233 : 4. Synthetic. See the note on languages, p. 242 : 5.
233 : 13. Tenney Frank, 2, pp. 1, 2, and the authorities quoted at the
end of the chapter. Also Peake, 2, pp. 154–173; Freeman, _Historical
Geography of Europe_, pp. 44–45.
233 : 20. See the note to p. 99 : 27.
233 : 24. Ridgeway, 1; Conway, 1; Peake, 2; and numerous other
authorities.
234 : 2. The Messapians, according to Ridgeway, 1, p. 347, were the
remnants of the primitive Ligurians, who once occupied central Italy but
who migrated, under the pressure of the Umbrians, toward the south.
There some of them survived under the name Iapyges or Messapians, in the
heel of the peninsula. “The name Iapyges seems identical with that of
the Iapodes, that Illyrian tribe which dwelt on the other side of the
Adriatic, largely contaminated with the Celts (Nordics) who had flowed
down over them. That the Umbrians had a deadly hatred of a people of the
same name, who had survived in their coast area, is proved by the
Iguvine Tables, where the _Iapuzkum numen_ is heartily cursed along with
the Etruscans and the men of Nar.”
See also Giuffrida-Ruggeri.
234 : 3 _seq._ See the notes to pp. 157 : 10 and 157 : 14.
234 : 7. See the note to p. 192 : 1–4.
234 : 12. See pp. 174, 199 and 247 of this book.
234 : 13 _seq._ Non-Aryan traces in central Europe. Deniker, 2, pp. 317,
334; D’Arbois de Jubainville, 3, pp. 153 _seq._, gives Ligurian place
names. See also 4, t. II. It all depends on whether one considers the
Ligurians as Non-Aryan. D’Arbois de Jubainville is inclined to class
them as Aryans. Burke, _History of Spain_, says, in his footnote to p.
2, that Basque place names are found all over Spain. For survivals in
the British Isles see the notes to pp. 204 : 5 and 204 : 19, and for the
general question, Taylor, _Words and Places_.
234 : 18. Finnic dialects. Zaborowski, 3, pp. 174–175, says there are
very ancient traces of Germanic elements in the Finnic languages of the
Baltic. Prior to the fourth century they had a Gothic character.
234 : 24 _seq._ Agglutinative language. See the note to p. 242 : 5. For
the physical characters of the Basques, Collignon, 3, p. 13; and Ripley,
pp. 190 _seq._, who bases himself upon Collignon. On the language see
Pruner-Bey, 1; Feist, 5, pp. 362–363, and Ripley, pp. 20, 183–185. There
are of course other writers on the Basque language. As a result of the
epoch-making study of Keltic by Professor J. Morris Jones, of the
University College, Bangor, Wales, which appears as Appendix B, in Rhys
and Jones, _The Welsh People_, pp. 616–641, the assertion is made that
Basque is apparently allied to Berber, and that other problems hitherto
unsolved may be unravelled. It has not been possible to learn if any
very recent progress has been the result of this new method.
235 : 1 _seq._ Pseudo-brachycephaly of the Basques. A. C. Haddon,
correspondence, says: “The Basque skull is long, but with a broadening
in the temporal region, in the French Basques, which forms a spurious
kind of brachycephaly.”
235 : 11. See the notes above, to p. 234 : 24.
235 : 17. Liguria and the Ligurian language. Sergi, 4; Ripley, chap. X.
The modern Liguria comprises virtually the coast lands of Italy around
the Gulf of Genoa as far south as Pisa. For ancient Liguria, which once
extended into Gaul, see Déchellette, _Manuel d’archéologie_, t. II, pp.
6–25. D’Arbois de Jubainville treats of the Ligurians at length in
several of his works mentioned, but Déchellette shows his wrong
reasoning, rather convincingly it seems to the author. The opinions of
Jullian, as given in his _Histoire de la Gaule_, are also discussed by
Déchellette. A full discussion in English, of all the authorities on
ancient Liguria, the Ligurians and their language is given in Rice
Holmes, _Cæsar’s Conquest of Gaul_, pp. 277–287. The language is treated
on pp. 281–284, and 318, and by Peet, _The Stone and Bronze Ages in
Italy_, pp. 164 _seq._; see also D’Arbois de Jubainville, 3, pp. 152
_seq._ Feist, 5, p. 369, says that the Ligurians were Mediterraneans. A
number of others agree with him. The evidence points rather to their
having been an early Alpine people, somewhat less brachycephalic than
those who came later, and this is the opinion held by Ratzel, vol. III,
p. 561. The name Ligurian in this book designates a Pre-Nordic race of
Alpine affinities, with a Pre-Aryan language.
The peculiar and discontinuous distribution of Alpine peoples with names
which are variations of the term Veneti, a condition rather analogous to
the scattered groups of Pelasgians as noted by various authors of
antiquity, may indicate the last traces of a once widely distributed
race. It is possible that the Ligurians displaced these “Veneti” in
southern Europe, and later became confined to a part of Gaul and
northern Italy.
235 : 23. Deniker, 2, p. 317, and the note to p. 234 : 13 of this book.
235 : 27–236 : 6. See the note to p. 234 : 17.
236 : 9. Feist, 1 and 5; G. Retzius, 2, 3; Ripley, p. 351; Nordenskiöld.
236 : 14. Livs and Livonians. Ripley, pp. 358 _seq._; Abercromby, _The
Pre- and Proto-Finns_; Peake, 2, p. 150.
236 : 17 _seq._ Ripley, pp. 365–367. Feist, 5, p. 55, says the Finnish
language was once agglutinative but is now inflectional. See also
another reference to it on p. 231, and our note to languages, p. 242 : 5
of this book.
236 : 26. Magyar language. The most authoritative books on Finnish,
Ugrian, and Hungarian speech are those of Szinnyei. See also Feist, pp.
394 _seq._, and Deniker, 2, pp. 349–351.
237 : 1. Ripley, p. 415, says: “Turkish is the westernmost
representative of a great group of languages, best known, perhaps, as
the Ural-Altaic family. This comprises all those of northern Asia, even
to the Pacific Ocean, together with that of the Finns in Russian
Europe.... According to Chantre the word Turk seems quite aptly to be
derived from a native root meaning _Brigand_.” Also see pp. 404–405 and
419 in Ripley.
237 : 13. Ripley, p. 418, and Von Luschan, _op. cit._
237 : 21. Gibbon, chap. LVII, on the “Seljukian Turks.” On the Osmanli
Turks see Ripley, pp. 415 _seq._ On Turks in general see Von Luschan.
237 : 25. See the notes to p. 173 : 11 and to pp. 253–261.
238 : 12. G. Elliot Smith, _Ancient Egyptians_, pp. 134 _seq._;
Zaborowski, 1, and the table of languages in the note to p. 242 : 5.
Practically any book dealing with Aryans gives this information.
238 : 24. Ripley, p. 415; Von Luschan.
239 : 1. See the notes to pp. 158 and 253.
239 : 2. Hittites and the Hittite Empire. See S. J. Garstang, _The Land
of the Hittites_; L. Messerschmidt, _Die Hetiter_ (_Der Alte Orient_,
IV, 1); Feist, 5, pp. 406 _seq._, and the Hittite Inscriptions, Cornell
Expedition of 1911. The history of the Hittite Empire has been brought
to light by the research and investigations of Professor Sayce. See his
_Hittites_. There are a number of short general descriptions in
practically all of the histories of ancient peoples, and in those of the
Near East. See for instance, Bury, _History of Greece_, pp. 45, 64;
Hall, _Ancient History of the Near East_, pp. 200, 334 seq.; Myres,
_Dawn of History_, pp. 118 seq., 152 _seq._ and 199 seq.; Myers,
_Ancient History_, pp. 91–93; Feist, _Kultur_, pp. 406 _seq._; Von
Luschan, pp. 242–243; and Zaborowski, 1, pp. 121, 134, 138 and 160, deal
more with the physical characters of the Hittites.
According to some of the most recent authorities, the Hittites were an
extraordinarily powerful nation and held Syria from about 3700 B. C. to
700 B. C., when the Assyrians overcame them. They had some contact with
Babylon and probably their development was influenced thereby. They seem
to have been the Kheta or Khatti of the Ancient Egyptians. “About 1280
B. C.,” according to Von Luschan, “when Khattusil made his peace with
Rameses II, there existed a large empire, not much smaller than Germany,
reaching from the Ægean Sea to Mesopotamia and from Kadesh on the
Orontes to the Black Sea. We do not know at present if this Hittite
Empire ever had a really homogeneous population, but we have a good many
Hittite reliefs and all these, without one single exception, show us the
high and short heads, or the characteristic noses of our modern
brachycephalic groups, (Armenoids).”
As to their language, J. D. Prince, correspondence, says that it was not
Aryan, in spite of all conjectures to the contrary. “Friedrich Delitzsch
analyzed some of the only syllabized material we have of this language,
and I analyzed it still further in the _Journal of the American Oriental
Society_, vol. XXII, ‘Hittite Material in the Cuneiform Inscriptions,’
reaching the conclusion as to the Non-Aryan character of this idiom. The
so-called ‘Hittite Inscriptions’ are in hieroglyphs and give us no clue
as to the pronunciation and hence none to the character of the
language.” Von Luschan, p. 242, says: “Orientalists are unanimous in
assuming that the Hittite language was not Semitic.” A very recent
communication from Fr. Cumont, in _L’Académie des inscriptions et belles
lettres_ for April 20, 1917, says that the tongue is proved to have been
Aryan.
As to their physical characters, all are agreed that the Hittites had
short, brachycephalic heads, and thick, prominent noses. Myres, p. 44,
remarks that the earliest portraits, which he dates about 1285 B. C.,
have been thought by some to be Mongoloid, but the evidence is still
scanty and inconclusive. Surely if the older likenesses were Mongoloid,
they bear no resemblance to the later types. On the monuments bearded
figures are frequent and the type is Armenoid. See Hall, _The Ancient
History of the Near East_, p. 334, for a criticism of the Mongol theory.
239 : 10. Sumer. J. D. Prince, in his article on the Sumerians in the
_Encyclopædia Britannica_, classes the Sumerian language as
agglutinative. The language of Susiana is also known as Anzanite, Susian
or Elamite. The Anzanite may have been a dialect of Susian. Schiel’s
work with de Morgan’s mission shows that Elamite was agglutinative and
that inflections found in derived words are due to the influence of
another language. The locality of Anzan is not known exactly, but is
believed to have been in the plain south or southeast of Susa. See also
Zaborowski, 1, pp. 149–150, and Hall, _The Ancient History of the Near
East_. Hall agrees with Prince that Sumerian is agglutinative (p. 171).
He also states that Elamite was agglutinative, but not otherwise like
Sumerian. See his chap. V for the relationships of Sumerians and
Elamites.
For Media see the notes to p. 254 : 13.
239 : 12. Assyria and Palestine. Breasted, _Ancient Times_, p. 173 and
Fig. 112; Hall, _History of the Near East_; Myres, _Dawn of History_,
pp. 114–116, 140; and other histories of the Near East.
239 : 13. Kassites. See Hall, pp. 198–200. Very little is known about
the Kassites. Hall declares that there is very little doubt but that
they were Indo-European; Prince, from the same information, says this
could not possibly be the case. They are supposed to have been an
Elamite tribe who were living in the northwestern mountains of Elam,
immediately south of Holwan, when Sennacherib attacked them in 702 B. C.
They attacked Babylonia in the ninth year of Samsu-iluma, the son of
Khammurabi, overran it and founded a dynasty there in 1780 B. C., which
lasted 576 years. They became absorbed into the Babylonian population;
the kings adopted Semitic names and married into the royal family of
Assyria. Like the other languages of the Non-Semitic tribes of Elam,
according to Prince, that of the Kassites was agglutinative. That the
Kassites had been in contact with the horse-using nomads of the northern
steppes, is indicated by the fact that they first introduced the horse
into Mesopotamian lands, whence its use for riding and drawing chariots
spread into Egypt in 1700 B. C. See Breasted, _Ancient Times_, p. 138.
239 : 16. Mitanni. Very little is known of the Mitanni. Von Luschan, p.
230, dates them around the fourteenth century B. C. In 1380 they called
themselves Harri, from Harri-ya, an old form of the word Aryan. Myres,
_Dawn of History_, says: “The conquest of Syria in 1500 B. C. brought
Egypt face to face with a homogeneous state called Mitanni, occupying
the whole foothill country east of the Euphrates.... The Egyptian
conquest came just in time to relieve the kingdom of Mitanni from severe
pressure exerted simultaneously and probably in collusion, by its
neighbors in the foothills,—Assyria on the east, and the Hittites west
of the Euphrates. Egypt made friends with Mitanni and more than one
marriage was arranged between the royal houses. Soon after the treaty
between Egypt and Mitanni, Subiluliuma, king of the Hittites of
Cappadocia, whom Egyptian scribes conveniently abbreviate as Saplel, was
overlord apparently of a number of outpost baronies in north Syria.
Assured of their help, and watching his opportunity, he flung his whole
force, about 1400 upon Mitanni.... This closed the career of Mitanni.”
The racial affinities of Mitanni are doubtful. Prince, correspondence,
says the language of Mitanni was certainly not Aryan. It has been
thoroughly analyzed by Ferdinand Bork, in his _Die Mitanni Sprache_, who
compares it with the Georgian or Imeretian branch of the Caucasic
linguistic groups. The Mitanni are not to be confused with the Ossetes,
who speak a highly archaic, real Aryan language. Mitanni, in structure,
is like the polysynthetic North American groups. Feist, 1, p. 14, says
the Mitanni were Nordics and inhabited the western mountains of Iran, in
Zagros. In 5, p. 406, he places them on the north of the Euphrates
during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries B. C. See also Hall, p.
200, the following note and that to p. 213 : 1–23 of this book. Hall
also considers them Nordics.
239 : 16 _seq._ Von Luschan, p. 230, asks: “Can it be mere accident that
a few miles north of the actual frontier of modern Kurdish languages
there is Boghaz-Köi, the old metropolis of the Hittite Empire, where
Hugo Winckler in 1908 found tablets with two political treaties of King
Subiluliuma with Mattiuaza, son of Tušrata, king of Mitanni, and in both
of these treaties Aryan divinities, Mithra, Varuna, Indra and Nasatya
are invoked, together with Hittite divinities, as witnesses and
protectors? And in the same inscriptions, which date from about 1380 B.
C., the king of Mitanni and his people are called Harri, just as nine
centuries later in the Achæmenidian inscriptions Xerxes and Darius call
themselves Har-ri-ya, ‘Aryans of Aryan stock.’ So the Kurds,” concludes
Von Luschan, “are the descendants of Aryan invaders and have maintained
their type and their language for more than 3300 years.”
See also the notes to p. 173 : 11.
239 : 29. See pp. 128 and 137 of this book.
240 : 4 _seq._ See the notes to p. 173.
240 : 15 _seq._ See the notes to p. 242 : 5.