188 : 5. Beddoe, 4; Ripley, chap. VI.
188 : 11. _British Medical Journal_ for April 8, 1916.
188 : 15. Ripley, pp. 221 and 469, and the authorities quoted.
188 : 24–189 : 6. P. Kretschmer; and, on the history of High and Low
German, see Herman Paul, _Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie_; _The
Encyclopædia Britannica_, under German Language, gives a good summary.
189 : 7. Ripley, p. 256.
189 : 12. Villari, _The Barbarian Invasions of Italy_; Thos. Hodgkin,
_Italy and Her Invaders_.
189 : 15. Brenner Pass. See Rice Holmes, _Cæsar’s Conquest of Gaul_, p.
37; Ripley, p. 290; and most histories of the incursions of the
barbarians into Italy.
189 : 24. Varangians. Most of the early historians of Russia and Germany
and the monk Nestor, who was the earliest annalist of the Russians,
agree in deriving the Varangians or Varegnes from Scandinavia. They
probably were more of the same people whom we find as Varini on the
continental shores of the North Sea. The names of the first founders of
the Russian monarchy are Scandinavian or Northman. Their language,
according to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, differed essentially from the
Sclavonian. The author of the annals of St. Bertin, who first names the
Russians (Rhos) in the year 939 of his annals, assigns them Sweden for
their country. Luitprand calls them the same as the Normans. The Finns,
Laplanders and Esthonians speak of the Swedes to the present day as
Roots, Rootsi, Ruorzi, Rootslane or Rudersman, meaning rowers. See
Schlözer, in his _Nestor_, p. 60; and _Malte Brun_, p. 378, as well as
_Kluchevsky_, vol. I, pp. 56–76 and 92. The Varangians, according to
Gibbon, formed the body-guard of the Greek Emperor at Byzantium. These
were the Russian Varangians, who made their way to that city by the
eastern routes. Canon Isaac Taylor, in _Words and Places_, p. 110,
remarks that “for centuries the Varangian Guard upheld the tottering
throne of the Byzantine emperors.” This Varangian Guard was very largely
reinforced by Saxons fleeing from the Norman Conquest of England. The
name Varangi is undoubtedly identical with _Frank_, and is the term used
in the Levant to designate Christians of the western rite, from the days
of the Crusades down to the present time. _Cf._ Ferangistan—_land of the
Franks_, or, as it is now interpreted, “Europe,” especially western
Europe. E. B. Soane, To _Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise_, uses
the phrase _á la ferangi_ as describing anything imported from western
Europe.
190 : 1. Deniker, 2, pp. 333–334; Ripley.
190 : 9. Deniker, the same.
190 : 13. Ripley, pp. 281–283.
190 : 15. Ripley, pp. 343 _seq._
190 : 19. See the notes to pp. 131 : 26, 140 : 1 _seq._ and 196 : 18.
190 : 26. See p. 140 of this book.
192 : 1 _seq._ D’Arbois de Jubainville, 1, t. XIV, pp. 357–395; Feist,
5, p. 365. Col. W. R. Livermore, in correspondence, says that
practically all students on the Celtiberian question agree upon the
point where the Celts entered Spain, namely, that designated by de
Jubainville. They passed along the Atlantic coast, across the Pyrenees,
where the railroad from Paris to Madrid now crosses, about 500 B. C.,
between the time of Avienus, ± 525 and Herodotus, ± 443. In the time of
Avienus the Ligurians had both ends of the Pyrenees from Ampurias to
Bayonne, and controlled the sources of the Batis. In the time of
Herodotus, the Gauls had the country up to the Curretes. See also
Müllenhoff, _Deutsche Altertumskunde_, II, p. 238, and Deniker, 2, p.
321. D’Arbois de Jubainville, _op. cit._, especially pp. 363–364, says:
“The name Celtiberian was adopted at the time of Hannibal, who entered
Spain, married a Celt, and thus won the assistance of the Celts in his
march on Rome.... The name Celtiberian is the generic term for
designating the Celts established in the center of Spain, but the word
is sometimes taken in a less extended sense to designate only one part
of this important group.”
192 : 8. Sergi, 4, p. 70. See also p. 156 of this book.
192 : 14. See the note to p. 156, or Ridgeway, _The Early Age of
Greece_, p. 375.
192 : 18. Ridgeway, _op. cit._, p. 375. This may refer to the veins
showing blue through the fair Nordic skin.
192 : 18. Ridgeway, _op. cit._, p. 375. Here he says: “The Visigoths
became the master race, and from them the Spanish Grandees, among whom
fair hair is a common feature, derive their _sangre azul_. After a
glorious struggle against the Saracens, which served to keep alive their
martial ardor and thus brace up the ancient vigor of the race, from the
16th century onward the Visigothic wave seems to have exhausted its
initial energy, and the aboriginal stratum has more and more come to the
surface and has thus left Spain sapless and supine.”
102 : 22. Taylor, 2, pp. 308–309, says: “From the name of the same
nation,—the Goths of Spain,—are derived curiously enough, two names, one
implying extreme honor, the other extreme contempt. The Spanish noble,
who boasts that the _sangre azul_ of the Goths runs in his veins with no
admixture, calls himself an _hidalgo_, that is, a son of the Goth, as
his proudest title.” A footnote to this reads: “The old etymology _Hijo
d’algo_, son of someone, has been universally given up in favor of _hi’
d’al Go_, son of the Goth. (More correctly _hi’ del Go’_.) See a paper
‘On Oc and Oyl’ translated by Bishop Thirlwall, for the _Philological
Museum_, vol. II, p. 337.” Taylor goes on to say, however, that the
version _hi’ d’ algo_, son of someone, is still given as the origin of
this word in R. Barcia’s _Primer Diccionaria Géneral Étimologico de la
Lengua Español_.
Concerning some other derivations Taylor continues: “Of Gothic blood
scarcely less pure than that of the Spanish Hidalgos, are the Cagots of
Southern France, a race of outcast pariahs, who in every village live
apart, executing every vile or disgraceful kind of toil, and with whom
the poorest peasant refuses to associate. These Cagots are the
descendants of those Spanish Goths, who, on the invasion of the Moors,
fled to Aquitaine, where they were protected by Charles Martel. But the
reproach of Arianism clung to them, and religious bigotry branded them
with the name _câ gots_ or ‘Gothic Dogs.’ a name which still clings to
them, and keeps them apart from their fellow-men.”
Elsewhere we find the following: “The fierce and intolerant Arianism of
the Visigothic conquerors of Spain has given us another word. The word
Visigoth has become Bigot, and thus on the imperishable tablets of
language the Catholics have handed down to perpetual infamy the name and
nation of their persecutors.”
193 : 14 _seq._ _Cf._ DeLapouge, _L’Aryen_, p. 343, where he says that
the exodus of the Conquistadores was fatal to Spain.
193 : 17. Rice Holmes, 2; and the note to p. 69 of this book.
194 : 1. See the note to p. 173.
194 : 8. Ridgeway, 1, p. 372, says: “We know from Strabo and other
writers that the Aquitani were distinctly Iberian.” Consult also Rice
Holmes, 2, p. 12, where he quotes Cæsar.
194 : 14 _seq._ Ridgeway, _op. cit._, pp. 372 and 395; Ripley, chap.
VII, pp. 137 _seq._
194 : 19 _seq._ Rice Holmes, 2, under Belgæ, pp. 5, 12, 257, 259,
304–305, 308–309, 311, 315, 318–325; and _Ancient Britain_, p. 445. The
modern composition of the French population has been investigated by
Edmond Bayle and Dr. Leon MacAuliffe, who find that there is decided
race mixture, with chestnut pigmentation of hair and eyes predominating.
Blond traits were found to be almost confined to the north and east,
while brunet characters prevail in the south. Pure black hair is
exceedingly rare.
195 : 14. Vanderkindere, _Recherches sur l’Ethnologie de la Belgique_,
pp. 569–574; Rice Holmes, 2, p. 323; Beddoe, 4, pp. 21 _seq._ and 72.
195 : 18. Ridgeway, 1, p. 373; Ripley, p. 127; Rice Holmes, 2; and
Feist, 5, p. 14.
195 : 25 _seq._ Franks of the lower Rhine. Eginhard, in his _Life of
Charlemagne_, p. 7, states the following: “There were two great
divisions or tribes of the Franks, the Salians, deriving their name
probably from the river Isala, the Yssel, who dwelt on the lower Rhine,
and the Ripuarians, probably from _Ripa_, a bank, who dwelt about the
banks of the middle Rhine. The latter were by far the most numerous, and
spread over a greater extent of country; but to the Salians belongs the
glory of founding the great Frankish kingdom under the royal line of the
Merwings” (Merovingians).
196 : 2 _seq._ Ripley, p. 157; DeLapouge, _passim_.
196 : 7 _seq._ Oman, 2, pp. 499 _seq._; Beddoe, 4, p. 94 and chap. VII;
Fleure and James, pp. 121, 129; Taylor, 2, p. 129; Ripley, pp. 151–153,
316–317.
196 : 18 _seq._ DeLapouge, _passim_; Ripley, pp. 150–155.
197 : 3. See David Starr Jordan, _War and the Breed_, pp. 61 seq. This
stature has somewhat recovered in recent years. It is now, in Corrèze,
only 2 cm. below the average for the whole of France. See Grillière, pp.
392 _seq._ W. R. Inge, _Outspoken Essays_, pp. 41–42: “The notion that
frequent war is a healthy tonic for a nation is scarcely tenable. Its
dysgenic effect, by eliminating the strongest and healthiest of the
population while leaving the weaklings at home to be the fathers of the
next generation, is no new discovery. It has been supported by a
succession of men, such as Tenon, Dufau, Foissac, DeLapouge and Richet
in France; Tiedemann and Seeck in Germany; Guerrini in Italy; Kellogg
and Starr Jordan in America. The case is indeed overwhelming. The lives
destroyed in war are nearly all males, thus disturbing the sex
equilibrium of the population. They are in the prime of life, at the age
of greatest fecundity; and they are picked from a list out of which from
20 to 30 per cent have been rejected for physical unfitness. It seems to
be proved that the children born in France during the Napoleonic wars
were poor and undersized, 30 millimeters below the normal height.”
197 : 11. DeLapouge, _passim_; Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 306 _seq._
197 : 29–198: 10. R. Collignon, _Anthropologie de la France_, pp. 3
_seq._; DeLapouge, _Les Sélections sociales_; Ripley, pp. 87–89; Inge,
p. 41; Jordan, _passim_.
198 : 22. Conscript Armies. Two interesting letters bearing on the
racial differences composing conscript and volunteer armies in the
recent World War may here be quoted.
The first, from Mr. T. Rice Holmes, relates to the English army of
Kitchener in 1915. “Perhaps it may interest you to know that in 1915
when recruits belonging to Kitchener’s army were training near
Rochampton, I noticed that almost every man was fair,—not, of course,
with the pronounced fairness of the men of the north of Scotland, who
are descended from Scandinavians, but with such fairness as is to be
seen in England. These men, as you know, were volunteers.”
The second, from DeLapouge, concerns our American army in France. “I
have been able to verify for myself your observations on the American
army. The first to arrive were all volunteers, all dolicho-blonds; but
the draft afterwards brought in inferior elements. At St. Nazaire, at
Tours, and at Poictiers, I have been able to examine American soldiers
by the tens of thousands and I have been able to formulate for myself a
very definite conception of the types.”
199 : 9. H. Belloc, _The Old Road_; Peake, _Memorials of Old
Leicestershire_, pp. 34–41; Fleure and James, p. 127.
199 : 23. See the notes to pp. 174 : 21 and 247 : 3 of this book.
199 : 29–200 : 11. See p. 131 of this book; also Rice Holmes, 1, pp.
231–236, 434, 455–456; and 2, p. 15.
200 : 10. _Cf._ Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 446, 449 and the note on 451; also
Oman, 2, p. 16.
200 : 12. Inferred from Rice Holmes, 1, p. 232; also Beddoe, 4, p. 31.
200 : 18. Oman, 2, pp. 174–175 and chap. III _seq._, treats specially of
these times. See also Beddoe, 4, pp. 36, 37 and chap. V.
200 : 24. Oman, 2, pp. 215–219.
201 : 1. Villari, vol I, or Hodgkin.
201 : 6 _seq._ Oman, 2; Ripley, pp. 154, 156; Beddoe, 4, p. 94; Fleure
and James, pp. 121, 129; Taylor, 2.
201 : 11 _seq._ Beddoe, 4, chap. VII and the notes to p. 196 : 7 of this
book.
201 : 18 _seq._ See pp. 63, 64.
201 : 23 _seq._ See the notes to p. 247. Decline of the Nordic type in
England. Beddoe, H.; Fleure and James; Peake and Horton, _A Saxon
Graveyard at East Shefford, Berks_, p. 103.
202 : 4. Beddoe, 4, p. 148.
202 : 13. Beddoe, 4, p. 92 and also chap. XII.
202 : 17. Ripley, under Ireland.
202 : 23 _seq._ See the notes to p. 108 : 1.
203 : 5 _seq._ The intellectual inferiority of the Irish. If there is
any indication of the intellectual rating of various foreign countries
to be derived from the draft examinations of our foreign-born, grouped
according to place of nativity, a paper by Major Bingham of Washington,
in regard to “The Relation of Intelligence Ratings to Nativity” may be
quoted. The total number of foreign-born examined, which formed the
basis of this report, was 12,407, while the total number of native-born
whites was 93,973. Only countries were considered which were represented
by more than 100 men in the examinations. The tests were divided into
those for literates and those for illiterates, so that even men not
speaking English could be graded. In these examinations the Irish made a
surprisingly poor showing, falling far below the English and Scotch, who
stood very high, as well as below the Germans, Austrians, French
Canadians, Danes, Dutch, Belgians, Swedes and Norwegians, being about on
a par with the Russians, Poles and Italians. Therefore, if these tests
are any criterion of intellectual ability, the Irish are noticeably
inferior.
203 : 18. See p. 123 of this book.
203 : 24. Beddoe, 4, p. 139 and chap. XIV.
204 : 1. See the note to p. 150 : 21.
204 : 5. There is an amusing discussion in Rice Holmes, 1, on the
Pictish question. See pp. 409–424. Rice Holmes contends that the Picts
were not pure remnants of the Pre-Celtic inhabitants, but a mixture of
these with Celts. The term Picts has been very widely accepted as a
designation for those Pre-Celtic inhabitants, who were certainly there.
No other name has been given for them and it is in this sense that it is
used here, and that Rice Holmes himself is obliged to use it on p. 456.
It will be useful to the reader to peruse pp. 13–16 of Rhys and Jones,
_The Welsh People_. Appendix B, of that volume (pp. 617 _seq._), written
by Sir J. Morris Jones, entitled “Pre-Aryan Syntax in Insular Celtic,”
shows the Anaryan survivals in Welsh and Irish to be remarkably similar
to ancient Egyptian, which, with the Berber of intermediate situation,
belongs to the great Hamitic family of languages and was the tongue of
the primitive Mediterraneans. For Beddoe’s opinion see 4, p. 36. On p.
247 he says, speaking of the Highland people: “Every here and there a
decidedly Iberian physiognomy appears, which makes one think Professor
Rhys right in supposing that the Picts were in part, at least, of that
stock.” See Hector McLean, 1, p. 170, where he suggests that the Picts
were originally the Pictones from the south bank of the Loire in Gaul.
The name Pixie, met with so frequently in Irish legends, and relating to
little people similar to dwarfs, may have some connection with these shy
little Mediterraneans whom the Nordics found on their arrival and who
were forced back by them into inaccessible districts.
204 : 19. See the article on “Pre-Aryan Syntax in Insular Celtic,” just
mentioned, and Beddoe, 4, p. 46, quoting Elton, p. 167. For other
Non-Aryan remnants, especially in names, see Hector McLean, 1, _passim_.
205 : 3. See Fleure and James, pp. 62, 73, 119–128, and especially pp.
125 and 151.
205 : 10. The same, pp. 38–39, 75 and elsewhere.
205 : 16. This is intimated by Rhys and Jones, in _The Welsh People_, p.
33.
205 : 20 _seq._ The same, chap. I, especially p. 35 and pp. 502 _seq._;
Fleure and James, p. 143.
206 : 3. Fleure and James, pp. 38, 75, 119, 152. These gentlemen say, on
p. 38, that they believe that certain types, without any intervening
social or linguistic barrier for centuries, have apparently persisted
side by side in very marked fashion in certain parts of Wales.
A letter from Mr. Baring Gould confirms this: “In Wales there are two
types, the dark Siluric and the light Norman. Here in the west of
England we have the same two types. In this neighborhood one village is
fair, the next dark and sallow. It is the same in Cornwall; in certain
villages the type is dark and sallow, in others fair. There is no
comparison between the capabilities moral and physical between the two
types. The dark is tricky, unreliable and goes under, and the fair type
predominates in trade, in business, in farming and in every department.”
Beddoe, Fleure and James, and also Hector McLean remark on the various
moral and mental capabilities of the different physical types.
206 : 13. Beddoe, 4, chap. VIII.
206 : 16 _seq._ Taylor, 2, p. 129; Keary, pp. 486 _seq._ On the Normans
see Beddoe, chaps. VIII, IX and X.
207 : 2. Beddoe, the same.
207 : 11. Gibbon, chap. LVI; Taylor, 2, p. 133.
207 : 15. Beddoe, chap. VIII.
208 : 8. Beddoe, 4, p. 95. The breadth of skull “of the Norman
aristocracy may probably have been smaller, but the ecclesiastics of
Norman or French nationality, who abounded in England for centuries
after the conquest and who, in many cases, rose from the subjugated
Celtic [Alpine] layer of population, have left us a good many broad and
round skulls. Thus the crania of three bishops of Durham ... yield an
index of 85.6, while those of eight Anglican canons dating from before
the conquest yield one of 74.9. So far, however, as the actual conquest
and armed occupation of England was concerned, the aristocracy and
military caste, who were largely of Scandinavian type, came over in much
larger proportion than the more Belgic or Celtic lower ranks, insomuch
that it has been said that more of the Norman _noblesse_ came over to
England than were left behind.”
During the Middle Ages the church was a very democratic institution, and
it was only through its offices that the lower ranks succeeded in
working their way up. This was partly because the older peoples
possessed the Roman learning, and because the northern invaders were
more addicted to martial than to priestly pursuits. The conquered people
had no chance to rise in political, aristocratic or military circles,
and contented themselves with the church. At the present time, in many
Catholic countries, notably Ireland, the priests are derived from the
lowest stratum of the population, as may be clearly recognized in their
portraits.
208 : 14. Beddoe, _passim_.
208 : 20. Beddoe, 4, p. 270; G. Retzius, 3; Ripley; Fleure and James, p.
152; Alphonse de Candolle, _Histoire des sciences et des savants depuis
deux siècles_, p. 576; Peake and Horton, p. 103; and the note to p.
201 : 23 of this book.
208 : 26. Beddoe, 4, p. 148.
210 : 5. _Cf._ Beddoe, p. 94.
210 : 20. Ripley, pp. 228, 283, 345.
210 : 24. Holland and Flanders. Ripley, pp. 157 and 293 _seq._
210 : 25. Flemings and Franks. See Sir Harry Johnston, _Views and
Reviews_, p. 101.
211 : 6. The authorities quoted in Ripley, p. 207. See also Fleure and
James, p. 140; Zaborowski, 2; and C. O. Arbo, _Yner_, p. 25.
211 : 26. Ripley, pp. 363–365; Feist, 5; and Dr. Westerlund as quoted in
“The Finns,” by Van Cleef.
212 : 1. Ripley, p. 341.
212 : 4. See the note to p. 242 : 16.