A NEW PLAN OF THE MUTINEERS.
Having thus succeeded in sending what remained of his army back to Fort
Strother, with abundant food at least for present uses, Jackson hastened
to Fort Deposit and succeeded there in effecting arrangements for a
constant supply of bread and meat.
Then he mounted his horse and rode back to Fort Strother, determined to
collect what force he could without delay, and by vigorous measures to
bring the campaign to a speedy and successful end.
His first measure was to order General Cocke to join him with the East
Tennessee troops, saying in his letter to that officer that if he could
arrive at Fort Strother by the 12th of December, bringing with him all
the provisions he could gather, the Creeks could be crushed within three
weeks. This was a most inspiriting prospect, and Jackson was apparently
all the more elated because of his recent depression.
His good fortune was destined to be short-lived, however. He had
scarcely reached Fort Strother on his return from Fort Deposit when he
discovered that his volunteers were planning a new mutiny, or, as they
stoutly maintained, were preparing to leave him with legal right and
justice on their side.
The state of the case may be briefly summed up as follows: These
volunteers had been mustered into service on the 10th of December, 1812,
the terms of their enlistment being that they should serve for one year
within the next two years, unless sooner discharged; that is to say,
they were to be discharged as soon as they should have served a year;
or, if their actual service in the field should not amount to a full
year they should be discharged on the 10th of December, 1814. They were
called into service when Jackson made his march with them to Natchez,
which has been spoken of in a former chapter. After a few months, their
services not being needed, they were dismissed from actual service to
their homes, subject, however, to a call at any time until their time of
service should expire.
Under this enlistment they were recalled to the field in September,
1813, as we have seen, and were under obligation to serve for a
sufficient time to complete their term of one year in the field; but as
it had been supposed when they were enlisted that their services would
be needed continuously for a year, they had thought little about the
alternative condition. They now held that their enlistment would expire
just one year after it had begun--that is to say, on the 10th of
December, 1813, a date now at hand. They were determined to permit no
allowance to be made for the months which they had passed at home, and
insisted that as they had enlisted for one year they would go home when
the year should end.
In this demand for discharge the officers, who should have been the
men's instructors in such a case, made the matter hopeless by joining
the discontented soldiery. With their colonels and majors and captains
to second them, the men were doubly certain to persist in their
interpretation of the contract of service.
Not long before the disputed date the colonel of one of the volunteer
regiments laid their case before Jackson in a letter, in which he
assured him that the volunteers would demand their honorable discharge
from service on the 10th of December, the anniversary of their
enlistment. The appeal made in this letter was an adroit effort to play
upon next to the strongest feeling in Jackson's heart--his fatherly
affection for the men who had followed him into battle. We say next to
the strongest feeling in his heart, because the strongest was,
undoubtedly, his desire to serve his country by accomplishing the utter
suppression of the Creeks. The colonel told Jackson that the volunteers
looked to their loved and honored general to protect them in this their
right, and to secure justice to them; that they lamented the necessity
of leaving the field at such a time, but that their families and their
private affairs required their return to their homes; that upon him, to
whom they looked with reverence as to a father, depended the question
whether, after their hard service under his leadership, they should be
permitted to go home with the certificates of honorable discharge to
which they were entitled, or should be forced to carry with them the
ill-repute of deserters. He was strongly implored not to reward their
devotion to the cause and to him by fixing this brand of disgrace upon
them and their children after them.
The appeal was adroit we say, and a masterly piece of special pleading;
but the officer who wrote it must have known when he did so that the
demand which he sought to enforce was unjust; that even if it had been
just, Jackson had no more authority than he himself had to grant it; and
that the disputed question had already been submitted formally and fully
to the Secretary of War, who had decided it adversely to the men, and
had accompanied that decision by the assurance that as the matter was
governed by an express act of Congress, no power short of that of the
national legislature--neither the Secretary nor the President
himself--was competent to change the terms of the enlistment, or to
discharge the troops until either they had given a year to actual
service, or the two years during which they were subject to a call had
expired. For the men, and perhaps also for the subordinate officers,
there may have been the excuse of an honest misunderstanding, but for
this colonel, whose letter shows him to have been a man of high
intelligence, there can have been no excuse at all.
Jackson replied to this letter in one of the ablest documents which has
come from his hand. Eaton has preserved it in his Life of Jackson, and
Mr. Parton has copied it. Let us see what the commander, touched without
doubt by the _argumentum ad hominem_ that was used, had to say by way of
answer:
"I know not what scenes will be exhibited on the 10th instant, nor what
consequences are to flow from them, here or elsewhere; but as I shall
have the consciousness that they are not imputable to any misconduct of
mine, I trust I shall have the firmness not to shrink from a discharge
of my duty.
"It will be well, however, for those who intend to become actors in
those scenes, and who are about to hazard so much on the correctness of
their opinions, to examine beforehand with great caution and
deliberation the grounds on which their pretensions rest. Are they
founded on any false assurances of mine, or upon any deception that has
been practised toward them? Was not the act of Congress, under which
they are engaged, directed by my general order to be read and expounded
to them before they enrolled themselves? That order will testify, and so
will the recollection of every general officer of my division. It is not
pretended that those who now claim to be discharged were not legally and
fairly enrolled under the act of Congress of the 6th of February, 1812.
Have they performed the service required of them by that act, and which
they then solemnly undertook to perform? That required one year's
service out of two, to be computed from the day of rendezvous, unless
they should be sooner discharged. Has one year's service been performed?
This cannot be seriously pretended. Have they then been discharged? It
is said they have, and by me. To account for so extraordinary a belief,
it may be necessary to take a review of past circumstances.
"More than twelve months have elapsed since we were called upon to
avenge the injured right of our country. We obeyed the call. In the
midst of hardships, which none but those to whom liberty is dear could
have borne without a murmur, we descended the Mississippi. It was
believed our services were wanted in the prosecution of the just war in
which our country was engaged, and we were prepared to render them. But
though we were disappointed in our expectations we established for
Tennessee a name which will long do her honor. At length we received a
letter from the Secretary of War directing our dismission. You will
recollect the circumstances of wretchedness in which this order was
calculated to place us. By it we were deprived of every article of
public property; no provision was made for the payment of our troops or
their subsistence on their return march; while many of our sick, unable
to help themselves, must have perished. Against the opinion of many I
marched them back to their homes before I dismissed them. Your regiment,
at its own request, was dismissed at Columbia. This was accompanied with
a certificate to each man, expressing the acts under which he had been
enrolled and the length of the tour he had performed. This it is which
is now attempted to be construed 'a final discharge.' But surely it
cannot be forgotten by any officer or soldier how sacredly they pledged
themselves, before they were dismissed or received that certificate,
cheerfully to obey the voice of their country, if it should re-summon
them into service; neither can it be forgotten, I dare hope, for what
purpose that certificate was given; it was to secure, if possible, to
those brave men, who had shown such readiness to serve their country,
certain extra emoluments, specified in the seventh section of the act
under which they had engaged, in the event they were not recalled into
service for the residue of their term.
"Is it true, then, that my solicitude for the interest of the volunteers
is to be made by them a pretext for disgracing a name which they have
rendered illustrious? Is a certificate, designed solely for their
benefit, to become the rallying word for mutiny? Strange perversion of
feeling and of reasoning! Have I really any power to discharge men whose
term of service has not expired? If I were weak or wicked enough to
attempt the exercise of such a power, does any one believe the soldier
would be thereby exonerated from the obligation he has voluntarily taken
upon himself to his government? I should become a traitor to the
important concern which has been intrusted to my management, while the
soldier who had been deceived by a false hope of liberation would be
still liable to redeem his pledge. I should disgrace myself without
benefiting you.
"I can only deplore the situation of those officers who have undertaken
to persuade their men that their term of service will expire on the
10th. In giving their opinions to this effect they have acted
indiscreetly and without sufficient authority. It would be the most
pleasing act of my life to restore them with honor to their families.
Nothing could pain me more than that any other sentiments should be felt
toward them than those of gratitude and esteem. On all occasions it has
been my highest happiness to promote their interest, and even to gratify
their wishes, where with propriety it could be done. When in the lower
country, believing that in the order for their dismissal they had been
improperly treated, I even solicited the government to discharge them
finally from the obligations into which they had entered. You know the
answer of the Secretary of War: that neither he nor the President, as he
believed, had the power to discharge them. How then can it be required
of me to do so?
"The moment it is signified to me by any competent authority, even by
the Governor of Tennessee, to whom I have written on the subject, or by
General Pinckney, who is now appointed to the command, that the
volunteers may be exonerated from further service, that moment I will
pronounce it with the greatest satisfaction. I have only the power of
pronouncing a discharge, not of giving it, in any case--a distinction
which I would wish should be borne in mind. Already have I sent to raise
volunteers on my own responsibility, to complete a campaign which has
been so happily begun, and thus far so fortunately prosecuted. The
moment they arrive, and I am assured that, fired by our exploits, they
will hasten in crowds on the first intimation that we need their
services, they will be substituted in the place of those who are
discontented here. The latter will then be permitted to return to their
homes with all the honor which, under such circumstances they can carry
along with them. But I still cherish the hope that their dissatisfaction
and complaints have been greatly exaggerated. I cannot, must not,
believe that the 'volunteers of Tennessee,' a name ever dear to fame,
will disgrace themselves and a country which they have honored, by
abandoning her standard as mutineers and deserters; but should I be
disappointed and compelled to resign this pleasing hope, one thing I
will not resign--my duty. Mutiny and sedition, so long as I possess the
power of quelling them, shall be put down; and even when left destitute
of this, I will still be found in the last extremity endeavoring to
discharge the duty I owe my country and myself."