but slightly grayer above; white tip to next to outer tail-feather
_less_ than 1.00 long.
Range.--Western United States from western Texas west to California
and Lower California.
[Illustration: 752.]
=752. Plumbeous Gnatcatcher= (_Polioptila plumbea_). L. 4.4. Outer web
of outer tail-feather _wholly_ white, inner web black except at tip.
_Ad._ [Male]. Crown shining black, back blue-gray; underparts grayish
white. _Ad._ [Female] _and Yng_. [Male]. Similar, but no black on
head. Yng. [Female]. Back and sides with a brownish wash. _Notes._
Call, a faint mew; song, "a harsh ditty of five notes, something like
a Wren's song with notes like those of a Swallow." (Cooper.)
Range.--Mexican boundary region, from western Texas to southeastern
California and Lower California.
=753. Black-tailed Gnatcatcher= (_Polioptila californica_). L. 4.5;
T. 2.1. Similar to No. 752, but outer vane of outer tail-feather
_black_ margined with white; back darker, underparts much grayer,
flanks brownish.
Range.--Pacific coast region of southern California and northern
Lower California.
[Illustration: 734.]
=734. Bridled Titmouse= (_BA|olophus wollweberi_). L. 5.2. _Ads._ Head
crested, black and gray; throat black; hind neck with a white band
bounded by black; back olive-gray; below whitish. _Notes._
Chickadee-like but fainter. (Henshaw.)
Range.--Tableland of Mexico north to western Texas and southern
Arizona.
[Illustration: 738.]
=738. Mountain Chickadee= (_Parus gambeli_). L. 5.5. _Ads._ A white
line over the eye and a black through it; back gray; belly whitish.
_Notes._ A hoarse, _dee-dee-dee_, a two or three-noted _phe-be_
whistle exactly like that of the Chickadee and an exceedingly sweet
three-noted whistle of regular intervals, _d_, _c_, _a_.
Range.--"Mountainous portions of the western United States from the
eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, north to
British Columbia, Idaho, etc., and south to northern Lower
California." (A.O.U.)
[Illustration: 740.]
=740. Hudsonian Chickadee= (_Parus hudsonicus_). L. 5.2; W. 2.6.
_Ads._ Crown hair-brown, back a more yellow brown; sides of head and
neck grayish white; throat black, belly white, sides rusty. _Notes._
_Tscha-dee-dee-dee-dee_; the _dee-dee_ notes repeated with almost
incessant volubility. (Brewer.)
Range.--British America, from the west side of Hudson Bay
northwestward to the Lower Yukon.
=740a. Kowak Chickadee= (_P. h. stoneyi_). Similar to No. 740, but
larger, W. 2.7. above grayer, crown much paler.
Range.--Kowak River region, Alaska.
=740b. Columbian Chickadee= (_P. h. columbianus_). Similar to No. 740,
but grayer above, crown slaty-drab.
Range.--Rocky Mountains from Montana northward; Kenai Peninsula,
Alaska.
=--Canadian Chickadee= (_P. h. littoralis_). Similar to No. 740, but
smaller, W. 2.5, crown duller brown.
Range.--British America east and south of Hudson Bay; northern
New York, northern New England, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia.
=739. Alaskan Chickadee= (_Parus cinctus alascensis_). L. 5.2. _Ads._
Crown _brown_, back _brighter_; sides of head and neck _pure white_;
throat blackish; belly whitish, sides buffy.
Range.--"Northern Alaska and eastern Siberia." (A.O.U.)
[Illustration: 741.]
=741. Chestnut-backed Chickadee= (_Parus rufescens_). L. 4.6. _Ads._
Back and sides rusty chestnut, crown sooty brown, throat black.
_Notes._ A lisping _the-the-the-te-te_. (Kobbe.)
Range.--Pacific coast from Oregon to southern Alaska.
=741a. California Chickadee= (_P. r. neglectus_). Similar to No. 741,
but with only a tinge of rusty on flanks.
Range.--"Coast of California from Monterey County northward."
(A.O.U.)
=741b. Barlow Chickadee= (_P. r. barlowi_). Similar to No. 741a,
but with no rusty on flanks.
Range.--Vicinity of Monterey, California.
[Illustration: 735.]
=735. Black-capped Chickadee= (_Parus atricapillus_). L. 5.2; T. 2.5.
_Ads._ Cap and throat black; back gray with a brownish tinge; outer
margins of wing-coverts _grayish white_; flanks, cream buff. _Notes._
_Chickadee-dee_, liquid gurgles and chuckling notes and a sweet,
clearly whistled, _phe-be_ or _phe-be-e_.
Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from southern Illinois and
Pennsylvania north to Labrador, and south along Alleghanies to North
Carolina; migrates a short distance below its southern breeding
limits.
=735a. Long-tailed Chickadee= (_P. a. septentrionalis_). Similar to
No. 735, but tail longer, 2.7, flanks paler, white edgings broader.
Range.--Rocky Mountain region north to British Columbia; east
to Manitoba and the Plains.
=735b. Oregon Chickadee= (_P. a. occidentalis_). Similar to No. 735,
but much darker; flanks grayish.
Range.--Pacific coast from northern California to Sitka.
[Illustration: 736.]
=736. Carolina Chickadee= (_Parus carolinensis_). Similar to No. 735,
but smaller, L. 4.6; T. 2., the greater wing-coverts _not_ margined
with whitish. _Notes._ Whistle "_tswee-dee_, _twsee-dee_."
Range.--Southeastern United States north to middle New Jersey, and
southern Illinois; resident from southern New Jersey southward.
=736.a Plumbeous Chickadee= (_P. c. agilis_). Similar to No. 736,
but paler above, whiter below.
Range.--"Eastern and central Texas (Bee, Victoria, Cook, and Concho
Counties, etc.") (A.O.U.)
[Illustration: 737.]
=737. Mexican Chickadee= (_Parus sclateri_). Similar to No. 735, but
sides broadly gray like back, black more extended. _Notes._ A rapid,
vigorous double-noted whistle repeated three times, wholly unlike that
of the Chickadee.
Range.--Mountainous portions of the Mexican tableland north to
southern Arizona.
[Illustration: 630.]
=630. Black-capped Vireo= (_Vireo atricapillus_). L. 4.5. _Ad._
[Male]. Crown and cheeks shining black; lores and eye-ring white; back
olive-green; below white, sides tinged with greenish yellow; two
whitish wing-bars. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but black of head duller.
_Yng._ "Top and sides of head dull grayish brown; lores, orbital ring
and lower parts dull buffy white or pale buffy." (Ridgw.) _Notes._ "Of
the general character of the White-eye or _bellii_ type." (Bailey.)
Range.--Breeds in central and western Texas; north to southern Kansas;
winters in southern Mexico.
[Illustration: 727.]
=727. White-breasted Nuthatch= (_Sitta carolinensis_). L. 6. _Ad._
[Male]. Crown and foreback _bluish_ black; sides of head and neck
grayish white; tertials with _distinct_ black marks rounded at end.
_Ad._ [Female]. Similar but black of head and shoulders washed with
gray. _Notes._ Call, a nasal _yank-yank_ and conversational notes;
song, a tenor, _ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha_, all on the same note.
Range.--Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains, breeds from
the Gulf States to Minnesota and New Brunswick; resident.
=727a. Slender-billed Nuthatch= (_S. c. aculeata_). Similar to
No. 727, but head usually greenish black; black of tertials less deep
and one next to inner one usually pointed at end.
Range.--Western North America west of the Rockies: breeds from Lower
California north to British Columbia; resident.
=727b. Florida White-breasted Nuthatch= (_S. c. atkinsi_). Similar to
No. 727, but somewhat smaller, wing-coverts and tertials not tipped
with grayish; [Female] with head black as in [Male].
Range.--Florida and north along the coast to South Carolina.
=727c. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch= (_S. c. nelsoni_). Similar to
No. 727a, but larger, W. 3.7, with somewhat more white in tail and
more rusty on flanks and lower belly.
Range.--Wooded mountains of northern Chihuahua and Sonora, Arizona,
New Mexico, Colorado, and northward. (Mearns.)
=727d. St. Lucas Nuthatch= (_S. c. lagunA|_). Similar to No. 727a, but
with the wings and tail shorter, the black tips of the outer
tail-feathers more restricted; W. 3.2; T. 1.7. (Brewster.)
Range.--Higher mountains south of La Paz, Lower California.
(Brewster.)
[Illustration: 728.]
=728. Red-breasted Nuthatch= (_Sitta canadensis_). L. 4.6. _Ad._
[Male]. A stripe through the eye and crown, black; line _over_ eye
white; underparts rusty. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but crown gray like
back, line through the eye blackish, paler below. _Notes._ A fine,
thin, nasal, penny-trumpet like, drawled _yna-yna_.
Range.--North America, breeding from the northern portions of the
northern tier of States northward, and southward in the Alleghanies to
Virginia, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada
in California; winters irregularly southward to the Gulf States and
Arizona.
[Illustration: 729.]
=729. Brown-headed Nuthatch= (_Sitta pusilla_). L. 4.3. _Ads._ Crown
brown; a white patch on nape; back bluish gray; below grayish white,
sometimes tinged with buff. _Yng._ Crown whitish. _Notes._ A
conversational, twittering _tnee-tnee_.
Range.--South Atlantic and Gulf States north to Delaware, accidentally
to New York and casually to Missouri.
[Illustration: 730.]
=730. Pygmy Nuthatch= (_Sitta pygmA|a_). L. 4.3. _Ads._ Crown grayish
olive; a whitish patch on nape; a dark brown line through eye; below
white tinged with buff. _Yng._ Crown gray like back. _Notes._ A
metallic, clinking clittick, clittick.,
Range.--Western North America, east to the Rocky Mountains; breeds
from Mexico to British Columbia.
=730a. White-naped Nuthatch= (_S. p. leuconucha_). Similar to No. 730,
but bill larger, crown grayer, back less bluish gray, nape patch more
conspicuous, underparts white with scarcely more than a trace of
buffy. (Ridgw.)
Range.--Lower California.
[Illustration: 444.]
=444. Kingbird= (_Tyrannus tyrannus_). L. 8.5. Tail tipped with white.
_Ads._ Above slaty, crown blacker with an orange patch. _Yng._
Similar, but no crown-patch. _Notes._ An unmusical, steely chatter.
"A soft and very pleasing song," heard only in the early morning.
(O. T. Miller.)
Range.--North America, breeds from Florida north to New Brunswick and
Manitoba, and from eastern Texas northwest to Utah, Nevada, northeast
California and western British Columbia; winters south of United
States, to Central and South America.
[Illustration: 445.]
=445. Gray Kingbird= (_Tyrannus dominicensis_). L. 9. _Ads._ No white
tip on tail; an orange crown-patch; under wing-coverts sulphur;
ear-coverts black; above gray; below white. _Notes._ A loud,
chattering, _pitA-rri_, _pitA-rri_.
Range.--West Indies, breeding north through Florida along the coast to
South Carolina; winters in Lesser Antilles, Mexico, and Central
America.
[Illustration: 701.]
=701. American Dipper; Water Ouzel= (_Cinclus mexicanus_). L. 8.
_Ads._ Slaty gray, head and neck browner. In winter more or less
tipped with whitish. _Notes._ Song, remarkably sweet and lively, in
modulation resembling somewhat that of Brown Thrasher, but less
powerful though sweeter in effect. (Ridgway.) Call, a sharp, pebbly
_cack-cack-cack_.
Range.--"The mountainous parts of central and western North America,
from the Yukon Valley and Unalaska to Guatemala; east in the United
States, to the eastern base of the Rocky mountains. Apparently
resident throughout its range." (A.O.U.)
[Illustration: 704.]
=704. Catbird= (_Galeoscoptes carolinensis_). L. 8.9. _Ads._ Slaty
gray, cap and tail black, under tail-coverts reddish chestnut.
_Notes._ Call, a whining, nasal _tchay_; song, rich, musical, and
varied.
Range.--North America; west to British Columbia and rarely Pacific
coast states; breeds from the Gulf States north to New Brunswick and
the Saskatchewan; winters from Gulf States southward.
[Illustration: 754.]
=754. Townsend Solitaire= (_Myadestes townsendii_). L. 8.5. _Ads._
Brownish gray; eye-ring, tips of outer tail-feathers, a narrow
wing-bar white; wing with a buff band showing in flight. _Notes._
Song, a rich, flowing, Grosbeak-like warbling, sung with great vigor
and freedom and often for comparatively long periods.
Range.--"Western United States, from the Plains westward to the
Pacific coast, north to British Columbia and south in winter to the
southern border of Arizona and northern Lower California; breeds from
the mountains of New Mexico, southern Arizona, and central California
northward."
[Illustration: 621.]
=621. Northern Shrike= (_Lanius borealis_). L. 10.2. Lores grayish.
_Ads._ Above bluish gray; tail black, outer feathers tipped with
white; below white, usually with wavy bars. _Yng._ Above washed with
brown; below more distinctly and more heavily barred _Notes._ Song,
not unlike that of the Brown Thrasher but more disconnected, less
loud.
Range.--North America; breeds from Labrador to Alaska; winters south,
irregularly, to Virginia, Kansas, Arizona, and California.
[Illustration: 622.]
=622. Loggerhead Shrike= (_Lanius ludovicianus_). 9. Lores black.
_Ads._ Underparts white _without_ bars; above bluish gray; rump and
upper tail-coverts little if any paler; tail black, outer feathers
tipped with white. _Yng._ Underparts, head, and rump more or less
narrowly barred. _Notes._ Call, harsh and discordant; song, a series
of guttural gurgles, squeaky whistles.
Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Florida to Virginia; In
Mississippi Valley, northeast to western Pennsylvania, central and
northern New York, Massachusetts, western New Hampshire, Maine, and
British Columbia; migrates down Atlantic States, as well as
Mississippi Valley, and winters in southern States.
=622a. White-rumped Shrike= (_L. l. excubitorides_). Similar to No.
622, but paler above, rump and upper tail-coverts whiter; bill less
deep.
Range.--"Western North America, from eastern border of the Plains to
the Pacific, except coast of California, and from Manitoba and the
Plains of the Saskatchewan south over tablelands of Mexico."
=622b. California Shrike= (_L. l. gambeli_). Similar to No. 622, but
rump paler, breast usually with indistinct wavy bars and tinged with
brownish.
Range.--Pacific coast, from Lower California to British Columbia.
=622c. Island Shrike= (_L. l. anthonyi_). Similar to No. 622b, but
darker and smaller, W. 3.7.
Range.--Santa Barbara Islands, California.
[Illustration: 703.]
=703. Mockingbird= (_Mimus polyglottos_). L. 10.5. _Ads._ Above ashy
gray; below soiled whitish; outer tail-feathers with white;
wing-coverts narrowly tipped with white; primaries white basally.
_Notes._ Call, a harsh, kissing note; song indescribable.
Range.--Southeastern United States and Bahamas, west to northeastern
Texas; breeds north to southern New Jersey (rarely Massachusetts), and
southern Illinois; winters from Virginia and lower Mississippi Valley
southward.
=703a. Western Mockingbird= (_M. p. leucopterus_). Similar to No. 703,
but with a very slight brownish tinge below and white areas in wing
averaging larger.
Range.--Southwestern United States and northern Mexico from Indian
Territory and eastern Texas west to California.
[Illustration: 765.]
=765. Wheatear= (_Saxicola A"nanthe_). L. 6; W. 3.7. _Ad._ [Male].
Back gray, upper tail-coverts and base of tail white; below white more
or less washed with buff. _Ad._ [Female]. Browner above and below, no
black through eye. _Ads. in winter and Yng._ Similar to [Female], but
cinnamon brown above, cinnamon below.
Range.--Asia; migrating in summer to Alaska.
=765a. Greenland Wheatear= (_S. A". leucorhoa_). Similar to No. 765,
but larger, W. 4.
Range.--Western Europe; breeds in Greenland and on adjoining mainland;
rarely south to St. Lawrence; casually to Louisiana.
[Illustration: 573.]
=573. Black-throated Sparrow= (_Amphispiza bilineata_). L. 5.3._ Ads._
Throat, upper breast, and front of face black; a white stripe over eye
and another at the side of the throat; above grayish brown unstreaked;
outer web of outer tail-feather white, except at tip; at least half
an inch of tip of inner web white. _Notes._ Song, simple but sweet,
three ascending and three descending notes.
Range.--Middle and eastern Texas (except along coast?), north to
Oklahoma and western Kansas; winters from central Texas south into
northeastern Mexico.
=573a. Desert Sparrow= (_A. b. deserticola_). Similar to No. 573, but
above grayer, the white tip to outer tail-feather _less_ than half an
inch long.
Range.--Western United States and northern Mexico, from western Texas
to southeastern California; breeds north to southern Colorado, and
western Nevada; winters south into Mexico.
[Illustration: 602.]
=602. Morellet Seed-eater= (_Sporophila morelleti_). L. 4.6. _Ad._
[Male]. Entire upperparts, cheeks, tail, wings and breast-band black;
bases of wing-feathers, tips to coverts and underparts, except
breast-band, whitish. _Ad._ [Female]. Above grayish brown, below
uniform buffy. _Yng._ [Male]. Variously intermediate between Ad.
[Male] and Ad. [Female]. At least two years evidently required to
reach mature plumage.
Range.--Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas.
[Illustration: 636.]
=636. Black and White Warbler= (_Mniotilta varia_). L. 5.3. _Ad._
[Male]. Above streaked black and white; throat black or white; belly
white; sides streaked black and white. _Ad._ [Female]. Less black;
whiter below; throat always white. _Notes._ Song, a thin, wiry,
_see-see-see-see_.
Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Louisiana, and
northern Texas, north to Hudson Bay region; winters from Gulf States
south to northern South America; accidental in California.
[Illustration: 661.]
=661. Black-poll Warbler= (_Dendroica striata_). L. 5.6. _Ad._ [Male].
Crown black, cheeks white; back streaked, gray and black; below white
streaked with black; wing-bars and tail-spots white. _Ad._ [Female].
No black cap; above olive-green streaked with black. _Yng. and Ad. in
winter._ Above olive-green lightly streaked with black; below
_yellowish_ white; breast obscurely streaked. _Notes._ Song, a
slender, wiry _tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree_, rapidly
uttered. (Langille.)
Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from
northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan, and
Colorado, north to Labrador and Alaska; winters in West Indies and
northern South America.
[Illustration: 665.]
=665. Black-throated Gray Warbler= (_Dendroica nigrescens_). L. 5.
_Ad._ [Male]. Crown, cheeks and throat black, a white stripe at sides
of throat, a yellow line before eye; back gray streaked with black;
wing-bars and tail-patches white. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but crown
not always wholly black. _Yng._ Above washed with brownish, black
areas tipped with white. _Notes._ Song, _zee-ee-zee-ee_, _ze_, _ze_,
_ze_, with the quality of the song of _Dendroica virens_ or
_D. cA|rulescens_.
Range.--Western United States; breeds in mountains from Arizona and
northern Lower California, north to Colorado and Vancouver Island;
winters in Mexico.
[Illustration: 611.]
=611. Purple Martin= (_Progne subis_). L. 7.8. _Ad._ [Male]. Shining
blue-black, all feathers with dusky bases. _Ad._ [Female]. Above dull
blue-black; breast grayish edged with white; belly whitish. _Yng._
[Male]. Variously intermediate between [Female] and Ad. [Male].
Range.--North America, except Pacific coast; breeds north to
Newfoundland and the Saskatchewan; winters in tropics.
=611a. Western Martin= (_P. s. hesperia_). [Male] similar to [Male]
of No. 611; [Female] belly whiter; forehead grayish.
Range.--Pacific coast from northern Lower California to Washington
(and British Columbia?); winters in tropics.
=611.1. Cuban Martin= (_Progne cryptoleuca_). W. 5.50. _Ad._ [Male].
With feathers of ventral region basally marked with white. _Ad._
[Female] _and Yng_. [Male]. With breast and flanks sooty grayish
brown, belly _pure white_.
Range.--Cuba, north in spring to southern Florida.
[Illustration: 612.]
=612. Cliff Swallow= (_Petrochelidon lunifrons_). L. 5.5. _Ads._
Throat chestnut, forehead and rump cinnamon-buff; nape gray; crown and
back glossy blue-black, the back streaked with white. _Yng._ Throat
dusky, often mixed with chestnut; back blackish brown; rump
cinnamon-buff, forehead usually with same.
Range.--"North America, north to the limit of trees, breeding south to
the valleys of the Potomac and Ohio, southern Texas, southern Arizona,
and California; Central and South America in winter; not recorded from
Florida or West Indies." (A.O.U.)
=612.2. Mexican Cliff Swallow= (_Petrochelidon melanogastra_). Similar
to No. 612, but smaller, W. 4.1, forehead deeper, usually chestnut,
like throat, rump darker, more rusty.
Range.--Mexico, north to southern Arizona.
[Illustration: 613.]
=613. Barn Swallow= (_Hirundo erythrogastra_). L. [Male], 7.5;
[Female], 6.5. Tail deeply forked. _Ad._ [Male]. Above glossy
blue-black, forehead chestnut; throat and upper breast chestnut, belly
paler. _Ad._ [Female]. Forehead, and underparts paler; tail less
deeply forked. _Notes._ Song, a sweet, twittering, warbling song. (The
notes of all our Swallows, while simple, are diagnostic but difficult
of description.)
Range.--North America, north to Greenland and Alaska; breeds through
most of range; winters south to southern Brazil.
[Illustration: 614.]
=614. Tree Swallow= (_Iridoprocne bicolor_). L. 6. _Ads._ Above
steel-blue or steel-green; below white. _Yng._ Sooty gray above; white
below.
Range.--North America; breeds locally from Lat. 41A deg. on Atlantic coast
and Lat. 38A deg. on Pacific coast north to Labrador and Alaska; winters
from South Carolina and southern California to the tropics.
[Illustration: 615.]
=615. Northern Violet-Green Swallow= (_Tachycineta thalassina
lepida_). L. 5.2; W. 4.5. _Ad._ [Male]. Above bronze-green; upper
tail-coverts greener; an indistinct nape-ring; mark above eye, cheeks
and underparts white; flank-patches white, often showing from above.
_Ad._ [Female]. Much duller, the head browner, _Yng._ Above brownish
sooty with a greenish tinge; a whitish mark above and behind eye;
below white.
Range.--Western United States, from eastern base of Rockies to
Pacific; breeds from Mexico north to British Columbia; winters in
Mexico and Central America.
=615a. St. Lucas Swallow= (_T. t. brachyptera_). Similar to No. 615,
but wing shorter, [Male], 4.1, [Female], 4. (Brewster.)
Range.--Lower California.
[Illustration: 458.]
=458. Black PhA"be= (_Sayornis nigricans_). L. 7.2. _Ads._ Breast and
head black, back grayer; outer web of outer tail-feather white; belly
black, under tail-coverts white _streaked with dusky_. _Notes._ A
liquid _hip_, a rising _kee-ree_, and a falling _kee-wray_. (Bailey.)
Range.--Mexico, except Yucatan and Pacific coast from Colima
northward, north into Texas, New Mexico, and southeastern Arizona.
=458a. Western Black PhA"be= (_S. n. semiatra_). Similar to No. 458,
but under tail-coverts white without dusky streaks.
Range--Pacific coast of Mexico and United States, from Colima to
Oregon, including most of Arizona. (Nelson.)
[Illustration: 494.]
=494. Bobolink; Reed bird= (_Dolichonyx oryzivorus_). _Ad._ [Male],
_summer_. Black; nape buffy, lower back, scapulars and upper
tail-coverts white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above yellowish brown streaked
with buff, and black. below yellowish white, sides streaked with
black. _Winter plumage, Ads and Yng._ Like [Female] but yellower.
_Notes._ Song, an irrepressible bubbling outburst of "mad music" often
given on the wing; calls, a blackbird-like _chuck_ and a metallic, far
carrying, _chink_.
Range.--Eastern North America, west to Utah; breeds from northern New
Jersey, Illinois and Kansas, north to Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and
Montana; migrates south through Florida and West Indies, and winters
south of Amazon.
[Illustration: 534 Winter.]
[Illustration: 534 Summer.]