brushes, 173
Buckram, 76
Buffing, 66
Bureau of Standards, Specifications for cloth, 217
Bureau of Standards, tests of cloth, 78
Burnishing, 32
Calfskin, 70
Calfskin vs. cowhide, 53
Call number, location of, 143
Call numbers gilded, 39
Canton flannel for lining, 35
Canvas, 80
Care of books, 122
Case, making of, 36
Cased books, 38
Catechol group, 56
Cheesecloth, 170
Chivers, Cedric, binding from sheets, 103
Chivers, tests of leather, 60
Chivers, test of levant morocco, 69
Classic buckram, 76
Cleaning cover, 177
Cleaning pages, 174
Climate, effect on leather, 54
Cloth, 72
Cloth boards, 83
Cloth, cutting of, 36
Cloth for sides, 89
Cloth, government specifications, 79, 217
Cloth, grades of, 75
Cloth guards, 90
Cloth, manufacturers of, 74
Cloth, qualities of, 74
Cloth, tests of, 78
Cloth used in mending, 170
Cloth vs. leather, 122
Collation, 15, 133
Commercial binding, 6
Commercial binding, specifications, 100
Copying press, 173
Corners of vellum, 72
Corners rounded, 47
Cost of binding, 5, 11, 115
Cost of binding, records of, 152
Cost of binding, suggestions for reducing, 104, 119
Cotton vs. linen thread, 85
Covers, how cleaned, 177
Covers of periodicals, when to bind, 135
Cowhide, 65
Cowhide for fiction and juvenile, 93
Creases, how removed, 175
Creasing for flexibility, 25
Crepeline, 170, 179
Crushed levant, 69
Cutting board, 174
Dampness, effect on leather, 59
Decay of leather, 54
Discarding books, 121, 131
Duck, 80, 90
Duck for newspapers, 97
Dummy backs, 141
Durabline, 81
Embossing leather, 57
End papers, 19
End papers and fly leaves pasted together, 31
End papers pasted down, 37
End papers, quality, 85
English buckram, 77
Everyman's library, library edition, 112, 129
Eyelet and tape binders, 201
Fabrikoid, 81, 82
Fibre-filling preservative, 97
Fiction, specifications, 93
Finishing, 39
Flesher for back-lining, 35
Flexible glue, 82
Flexible sewing, 40
Fly leaves and end papers pasted together, 31
Fly leaves guarded, 17
Fly leaves tipped on, 17
Fly leaves, renewal, 183
Folded plates, guarded, 90
Folders, bone, 172
Forwarding, 31
Fox marks, how removed, 175
French joints, 37, 46, 91
Gall nuts for tanning, 55
Gas, effect on leather, 58
Gaylord binders, 206
Gilding, 39
Gilding tops, 33
Glaire, 195
Glue, 82, 169
Glue, flexible, 82
Glue pot, 173
Glue, removed from back of books, 15
Gluing, 33
Gluing for overcasting, 17
Goatskins, 68
Gold leaf, 85
Government cloth, 77
Government cloth, specifications, 217
Government documents, binding of, 54, 77
Government documents, materials used in binding, 51
Graining leather, 57
Grease in leather, 58
Grease spots, how removed, 177
Guarding fly leaves, 17
Guarding illustrations, 18
Guarding signatures, 17
Hair sheep, 64
Hayes' thread, 85
Headbands, 49
Heat, effect on leather, 59
Hemlock bark, 56
Home binderies, 209
Huntting, H. R., Samson-back sewing, 113
Illustrations guarded, 18, 90
Illustrations mounted on cloth, 91
Imitation of morocco, 64, 68
Imperfect books, when to bind, 133
Imperial morocco cloth, 81, 90
Incomplete volumes, when to bind, 138
Index, where to place, 134
Index volumes, lettering of, 147
Ink stains, how removed, 176
Instructions to binder, 139
Jaconet, 17, 170
Javelle water, 175
Joint authors, lettering, 143
Joints, 46
Juvenile books bound from sheets, 105
Juvenile books, specifications, 93
Keratol, 81, 82
Kettlestitch, 22
Kettlestitch, sawing for, 18
Kettlestitch, three for overcast books, 27
Knives, 172
Knocking down, 16
Kraft paper, 171
Kraft paper for fly leaves, 17
Labeling, process, 191
Labels made of leather, 39
Labels on tight-back books, 45
Labels, removal of, 193
Labor, effects on cost of binding, 115
Lacing-in, 38, 42
Larch, for tanning, 56
Law books, specifications, 98
Law sheep, 65
Leather, 52
Leather, causes of variation in, 53
Leather corners, 48
Leather, decay of, 54, 73
Leather, embossed, 57
Leather for back-lining, 35
Leather imitation of, 81
Leather kinds of, 63
Leather labels, 39
Leather, mechanical qualities, 60
Leather, preservation of, 60
Leather vs. cloth, 122
Legal buckram, 80
Lettering, arrangement, 141
Lettering by hand, 193
Lettering, how indicated, 139
Lettering in white ink, 193
Lettering, joint authors, 143
Lettering, oversized books, 147
Lettering, pamphlets, 207
Lettering, periodicals, 146
Lettering, pseudonyms, 143
Lettering, thin volumes, 147
Lettering, two books in one, 143
Lettering with type, 194
Levant morocco, 69
Library binderies, 209
Library binderies, administration, 211
Library binderies, cost of, 214
Library binding, 8
Library buckram, 80
Linen buckram, 77
Linen finish cloth, 76
Linen vs. cotton thread, 85
Loose back, 36, 44
Loose joints, how mended, 182
Loose leaves, inserting, 180
Loose signatures, inserting, 181
Machine-bound books, 6
Magazine binders, 199
Making the case, 36
Manila paper, 171
Manila paper for fly leaves, 17
Maps, repair of, 183
Materials, 51
Materials for lettering, 195
Materials for repairing, 167
Mending, 16, 178
Mending by binder, 90
Mending materials, 167
Mending, rules for, 166
Mildew, how prevented, 176
Millboards, 83
Morocco, 68
Morocco, bock, 70
Morocco, imitation of, 64
Morocco, Levant, 69
Morocco, Niger, 70
Morocco, Persian, 70
Morocco, Turkey, 69
Mucilage, 169
Music, specifications for, 99
Newspapers, specifications, 96
Newspapers, wrapped in paper, 96
Niger morocco, 70
Non-fiction, specifications, 94
Oak bark, 55, 56
Oak bark for pigskin, 67
Oak bark for sheepskin, 64
Onion skin, 171
Overcast books, cut before sewing, 16
Overcasting, 23, 25
Overcasting, sawing for, 19
Oversized books, lettering, 147
Pages, cleaning of, 174
Pages, how mended, 178
Pages missing, 133
Pamphlets, binding, 205
Pamphlets, binding single copies, 190
Pamphlets, lettering, 207
Panels, 142
Panels, staining of, 39
Paper, effect of folding, 14
Paper, effect on binding, 14
Parker, J. Gordon, on causes of decay in leathers, 55
Paste, 83, 167
Paste, poor, effect on binding, 59
Pasting down, 37
Pasting machine, 169, 174
Perforating machine, 25
Periodicals, arrangement of, 16, 134
Periodicals, binding single copies, 190
Periodicals, lettering, 146
Periodicals, specifications, 94
Periodicals, two volumes in one, 138
Periodicals, vagaries of, 134
Periodicals, when to bind incomplete, 138
Persian morocco, 70
Plates, folded, guarding, 90
Plates, unpaged, where to place, 136
Preparing for the bindery, 125
Press used in mending, 173
Pressing, 38
Pigskin, 67
Pluviusin, 81
Polished buckram, 76
Preservation of leather, 60
Prices, schedule of, 118
Printing Investigation Committee, 77
Processes, 13
Pseudonyms, lettering, 143
Publishers' binding, 6
Publishers' reinforced books, 109
Publishers' reinforced books, failure of, 111
Pyrogallol group, 55
Questions binding assistants must ask, 125
Raised bands, 40
Ratio of cost to circulation, 5
Reading list, 221
Rebacking, 36
Recasing instead of rebinding, 130
Recasing, process, 184
Records for large libraries, 153
Records of binding, 149
Records of previous volumes, 140, 151
Recovering, 121
Recovering, process, 185
Red rope manila, 171
Reference books, specifications, 98
Regular sewing, 19
Reinforced books, 108, 120
Reinforced books, specifications, 109
Reinforcing, process, 188
Repairing, 165
Reports, binding of, 138, 205
Reprints, bound before purchase, 119
Reprints, use instead of rebinding, 129
Resewed commercial books, 113
Re-siding, process, 188
Retanning, 58
Rexine, 81
Roan, 65
Rod binders, 202
Rounding, 33
Routine of binding, 157
Royal Society of Arts, investigation of leather, 55
Rub or rub-off, 92, 140
Russia leather, 71
Samson-back sewing, 113
Sawing, 18
Scientific books, when to rebind, 131
Scribner's, Charles, Sons Co., reinforced books, 109
Sealskin, 63, 71
Second-hand books, rebound before using, 108, 120
Selection of binder, 9
Semi-tar boards, 84
Setting the square, 36
Sewing, 19
Sewing, affected by paper, 14
Sewing bench, 20
Sewing on tapes, 30
Sewing two-on, 23
Sex of animals, effect on leather, 53
Shaving of skins, 57
Sheep-bound set of U. S. documents, 54
Sheepskin, 63
Sheets, binding from, 103
Shellac, 172
Shellacking of covers, 177
Signatures, guarding of, 17-18
Size, basis for prices, 89
Skiver, 65
Society of Arts, investigation of leather, 55
Society of Arts, on preservation of leather, 62
Sound Leather Committee of the Library Association, 55
Specifications, 87
Specifications, books of illustrations, 100
Specifications, commercial binding, 100
Specifications, fiction, 93
Specifications, general, 88
Specifications, juvenile, 93
Specifications, law books, 98
Specifications, music, 99
Specifications, newspapers, 96
Specifications, non-fiction, 94
Specifications, periodicals, 94
Specifications, reference books, 98
Specifications, reinforced books, 109
Split boards, 44
Split cowhide, 66
Split sheepskins, 65
Splitting of skins, 57
Spring-back binders, 201
Sprinkling, 32
Squares, 36
Stained labels, 39
Stitching, 91
Strawboards, 83
Sulphuric acid, 57, 58
Sumac, 55, 56, 57
Sumac for sheepskin, 64
Sunlight, effect on leather, 58
Super, 35
Supplements to periodicals, 134
Taking apart, 15
Tanning materials, 55
Tapes, 85
Tapes, sewing on, 30
Tar boards, 84
Technical books, when to rebind, 131
Technical terms, 225
Thread, 84, 171
Tides of Barnegat, reinforced, 109
Tight backs, 44
Tight backs, mending, 181
Title page, where to place, 134
Title pages, vagaries of, 136
Tobacco smoke, effect on leather, 58
Tooling, 39
Tools for repairing, 172
Tools used in lettering, 194
Tools used in mending, 172
Torn leaves, mending, 178
Trimming, 32, 48
Turkey morocco, 69
Turwar bark, 56
Two-on, sewing, 23
Use determines kind of binding, 4
Valueless books, discarding of, 121
Vaseline for leathers, 61
Vellum, 71
Vellum corners, 48
Warp, strength of, 75
Waterproof cloths, 81
Weft, strength of, 75
Well-bound book, how to recognize, 49
Whipstitching, 24
White ink, when used, 193
Wire, Dr. G. E., on preservation of leather, 60
Wool sheep, 64
End of Project Gutenberg's Library Bookbinding, by Arthur Low Bailey