148 : 1. The Mediterranean Race. Sergi, 4; Ripley; and Elliot Smith, 1.
148 : 14. Deniker, 2, pp. 408 _seq._; Ripley, pp. 450–451.
148 : 15. See the notes to pp. 257–261.
148 : 18. Dravidians. Bishop R. Caldwell, _Comparative Grammar of the
Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages_; G. A. Grierson,
_Linguistic Survey of India_, vol. IV, _Munda and Dravidian Languages_;
Friedrich Müller, _Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die
Erde in den Jahren_ 1857–1859, etc., pp. 73 _seq._; _Grundriss der
Sprachwissenschaft_, vol. III, pp. 106 _seq._ See also Haddon, 3, p. 18.
148 : 22 _seq._ Deniker, 2, p. 397; Haddon, 1, 3, but Haddon has pointed
out that the Andamanese are not racially of the same stock as the Sakai,
Veddahs, etc.
149 : 6. Haddon, 3, and Sergi, 4, p. 158; Ripley; Fleure and James;
Peake; etc.
149 : 12. Peake, 2, p. 158.
149 : 21. On this point, Ripley, pp. 465 _seq._, quotes Von Dueben,
Retzius, Arbo, Montelius, Barth, Zograf, Lebon, Olechnowicz, etc.
150 : 8. See the notes to p. 149.
150 : 12. See the notes to p. 257.
150 : 21. Beddoe, 4, and 3, pp. 384 _seq._, and Ripley, pp. 326, 328
_seq._
150 : 24 seq. See the notes to p. 149.
150 : 29–151 : 3. A. Retzius, 1, 2; G. Retzius, 1, 2; Peake, 2, p. 158.
Taylor, _Origin of the Aryans_, p. 101, says the Iberian type is not
found in northern Europe east of Namur. In the British Isles, however,
it extends to Caithness.
151 : 3 _seq._ See the notes to p. 149; Ripley, pp. 461–465; Sergi, 4,
p. 252; Osborn, 1, p. 458.
151 : 18. Sir Harry Johnston, _passim_; G. Elliot Smith, 1, pp. 18, 30,
31, and chap. V.
151 : 22 _seq._ G. Elliot Smith, 1, p. 30. For a contrary opinion see
Sergi, 4.
152 : 3. W. L. and P. L. Sclater, _The Geography of Mammals_, pp. 177
_seq._; Flower and Lydekker, _Mammals, Living and Extinct_, pp. 96–97.
152 : 6. Elliot Smith, 1, chap. IV and elsewhere; Sergi, 4, chap. III.
152 : 12. Negroes seem to have been unknown in Egypt and Nubia in
pre-dynastic days and only appear in small numbers in the third and
fourth dynasties, in the South. The great ruins on the Zambezi at
Zimbabwe were probably the work of the Mediterranean race and are to be
dated about 1000 B. C. In other words, all northeast Africa, including
Nubia, the northern Sudan, the ancient Kingdom of Meroë at the junction
of the Blue and White Niles, Abyssinia and the adjoining coast were
originally part of the domain of the Mediterranean race.
In the recent kingdom of the Mahdi, the predominant element was not
Negro but Arab more or less mixed.
152 : 16. Sir Harry Johnston, _passim_; Ripley, pp. 387, 390; Hall,
_Ancient History of the Near East_.
152 : 27. Sardinia. See Ripley and Von Luschan. A recent article by V.
Giuffrida-Ruggeri, entitled “A Sketch of the Anthropology of Italy,” in
the _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and
Ireland_, is well worth consideration. On pp. 91–92 the author gives a
short sketch of the Sardinians and his authorities are to be found in a
footnote on p. 91.
153 : 4. Albanians. See the notes to p. 163 : 19.
153 : 6 _seq._ Fleure and James, pp. 122 _seq._, 149; Beddoe, 4, pp.
25–26; Davis and Thurnam, especially p. 212; Boyd Dawkins, _Early Man in
Britain_.
153 : 10. Scotland. See the notes to pp. 150 : 10 and 204 : 5.
153 : 14 _seq._ See the notes to p. 229 : 5–12.
153 : 24 _seq._ The Mediterranean Race in Rome. Montelius, _La
Civilisation primitive en Italie_; Peet, _The Stone and Bronze Ages in
Italy_; Munro, _Palæolithic Man and the Terramara Settlements_;
Modestov, _Introduction à l’histoire romain_; Frank, _Roman
Imperialism_. Giuffrida-Ruggeri, in _A Sketch of the Anthropology of
Italy_, p. 101, says of the composition of the population of Rome: “The
three fundamental European races, _H. mediterraneus_, _H. alpinus_, and
_H. nordicus_, had their representatives among the ancient Romans,
although the skeletal remains of the Mediterraneans and the Northerners
are difficult to distinguish from each other. It is also possible that
the Northerners belonged to the aristocrats who preferred to burn their
dead. In the calm tenacity and quiet growth of the Roman people perhaps
the descendants of _H. nordicus_ represented the turbulent restlessness
of violent and bold individuals which, even in Roman history, one is
able to discern from time to time.”
In this connection it is interesting to note what Charles W. Gould has
said on p. 117, in _America, a Family Matter_, concerning Sulla. He
describes him as follows: “Even during the terror Sulla found time for
enjoyment. Tawny hair, piercing blue eyes, fair complexion readily
suffused with color as emotion and red blood surged within, Norseman
that he was, he presided over constant and splendid entertainments,
taking more pleasure in a witty actor than in the degenerate men and
women of the old nobility who elbowed their way in.” Also see the notes
to p. 215 : 21.
154 : 5. Quarrels between the Patricians and the Plebs. See Tenney
Frank, _Roman Imperialism_, pp. 5 _seq._, for a discussion of the
mixture of races, “only we cannot agree that a social state can
accomplish race amalgamation. The two races are still there.” Boni,
_Notizie degli Scavi_, vol. III p. 401, believes that the Patricians
were the descendants of the immigrant Aryans, while the Plebeians were
the offspring of the aboriginal Non-Aryan stock. Compare this with the
statements of early writers concerning the conditions in Gaul,
especially as summed up by Dottin in his _Manuel Celtique_.
Frank says, concerning the quarrels, in chap. II, _op. cit._: “Roman
tradition preserved in the first book of Livy presents a very
circumstantial account of the several battles by which Rome supposedly
razed the Latin cities one after another.... Needless to say, if the
Latin tribe had lived in such civil discord as the legend assumes, it
would quickly have succumbed to the inroads of the mountain tribes.”
Thus probably the quarrels between Latin and Etruscan have been
overrated. See again, p. 14, for the oriental origin of some intruding
people. He says, in a note at the end of the chapter: “Ridgeway, in _Who
were the Romans_, 1908, has ably, though not convincingly developed the
view that the Patricians were Sabine conquerors. Cuno, _Vorgeschichte
Roms_, I, 14, held that they were Etruscans. Fustel de Coulanges, in his
well-known work, _La cité antique_, proposed the view that a religious
caste system alone could explain the division. Eduard Meyer, the article
on the Plebs in _Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften_, and Botsford,
_Roman Assemblies_, p. 16, have presented various arguments in favor of
the economic theory. See Binder, _Die Plebs_, 1909, for a summary of
many other discussions.”
Breasted, _Ancient Times_, pp. 495 _seq._, and Sir Harry Johnston,
_Views and Reviews_, p. 97, are two who have touched upon these
questions.
On Etruria see the note to p. 157 : 14.
154 : 11. An allusion to the short stature of the Roman legions of Cæsar
in Gaul may be found in Rice Holmes, 2, p. 81. D’Arbois de Jubainville,
_Les Celts en Espagne_, XIV, p. 369, says in describing a combat between
P. Cornelius Scipio and a Gallic warrior: “Scipio was of very small
stature, the Celtiberian warrior with the high stature which in all
times in the tales of the Roman historians characterizes the Celtic
race; and the beginning of the struggle gave him the advantage.” Taylor,
_Origin of the Aryans_, p. 76, says: “The stature of the Celts struck
the Romans with astonishment. Cæsar speaks of their _mirifica corpora_
and contrasts the short stature of the Romans with the _magnitudo
corporum_ of the Gauls. Strabo, also, speaking of the Coritavi, a
British tribe in Lincolnshire, after mentioning their yellow hair, says:
‘To show how tall they are, I saw myself some of their young men at Rome
and they were taller by six inches than anyone else in the city.’” See
also Elton, _Origins_, p. 240.
154 : 18 _seq._ Nordic Aristocracy in Rome. Tenney Frank, _Race Mixture
in the Roman Empire_. But he also makes Gauls and Germans on the same
level as other conquered people, as legionaries, etc. See also
Giuffrida-Ruggeri, p. 101.
155 : 5 _seq._ G. Elliot Smith, 1; Peet, 2, pp. 164 _seq._ Fleure and
James use the terms Neolithic and Mediterranean interchangeably. Recent
study is giving a somewhat different interpretation to the significance
of the megaliths. See the article by H. J. Fleure and L. Winstanley in
the 1918 _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great
Britain and Ireland_. On the megaliths see also the note to p. 129 : 2
_seq._
155 : 22 _seq._ See the notes to p. 233 _seq._
155 : 27–156 : 4. See the notes to p. 192.
156 1 4. See the notes to p. 244 : 6.
156 : 8. Sergi, 4, p. 70.
156 : 10. Gauls. D’Arbois de Jubainville, 1, XIV, p. 364, says:
“Hannibal left Spain for Italy in 218, but he left there a Carthaginian
army in the ranks of which marched auxiliaries furnished by the Celtic
peoples of Spain; Roman troops came to combat this army and four years
after the departure of Hannibal, (_i. e._ in 214), they gave many
battles to the Carthaginian generals where the Celts were vanquished. In
the booty there were found abundant Gallic trappings, especially a great
number of collars and bracelets of gold; among the dead of the
Carthaginian army left upon the plain were two petty Gallic kings,
Moencapitus and Vismarus. Livy, who tells us these things, says
distinctly that the trappings were Gallic (Gallica) and that the kings
were Gallic. See Livy, I, XXIV, c. 42.”
156 : 13. See the note to p. 192.
156 : 16. Feist, 5, p. 365, is one of the authors who notes the fact
that classic writers spoke of light and dark types in Spain.
156 : 18. This of course means racial evidence. See Mommsen, _History of
the Roman Provinces_, I, chap. II, and Burke, _History of Spain_, p. 2.
156 : 25–157 : 3. On the history of the Albigenses the most important
authority is C. Schmidt, _Histoire de la secte des Cathares ou
Albigeois_, Paris, 1849. The Albigenses were deeply indebted to the
Arabic culture of Saracenic Spain, which was the medium through which
much of the ancient Greek science and learning was preserved to modern
times.
157 : 4. Ripley, pp. 260 _seq._ For an exhaustive résumé of the subject
see Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 277–287. Also consult the notes to p. 235 : 17
of this book.
157 : 6. See p. 122 for the predominance of the Mediterraneans.
157 : 10. Umbrians and Oscans. It is fair to assume that some people
brought the Aryan languages into Italy from the north, and this
introduction is credited to the Umbrians and Oscans. (See Helbig, _Die
Italiker in der Poebene_, pp. 29–41; Ridgeway, _Early Age of Greece_;
Conway, _Early Italic Dialects_.) The Umbrians and Oscans were closely
allied in regard to their language, whatever may have been their ethnic
affinities. In a remoter degree they were connected with the Latins.
From the time and starting-point of their migrations, as well as from
their type of culture, it would appear that they were cognate with the
early Nordic invaders of Greece. Whether they were wholly Nordic, or
were thoroughly Nordicized Alpines, or merely Alpines with Nordic
leaders is not of particular moment in this connection, but if they were
the carriers of Aryan language and culture they were Nordicized in a
degree comparable to the genuine Nordics who invaded Greece.
Giuffrida-Ruggeri, in one of the latest papers on Italy, as well as many
earlier authorities, regards the Umbrians as Alpines, but he says they
were not all round skulled. “The Osci, the Sabines, the Samnites, and
other Sabellic peoples were Aryans or Aryanized, although they inhumated
their dead instead of burning them. It is possible that the founders of
Rome consisted of both families, as we find both rites in ancient Rome”
(p. 100).
157 : 14. Etruscans. The author is familiar with the persistent theory
that the Etruscans came from Asia Minor by sea, but he nevertheless
regards them as indigenous inhabitants of Italy, that is, the Pre-Aryan,
Pre-Nordic Mediterraneans, who, as part of a large and extended group,
were spread over a great part of the shores of the Mediterranean, and
were at that time the Italian exponents of the prevailing Ægean culture.
During the second millennium in which this culture flourished, they were
much influenced by Crete, although they developed their civilization
along special lines. The Etruscan language, excluding the borrowed
elements from later Italic dialects, is apparently in no sense Aryan.
_Cf._ Hall, _Ancient History of the Near East_, pp. 53–54.
157 : 16. The date 800 is given by Feist, 5, p. 370.
157 : 18. Livy, V, 33 _seq._, is the authority for the date of the sixth
century. See also Polybius, 1, II, c. XVII, § 1. Myers, _Ancient
History_, makes the settlement of the Gauls in Italy about the fifth
century B. C. Most authorities follow Livy.
157 : 21. To show how approximate the authorities are on this date, Rice
Holmes, 2, p. 1, and Myers, _Ancient History_, make it 390, while
Breasted gives 382.
157 : 23. Livy, V, 35–49, treats of the taking of Rome by the Gauls. The
name Brennus means raven; it is from the Celtic _bran_, raven, crow.
157 : 26. There is a considerable Frankish element there also, among the
aristocracy.
158 : 1 _seq._ An interesting discussion of this event is given by
Salomon Reinach, 2. The invasion was resisted first at Thermopylæ and
later at Delphi. On p. 81 Reinach says: “In the detailed recital which
Pausanius has left us of the invasion of the Galatic bands in Greece,
dealing with the glorious part which the Athenians played in the defence
of the Pass of Thermopylæ. But, when the defile had been forced, the
Athenians departed and Pausanius makes no more mention of them in
relating the defence of Delphi, where only the Phocians, four hundred
Locrians and two hundred Ætolians figured. It is only after the defeat
of the Gauls that the Athenians, according to Pausanius, came back,
together with the Bœotians, to harass the barbarians in their
retreat....” On p. 83 he says: “The barbarians are incontestably the
Galatians.” See also by the same author, _The Gauls in Antique Art_. G.
Dottin, pp. 461–462 gives us the following: “Hannibal, traversing
southern Gaul, found on his passage only Gauls. On the other hand, Livy
mentions the arrival of Gauls in Provence at the same time as their
first descent into Italy, and Justinius places the wars of the Greeks of
Marseilles against the Gauls and Ligurians before the taking of Rome by
the Gauls. The invasion of the Belgæ is placed then in the third
century. It is doubtless contemporaneous with the Celtic invasion of
Greece which was perhaps caused by it.” See also the notes to p. 174 :
21 of this book. According to Myers, _Ancient History_, where the
account of these events is briefly given on pp. 269–270, the year was
278 B. C. Breasted, 1, p. 449, gives 280 B. C.
As late as the fourth century of our era, Celtic forms of speech
prevailed among the Galatians of Asia Minor. According to Jerome
(Fraser’s _Golden Bough_, II, p. 126, footnote), the language spoken
then in Anatolia was very similar to the dialect of the Treveri, a
Celtic tribe on the Moselle, of whose name Treves is the perpetuator.
“It was to these people that St. Paul addressed one of his epistles.”
It is interesting to note that at the present time the finest soldiers
of the Turkish army are recruited in the district of Angora which
includes the territory of ancient Galatia.
158 : 13. Procopius, IV, 13, says that a number of Moors and their wives
took refuge in Sicily and also in Sardinia where they established
colonies. The recent article by Giuffrida-Ruggeri sums up the data for
Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. See also Gibbon, _passim_, and Ripley, pp.
115–116.
158 : 16. G. Elliot Smith, 1, pp. 94 _seq._, and the notes to pp. 127 :
26 and 128.
158 : 21. Pelasgians. Sergi, 4, followed by many anthropologists,
describes as Pelasgian one branch of the Mediterranean or Eurafrican
race of mankind and one group of skull types within that race. Ripley,
pp. 407, 448, considers them Mediterraneans in all probability, as this
is the oldest layer of population in these regions. So also do Myres,
_Dawn of History_, p. 171, and most of the other authorities. In his
_History of the Pelasgian Theory_, Myres sums up all that was written up
to that time. Homer and other early writers make them the ancient
inhabitants of Greece, who were subdued by the Hellenes. It is generally
agreed that a people resembling in its prevailing skull forms the
Mediterranean race of north Africa was settled in the Ægean area from a
remote Neolithic antiquity. D’Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. I, devotes a
chapter or more to them, and declares on p. 110: “In fact the Pelasgians
and the Hellenes are of different origin; the first are one of the races
which preceded the Indo-Europeans in Europe, the others are
Indo-European.”
Another recent writer who deals with this puzzling problem is Sartiaux,
in his _Troie_, pp. 140–143. Finally, Sir William Ridgeway says: “The
Achæans found the land occupied by a people known by the ancients as
Pelasgians who continued down to classical times the main element in the
population, even in the states under Achæan, and later, under Dorian
rule. In some cases the Pelasgians formed a serf class, _e. g._ in
Penestæ, in Thessaly, the Helots in Laconia and the Gymnesii at Argos;
whilst they practically composed the whole population of Arcadia and
Attica which never came under either Achæan or Dorian rule. This people
had dwelt in the Ægean from the Stone Age, and though still in the
Bronze Age at the Achæan conquest, had made great advances in the useful
and ornamental arts. They were of short stature, with dark hair and
eyes, and generally dolichocephalic. Their chief centers were at
Cnossus, Crete, in Argolis, Laconia and Attica, in each being ruled by
ancient lines of kings. In Argolis, Prœtus built Tiryns but later under
Perseus, Mycenæ took the lead until the Achæan conquest. All the ancient
dynasties traced their descent from Poseidon, who at the time of the
Achæan conquest was the chief male divinity of Greece and the islands.”
As to the Pelasgian being a Non-Aryan tongue, the ancient script at
Crete has not yet been deciphered. Since the ancient Cretans were
presumably Pelasgians, it is safe to identify them with this Non-Aryan
language, although Conway, 2, pp. 141–142, is inclined to believe that
it is related to the Aryan family. See also Sweet, _The History of
Language_, p. 103.
158 : 22. Nordic Achæans. Ridgeway, 1, p. 683, says: “We found that a
fair-haired race greater in stature than the melanochroous Ægean people
had there [in Greece and the Ægean] been domiciled for long ages, and
that fresh bodies of tall, fair-haired people from the shores of the
northern ocean continually through the ages had kept pressing down into
the southern peninsulas. From this it followed that the Achæans of Homer
were one of these bodies of Celts [_i. e._, Nordics], who had made their
way down into Greece and had become the masters of the indigenous race.
“This conclusion we further tested by an examination of the distribution
of the round shield, the practise of cremation, the use of the brooch
and buckle, and finally the diffusion of iron in Europe, North Africa
and western Asia. Our inductions showed that all four had made their way
into Greece and the Ægean from Central Europe. Accordingly as they all
appeared in Greece along with the Homeric Achæans, we inferred that the
latter had brought them with them from central Europe.” Elsewhere, in
the same book, Ridgeway identifies the Homeric age with the Achæan and
Post-Mycenæan, the Mycenæan with the Pre-Achæan and Pelasgian.
Bury, _The History of Greece_, p. 44, says: “The Achæans were a people
of blond complexion, of Indo-European speech. Among the later Greeks,
there were two marked types, distinguished by light and dark hair. The
blond complexion was rarer and more prized. This is illustrated by the
fact that women and fops used sometimes to dye their hair yellow or red,
the κομης ξανθίσματα mentioned in the Danæ of Euripedes.”
159 : 4–5. Date of the siege of Troy. Hall, _Ancient History of the Near
East_, p. 69, and many other authorities accept the Parian Chronicle,
which makes it 1194–1184 B. C. For the whole question of the Trojan War
see Félix Sartiaux, _Troie, La Guerre de Troie_.
159 : 6 _seq._ See the notes to p. 225 : 11.
159 : 10 _seq._ Bury, _History of Greece_, p. 44; DeLapouge, _Les
sélections sociales_. Beddoe noted in his _Anthropological History of
Europe_ that almost all of Homer’s heroes were blond or chestnut-haired
as well as large and tall. There are many passages in the Iliad which
refer to the blondness and size of the more important personages.
159 : 19 _seq._ Bury, _History of Greece_, pp. 57, 59, describes the
Greek tribes which moved down before the Dorians, conquering the
Achæans—the Thessalians, Bœotians, etc. But see Peake, 2, for
Thessalians. Also D’Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. II, p. 297, and Myers,
_Anc. Hist._, pp. 127, 136 _seq._
159 : 23. Dorians. See the authorities quoted above; also Ridgeway, Von
Luschan, Deniker, 2, pp. 320–321, and Hawes.
160 : 1. C. H. Hawes, p. 258 of the _Annal of the British School at
Athens_, vol. XVI, “Some Dorian Descendants,” says the Dorians were
Alpines, and this view is shared by many others, among them Von Luschan.
See also Myres, _The Dawn of History_, pp. 173 _seq._ and 213. While
this may be partially true even of the bulk of the population, all the
tribes to the north of the Mediterranean fringe carried a large Nordic
element, which practically always assumed the leadership.
160 : 17. For the character of the Dorians, see Bury, p. 62.
161 : 20. The philosopher Xenophanes, a contemporary of both Philip and
his son, in discussing man’s notion of God, insists that each race
represents the Great Supreme under its own shape: the Negro with a flat
nose and black face, the Thracian with blue eyes and a ruddy complexion.
161 : 27. Loss of Nordic blood among the Persians. See the note to p.
254 : 11.
162 : 8. Barbarous Macedonia. Bury, _The History of Greece_, pp.
681–731.
162 : 14. Alexander the Great. Descriptions of Alexander are found in
Plutarch, who quotes the memoirs of Aristoxenus, a contemporary of
Alexander, regarding the agreeable odor exhaled from his skin; Plutarch
also says, without giving his authority, who was probably the same, that
Alexander was “fair and of a light color, passing to ruddiness in his
face and upon his breast.” An authority for the statement of blue and
black eyes is Quintus Curtius Rufus, a Roman historian of the first
century A. D., in _Historiarum Alexandri Magni, Libri Decem_. This was
written three and one-half centuries after the death of Alexander. The
quotation, from North’s translation of Plutarch, reads: “But when
Appeles painted Alexander holding lightning in his hand he did not shew
his fresh color, but made him somewhat blacke and swarter than his face
in deede was; for naturally he had a very fayre white colour, mingled
also with red which chiefly appeared in his face and in his brest.”
In Gabon’s _Inquiries into the Human Faculty_, original English edition,
frontispiece, is a composite photograph of Alexander the Great from six
different medals selected by the curator in the British Museum. The
curly hair and Greek profile are significant features. The sarcophagus
of Alexander in the Constantinople Museum called the Sidonian, throws
some light on this point, although there is some uncertainty among
archæologists as to whether or not it is Alexander’s sarcophagus.
162 : 19. See Von Luschan, _The Early Inhabitants of Western Asia_, the
section on Greece.
163 : 7. _Græculus_, -_a_, -_um_. According to the Latin dictionaries,
the diminutive adjective, understood mostly in a depreciating,
contemptuous sense—a paltry Greek.
163 : 10. Physical types in early Greece. Ripley, pp. 407–408, quotes
Nicolucci, Zaborowski, Virchow, DeLapouge and Sergi. _Cf._ Peake, 2, pp.
158–159, also Ripley, p. 411.
163 : 14. Physical types of modern Greeks. See the authorities given on
p. 409 of Ripley’s book, and Von Luschan, pp. 221 _seq._ Von Luschan and
most other observers say that the modern Greeks, at least in Asia Minor,
are a very mixed people. See his curve for head form.
163 : 16. Von Luschan, p. 239: “As in ancient Greece a great number of
individuals seem to have been fair, with blue eyes, I took great care to
state whether this were the case with the modern ‘Greeks’ in Asia. I
have notes for 580 adults, males and females. In this number there were
8 with blue and 29 with gray or greenish eyes; all the rest had brown
eyes. There was not one case of really light colored hair, but in nearly
all the cases of lighter eyes the hair also was less dark than with the
other Greeks.” See Ripley for European Greeks.
163 : 19. Albanians. Deniker, 2, pp. 333–334; Von Luschan, p. 224;
Ripley, p. 410. Most Albanians are tall and dark. C. H. Hawes, _Some
Dorian Descendants_, p. 258 _seq._, says that the percentage of light
eyes over light hair is nearly ten times as great, _i. e._, there is 3
per cent of light hair to 30–38 per cent light eyes among Albanians and
selected Greeks and Cretans. Also Glück, _Zur Physischen Anthropologie
der Albanesen_, pp. 375–376, and the note to p. 25 : 25 of this book.
Hall gives some interesting data on p. 522 of his _Ancient History of
the Near East_.
163 : 26. See the note to p. 138 : 1 _seq._
164 : 4 _seq._ Dinaric type identified with the Spartans. See C. H.
Hawes, _op. cit._, pp. 250 _seq._, where he discusses the Spartans and
the Dinaric type, and Hall, _Ancient History of the Near East_, pp. 74
and 572.
164 : 12. On p. 57 of his _History of Greece_ Bury inclines to the
belief that the Dorians came through Epirus, and attributes the cause of
their invasion to the pressure of the Illyrians, to whom the Dorians
were probably related. It is known that the Illyrians were round-headed.
Finally they left the regions of the Corinthian Gulf, and sailed around
the Peloponnesus to southeast Greece, where they settled, leaving only a
few Dorians behind, who gave their name to the country they occupied,
but ever afterward were of no consequence in Greek history. Some bands
went to Crete, others on other islands and some to Asia Minor.
164 : 15. Character of the Spartans. See Bury, _History of Greece_, pp.
62, 120, 130–135.
164 : 22. See p. 153 of this book.
165 : 6 _seq._ _Cf._ the note to p. 119 : 1 and that to p. 223 : 1.
165 : 10. G. Elliot Smith, _Ancient Mariners_.
165 : 14. See the note to p. 242 : 5 on languages.
166 : 3. Gibbon, chap. XLVIII.