CHAPTER IV.

SHEEP

With the exception of the dog, there is no one of the brute creation

which exhibits the diversity of size, color, form, covering, and general

appearance, which characterizes the sheep, and none which occupies a

wider range of climate, or subsists on a greater variety of food. In

every latitude between the equator and the arctic, he ranges over the

sterile mountains, and through the fertile valleys. He feeds on almost

every species of edible forage, the cultivated grasses, clovers, cereals

and roots; he browses on aromatic and bitter herbs; he crops the leaves

and bark from the stunted forest shrubs, and the pungent, resinous

evergreens. In some parts of Norway and Sweden, when other resources

fail, he subsists on fish or flesh during their long and rigorous

winters, and if reduced to necessity, he eats his own wool.

He is diminutive like the Orkney, or massive like the Teeswater. He is

policerate or many horned; he has two large or small spiral horns like

the Merino, or is polled or hornless like the mutton sheep. He has a

long tail like our own breeds; a broad tail, like many of the eastern;

or a mere button of a tail, like the fat-rumps, discernible only by the

touch. His coat is sometimes long and coarse, like the Lincolnshire;

short and hairy, like those of Madagascar; soft and furry, like the

Angola; or fine and spiral, like the silken Saxon. His color, either

pure or fancifully mixed, varies from the white or black of our own

country, to every shade of brown, dun, buff, blue, and gray, like the

spotted flocks of the Cape of Good Hope and other parts of Africa and

Asia. This wide diversity is the result of long domestication, under

almost every conceivable variety of condition.

Uses.

Among the antediluvians, sheep were immolated for sacrificial offerings,

and their fleeces probably furnished them with clothing. Since the

deluge, their flesh has with all nations been used as a favorite food

for man. By many of the rude, roving nations of the East, they are

employed in carrying burdens.

Their milk is generally used by the uncivilized, and to some extent by

the refined nations of Europe, not only as a beverage, but for making

into cheese, butter, and curds. Job refers to its use, as do Isaiah and

other of the Old Testament writers. Most of the Greek and Roman authors

describe its general use and manufacture. The ewe's milk scarcely

differs in appearance from that of the cow, but is generally thicker,

and yields a pale, yellowish butter, that is always soft and soon

becomes rancid. Culley remarks, "the cheese from their milk is

exceedingly pungent, and for that reason is preferred by many to that

from the cow." In Wales, the milk is mixed with that of the dairy, and

makes a tart, palatable cheese. We have never seen it appropriated for

dairy purposes in the United States, except by a few Welsh and Highland

emigrants. The sheep is frequently employed in the dairy regions of this

country, at the tread-mill or horizontal wheel, to pump the water, churn

the milk, or perform other light domestic work.

The dignity and importance of the shepherd's vocation have ever been

conspicuous. Abel, the supposed twin-brother of the first-born of the

human race, was a "keeper of sheep;" and from this, it may be fairly

inferred, that there is no animal which has so long been under the

immediate control of man. Abraham and his descendants, as well as most

of the ancient patriarchs, were shepherds. Job had 14,000 sheep. It is

said of Rachel, the favored mother of the Jewish race, "she came with

her father's sheep, for she kept them." The seven daughters of the

priest of Midian, "came and drew water for their father's flocks."

Moses, the statesman and lawgiver, who "was learned in all the wisdom of

the Egyptians, kept the flocks of Jethro, his father-in-law;" and David,

the future monarch of Israel, the hero, poet, and divine, was a keeper

of sheep. It was to shepherds, while "abiding in the field, keeping

watch over their flocks by night," that the birth of the Saviour was

announced. The root of the Hebrew name for sheep, signifies

fruitfulness, abundance, plenty; as indicating the blessings they were

destined to confer on the human race. With the sacred writers, they were

the chosen symbol of purity and the gentler virtues; they were the

victims of propitiatory sacrifices; and finally, they became the type of

redemption to fallen man. These may not be considered accidental

allusions in a book, whose every feature is full of design.

Nor has the sheep been less the subject of eulogy and attention with

profane writers. Among these, Homer and Hesiod, Virgil and Theocritus,

introduced them with evident delight in their pastoral themes; while

their heroes and demigods, Hercules and Ulysses, AEneas and Numa,

carefully perpetuated them throughout their regal domains.

In modern times, they have commanded the attention of the most

enlightened nations; and their prosperity has in no instance been

independent of those useful animals, wherever wool and its manufactures

have been regarded as essential staples. Spain and Portugal, for more

than two centuries, were the most enterprising nations of Europe, and

during that period, they excelled in the production and manufacture of

wool. Flanders, for a time, was before England in the perfection of the

arts and the enjoyments of life, and _England then sent the little wool

she raised to that country to be manufactured_. Her politic sovereigns

soon found this a losing game, and offered large bounties for the

importation of artists and machinery. By a systematic and thorough

course of legislation, which looked to the utmost protection and

augmentation of wool and woollens, she has carried their production

beyond any thing the world has ever seen. The small islands of Great

Britain and Ireland, in addition to the support of their 26,000,000 of

people, 15,000,000 of cattle, 2,250,000 horses, 18,000,000 swine, and

innumerable smaller domestic animals, maintain over 40,000,000 sheep,

worth $250,000,000; and besides manufacturing nearly all their fleeces,

annually import nearly an equal amount from abroad. The sumptuary law

for burying the dead in woollen, still occupies its place in their

statute book. And beyond all question, England is the leading power of

the nineteenth century, in the combination of all those qualities which

constitute national greatness, civilization, and strength.

VARIETIES.

Naturalists have divided the wild sheep into four varieties. The

_Musimon_, (_Ovis Musimon_,) inhabiting Corsica, Sardinia, and other

islands of the Mediterranean, the mountainous parts of Spain and Greece,

and some other regions bordering upon that inland sea, have been

frequently domesticated and mixed with the long-cultivated breeds.

The _Argali_, (_O. Ammon_,) ranges over the steppes, or elevated plains

of Central Asia, northward and eastward to the ocean. They are larger,

more hardy, and more untameable than the Musimon.

The _Rocky Mountain Sheep_, (_O. Montana_,) frequently called the

_Big-horn_ by our western hunters, is found on the prairies west of the

Mississippi, and throughout the wild mountainous regions, extending

through California and Oregon to the Pacific. They are larger, but in

other respects resemble the Argali, of which they are probably

descendants, as they could easily cross upon the ice at Behring's

Straits, from the northeastern coast of Asia. Like the Argali, when

caught young they are easily tamed; but we are not aware that they have

ever been bred with the domestic sheep. Before the country was overrun

by the white man, they probably inhabited the region bordering on the

Mississippi. Father Hennepin, a French Jesuit, who wrote nearly two

hundred years ago, often speaks of meeting with goats in his travels

through what is now the territory embraced by Illinois and Wisconsin.

The wild, clambering propensities of these animals, occupying the giddy

heights far beyond the reach of the traveller, and the outer coating of

hair (supplied underneath, however, with a thick coating of soft wool)

gives to them much of the appearance of that animal. In summer they are

generally found single; but when they descend from their isolated, rocky

heights in winter, they are gregarious, marching in flocks under the

guidance of leaders.

The _Bearded Sheep of Africa_ (_O. Tragelaphus_) inhabit the mountains

of Barbary and Egypt. They are covered with a soft, reddish hair, and

have a mane hanging below the neck, and large locks of hair at the

ankle.

The Domesticated Sheep (_O. Aries_)

Embraces all the varieties of the subjugated species. Whether they have

descended from any one of the wild races, is a question yet

undetermined among naturalists; but however this may be, many of the

varieties apparently differ less from their wild namesakes than from

each other.

The _fat-rumped_ and _the broad-tailed sheep_ are much more extensively

diffused than any other. They occupy nearly all the southeastern part of

Europe, Western and Central Asia, and Northern Africa. They are supposed

to be the varieties which were propagated by the patriarchs and their

descendants, the Jewish race. This is inferred from various passages in

the Pentateuch, Exodus xxix. 22; Leviticus iii. 9; viii. 25; ix. 19, and

some others, where "the fat and the rump" are spoken of in connection

with offerings, in which the fat was always an acceptable ingredient.

Dr. Boothroyd renders one of the foregoing passages, "the large, fat

tail entire, taken clear to the rump." It is certain this variety gives

indisputable evidence of remote and continued subjugation. Their long,

pendent, drowsy ears, and the highly artificial posterior developments,

are characteristic of no wild or recently-domesticated race.

This breed consists of numerous sub-varieties, differing in all their

characteristics of size, fleece, color, &c., with quite as many and

marked shades of distinction as the modern European varieties. In

Madagascar, they are covered with hair; in the south of Africa, with

coarse wool; in the Levant, and along the Mediterranean, the wool is

comparatively fine; and from that of the fat-rumped sheep of Thibet the

exquisite Cashmere shawls are manufactured. Both rams and ewes are

sometimes bred with horns, and sometimes without, and they exhibit a

great diversity of color. Some yield a carcass of scarcely 30 lbs.,

while others have weighed 200 lbs. dressed. The tail or rump varies

greatly, according to the purity and style of breeding; some are less

than one-eighth, while others exceed one-third the entire dressed

weight. The fat of the rump or tail is considered a great delicacy, and

in hot climates resembles oil, and in colder, suet.

The broad-tailed sheep were brought into this country, about 50 years

since, by Commodore Barron and Judge Peters, and bred with the native

flocks. They were called the Tunisian mountain sheep. Some of them were

subsequently distributed by Col. Pickering, of Massachusetts, among the

farmers of Pennsylvania; and their mixed descendants were highly prized

as prolific and good nurses, coming early to maturity, attaining large

weights, of a superior quality of carcass, and yielding a heavy fleece

of excellent wool. The principal objection brought against them, was

the difficulty of propagation, which always required the assistance of

the shepherd. The lambs were dropped white, red, tawny, bluish, or

black; but all excepting the black, grew white as they approached

maturity, retaining some spots of the original color on the cheeks and

legs, and sometimes having the entire head tawny or black. The few which

descended from those originally imported into this country, have become

blended with American flocks, and are now scarcely distinguishable from

them.

Native or Common Sheep of the United States.

Strictly speaking, there are no sheep indigenous to North America,

excepting the _Ovis Montana_, or Rocky Mountain sheep. Before the

introduction of the improved European breeds, during the present

century, our sheep were generally a hardy, long-legged, coarse,

open-fleeced animal, which yielded, according to attention and feed,

from 11/2 to 4 lbs. of indifferent wool. We have seen numerous flocks

within the last 20 years, of the pure-bred native, whose bellies were

entirely destitute of wool, and sometimes the whole carcass was bare,

excepting a mere strip or ridge like a mane, reaching from the head to

the tail. The wool which was retained on the neck, back, and sides, was

frequently matted almost as firmly as a leather apron; and that on the

thighs, and sometimes on the sides, was often composed almost wholly of

long hair.

Although indifferently formed in comparison with the best breeds of the

present day, being thin in the breast and back, light quartered, and

slow in coming to maturity, they yet possessed some good qualities. They

were prolific, excellent nurses, tallowed well, and yielded good mutton.

There were, occasionally, some smutty-nosed or brockle-faced sheep among

them, distinguished by their additional size, superior merits, and

courage. These were usually the leaders of the flock, in their marauding

expeditions on their neighbor's domains; and in common with the others,

they were eminently adapted to purvey for themselves on the frontier

settlements. There were, besides, some black or dark chocolate-brown

members in every flock, which were much valued by the thrifty housewife

for their wool, which afforded an economical mixture for jackets, hose,

and trousers, known as sheep's gray.

Our original stock were principally derived from England, where their

counterparts may be seen at the present day, in the refuse breeds of

that country. When these sheep were well selected and properly bred,

there was rapid and satisfactory improvement, and from such flocks,

mixed with some of the more recently improved varieties, have sprung

many valuable animals.

There was but one exception to this general character of the native

flocks, so far as our observation extended, which was a considerably

numerous, and, probably, accidental variety, known as the _Otter breed_,

or _Creepers_. These were an excessively duck-legged animal, with

well-formed bodies, full chest, broad backs, yielding a close heavy

fleece of medium quality of wool. They were deserved favorites where

indifferent stone or wood fences existed, as their power of locomotion

was absolutely limited to their enclosures, if protected by a fence not

less than two feet high. The quality of their mutton was equal, while

their aptitude to fatten was decidedly superior to their longer-legged

contemporaries. They are probably now nearly or quite extinct.

An excellent variety was produced by General Washington, from a cross of

a Persian ram, upon the Bakewell, which bore wool 14 inches in length,

soft and silky, and admirably suited to combing. They were called the

Arlington sheep, but they have long since become incorporated with the

other flocks of the country.

The Merino.

This is undoubtedly one of the most ancient race of sheep extant. The

loose descriptions and indefinite generalities of the ancient writers,

leave much to conjecture on this point; yet we have a few passages from

Pliny, Columella, and some other Roman authors, which leave little doubt

that the Merino was bred in their age, and had even been introduced into

Italy from Greece. It is a matter of history, that the Greeks had choice

breeds of sheep at an early day, which they might have derived from

Egypt, Tyre, and Asia Minor, as they were intimately connected in

commerce with those countries, where the woollen manufacture early

reached great perfection. It is supposed that the celebrated Argonautic

expedition, in quest of the golden fleece, undertaken by the Greeks

nearly 1300 years before Christ, resulted in procuring a valuable race

of sheep from Colchis, in the Euxine.

However this may be, it is certain that when Augustus extended his

peaceful sceptre over half the known world, the Romans were in

possession of some flocks, bearing fleeces of exceeding fineness and

beauty. They had been reared in the province of Apulia, on the southeast

coast of Italy, and were called Tarentine, from Tarentum, the capital of

the province. Here, then, may have been one branch of the Merino family.

Another is undoubtedly described by Pliny, who says, "the _red fleece of

Baetica_ was of still superior quality, _and had no fellow_." All the

Spanish coast on the Mediterranean, of which Baetica formed a

considerable part, comprising the modern Spanish provinces of Jaen,

Cordova, Seville, Andalusia, and Granada, was early colonized by the

enterprising Greeks; and this _red fleece that had no fellow_, was

probably introduced by them at an early day, and by their descendants

had been carried to a still higher degree of perfection than that of

Apulia. Columella, the uncle of the writer on agriculture, a wealthy

emigrant to Spain from Italy, A. D. 30, carried with him some of the

Tarentine sheep, and thus added to the fine-woolled sheep of Spain.

These two ancient streams, united perhaps with a third from the more

ancient stock of the Euxine, (for Strabo asserts that some of the

finest-woolled sheep were brought from that region in his time, and sold

for the enormous sum of $750,) flowed on in an uninterrupted current

over that broad country, and brought down to modern times the unrivalled

race of the Merino. The limited region of Italy, overrun as it

repeatedly was by hordes of barbarians during and after the times of the

late emperors, soon lost her pampered flocks; while the extended regions

of Spain, intersected in every direction by almost impassable mountains,

could maintain their more hardy race, in defiance of revolution or

change.

Whatever distrust may be attached to these scraps of history, which

apparently establish the remote antiquity of the Merino, this much is

absolutely certain, that they are a race whose qualities are inbred, to

an extent surpassed by no others. They have been improved in the general

weight and evenness of their fleece, as in the celebrated flock of

Rambouillet; in the uniformity and excessive fineness of fibre, as in

the Saxons; and in their form and feeding qualities, in various

countries; but there has never yet been deterioration either in quantity

or quality of fleece or carcass, wherever transported, if supplied with

suitable food and attention. Most sheep annually shed their wool if

unclipped; while the Merino retains its fleece, sometimes for five

years, when allowed to remain unshorn. This we conceive affords

conclusive evidence of long-continued breeding among themselves, by

which the very constitution of the wool-producing organs beneath the

skin have become permanently established; and this property is

transmitted to a great extent even among the crosses, thus marking them

as an ancient and peculiar race.

The conquest by the Moors of a part of those fine provinces in the south

of Spain, so far from checking, served rather to encourage the

production of fine wool. They were not only enterprising, but highly

skilled in the useful arts, and carried on extensive manufactories of

fine woollen goods, which they exported to different countries. After

their expulsion in the 15th century, by Ferdinand and Isabella, the

Spaniards preserved these manufactures in part, and sedulously cherished

their fine flocks; and knowing the incomparible advantage they had in

them, their sovereigns, except in a few isolated instances, strictly

prohibited their exportation.

Exportation of Merinoes from Spain.

History asserts that Henry VIII. of England, by permission of Charles

V., imported 3,000 Spanish sheep; but of what kind is not mentioned,

they having numerous varieties in Spain. If of the true Merino, it will

explain the superior quality of the English middle-wools, the Ryeland,

South Downs, and some others.

The first well-authenticated exportation of the Spanish Merino, was made

to Sweden in 1723, by Alstroemer, which solved the problem of their

capacity for sustaining their character, on rough fare and in a high

northern latitude. Lasteyrie, who wrote fifty years after the experiment

had been tried, speaks of their improvement, both in carcass and the

quality and quantity of fleece.

The next exportation was made to Saxony, in 1765, and consisted of 105

rams and 114 ewes, but from what flocks they were taken, history nowhere

mentions. A second exportation to that country was made in 1778, of 110

that were variously selected, from the best flocks in Spain. From these

have descended the high-bred, silken-fleeced Saxons, whose wool stands

confessedly without a rival.

In 1775, the Empress Maria Theresa imported 300 Merinoes into Germany,

and placed them on the imperial farm in Hungary. In 1786, an importation

was made into Denmark and her provinces; and again, in 1797, another

flock of 300 was brought into the kingdom, and placed at Esserum, about

eight leagues from Copenhagen. In 1786, 100 rams and 200 ewes were

imported into Prussia, most of which were allowed to perish from neglect

and disease; but their places were fully made up by later importations.

The same year, 400 ewes and rams were selected from the choicest Spanish

flocks, and placed on the royal farm of Rambouillet, in France, which

laid the foundation of the celebrated flock which bears that name.

A small flock of inferior animals was clandestinely procured by George

III., of England, in 1788, which attracted little attention. In 1791, a

small but choice flock was presented to that monarch by the Cortes of

Spain, which soon acquired high favor among many intelligent breeders. A

part of these were kept pure, and their descendants furnished the superb

flock of 700 Nigrettis, which procured for their owner, Mr. Trimmer, in

1829, the gold medal from the London Society of Arts. Others were mixed

with different flocks in the kingdom, to the evident improvement of

their fleeces.

The first importation of Merinoes into the United States,

Which resulted in the propagation of a pure breed,[2] was made by

Chancellor Livingston, then minister at the court of Versailles, who

sent two choice rams and ewes from the Rambouillet flock, in 1802, to

Claremont, his country seat on the Hudson. In the latter part of the

same year, Col. Humphreys, our minister in Spain, sent out nearly one

hundred Merinoes, which were followed by more numerous flocks from the

same and other sources. The largest importations of the Merino, however,

were made through Mr. Jarvis of Vermont, in 1809, then U. S. Consul in

Spain, and immediately thereafter. He first shipped, as he states, "200

Escurial, afterwards 1400 Paulars, 1700 Aqueirres, 100 Nigrettis, and

about 200 Montarcos. 2700 Montarcos were sent out by a Spaniard and a

Portuguese, and about 300 Guadaloupes by others; also 200 to 300

Paulars, by Gen. Downie, to Boston. Of the Montarco flock shipped by

others, about 2500 came to Boston, Providence, New York, and other

ports. All were imported in the latter part of 1809 and '10, and early

in 1811, and were the only Leonese Transhumantes, if we include

Humphreys' and Livingston's, (which I have no doubt were of the same

stock,) that were ever shipped to the United States."

[2] One or more pure Merinoes were imported into Massachusetts, in the

latter part of the last century, by a citizen of that state, but they

were soon mixed with other flocks, and resulted in the perpetuation of

no distinct breed.

Fig. 20 is a spirited cut of a variety of the Merino without dewlap, and

with a long and somewhat open fleece.

[Illustration: Fig. 20.

Merino Buck.]

Varieties of the Spanish Sheep.

Besides several other breeds of sheep in Spain, consisting of long,

coarse wool, and that of a medium staple, embraced under the different

names of _Chorinoes_, _Choaroes_ or _Chunahs_, the Merino is

distinguished by two general divisions; the _Transhumantes_ or

travelling, and the _Estantes_ or stationary flocks. The former are

subdivided, according to the Provinces they occupy, into Leonese,

Segovian, and Sorian. Many of the Estantes were of the best quality in

respect to carcass, constitution, and fleece; and such as were highly

bred and in the hands of intelligent breeders, were not surpassed by any

of the Spanish flocks. There were also many choice sheep among the

Segovian and Sorian Transhumantes, but in general they were decidedly

inferior to those of Leon. These last were universally regarded as the

prime flocks of Spain. They comprised the Escurial, the Paular, the

Nigretti, the Aqueirres or Muros, the Montarco, the Guadaloupe,

Infantado, and some others.

There is much contradictory testimony as to the comparative merits of

the last-mentioned flocks, as they were found in Spain; which is owing

in part, doubtless, to the difference in the specimens subjected to

examination. We subjoin some of the most reliable authorities on this

subject.

M. Lasteyrie, who investigated this matter closely, says, "The

Guadaloupe have the most perfect form, and are likewise celebrated for

the quantity and quality of their wool. The Paular bear much wool of a

fine quality, but they have a more evident enlargement behind the ears,

and a greater degree of _throatiness_, and the lambs have a coarse hairy

appearance, which is succeeded by excellent wool. The lambs of the

Infantado have the same hairy coat when young. The Nigretti are the

largest and strongest of all the travelling sheep in Spain."

Mr. Livingston says, "The Escurial is the most perfect of all the

travelling flocks in Spain; the Guadaloupe for form, fineness and

abundance of the fleece; the Paular with similar fleeces are larger

bodied. Those of Castile and Leon have the largest, with the finest

coat. Those of Soria are small, with very fine wool; and those also of

Valencia, which do not travel, and like the last have fine wool, but of

a very short staple."

Mr. Jarvis, who spent many years in Spain, under every advantage for

studying them closely, and who also imported, and has since bred large

numbers of them on his estate in Vermont, gives their characteristics

with more particularity, and at much greater length: "The Paulars were

undoubtedly one of the handsomest flocks in Spain. They were of middling

height, round-bodied, well spread, straight on the back, the neck of the

bucks rising in a moderate curve from the withers to the setting on of

the head, their head handsome, with aquiline curve of the nose, with

short, fine, glossy hair on the face, and generally hair on the legs,

the skin pretty smooth, that is, not rolling up or doubling about the

neck and body, as in some other flocks; the crimp in the wool was not so

short as in many other flocks, the wool was somewhat longer, but it was

close and compact, and was soft and silky to the touch, and the surface

was not so much covered with gum. This flock was originally owned by the

Carthusian friars of Paular, who were the best agriculturists in Spain,

and was sold by that order to the Prince of Peace when he came into

power.

The Nigretti flock were the tallest Merinoes in Spain, but were not

handsomely formed, being rather flat-sided, roach-back, and the neck

inclining to sink down from the withers; the wool was somewhat shorter

than the Paular, and more crimped; the skin was more loose and inclined

to double, and many of them were woolled on their faces and legs down to

their hoofs. All the loose-skinned sheep had large dewlaps.

The Aqueirres were short-legged, round, broad-bodied, with loose skins,

and were more woolled about their faces and legs than any other flock I

ever saw; the wool was more crimped than the Paular, and less than the

Nigretti, but was thick and soft. This flock formerly belonged to the

Moors of Spain, and at their expulsion was bought by the family of

Aqueirres. The wool in England was known as the Muros flock, and was

highly esteemed. All the bucks of these three flocks had large horns.

The Escurials were about as tall as the Paulars, but not quite so round

and broad, being in general rather more slight in their make; their wool

was crimped, but not quite so thick as the Paular or Nigretti, nor were

their skins so loose as the Nigretti and Aqueirres, nor had they so much

wool on the face and legs.

The Montarco bore a considerable resemblance to the Escurials. The

Escurial flock had formerly belonged to the crown, but when Philip II.

built the Escurial palace, he gave them to the friars, whom he placed in

a convent that was attached to the palace, as a source of revenue. These

four flocks were moderately gummed.

The Guadaloupe flock was rather larger in the bone than the two

preceding, about the same height; but not quite so handsomely formed;

their wool was thick and crimped, their skins loose and doubling, their

faces and legs not materially different from the two latter flocks, but

in general they were more gummed than either of the other flocks. In

point of fineness, there was very little difference between these six

flocks; and as I have been told by well-informed persons, there is very

little difference in this respect among the Leonese Transhumantes in

general. The Escurials, the Montarcos, and the Guadaloupes, were not, in

general, so heavy-horned as the other three flocks, and about one in six

of the bucks were without horns."

The Saxon,

We have before seen, is one of the varieties of the pure-bred Merino,

the foundation of which was laid by an importation of some of the

choicest animals into Saxony, in 1765. The great care and attention

bestowed upon these sheep by the Elector, the nobility, and the most

intelligent farmers, soon carried them to a point of uniformity and

excellence of fleece, never exceeded by the best of the original flocks.

The breeders were selected with almost exclusive reference to the

quality of the fleece. Great care was taken to prevent exposure

throughout the year, and they were housed on every slight emergency. The

consequence of this course of breeding and treatment has been to reduce

the size and weight of fleece, and partially to impair that hardiness

and vigor of constitution, which universally characterized the original

Transhumantes. In numerous instances, this management resulted in

permanent injury to the character of their flocks, which America has

severely felt in several importations of worthless animals, and which a

too great eagerness for improvement induced her flockmasters to use with

the Spanish Merinoes and their descendants, as a means for this object,

but which has resulted in the introduction of fatal diseases and serious

deterioration in their flocks.

[Illustration: Fig. 21.

Saxon Ram.]

The first Importation of Saxons into this Country

Was made in 1823, of four good rams, two of which went to Boston and the

others to Philadelphia. The next was made the following year, and

consisted of 75 rams and ewes, which were brought to Boston, and sold at

public auction, and were afterwards scattered over the country. Another

lot of 180 followed the next year, to the same place, and was sold in

the same manner, but at an increased price, some selling as high as $450

each.

These prices excited the spirit of speculation, and the following year

witnessed the importation of near 3,000, many of which were decidedly

inferior. These were all thrown upon the market for the most they would

command; and in many instances, the sales not half covering the cost of

importation, the enterprise was abandoned as a speculation, or

commercial operation.

The late Henry D. Grove, of Hoosic, New York, a native of Germany, and a

highly intelligent and thoroughly bred shepherd, accompanied some of the

best early importations to this country. He selected 105 choice animals

for his own breeding, which he imported in 1827, and 70 more equally

good, in 1828, and with these he formed the flock from which he bred to

the time of his decease, in 1844.

The average weight of fleece from the entire flock of Mr. Grove, nearly

all of which were ewes and lambs, as stated by him to the writer, in

1842, was 2 lbs. 14 ounces, thoroughly washed on the sheep's back. This

was realized after a short summer and winter's keep, when the quantity

of hay or its equivalent fed to the sheep did not exceed by actual

weight 11/2 lbs. per day, except to the ewes, which received an additional

quantity just before and after lambing. This treatment was attended with

no disease or loss by death, and with an increase of lambs, equalling

one for every ewe.

In a flock of pure Saxony sheep owned by Mr. Smith of Connecticut, as

stated in a letter from the owner, published in the American Shepherd,

104 ewes raised 101 lambs, and yielded 341 lbs. of wool, which sold at

70 cents per lb. For the 18 months preceding, he lost but three animals

out of 300, from ordinary casualties. But some flocks of pure Saxony do

not, in good condition, average 2 lbs. per head.

A recent importation, (May, 1846,) made by Mr. Taintor of Connecticut,

consisting of four bucks and four ewes, from the celebrated Saxon flock

of Baron de Spreck, show a size and apparent vigor of constitution,

equalling any of their Merino progenitors.

[Illustration: Fig. 22.

Rambouillet Buck.]

The Rambouillet Flock.

This flock was founded in 1786, by Louis XVI., from a selection of 400

of the best Spanish sheep, which were placed on the royal farm at

Rambouillet. These, like the Saxon, received all the attention which

intelligence and wealth could bestow, and the consequence was soon

manifest in their larger size, and the increased weight and uniformity

in the fineness of their fleece; the last improvement being particularly

evident, from the absence of the coarse wool, which in many cases

infested the quarters; and the jarr or hair, which frequently abounds on

the flanks, legs, and thighs of the original Merino.

Besides the crown flocks at Rambouillet, they are found in equal

perfection on several other of the royal farms, especially those of

Malmaison, Perpignan, Arles, Clermont, and some others. These flocks

have been bred for hardy constitution, large carcass, and heavy fleece,

and of as much fineness as is consistent with large weights, and as

uniform in quality throughout, as possible. Mr. Gilbert, who was

particularly familiar with them, says, "almost all the fleeces of the

rams, from two years old and upwards, weigh (unwashed) from 12 to 13

lbs.; but the mean weight, taking the rams and the ewes together, has

not quite attained to 8 lbs., after deducting the tags and the wool of

the belly." The French pound is about one-twelfth heavier than the

English; but from the general custom of folding the sheep in France,

feeding them in fallows, and wintering them in houses, the fleece

becomes very dirty. The loss in washing (fit for manufacturing) is about

60 per cent., so that the clean fleece of the ram will average about 6

lbs., and that of the whole flock something under 4 lbs.

The first Importation of the Rambouillets to this Country.

This was in 1801, by M. Dellesert, of Paris, for M. Dupont, then in New

York, and consisted of four choice rams, only one of which, Don Pedro,

reached this country. He was used among the native ewes near Kingston,

N. Y., for three years, and then transferred to Delaware, where he

effected great improvement among the native flocks. The second was that

made by the late Chancellor Livingston, before alluded to. There was

another in 1840, by Mr. Collins, of Connecticut, comprising 30 select

ewes and 2 rams. All these sheep possessed the characteristics peculiar

to the variety as described.

A still more recent importation has been made by Mr. Taintor, at the

same time with that of the Saxons previously mentioned, consisting of 23

ewes and 3 bucks, variously selected from the choicest flocks of the

descendants of the Spanish Merino. The rams, though young, are the most

promising animals of their breed, and when full grown, will weigh from

225 to 250 lbs. each. The sire of one was sold the past season for $500.

He sheared 23 lbs. of unwashed wool. The ewes measured after they were

shorn, from 251/2 to 29 inches in height over the withers. The height of

the under side of their bodies from the ground, was from 91/2 to 12

inches, which is in the proportion of good American Merino sheep. Their

weights varied, after shearing, from 124 to 153 lbs. Some of them were

quite thin in flesh, the largest especially, which, if in fine condition

with her fleece on, would weigh at least 200 lbs. The following is the

weight of their fleeces unwashed. The scales used did not mark less

than one-quarter of a pound, which will account for the absence of odd

ounces.

No. 17 13 lbs.

" 27 15 "

" 64 163/4 "

" 71 141/2 "

" 84 161/2 "

" 87 161/4 "

" 94 17 "

" 100 121/4 "

" 109 17 "

" 110 17 "

" 117 163/4 "

" 118 153/4 "

" 133 143/4 "

" 195 131/2 "

It was the unbiased opinion of several wool-dealers present, that the

shearing above would yield at least 35 lbs. of _cleansed_ wool, fitted

for manufacturing without further loss, out of every 100 lbs. shorn. The

fourteen ewes yielded 216 lbs. unwashed, which would be equivalent to 75

lbs. 10 oz. thoroughly cleansed, or an average of 5 lbs. 6 oz. per head.

One-third may be safely added to bring this up to _clean washed_. This

would make the average, as wool-growers usually dispose of their

fleeces, 7 lbs. 3 oz. per head, a yield totally unprecedented in this

country.

The Progress of the Merino in the United States.

Though reaching back but half a century, the Merino flocks of this

country have been very fluctuating as to their value, increase, and

improvement. When first introduced, they were viewed with distrust by

the majority of our farmers; and it was not till after several years'

experience of their paramount merits, that they were generally

disseminated. But the confidence of our flock-masters having once been

secured, it has never been withdrawn, and they have ever since been

cherished favorites. The prices for choice Merinoes rapidly increased

after their character was fully established, and Livingston states the

average price for rams, in 1811, at $1,000, and some were sold at a much

higher rate.

This was the period of the embargo, when our infant manufactures were

just starting into life; and being followed by war with the greatest

commercial nation of the world, we were thrown entirely on our own

resources for the supply of our woollen and other fabrics, and wool and

sheep maintained their full value till after the return of peace, in

1816. The flooding of our country with foreign goods, under low duties,

which succeeded this event, either broke down or effectually paralyzed

our woollen manufactures; and wool, of course, felt the full weight of

this crushing influence. The Merino rapidly declined in value, till its

price nearly approximated to that of the native sheep. Their merits had,

however, become so conspicuous, that the low prices produced a more

general diffusion, and they and their crosses were thus sown broadcast

over the country.

The introduction of the Saxons, in great numbers, in 1826, many of which

were excessively diminutive and diseased, and their indiscriminate use

with our pure-bred Merinoes, was a serious interruption to the career of

improvement in many of our flocks. Their mixture with the best Saxons

was no further detrimental, than to reduce the quantity of fleece, and,

to a certain extent, lessen the peculiar hardiness of the original

Transhumantes, which had been fully preserved by their descendants in

this country. The use of well-selected Saxon rams with Merino flocks,

was extensively practised, and it is still persisted in by many

intelligent flock-masters, after twenty years' experience, who are

satisfied that they find it for their interest to continue this style of

breeding. The animals being smaller, consume less; and they probably

produce a quantity of wool in proportion to their food, which, from its

improved and uniform quality, commands a higher price in the market.

Wherever they are not sufficiently hardy, they can be bred back towards

the Spanish Merino standard, by the use of some of the stouter rams.

Their natures are intrinsically the same. They are only divergent

streams from the same original fountain, and when again united, they

readily coalesce and flow onwards, without violence or disorder.

The Merino, as might reasonably have been anticipated, when properly

managed, has improved from a variety of causes. Though kept scrupulously

pure in Spain, they were seldom bred with that refinement of taste or

nice judgment, which distinguishes the accomplished modern breeder.

Their management was too entirely intrusted to ignorant shepherds or

careless agents, to secure that close attention which is essential to

improvement. The sheep had to perform a journey of several hundred miles

twice in a year, to and from their distant Sierras; and it was

absolutely essential that strong animals should be selected for

breeding; and to secure this object, those were frequently used which

were deficient in the most profitable qualities. They were also closely

bred in-and-in, seldom or never departing from a particular flock to

procure a fresh cross. Their wild, nomadic life, approaching nearly to

that of their natural state, and their peculiarly healthful pasturage,

alone prevented a serious deterioration from this cause.

When brought into the United States, the flocks were soon mingled with

each other, and for many years past, probably, not an unmixed descendant

of any distinct original flock could be traced. Abundance of appropriate

food has been given them, without the labor of long and fatiguing

journeys; and lastly, there has been much care used in the selection of

the most profitable animals for breed. The spirit of improvement has

been recently awakened to this important branch of American husbandry,

and as we already have all the elements within ourselves for its

attainment, if not arrested by any untoward national policy, it will

soon result in giving us numerous flocks of as choice sheep as the world

affords.

Peculiarities of the Merino.

The prominent peculiarities of the Merino, are the abundance and

fineness of its fleece; the tenacity with which it is held; its crimped

or spiral form; its felting properties; and the excessive quantity of

yolk, giving to it that softness which distinguishes it from all others.

Their large horns are common to several other varieties. Their hoofs are

sometimes singularly long, reaching 8 or 10 inches when allowed to grow.

The horns, hoofs, and wool scarcely differ in their chemical

constituents; and the peculiar development of the two former, is justly

considered as an additional evidence of their wool-bearing properties.

The yolk, in most of the sheep, forms, with the dust which adheres to

it, a firm crust on the exterior, and together with the compactness of

the fleece, it offers considerable resistance to the open hand on being

pressed, giving the impression of rigidity. This outer covering repels

the rain, the snow, and the wind like a coat of mail, thus fitting the

Merino to endure exposure beyond any other sheep. On opening the crust,

the wool is found of a brilliant, golden hue, sparkling with yolk, and

firmly held together in masses, hardly distinguishable from the cocoon

of the silk-worm. The wool closely covers every part of the body, and

frequently the entire legs and head, excepting a part of the face. Still

another peculiarity of the Merino is its longevity. They attain a great

age when properly managed, and, in healthy localities, sometimes breed

till 20 years of age.

The Merino may be described, generally, as a small-boned, closely made,

medium-sized sheep, varying from 80 lbs. of live weight, for a small

ewe, to 160 lbs. for good-sized wethers and rams, in ordinary condition.

They are light in the shoulders and chest, and altogether are more

deficient in form than the best mutton sheep. This apparent difference

is materially lessened when both are denuded of their fleece; as the

longer pile of the latter covers defects, which would manifest

themselves under the closer covering of the Merino. Yet, with this

seeming deficiency, Young found, in feeding the Merino and Bakewell,

that the latter ate the most, and gained the least, in the ratio of two

to three. We give the statement as we find it, though it apparently

contravenes a fundamental principle, which a knowledge of all the

circumstances of the trial, the peculiarities of the particular animals,

&c., might probably explain satisfactorily.

The mutton is excellent, and it is probably not surpassed by that of any

other sheep. Lord Somerville claims it as a rule, that the quality of

the flesh in each class of sheep follows that of the wool, and that the

flesh of the short and fine-woolled sheep is closer in the grain and

more highly flavored than the long-woolled. Sir Joseph Banks says, the

London butchers, after having some of the Merinoes, eagerly sought for

more, from its popularity with their best customers; and it is certain

that the flavor of our mountain-fed Merino does not suffer in comparison

with the choicest breeds.

Breeding Merinoes.

The general principles of breeding cattle and sheep, as laid down by the

most approved authorities, must be taken with some exceptions, when

applied to the Merino. Good form and feeding qualities are desirable in

this breed, but they are not as essential as with the others. _Wool_ is

the great object, and if this be sufficiently fine, even, and abundant,

something may be abated in the perfection of form. Early maturity, so

much sought after in the mutton sheep, cannot be reconciled with the

great longevity, and the prolonged productive powers of the Merino. We

must content ourselves, therefore, with slowly engrafting such

improvements on the breed, as can be effected without prejudice to his

other good qualities, and look to his crosses with others for such

qualities as are irreconcilable with his nature.

It is considered indispensable to the improvement of the Merino, that it

be not bred too young. A vigorous ewe may bring her first lamb at two

years old, but it is better that it be deferred till three. The ram

should never be used till his second year, and then but sparingly. From

21/2 to 6 years old is deemed the most vigorous age, though many may be

safely used till 8 or 10, and occasionally later. Both ewes and rams

have been known to breed till 20 years old.

The _ram_ should be large, stout, and well made, carrying his weight as

compactly as possible. The nose should be convex; the face covered with

a soft velvety hair; the eye lively and prominent; the veins near the

lachrymal glands, of a clear red; the horns rough; short neck; pendent

dewlap not objectionable; full chest; broad shoulders; broad, level

back; large quarters; tail large and well set up; good legs, and sound

hoofs; with a firm, easy, regular gait; the head carried high, with a

look of boldness and decision, without in any degree approaching to

wildness or ferocity.

The _ewe_ should possess these characteristics generally, with such

modifications as are suited to the sex. Great care should be taken to

breed from such as are most perfect in all the essential points of

constitution, form, and size; and weight, uniformity, and fineness of

fleece. The closest observation is requisite, to select the best in all

respects.

In-and-in breeding should be avoided where practicable, which can be

done where there is a careful registry of the sheep through successive

generations. Excessive use of rams can never be permitted without

decided injury to them and their progeny. In Spain, four rams are

supplied to every hundred ewes. This limited number is proper enough,

where they undergo so much fatigue in travelling, and kept too, as they

are, entirely on grass. But if moderately grained before and during

their use, and especially if kept up, and allowed to serve the ewes once

only, as they come in heat, this number may be largely increased. A

vigorous ram will suffice for 35 to 40 ewes, when running with the

flock; yet his powers would not be more taxed by double or even treble

this number, if admitted to each but once. Bread is a convenient food

for the ram while running with the sheep. If he is gentle, which he

should always be, he will come up readily and eat from the hand, without

exciting the attention of the other sheep, which crowd, and not

unfrequently injure each other when grain is placed before him; or he

may be stabled at night and fed with grain.

If young ewes have stolen lambs, they should be taken away immediately

after yeaning, and the nourishment supplied to the lamb from the milk

of a cow. The tax of nursing is nearly equal to that of gestation, and

farther injury to the dam may be avoided by this practice. Merino ewes

have had the reputation of being indifferent nurses in Spain. This is

owing to their fatigue in travelling, and scanty pasturage, rather than

to any constitutional deficiency. It is a frequent practice there, to

kill a part of the lambs, and put one on to two ewes. This has never

been found necessary in the countries where they have been transplanted,

as generous feed for the dams has invariably been found entirely

adequate to their support of the young.

The localities in which Merino Sheep can be profitably kept in the

United States,

Are wherever the pastures are sweet and dry; the climate not excessively

hot; and the land not too valuable for other purposes. Wool is generally

the great object in the sheep husbandry of this country, and when sheep

farms are remote from the large markets, the Merino will make much the

most profitable returns. In the neighborhood of cities, where large and

fat sheep and early lambs bear a high price, the mutton sheep may be

substituted.

The South Down.

This valuable sheep has been known and bred for a long time on the

chalky downs of England, where it has always maintained the character of

a hardy animal, yielding a medium quality of wool, and furnishing mutton

of a superior flavor. It was not, however, till within the last 70

years, that any considerable attention was devoted to its improvement.

Since that period, its fine points have been remarkably developed, which

is shown in its improved size and form, and its early maturity and

productiveness. The late Mr. John Ellman, of England, was the first who

took them thoroughly in hand; and so eminent was his success, that he

founded a flock which has been the source whence all the best blood has

been since derived.

[Illustration: Fig. 23.

South Down Buck.]

The form and characteristics of the South Downs.

His criteria of a good South Down, are as follows:--"The head small and

hornless; the face speckled or gray, and neither too long nor too short.

The lips thin, and the space between the nose and the eyes narrow. The

under jaw, or chap, fine and thin; the ears tolerably wide, and well

covered with wool, and the forehead also, and the whole space between

the ears well protected by it, as a defence against the fly. The eye

full and bright, but not prominent. The orbits of the eye--the eye-cap,

or bone,--not too projecting, that it may not form a fatal obstacle in

lambing. The neck of a medium length, thin towards the head, but

enlarging towards the shoulders, where it should be broad and high, and

straight in its whole course above and below. The breast should be wide,

deep, and projecting forwards between the fore-legs, indicating a good

constitution, and a disposition to thrive. Corresponding with this, the

shoulders should be on a level with the back, and not too wide above;

they should bow outward from the top to the breast, indicating a

springing rib beneath, and leaving room for it. The ribs coming out

horizontally from the spine, and extending far backward, and the last

rib projecting more than the others; the back flat from the shoulders

to the setting on of the tail; the loin broad and flat; the rump long

and broad, and the tail set on high and nearly on a level with the

spine. The hips wide; the space between them and the last rib on either

side as narrow as possible, and the ribs, generally, presenting a

circular form like a barrel. The belly as straight as the back. The legs

neither too long nor too short. The fore-legs straight from the breast

to the foot; not bending inward at the knee, and standing far apart both

before and behind; the hocks having a direction rather outward, and the

twist, or the meeting of the thighs behind, being particularly full; the

bones fine, yet having no appearance of weakness, and of a speckled or

dark color. The belly well defended with wool, and the wool coming down

before and behind to the knee, and to the hock; the wool short, close,

curled, and fine, and free from spiry projecting fibres."

[Illustration: Fig. 24.

South Down Ewe.]

Other breeders have commenced where Ellman left off, and have apparently

pushed their improvement to its utmost capacity; and especially has this

been done by Messrs. Grantham and Webb, the latter of whom, while

preserving all the essential merits of the sheep, has carried the live

weight of breeding rams to 250 lbs., and well-fattened wethers to 200

lbs. dressed weight. Many of the choicest animals have been imported

into this country, and they are now to be found, in limited numbers, in

almost every state of the Union.

The wool was formerly short, and used only for cloths, flannels, &c. It

has been considerably lengthened in many of the late flocks, and with

the improvements in the combing machinery, is now much used in England

as a combing wool. The quantity produced is nearly equal to that of the

Merino flocks when well kept, varying, according to the size and style

of breeding, from 3 to 4 lbs. of clean washed wool, which in quality

does not differ materially from half-blood Merino, and sometimes rather

exceeds it. The larger animals, of course, produce fleeces of much

greater weight, sometimes reaching to 8 or 9 lbs. The South Down will

subsist on short pasture, but well repays full feeding. It attains early

maturity, is hardy and prolific, frequently producing two at a birth.

Like all highly-improved English breeds, it is not a long-lived sheep.

It may be considered in its prime at three. The wethers may be fattened

at 18 to 30 months, and the ewes at 3 to 5 years, when first required as

breeders. The last are sometimes allowed to come in with a lamb at a

year, but they cannot be sustained in vigor if put to breeding before

two.

The Cheviot

Is thus described by Blacklock: "They have a bare head, with a long jaw

and white face, but no horns. Sometimes they have a shade of gray upon

the nose, approaching to dark at the tip; at others, a tinge of lemon

color on the face, but these markings scarcely affect their value. The

legs are clean, long, and small-boned, and covered with wool to the

hough, but there is a sad want of depth at the breast, and of breadth

both there and on the chine. A fat carcass weighs from 12 lbs. to 18

lbs. per quarter, and a medium fleece about 3 lbs. The purest specimens

of this breed are to be found on the Scotch side of the Cheviot hills,

and on the high and stony mountain farms which lie between that range

and the sources of the Teviot. These sheep are a capital mountain stock,

provided the pasture resembles the Cheviot hills, in containing a good

proportion of rich herbage."

They are eminently adapted to high lands and a severe climate, though

less so than the Black-faced or Heath sheep of Scotland. They have

become an American sheep, by their repeated introduction into this

country. A late importation of several choice sheep was made by Mr.

Carmichael of New York. The wool on these is from 5 to 7 inches long,

coarse, but well suited to combing. Like the Downs, it has heretofore

been classed among the middle-wools, but these specimens would seem to

indicate that they are verging towards the long-wools.

The Bakewell or Leicester, the Cotswold and Lincolnshire,

Possess several qualities in common, and it is only a practiced eye that

can readily detect the difference. This resemblance arises from a

recent, common origin. They are all large and hornless; of a pure white;

with long, coarse, and heavy fleeces; excellent mutton sheep; coming

early to maturity, and capable of carrying enormous quantities of fat.

There have been from time immemorial numerous flocks of these large,

coarse-woolled sheep, existing in certain parts of England, under a

variety of names, and partaking of some slight peculiarity of features,

according to the district in which they are bred. Thus, besides those

above-mentioned, there were the Teeswater, the Romney-Marsh, the

Kentish, the Bampton, the Exmoor, &c., all of which were deficient in

form, slow-feeders, and late in coming to maturity.

Improvement of the Long-Wools.

The late Robert Bakewell first commenced a decided improvement with the

Leicesters, nearly a century since. He began by selecting the choicest

sheep in England, which possessed the essential qualities; and by

judicious feeding and management throughout, he soon brought them up to

a character widely differing from the original with which he started. So

eminent was his success, that in 1787 he let three rams, for a single

season, for 1250 pounds, (about $6,200,) and was offered 1050 pounds

(about $5,200) for 20 ewes. Soon after this, he received the enormous

price of 800 guineas, or $4,000, for the use of two-thirds of a ram for

one season, reserving the other third for himself.

[Illustration: Fig. 25.

Long-wool Buck.]

He reduced the bone and offal or worthless parts of the carcass, and

increased the weight of the valuable parts, and especially their

tendency to fatten and early maturity. This was effected mainly by a

nice discrimination, which has probably never been surpassed, if it has

ever been equalled. He selected medium sizes for the breed, with as much

evenness and perfection of form as possible, for he found that

excellence and profitable feeding qualities were seldom connected with

extra size, large bones, or imperfect form. He also observed the

disposition to fatten in individuals, and used only such as were

conspicuous in this respect. He relied more than all upon their quality

of _handling_ well, depending even more upon the elastic, mellow touch,

than upon the most symmetrical figure. He used only the choicest rams, a

little under size, while the ewes were of full medium weight. The

progeny were pushed with a full supply of nutritious food, and

systematically brought to early maturity.

Connected with this, was his practice of _in-and-in breeding_, or

breeding the parent upon the progeny, for several successive

generations, which had the tendency still further to refine the bone and

offal, and impress most effectually the desirable characteristics of the

race. It is even credibly asserted, that he produced rot in such of his

fattening sheep as he wished to mature early for the shambles, as in the

first stages of that loathsome disease the fat-secreting organs

accomplish their office more rapidly than in a state of perfect health;

and it at least secured them against breeding when they left his own

hands. It is certain, that Bakewell carried his refining system to such

an extent, as partially to destroy the procreative powers; and he was

subsequently obliged to introduce new animals, to reinvigorate and

continue his flock.

The general system of Bakewell, however, was attended with complete

success. He produced a race of animals, not only far beyond what England

had ever before seen, but which, in all the qualities he endeavored to

establish, have not been since exceeded; and his _improved Leicesters_

have come down to the present day as perfect as he left them, showing

conclusively, that he not only formed, but stamped the peculiarities of

the breed, with a permanence which yet bears witness to his genius. One

of these attained the enormous live weight of 368 lbs., and dressed 248

lbs.

The Cotswold and Lincolnshire.

Other breeders were not slow in following in Bakewell's footsteps with

different breeds, and the Cotswold and Lincolnshire especially, have

become the subjects of an equally decided improvement, while the errors

of Bakewell were entirely avoided. They possess a rather more desirable

robustness, approaching, in some few specimens, almost to coarseness, as

compared with the finest Leicesters; but they are more hardy and less

liable to disease. They attain as large a size, and yield as great an

amount of wool, of about the same value. These breeds scarcely differ

more from each other, than do flocks of a similar variety, which have

been separately bred for several generations. They are prolific, and

when well fed, the ewes will frequently produce two lambs at a birth,

for which they provide liberally from their udder till the time for

weaning. The weight of the fleece varies from 4 to 8 lbs. per head.

Peculiarity of long Wool and its Uses.

The striking peculiarity of the long-wools, is in the production of a

fleece, which is perfectly adapted, by its length and the absence of the

felting property, to the manufacture of worsted stuffs, bombazines,

mousseline de laines, &c. This is a branch of manufactures, for which we

had little material that was suitable, till the introduction of the

long-wools; and its rapid extension in the United States, within the

past few years, clearly shows that a large and increasing demand for

this kind of wool will continue at remunerating prices. Besides its uses

for combing, it is extensively manufactured into blankets, carpeting,

and many other fabrics.

Importation of Long-Wools.

Several of the Bakewells were imported during the last century; and many

flocks, containing some of the best specimens, have been introduced and

scattered over every section of the country. The largest of any single

importation of the long-wools, was made by Messrs. Corning & Sotham, in

1842, and immediately preceding, and consisted of 70 or 80 choice

Cotswolds.

Breeding the Long-Wools.

Some information on this subject will be found under the head of

_breeding Merinoes_, and _improvement of the Long-Wools_. The ram and

ewe should be selected from the best specimens of the breed which is to

be perpetuated. There are peculiarities of form or appearance in each,

which should be carefully observed. A _violent cross_ should never be

permitted for the purpose of perpetuation, as suggested under the head

of _principles of breeding_, in a previous chapter; such as between

those possessing totally opposite properties, as the Merino and

long-wools; and there is no conceivable advantage in mixing the

middle-wools, South Downs, &c., with either.

Lord Western has long experimented on the blending of the Merino and

long-wools, through several generations, without any well-defined

results, nor is it believed to be attainable. There is no evenness or

integrity of character, either in the animal or fleece, from such

mixtures; nor is it possible to foretel the character of progeny from

these bastard crosses. The general rule, that like begets like, will not

hold true here, for the animal comes large or small, with a long or

short fleece, fine or coarse, or intermixed; and this, too, is repeated

through numerous generations, when the immediate parents exhibit

properties altogether unlike the offspring, and which they derive from

some remote ancestry. This practice will do to produce lambs for the

butcher, as the consequence of a fresh cross is greater stamina and

thrift; and it is found that lambs thus bred attain an early and full

development. Thousands of such are annually bred on the banks of the

Hudson, Long Island, and around our large cities, and in the worst

possible way, as the large, coarse ram is used on the delicate Saxon

ewe; yet the lambs thrive and command a good price in the market, and

the owner is satisfied to pocket the result. But nothing could be more

absurd than to propagate from such progeny for any other purpose than to

make early and profitable mutton.

The mixture of breeds of similar character, is attended with the best

consequences. Such was the intermingling of the improved Leicesters with

the Cotswold and Lincolnshire, by which their former coarseness was

removed; and such was the use of the latter with the Leicesters, when

they became impotent and almost worthless, from over-refinement in

breeding. Good results have followed the mixture of the South and

Hampshire Downs. A marked improvement in the Merino in this country, has

been claimed by Mr. Jarvis and several others, from the mixture of the

various flocks, which for ages had been kept distinct in Spain; and the

same result is known to have followed a similar course with the

Rambouillet and Saxon flocks.

The ewe goes with young

About five months, varying from 145 to 162 days. Each flock-master will

of course determine what is the proper lambing time. For early market,

or when there are few sheep, and those well looked after, the lambs may

come while the ewes are in the yards, and provision can be made for

them, by placing such as are heavy in warm stalls. Both the dam and

young thus receive a closer attention than they would in the field; and

after a week's housing, in severe weather, the lamb may be turned out

into the dry yard, where he will suffer no more, apparently, than the

full-grown sheep.

But with large flocks, early lambing is attended with much trouble, and

it is generally avoided, by deferring it till the weather has become

more settled, and a full bite of grass will afford the dam a plentiful

supply of milk. Yet in this case, the young sheep must daily be under

the eye of the shepherd, who should see that they are well supplied with

food, and especially that they are brought under cover, in severe or

stormy weather.

_A ram will serve_ from 20 to 100 ewes in a season, according to his

age, health, feed, and management. A South Down or long-woolled lamb, of

7 or 8 months, is sometimes used; and when this is done, he should be

well fed, and allowed to run only with a very few ewes. If full-grown

rams are turned into a lean pasture to remain with the ewes, not less

than four should be put in for every hundred. But if a well-fed ram, in

full health and vigor, is kept up, and led out to the ewe as she comes

into heat, and allowed to serve her once only, he will suffice for one

hundred, without injury to himself or progeny. For this purpose, the ram

should be prepared, not by being fat, for this, neither he nor the ewe

should ever be; but by being fed with grain for a short time before, and

during the continuance of the season. The ewes are more likely to come

quickly into heat, and prove prolific, if lightly fed with stimulating

food at the time.

It is reasonably enough conjectured, that if procreation, and the first

period of gestation, takes place in cold weather, the f[oe]tus will

subsequently be fitted for the climate, which rules during the early

stages of its existence. If this be so, and it is certainly in

accordance with the laws of nature, fine-woolled sheep are most likely

to maintain their excellence, by deferring the connection of the male

till the commencement of cold weather; and in the Northern states, this

is done about the first of December, which brings the yeaning time in

the last of April or first of May, when the early grass will afford a

large supply and good quality of feed.

Winter Management and Food.

Sheep should be brought into winter-quarters soon after the severe

frosts occur, as these diminish the feed, and materially impair its

nutritious qualities. They ought also to be removed from the

grass-lands, before they become permanently softened by the rains, as

they will injuriously affect their comfort and health; and allowing them

to remain is equally objectionable, from their poaching the sod. If the

number be large when brought to the yards, they must be divided into

flocks of 50 to 100, according to the size of the yards and sheds. The

young and feeble ought to be separated from the others, and the ailing

ones placed by themselves; and that no one may suffer from the others,

all should be classed as uniformly as possible as to strength. The yards

must be dry, well supplied with a trough of fresh water, and with

comfortable sheds, to which they can retire when they choose.

Shelters.

These, in northern climates, are indispensable to profitable

sheep-raising, and in every latitude north of the Gulf of Mexico they

would be advantageous. There is policy as well as humanity in the

practice. An animal eats much less when thus protected; he is more

thrifty, less liable to disease, and his manure is richer and more

abundant. The feeding may be done in the open yard in clear weather, and

under cover in severe storms. The shelters for sheep are variously

constructed, to suit the taste or circumstances of the flock-master. A

sheep-barn, built upon a side hill, will afford two floors; one

underneath, surrounded by three sides of wall, should open to the south,

with sliding or swinging doors to guard against storms; and another may

be provided above, if the floors are perfectly tight, with proper

gutters to carry off the urine; and sufficient storage for the fodder

can be furnished by scaffolds overhead. Or they may be constructed with

twelve or fifteen feet posts on level ground, allowing the sheep to

occupy the lower part, with the fodder stored above.

In all cases, however, _thorough ventilation should be provided_, for of

the two evils of exposure to cold or too great privation of air, the

former is to be preferred. Sheep cannot long endure close confinement

without injury. In all ordinary weather, a shed closely boarded on three

sides, with a tight roof, is sufficient protection; especially, if the

open side is shielded from bleak winds, or leads into a well-enclosed

yard. If the floors above are used for storage, they should be made

tight, that no hay, chaff, or dust can fall upon the fleece.

Racks or Mangers.

These are indispensable to economical feeding. If the hay is fed on the

ground, the leaves and seeds, the most valuable part of the fodder, are

almost wholly lost; and when wet, the sheep, in their restlessness while

feeding, will tread much of it into the mud. To make an economical box

or rack, take six light pieces of scantling, say three inches square,

one for each corner, and one for the centre of each side. Boards of pine

or hemlock, 12 or 15 feet long and 12 or 14 inches wide, may then be

nailed on to the bottom of the posts for the sides, which are separated

by similar boards at the ends, 21/2 feet long. Boards 12 inches wide,

raised above the lower ones by a space of 9 to 12 inches, are nailed on

the sides and ends, which completes the rack. The edges of the opening

should be made perfectly smooth, to prevent chafing or tearing out the

wool. The largest dimensions above given, are suitable for the large

breeds, and the smallest for the Saxon, and still smaller are proper for

their lambs. These should be set on dry ground, or under the sheds, and

they can easily be removed wherever necessary.

Some prefer the racks made with slats, or smooth, upright sticks, in the

form of the usual horse-rack. There is no objection to this, but it

should always be accompanied by a board trough affixed to the bottom, to

catch the fine hay which falls in feeding. These may be attached to the

side of a building, or used double. A small lamb requires fifteen inches

of space, and a large sheep two feet, for quiet, comfortable feeding;

and at least this amount of room should be provided around the racks for

every sheep.

Troughs.

They may be variously constructed. The most economical are made with two

boards of any convenient length, ten to twelve inches wide. Nail the

lower side of one upon the edge of the other, fastening both into a two

or three inch plank, fifteen inches long and a foot wide, notched in

its upper edge in the form required.

Food.

There is no better food for sheep, than well-ripened, sound, timothy

hay; though the clovers, and nearly all the cultivated grasses, may be

advantageously fed. Bean and pea straw are valuable, and especially the

former, which, if properly cured, they prefer to the best hay; and it is

well adapted to the production of wool. All the other straws furnish a

good food, and sheep will thrive on them without hay, when fed with

roots or grain.

Roots ought to be given them occasionally for a change, and especially

to the ewes after lambing, if this occurs before putting them on to

fresh pasture. They keep the stomach properly distended, the appetite

and general health good; and they render their winter forage nearly

equal to their summer feed.

Much grain is not suited to store-sheep. It is too rich, and should be

given sparingly except to the lambs, the old ewes, or feeble sheep, or

to restore the rams after hard service. For the above purposes, oats are

the best; and if any other grain, beans or peas are given, it should be

in small quantities. When there is a deficiency of hay and roots, grain

may be used with straw.

The flock ought to be so fed as to receive the same amount of

nourishment throughout every part of the year. The evenness and value of

the fleece depends much upon this. When the amount of nutrition is

great, the wool-secreting organs are distended, and the fibre becomes

enlarged; when limited, they necessarily contract, and the fibre is

small. This produces a want of trueness, which the experienced stapler

readily detects, and which he does not fail to estimate against the

value of the fleece.

Sheep ought to have a full supply of salt, and if accessible, sulphur,

ashes, tar, and clay would frequently be nibbled by them when their

stomach required either. Pine or hemlock boughs are a good substitute

for tar, and afford a most healthful change in the winter-food of sheep.

Entire cleanliness and dryness are also essential to the health of the

flock. The smaller sizes of the Saxon may be well sustained on two

pounds of hay, but larger sheep will consume from three and a half to

four, or even five pounds per day. Sheep, like all other animals when

exposed to cold, will consume much more than if well protected, or than

during a warmer season.

The Care of the Ewes with Young

Is an important consideration, as the lamb is sometimes the only profit

yielded by the flock; for when fodder is high, or wool low, the fleece

will barely pay for the food and attention. Pregnant ewes require the

same food as at all other times; but caution is necessary to prevent

injury or abortion, which is often the result of excessive fat,

feebleness, or disease. The first may be remedied by blood-letting and

spare diet; and both the last by restored health and generous food.

Sudden fright, as from dogs or strange objects; long or severe journeys;

great exertions; unwholesome food; blows in the region of the f[oe]tus,

and some other causes, produce abortion.

Yeaning.

Most flocks are turned into the pasture before yeaning time, and the ewe

is then left to nature, which is a good practice, if she is healthy and

the weather good. But a larger number of lambs will be reared by a

careful oversight of the ewes, and the use of proper precautions. As

their time approaches, which may be known by the springing of the udder

and the enlargement of the natural parts, they should be put by

themselves at night, in a warm stable or with others in the same

condition, and well looked after, late and early in the day.

They seldom need any assistance, nor should any be rendered, except in

case of wrong presentation, or feebleness in expelling the f[oe]tus. In

the former case, the shepherd may apply his thumb and finger, after

oiling, to push back the young, and assist in gently turning it till the

nose and fore-feet appear and for the latter, only the slightest aid

should be rendered, and that to help the throes of the dam.

Management of Lambs.

When lambing in the field, only a few should be together, as the young

sometimes get changed, and the dams refuse to own them. This difficulty

is generally obviated, by holding the ewe till the lamb has sucked two

or three times; or they may be shut up together, and the lamb rubbed

with a little fine salt. The lamb does not require nourishment for some

hours after its birth; but if the dam refuse to lick it as soon as it

appears, it must be carefully wiped dry. If the weather be cold and the

lamb is dropped in the field, the shepherd should be furnished with

large pockets or a well-lined basket, in which it must be placed till

the ewe is brought to the shed.

After the first day or two, the udders ought to be completely drained of

their milk by the hand, so as to prevent swollen or caked bag. In case

of deficiency of milk, the lamb may be supplied from a new milch cow, by

means of a sucking-bottle with an air vent, or it may draw a part of its

nourishment from another ewe, which can be held while the lamb is

sucking.

It is sometimes necessary to substitute a foster-mother, in which case,

the ewe may be made to own the lamb, by milking from her udder over the

lamb and under his tail, rubbing it on well; or rub the adopted lamb

with the entrails and contents of the stomach of the dead lamb, or cover

it with the skin. If the ewe proves a bad nurse, or it is desirable to

bring the lambs forward rapidly, they may be early taught to eat boiled

oats or other grain, cabbage, roots, and tender hay. Lambs should be

well fed, as this is important to produce size, constitution, and

perfection of form.

The ewes and their young ought to be divided into small flocks, and have

a frequent change of pasture. Some careful shepherds adopt the plan of

confining their lambs, and allow them to suck two or three times a day;

by which they suffer no fatigue, and thrive much faster. But this is

troublesome and injurious, as the exercise is essential to the health

and constitution of the lamb intended for rearing. It is admissible only

when they are wanted for an early market, and by those who rear them for

this purpose, it is a common practice.

Castrating and Docking Lambs.

After selecting enough of the choicest rams for stock-getters, the

castrating may be performed at any time between two and six weeks old,

when the lamb is in good health. A cool day should be chosen; or if

warm, it must be done early in the morning. The best method is for one

person to hold the lamb firmly between his legs, on an inclined plank

upon which he rests, while another with a sharp knife cuts off about

two-thirds of the lower part of the scrotum. The testicles are then

drawn out till the spermatic cord is reached, which is divided by the

thumb nail; or it is pulled out and cut with a sharp knife. It is

sometimes done by simply opening the scrotum, when the testicles and

spermatic cord are jerked out. The wound should then be rinsed with cold

water, after which apply lard.

The operation of docking is by many deferred till a late period, from

apprehension of too much loss of blood; but if the weather be favorable,

and the lamb in good condition, it may be performed at this time with

the least trouble and without injury. The tail should be laid upon the

plank, the person holding him in the same position as before. With one

hand he draws the skin towards the body, while the other person, with a

two-inch chisel and mallet, strikes it off at a blow, between the bone

joints, leaving it one and a half to two inches long. The skin

immediately slips back over the wound and is soon healed. Ewe lambs

should be docked closer than the rams. To prevent flies and maggots, and

assist in healing, it is well to apply an ointment composed of lard and

tar, in the proportions of four pounds of the former to one quart of the

latter. This is also a good application for the scrotum. The lambs

should be carefully protected from cold and wet till they are perfectly

well.

Tagging, or Clatting,

Is the removal of such wool as is liable to get fouled, when the sheep

are turned on to the fresh pastures, and of course it should be done

just before leaving their winter quarters. It is most easily

accomplished by placing the animal on a low table, and then holding it

as in shearing, till the operation is performed. All the wool near the

extremity of the sheath, and the scrotum of the males; from the udder of

the ewes; and from below the dock, the inside of the thighs, and the

legs of the sheep, should be removed.

Summer Management.

As soon as the warm weather approaches, and the grass appears, sheep

become restive and impatient for the pasture. This instinct should be

repressed till the ground has become thoroughly dry, and the grass has

acquired substance. They ought, moreover, to be provided for the change

of food, by the daily use of roots for a few days before turning out. It

would also check the tendency to excessive purging, which is induced by

the first spring feed, if they were housed at night, and fed for the

first few days with a little sound, sweet hay. They must be provided

with pure water, salt, &c., as in winter, for though they may sometimes

do tolerably well without either, yet thrift and freedom from disease

are cheaply secured by this slight attention.

Dry, sweet pastures, and such as abound in aromatic and bitter plants,

are best suited for sheep-walks. No animal, with the exception of the

goat, crops so great a variety of plants. They eat many which are

rejected by the horse and the ox, and which are even essential to their

own wants. In this respect, they are valuable assistants to the

husbandman, as they feed greedily on wild mustard, burdocks, thistles,

marsh-mallows, milkweed, and various other offending plants; and the

Merino exceeds the more recent breeds in the variety of his selections.

Many prepare artificial pastures for their flocks. This may be done with

a number of plants. Winter rye, or wheat sown early in the season, may

be fed off in the fall, without injury to the crop; and in the following

spring, the rye may be pastured till the stalks shoot up and begin to

form a head. This affords an early and nutritious food. Corn may be sown

broadcast, or thickly in drills, and either fed off in the fields, or

cut and carried to the sheep in their folds. White mustard is a valuable

crop for this purpose.

To give sheep sufficient variety, it would be better to divide their

range into smaller ones, and change them as often at least as once a

week. They seek a favorite resting-place, on a dry, elevated part of the

field, which soon becomes soiled. By removing them from this for a few

days, rains will cleanse, or the sun dry it, so as again to make it

suitable for them. More sheep may be kept, and in better condition,

where this practice is adopted, than where they are confined to the same

pasture.

Washing Sheep.

In most of that portion of the Union north of 40 deg., the washing is

performed from the middle of May till the first of June, according to

the season and climate. When the streams are _hard_, which is frequently

the case in limestone regions, it is better to do this immediately after

an abundant rain, by which the lime derived from the springs is

proportionally lessened. The practice of a large majority of our

farmers, is to drive their sheep to the washing-ground early in the

morning on a warm day, leaving the lambs behind. The sheep are confined

on the bank of the stream by a temporary enclosure; from which they are

taken, and if not too heavy, are carried into water sufficiently deep to

prevent their touching bottom. They are then washed, by gently squeezing

the fleece with the hands, after which they are led ashore, and as much

of the water pressed out as possible before letting them go, as the

great weight retained in the wool frequently staggers and throws them

down.

A good practice is to lead the sheep into the water and saturate the

fleece, after which they are taken ashore. When they commence

_steaming_, they are again led into the water, and washed clean. This

insures thorough cleansing, where the water is pure. Others make use of

a boat, one end of which rests on a bold shore, and the other is in deep

water. The operator stands in the boat and plunges the animal over the

side, when the washing is performed. It is sometimes done by sinking a

tight hogshead or large box in the water, with heavy weights, in which a

man stands, and the sheep are brought or led to him by another person,

who walks on a platform reaching from the bank to the hogshead. Either

of the last methods obviates the necessity of standing for a long time

in water, by which colds, rheumatism, &c. are frequently contracted. In

parts of Germany, and sometimes in this country, sheep are forced to

swim across a narrow stream several times, by which the fleece is

tolerably cleaned, if all the water be pressed out when they get to the

land. The yolk being a saponaceous compound, and not an oily matter as

is generally supposed, it readily combines with the water and passes out

of the wool.

An excellent practice, when streams are not convenient, is to lead a

small ripple of soft water into a tub. To this, a little soap is added,

after which the sheep are immersed and thoroughly cleansed. Perfect

whiteness and purity of the fleece is readily secured afterwards, by

throwing over the sheep a jet of water. This practice has a good effect,

in preventing or removing cutaneous disorders, and destroying ticks or

other vermin.

Many judicious farmers object to washing sheep, from its tendency to

produce colds and catarrhal affections, to which sheep are particularly

subject; but it cannot well be dispensed with, as the wool is always

more saleable, and if carefully done, need not be attended with injury.

Warm settled weather, however, is indispensable to washing with safety

to the general health of the sheep.

Fig. 26 shows a ewe, with lines indicating the usual method of sorting

wool; number 1 indicating the refina or picklock; 2 and 3, the second

and third qualities.

[Illustration: Fig. 26.

Wool Sorting]

Shearing.

The manner of shearing varies with almost every district; but as this is

an art to be acquired under a skilful master, we shall omit particular

details on the subject. First clip all the tags and filth, if any

remains or has been accumulated after the tagging in the spring; then

take off the fleece and spread it with the outside uppermost on a smooth

bench or table, and push the wool carefully together, to render it more

compact; double the sides over to the centre; throw the clean loose

locks into the middle, and roll together from each end. This makes a

smooth, dense package, which is secured by passing a stout twine one or

more times around the sides and ends. All the wool from the extremities,

should be closely sheared and saved by itself, before dismissing the

sheep, but not put up with choice fleeces.

_If wounds are made_, which is sometimes the case with unskilful

operators, a mixture of tar and grease ought to be applied. After

shearing, such horns and hoofs as are likely to be troublesome, should

be sawed and pared.

The _branding_, or _marking_, is essential to distinguish them from

other flocks, and this is done on the shoulder, side, or buttock. A

brush or marking-iron is used for this purpose, with paint made of

lampblack, to which a little spirits of turpentine is first added, and

then diluted with linseed or lard oil.

If the weather be cool, and especially, if severe storms occur after

washing or shearing, the flock should be housed. If sultry, they should

have a cool, shady retreat, where they will be shielded from the flies

and the heat. Blisters and permanent injury to the skin and fleece, are

frequently the result of such exposure. Shade trees in their pastures,

contribute much to the comfort of sheep, when exposed to a blazing sun.

A close examination of the skin should be made at shearing, for the

detection of disease or vermin.

For remedies, see article _diseases_.

Smearing or Salving Sheep

Is a custom little practised in this country. For cold, elevated, and

bleak exposures, it may be necessary, and it is, therefore, generally

adopted in Scotland. The object is, to prevent cutaneous diseases and

vermin, and furnish additional warmth and protection to the fleeces of

such breeds as are deficient in yolk. It is usually performed in the

latter part of October, but is sometimes done immediately after

shearing.

The mixture or salve consists of tar and butter or grease, in different

proportions; 1 gallon of the former to 12, or sometimes 20 lbs. of the

latter; the greater proportion of tar being required for the younger

sheep, or for more exposed situations. The grease is melted over the

fire, and the tar stirred in, and when sufficiently cool, it is applied

to the whole body of the sheep, by carefully parting the wool and

rubbing it on the skin with the fingers. The above quantity is

sufficient for 30 or 50 sheep, according to their size and the character

of the wool.

This application is not required for fine-woolled sheep, whose fleeces

are more appropriately protected by a natural secretion of yolk; and it

is better to omit it in all cases, where the health and comfort of the

animal do not render it absolutely essential. Mr. Stewart, an

experienced Scotch shepherd, uses only tallow and train oil, mixed in

equal proportions. He asserts, that the improvement in the growth and

quality of the wool is at least one-third, and it materially benefits

the condition of the sheep.

Weaning.

The lambs may be weaned from 31/2 to 4 months old. They should be put upon

rich, sweet feed, but not too luxuriant; while the dams are turned upon

the poorest, and so remote from their young, as to be out of sight and

hearing. The ewes ought to be carefully examined after a day or two, and

if necessary, the milk removed with the hand. If it continues to

accumulate, the ewe may be fed on hay for a few days.

When thoroughly dried off, they should have the best fare, to enable

them to recover condition for subsequent breeding and wintering. The

fall is a critical period to lose flesh, either for sheep or lambs; and

if any are found deficient, they should be at once provided with extra

feed and attention. If cold weather overtakes them poor or in

ill-health, they will scarcely outlive it; or if by chance they survive,

their emaciated carcass, impaired constitution, and scant fleece, will

ill repay the food and attention they will have cost.

The time for taking Sheep from the Pastures.

This must depend on the state of the weather and food. Severe frosts

destroy much of the nutriment in the grasses, and they soon after cease

to afford adequate nourishment. Long exposure to cold storms, with such

food to sustain them, will rapidly reduce their condition. The only safe

rule is to transfer them to their winter-quarters the first day they

cease to thrive abroad.

Drafting the Flock,

For the purpose of ridding it of the supernumeraries, should be done at

an earlier day. Such of the wethers as have attained their prime, and

those ewes that have passed it, ought to be withdrawn soon after

shearing, provided with the best feed, and rapidly fitted for the

shambles. If they have been properly pushed on grass, they will be in

good flesh by the time they are taken from it; and if not intended for

stall-feeding, the sooner they are then disposed of the better.

Stall-Feeding.

This will be lost on an ill-shaped, unthrifty beast. The perfection of

form and health, and the uniform good condition, which characterize the

thrifty one, indicate too plainly to be misunderstood, those which will

best repay the care of their owner. The selection of any indifferent

animal for stall-fattening, whether cattle or sheep, will inevitably be

attended with loss. Such ought to be got rid of when first brought from

the pasture, for the most they will bring.

Management of Sheep for the Prairies.

When destined for the prairies, sheep ought to commence their journey as

early after shearing as possible. They are then disencumbered of their

fleece, and do not catch and retain as much dust, as when driven later.

Feed is also generally better, and the roads are dry and hard. Young and

healthy sheep should be selected, with early lambs; or if the latter are

too young, and the distance great, they should be left and the ewes

dried off. A large wagon ought to accompany the flock, to carry such as

occasionally give out; or they may be disposed of whenever they become

enfeebled. With good care, a hardy flock may be driven at the rate of 12

or 14 miles a day. Constant watchfulness is requisite, to keep them

healthy and in good plight. One-half the expense of driving, may be

saved by the use of well-trained shepherd-dogs.

When arrived at their destination, they must be thoroughly washed, to

free them from all dirt, and closely examined as to any diseases they

may have contracted, which, if discovered, should be promptly removed. A

variety of suitable food and good shelter must be provided, for the

autumn, winter, and spring ensuing, and every necessary attention given

them. This would be necessary if indigenous to the country; how much

more so, when they have just undergone a campaign, to which neither they

nor their race have been accustomed!

Sheep cannot be kept on the prairies without much care, artificial food,

and proper attention; and from a false system of economy, hitherto

attempted by many, losses have occurred from disease and mortality in

the flocks, sufficient to have made ample provision for the comfort and

security of twice the number lost. More especially do they require

proper food and attention, after the first severe frosts set in, which

wither and kill the natural grasses. By nibbling at the _fog_, (the

frostbitten, dead grass,) they are inevitably subject to constipation,

which a bountiful supply of roots, sulphur, &c., is alone sufficient to

remove.

Roots, grain, and good hay; straw, or corn-stalks, pea or bean vines,

are essential to the preservation of their health and thrift during the

winter, everywhere north of 39 deg.. In summer, the natural herbage is

sufficient to sustain them in fine condition, till they shall have

acquired a denser population of animals, when it will be found necessary

to stock their meadows with the best varieties of artificial grasses.

The prairies seem adapted to the usual varieties of sheep introduced

into the United States; and of such are the flocks made up, according to

the taste or judgment of the owners. Shepherd-dogs are invaluable to the

owners of flocks, in those unfenced, illimitable ranges, both as a

defence against the small prairie-wolf, which prowls around the sheep,

but which are rapidly thinning off by the settlers; and also as

assistants to the shepherds in driving and herding their flocks on the

open ground.

DISEASES OF SHEEP.

The dry and healthful climate, the rolling surface, and the sweet and

varied herbage, which generally prevail in the United States, insure

perfect health to an originally sound and well-selected flock, unless

peculiarly exposed to disease. No country is better suited to sheep,

than most of the northern and some of the southern parts of our own. In

Europe, and especially in England, where the system of management is

necessarily in the highest degree artificial, consisting frequently in

early and continued forcing the system, folding on wet, plowed grounds,

and the excessive use of that watery food, the Swedes turnip, there are

numerous and fatal diseases. Hence the long list which lumbers the pages

of foreign writers on sheep.

The most destructive of these are the rot, and epidemics which are

scarcely known in America, except by report. The diseases incident to

our flocks may generally be considered as casualties, rather than as

inbred, or necessarily arising from the quality of food, or from local

causes. It may be safely asserted, that with a dry pasture, well stocked

with varied and nutritious grasses; a clear, running stream; sufficient

shade and protection against severe storms; a constant supply of salt,

tar, and sulphur in summer; good hay, and sometimes roots, with ample

shelters in winter; young sheep, originally sound and healthy, will

seldom or never get diseased on American soil.

The few diseases which it may be necessary here to mention, will be

treated in the simplest manner. Remedies of general application, to be

administered often by the unskilful and ignorant, must neither be

elaborate nor complicated; and, if expensive, the lives of most sheep

would be dearly purchased by their application.

A sheep which the owner has reared or purchased at the ordinary price,

is the only domestic animal which can die without material loss to its

owner. The wool and pelt will, in most instances, repay its cost, while

the carcasses of other animals will be worthless except for manure. The

loss of sheep from occasional disease, will leave the farmer's pocket in

a very different condition from the loss of an equal value in horses or

cattle. Yet humanity, equally with interest, dictates the use of such

simple remedies for the removal of suffering and disease, as may be

within reach.

Diarrh[oe]a or Scours,

When light and not long continued, calls for no remedy. It is a

healthful provision of nature for the more rapid expulsion of some

offending matter in the system, which, if retained, might lead to

disease. It is generally owing to improper food, as bad hay or noxious

weeds; to a sudden change, as from dry food to fresh grass; or to an

excess, as from overloading the stomach; and sometimes, from cold and

wet.

The _remedies_ are obvious.

Change to suitable food in the first two cases; enforce abstinence after

repletion; and provide warm, dry shelter, with light diet, if owing to

the latter causes.

When severe or long continued, a dose of castor oil may be given, and

after its operation, give four grains of opium and one ounce chalk, and

put them on dry food. Wheat-bran or shorts, and oat-meal or flaxseed

ground, are both good for ailing lambs and sheep; as are also ripe oats

or wheat, fed in the sheaf, with well cured, sweet hay, and plenty of

salt. Fresh boughs of the juniper, or pine and hemlock, help to check

the disorder.

_Looseness in the larger lambs_ is prevented by having chalk within

their reach; or if they refuse it, administer it in their food. When it

happens soon after birth, place it with the ewe in a warm place, and

feed the latter with plenty of oats, or other sound grain. If the milk

be deficient, give the lamb cow's milk scalded, or let it suck the cow.

The tail is sometimes glued on to the buttocks, while the scours

continue. Separate it immediately by the use of warm water, and rub the

parts with dry loam or clay.

Dysentery.

This is a different and frequently a fatal disease, but resembles the

former in its general symptoms. It is owing to prolonged diarrh[oe]a,

unwholesome or meager food, and other causes. Bleeding and physic should

be resorted to, after which give warm, nourishing gruel.

Hoven.

_For description and remedies, see hoven in cattle._

Braxy.

This is manifested by uneasiness, loathing of food, frequent drinking,

carrying the head down, drawing the back up, swollen belly, feverish

symptoms, and avoidance of the flock. It appears mostly in late autumn

and spring, and may be induced by exposure to severe storms, plunging in

water when hot, and especially by constipation brought on by feeding on

frostbitten, putrid, or indigestible herbage.

_Remedies_ are not often successful, unless promptly applied. Bleed

freely, and to effect this, in consequence of the stagnant state of the

blood, immersion in a tub of hot water may be necessary. Then give two

ounces Epsom salts, dissolved in warm water, with a handful of common

salt.

If this is unsuccessful, give a clyster made with a pipe-full of

tobacco, boiled for a few minutes in a pint of water. Administer half,

and if this is not effectual, follow with the remainder. Then bed the

animal in dry straw and cover with blankets, and assist the purgatives

with warm gruels, followed by laxative provender till

well.--(_Blacklock._) Thousands of sheep have died on the prairies from

braxy, induced by exposure and miserable forage. Entire prevention is

secured by warm, dry shelters, and nutritious, digestible food.

Costiveness.

This is removed by giving two tablespoonfuls of castor oil every twelve

hours, till the difficulty is removed; or give one ounce Epsom salts.

This may be assisted by an injection of warm, weak suds and molasses.

Stretches.

Sheep sometimes stretch out their noses on the ground, and around their

sides, as if in severe pain. This may be caused by an involution of one

part of the intestine within another. When owing to this cause, the

difficulty is frequently removed by jerking the animal by the hind-legs

several times, when the pain disappears.

But it is generally occasioned by _costiveness_, which see above. This

may be prevented by using green food, roots, &c., once a week, or by

allowing them to browse on the evergreens, pines, hemlock, and firs.

Poison,

From laurel and other plants, is cured by pouring a gill of melted lard

down the throat, or boil for an hour the twigs of the white ash, and

give half to one gill of the strong liquor immediately; to be repeated

if not successful.

Inflammation of the Lungs.

This is produced by improper exposure to cold and wet. The remedy for

slight affections, is warm, dry shelter, and light food. When severe,

resort must be had to bleeding and purging freely, then to light bran or

linseed mashes.

Rot.

This sometimes causes the death of a million of sheep in a single year

in England, yet it is a disease almost unknown in this country. Foreign

authorities ascribe it entirely to excessive humidity of climate, wet

pastures, or too watery food.

The preventives are therefore obvious. After the use of dry food and dry

bedding, one of the best is the abundant use of pure salt. In violent

attacks, early bleeding, followed by a dose of two ounces Epsom salts,

to be repeated if necessary, with a change of diet and location, is all

that can be done.

Foot-Rot.

This is frequently a prevalent disease among American sheep. It is

sometimes spontaneous, but more often produced by contagion. In the

former case, it is caused by soft, rich, or moist pastures. A dry

gravelly or rocky range, will of course be an effectual preventive when

owing to this cause.

The disorder is communicated by the absorbents of the foot coming in

contact with the suppuration which has been left on the ground from the

diseased part. Absolute safety against this contagion is secured only by

a total avoidance of the walks of the infected animals, till repeated

rains, or what is better, frosts, have disarmed the virus of its

malignity.

_Remedies_ are variously compounded, of blue vitriol, verdigris, tar,

spirits of turpentine, alum, saltpetre, salt, lime, copperas,

white-lead, antimony, alcohol, urine, vinegar, &c., all of which have

proved effectual.

The hoof should first be pared and thoroughly scraped. Then apply a wash

made of three parts of blue vitriol, one of verdigris pulverized finely,

with scalding (not boiling) vinegar; stirring briskly till it is of the

consistence of thin cream, and put it upon the affected part with a

paint brush. It is a good preventive, to apply this to the sound feet of

the affected animal.

Another remedy is to use spirits of turpentine after scraping; and if

the disease is of long standing, add to the turpentine a strong

decoction of blue vitriol dissolved in water. The foot should be

examined every week, and the remedy repeated till perfect soundness is

restored.

A feather dipped in muriatic or nitric acid, and applied to the parts

after scraping and cleansing, is a good remedy. When put upon the soles

of _foot-sore_ sheep, it hardens the hoofs, and enables them to travel

better.

Sheep are sometimes cured by keeping them on a dry surface, and driving

over a barn-floor daily, which is well covered with quicklime. It may

also be cured by dryness, and repeated washing with soap-suds.

The above ailment should not be confounded with a temporary soreness, or

inflammation of the hoof, occasioned by the irritation from the long,

rough grasses which abound in low situations, which is removed with the

cause; or if it continues, apply white paint or tar, after thorough

washing.

Corrosion of the Flesh by Flies or Maggots,

May be cured by first removing the vermin; then wash with Castile soap

and warm soft water, after which apply white-lead with linseed oil. Tar

put on the festering wound corrodes it; but this, or spirits of

turpentine placed on the sound parts near it, keep off the flies by

their strong effluvia.

If the wound be slight, and the weather moderate, apply a little spirits

of turpentine with a strong decoction of elder bark.

Flies on Sheep

May be prevented by smearing with a composition made of two pounds lard

or soft grease, one pound sulphur, half pint oil of amber, or oil of

tar, or tar alone. A small spoonful is sufficient for a sheep.--_Genesee

Farmer._

Protection from the Gad-Fly.

In July, August, and September, in the Northern states, the _gad-fly_

(_[OE]stus ovis_) attacks the nostrils of the sheep, and there deposites

its eggs, which, on being hatched, immediately crawl up and make a

lodgment in the head. They are frequently repelled by laying a thick

coat of tar on the bottom of the troughs, and sprinkling it with salt.

The smell of the tar adhering to the nose will drive off the fly. A more

effectual remedy is to apply it thoroughly with a brush to the external

part of the nose.

If a few furrows of loose earth are turned up in their pastures, the

sheep will hold their noses to them, and thus keep off the fly.

The symptoms of grubs in the head, are drooping of the head and ears,

discharge of bloody and watery matter from the nostrils, and loss of

strength in the limbs.

If worms have made a lodgment, take half a pound of good Scotch snuff,

and two quarts boiling water: stir, and let it stand till cold. Inject

about a tablespoonful of this liquid and sediment up each nostril, with

a syringe. Repeat this three or four times at intervals, from the middle

of October till January: the grubs are then small, and will not have

injured the sheep. The efficacy of the snuff will be increased, by

adding half an ounce assaf[oe]tida, pounded in a little water. The

effect on the sheep is immediate prostration and apparent death, but

they will soon recover. A decoction of tobacco will afford a substitute

for snuff.--_N. Eng. Far._

Blacklock's remedy is, to half fill the bowl of a pipe with tobacco,

light it, and then hold the sheep, while a person inserts the stem some

distance into the nostril, and blows a few whiffs into the nose. The

operation is then repeated with the other nostril.

Swollen Mouth

Is sometimes fatal. It is said to be cured by daubing the lips and mouth

plentifully with tar.--_Albany Cultivator._

Foul Noses.

Dip a small swab into tar, then roll in salt. Put some on the nose, and

compel the sheep to swallow a small quantity.--_American Far._

A disease indicated by drooping, running at the eyes, weakness in the

back and loins, inability to use the hind legs, was removed by turning

the sheep into a pasture containing lobelia, (_Indian tobacco._) Dried

lobelia was also given, and produced the same effect.--_Cultivator._

Scab.

This loathsome disease, to which fine-woolled sheep are particularly

liable, is caused, like itch in the human subject, by a small insect, a

species of the _acari_. It is first manifest by the rubbing of the

sheep, and soon after by one or more tufts of wool, which is loosened at

the roots. On feeling the skin, a hard, dry tumor is perceptible. To

prevent contagion, remove the infected sheep to a separate pasture or

yard as soon as discovered.

_Remedies._--The Spanish shepherds dissolve a little salt in their

mouth, and drop it upon the infected part.

When the tumor has become enlarged, the wool should be removed closely

to the skin, the scab scraped with a curry-comb, then wash with strong

soap-suds or ley, and afterwards rub thoroughly with sulphur or

brimstone, mixed with lard or grease.

An effectual remedy is prepared by taking one pound of tobacco, which

add to 12 quarts ley from wood ashes of sufficient strength for washing,

and four quarts urine; to this add another mixture of a gill high-wines;

1/4 oz. camphor; 1/4 oz. Spanish brown, and 1/2 gill spirits of turpentine. A

small quantity of this applied to the sore will never fail.

Immediately after shearing, scab may readily be cured by immersing the

sheep, (excepting the head,) in a strong decoction of tobacco liquor,

adding a gill of spirits of turpentine for the first, and making a

slight addition of fresh liquid for each sheep, enough to keep up the

strength of the tobacco and turpentine, and taking care to rub the

affected part thoroughly. For lambs, this liquor should be diluted, but

yet left strong enough to kill ticks in one or two minutes, which may be

ascertained by experiment.

Scab is also removed by using a composition of one pound plug tobacco to

three gallons of water, with lime-water and oil of vitriol added; or a

decoction of hellebore with vinegar, sulphur, and spirits of

turpentine.--(_H. D. Grove._)

Scab is propagated more by using the same rubbing posts, than by contact

with each other. Sheep in low condition are more subject to it than

others.

Ticks and Lice

Sometimes infest sheep. Good feeding and shelter is a partial

preventive, but when they have made their lodgment, they must be dipped

in a decoction of tobacco water. The most effectual time for their

destruction, is a few days after shearing, when they will have left the

naked bodies of the old ewes, to hide in the fleeces of the lambs. The

dipping in tobacco water, with the addition of a small quantity of

turpentine, is an effectual remedy.

After dipping the sheep or lambs, the liquor should be pressed out from

the wool, upon an inclined plane, so arranged as again to run into the

vessel.

Pelt-rot

Will be recognised as one of the staple diseases of our _native sheep_,

described on page 89. The wool in this case falls off, leaving the sheep

partially or almost wholly naked; but this is not accompanied with

soreness or apparent disease. The animal must be provided with a warm

stall and generous feed, and the naked skin should be anointed with tar

and grease. The preventive is good keeping and shelter.

Staggers or Sturdy, and Water in the Head,

Sometimes affect sheep, but more especially lambs under a year old. The

first is caused by the _hydatid_. It is considered as an almost

incurable disorder, but is sometimes removed by trepanning.

Chancellor Livingston carefully supplied two thus attacked, with food

for three months, when nature effected a cure. Removal to dry lands and

purging, is a good precaution when they are first taken.

An English lad lately cured one which had been given up, by boring with

a gimlet into the soft place on the head, when the water rushed out, and

the sheep immediately followed the others to the pasture. A

correspondent of the Albany Cultivator asserts, that 1/2 a pint of melted

lard poured down the throat, will cure blind staggers in ten minutes.

Abortion

Occurs sometimes, and is usually caused by excessive fright or exertion,

and sometimes by severe exposure and poor feed. It is seldom fatal,

except to the lamb.

The Uterus

Is occasionally protruded after lambing. It should be immediately

returned, first washing it in warm milk and water, if any dirt adheres

to it. For this, the hand only should be used. After rubbing it with

lard or oil, hold up the hind legs, and gently replace the protruded

parts, then keep the ewe quiet till fully recovered.

For Garget, or Caked Bag.

Keep the bag thoroughly drained of milk, for which purpose the lamb is

the most efficient. If it is lost, another may be temporarily

substituted. Purge freely with Epsom salts, and wash the udder

repeatedly with very warm water. If matter forms, it should be opened

with the lancet.

Bleeding.

"Nothing tends so much to the recovery of an animal from a disease in

which bleeding is required, as the rapid flow of the blood from a large

orifice. Little _impression_ can be made on an acute disease by the slow

removal of even a large quantity of blood, as the organs have time to

accommodate themselves to the loss, which might, for any good it will

do, as well be dispensed with. Either bleed rapidly, or not at all. The

nearer the commencement of an ailment, in which you employ bleeding,

the operation is resorted to, the greater the chance of its doing good.

Bleeding by nicking the under surface of the tail, does very well, where

no great deal of blood is required, but it is not to be thought of if

the veins of the face or neck can possibly be opened. These are to be

taken in preference to a vein on the leg, as they are much more readily

got at. The facial vein commences by small branches on the side of the

face, and runs downwards and backwards to the base of the jaw, where it

may be felt within two inches of the angle, or opposite the middle

grinding tooth. It is here that the orifice must be made: the thumb of

the left hand being held against the vein, so as to prevent the flow of

blood towards the heart, will make it _rise_.

Some prefer opening the jugular vein, which commences behind the eye and

runs down the side of the neck. This vessel is, however, more difficult

to open than the former, being better covered with wool, and not so

easily exposed or made to swell. _Stringing_ is the mode commonly

resorted to for this end; that is to say, a cord is drawn tightly round

the neck close to the shoulder, so as to stop the circulation through

the vein, and render it perceptible to the finger.

A lancet is the instrument generally used in bleeding, though a

well-pointed penknife will do at a pinch. The opening must always be

made obliquely; but before attempting this, the animal must be secured,

by placing it between the operator's legs, with its croup against a

wall. The selected vein is then fixed by the fingers of the operator's

left hand, so as to prevent its rolling or slipping before the lancet.

Having fairly entered the vein, the point of the instrument must be

elevated at the same time that it is pushed a little forward, by which

motion it will be lifted from or cut its way out of the vein.

_A prescribed quantity of blood should never be drawn_, for the simple

reason that this can never be precisely stated. If the symptoms are

urgent, as in all likelihood they will be, your best plan is not to stop

the flow of blood till the animal fall or is about to fall. When this

occurs, run a pin through the edges of the orifice, and finish by

twisting round it a lock of wool."--(_Blacklock._)

Large cuts are healed

By first sewing and then covering with salve. Smaller ones may be

secured with an adhesive plaster or bandage.

To protect lambs from wolves and foxes,

Smear the neck plentifully with a mixture of tar and sulphur. Bells are

also said to guard the flock, as both are excessively wary, and have a

great dislike to any thing artificial. Large dogs will keep them at bay.

A better remedy is to kill the marauders, which may be done by inserting

strychnine in fresh meat and leaving it in their haunts.