GENERAL.
Various ceremonies are performed by cultivators at the time of
ploughing the soil, sowing, reaping and harvesting. These ceremonies
differ in details in different localities.
In all places, an auspicious day for ploughing and sowing is fixed
in consultation with an astrologer. On the day when ploughing is to
be commenced, the front court yard of the house is cowdunged and an
auspicious figure called Sathia [1539] is drawn on it with the grains
of juvari. [1540]
A dish called kansar is prepared, and served to all members of the
family at the morning meal. Their foreheads are marked with red powder,
and a pice and betelnut are offered to the household gods. Hand-spun
cotton threads marked at intervals with red powder are then tied round
the plough and to the horns of the bullocks which are to be yoked to
the plough. [1541]
Next, the farmer stands waiting at the front door of his house for
good omens, [1542] and when a few are seen, sets out for his field.
In some places, the foreheads of the bullocks are daubed with red
lead, clarified butter is applied to their horns, and they are fed
with molasses. [1543]
In others, a betelnut is placed over the Sathia and given to the
person who first meets the farmer on leaving his house. [1544]
In some localities again, the farmer holds the plough over the Sathia,
touching it with the end, eats a morsel of molasses, and bows to the
Sathia before starting. [1545]
As a rule, seed is not sown on Saturdays or Tuesdays. Wednesday is
believed to be the most favourable day for this purpose. [1546]
Sowing is commenced from that corner of the field which has been
pronounced by the astrologer to be the best for the operation. [1547]
Sunday is believed to be the most auspicious day for reaping. [1548]
While reaping, a part of the crop is offered to the image of Kshetrapal
and to other village deities. In order to secure a good harvest,
sweets are offered to the village gods on the eighth or tenth day of
the bright half of Ashvin or on the second day of the bright half of
Kartik which is called Annakuta. [1549]
No crop is brought into the house before a part of it has been offered
to the local deities. [1550]
When juice is to be extracted from sugar-canes, the mill is first
worshipped. In the shed erected for storing the jars of molasses,
an image of Ganpati is installed, and worshipped before placing the
jars in the shed. [1551]
The first jar of molasses and two bits of sugar cane are offered to
the local deities. [1552]
Before reaping cotton, offerings are made to the village gods. [1553]
When a cow or she-buffalo is about to calve a packet containing a few
pebbles or cowries, the mali (red lead) from the image of Hanuman,
dust collected from a place where four roads meet, and grains of Adad,
are tied to its horns by an indigo-coloured thread, in the belief
that this protects the animal from the effects of the evil eye. [1554]
To guard cattle against an attack of small-pox, women observe a
vow called Shili Satem on the seventh day of the bright half of
Shravan. [1555]
To prevent a tiger from attacking cattle, a circle of the flour of
charonthi is drawn round them by an exorcist reciting mantras or
incantations. If a tiger tries to enter this protected area its mouth
at once becomes swollen. [1556]
In some places, salt heated over the fire of the Holi is put into
the food given to the cattle in the belief that this protects them
from disease. [1557]
Instead of salt, some people give cattle leaves of castor-oil plants
roasted over the fire of the Holi. [1558]
In some places, on the Divali holiday, a torch and a rice pounder are
placed in the cattle shed, and the cattle are made to cross them one
by one. This process is believed to protect them from disease. [1559]
A ceremony called the Doro of Mahadev is also performed in the month
of Shravan to protect cattle against disease. [1560]
Vows in the honour of Ashpal or Nagdev are also observed for the
protection of cattle. [1561]
In the Hasta nakshatra during the monsoon, when there is a thunder
storm, a sambelu (rice pounder) is struck seven times against the main
cross beam of the house in the belief that the sound thus produced
destroys insects. [1562]
To scare the insects called itidio, vows are observed in honour of
the Itidio Pir. [1563]
In order that insects and worms may not spoil the corn stored in
a granary or in earthen jars, the ashes of the fire of the Holi or
leaves of the nim tree are mixed with it.
To prevent insects from spoiling wheat, bajari and juvari, mercury
and ashes are put into them, while it is believed that gram cannot
be eaten by insects if it is mixed with dust from a place where three
roads meet. [1564]
To drive away insects, a ceremony called Adagho Badagho or Mariyun
is performed on the Divali holiday. It is as follows:--
One man holds a lighted torch in his hand, and another an earthen jar,
which he beats with a small stick. The two men pass through every
nook and corner of the house and the cattle-shed crying "Adagho may
go, Badagho may go", that is, "May troubles and diseases disappear;
may bugs, serpents, mice, scorpions, mosquitoes and other insects
die out." Next they proceed, repeating the same words, through the
streets to the village boundary, where the torch, the earthen jar
and the stick are thrown away, thus ending the ceremony. [1565]
In order to secure sunshine and favourable weather, oblations are
offered to the local deities, sacrificial offerings are made and
bunting is suspended from the doors of temples. [1566]
In order to secure a favourable rainfall, a grand festival is observed
on an auspicious day. On this day all agricultural work is stopped
and megh laddus (sweet balls called megh or cloud) are eaten by the
people. [1567]
In some places, for the protection of the crops, a thread charmed
by the incantations of an exorcist is passed round the hedge of the
field. [1568]
For the protection of crops of gram, wheat and sugar-cane against
injury by rats, a ceremony called Dadh Bandhavi is performed, in which
a thread over which incantations have been repeated by an exorcist
is passed round the crop, and an image of Ganpati is installed and
worshipped with offerings of sweet balls of wheat flour. [1569]
In some places, the ceremony of Dadh Bandhavi is performed somewhat
differently. Instead of passing a thread round the field, the exorcist
walks round the field repeating incantations, holding in his hand a
pot containing fire, over which is placed a pan containing Gugal. This
ceremony is generally performed for the protection of sugar-cane crops
against the attacks of jackals. It is believed that an animal entering
the field after the performance of this ceremony has its dadh (gums)
stiffened. [1570]
Silence and secrecy are considered essential in working mystic
lore, for it is a belief that if learnt openly such lore loses its
power. [1571]
The ceremony for obtaining command over Kal Bhairav is performed in
perfect silence at midnight on the Kalichaudas, that is the fourteenth
day of the dark half of Ashvin. [1572]
Silence and secrecy are also essential in the ceremonies which are
performed for subjugating such evil spirits as Meldi and Shikotar
and Matas. [1573]
When Vaishnavas make offerings to their gods, the doors of the shrine
are closed.
The initiating ceremonies of the Shakti Panthis and Margi Panthis
are also performed in close secrecy. [1574]
The Shravaks have to observe perfect silence at the time of performing
the Shamag Padakamanu [1575] (a form of devotion to god).
Some people observe a vow of keeping silent while taking their meals
either for life or during the monsoon. [1576]
There are various legends current among the people regarding the
origin of the Holi holiday. The chief versions are as follows:--
1. In ancient times there lived a demoness named Dhunda who preyed
upon children. Her misdeeds caused great misery to the people, who went
to Vasishtha, the preceptor of Rama, and implored him to tell them of
some remedy for the mischief wrought by the demoness. Vasishtha told
them to light a pyre in honour of the goddess Holika, which he said,
would consume the demoness. The people accordingly lighted a huge
fire, into which the demoness was driven by boys who led her to the
spot by abusing her and troubling her in many ways. She was reduced
to ashes by the fire, and the people were saved. [1577]
2. A demon named Hiraniaksha had a sister named Holika and a son
named Prahlad. Hiraniaksha bore great enmity to Rama, while Prahlad
was his devotee. Hiraniaksha did not like his son's devotion to Rama,
and told him several times to give it up, and even threatened to take
his life. But Prahlad did not swerve an inch from the path of his
devotion. At last, being desperate, Hiraniaksha decided to kill him,
and entrusted his sister with the mission. Holika raised a big pile
of cow-dung cakes, set it on fire, and seated herself on the pile,
taking Prahlad in her lap. But through the grace of Rama, Prahlad
escaped uninjured while Holika was reduced to ashes.
3. A demoness called Dhunda had obtained a boon from Shiva to the
effect that she would not meet her death during any of the three
seasons of the year, either by day or by night. At the same time
she was warned to beware of injury from children between sunset
and nightfall at the commencement of a new season. To prevent any
possibility of injury from children, she began to destroy them by
preying upon their bodies. This caused a great panic among the people,
who went to Vasishtha and asked his advice as to how to kill the
demoness. He advised them to kill her in the way described in legend
No. I above, and she was killed accordingly. [1578]
4. The Govardhan mountain had two sisters named Holi and Divali. Holi
was a woman of bad conduct while Divali's character was good. Although
unchaste, Holi boasted that she was chaste, and once, to prove her
chastity, she threw herself on to a big fire. She could not bear the
pain caused by the flames, and began to scream aloud, when people
beat drums, abused her, and raised such a din that her screams
became inaudible. Hence the custom of using abusive language and
reciting abusive verses during the Holi holidays. Govardhan could not
bear the disgrace attached to his sister's reputation. So he threw
himself into the fire and met his death without uttering a word of
pain. This has given rise to the custom of throwing into the Holi
fire the cow-dung image of Govardhan, which is installed during the
Divali holidays. [1579]
On the Holi day sweet dishes are prepared and taken with the morning
meal. Some women observe a vow on this day, and dine once only in
the evening, after worshipping the Holi fire with an offering of a
cocoanut and walking seven times round it. [1580]
In some places, on the day preceding the Holi, which is known as
Kamala Holi, sweet stuffed cakes are prepared, and on the Holi Punema
day vermicelli is eaten. [1581]
The fuel for the Holi fire is generally collected by boys. At
about two in the afternoon on the Holi day a party of boys goes
from house to house and receive five to fifteen cow-dung cakes
from each household. These cow-dung cakes are bored, and strung on
strings. [1582]
The fuel thus collected is heaped at the village boundary or the
end of the street. All the male residents of the village or street
meet at the spot, a pit is dug, and earthen pots filled with wheat,
gram and water mixed together are placed in the pit and covered with
cow-dung cakes. Next, the headman of the village or the leading
resident of the street worships the pile with the assistance of a
Brahman priest. After worship, the pile is lighted, at the time fixed
by an astrologer, [1583] by a low caste Hindu, generally a Bhangi or
Kotwal, as Hindus of good caste consider it a sin to kindle the Holi
fuel. The Bhangi or Kotwal receives a few dates and cocoanut kernel
for this service. [1584]
The offerings thrown into the Holi fire generally consist of fried
juvari grain, fried gram and cocoanuts. Flowers of mango trees and
tender mango fruits are also thrown into the Holi fire. It is believed
that newly married pairs, by worshipping the Holi fire, are blessed
with long life, prosperity, and the birth of children. After the
principal ceremony is over, they worship it one by one with the ends
of their upper garments tied in a knot, and walk seven times round
the fire with their hands folded, the husband leading the wife. [1585]
Infants dressed in gay clothes and decked with garlands of dry dates
and bits of cocoanut kernel are also taken to the Holi fire by their
parents. The latter worship the Holi Mata and walk four times round
the fire, taking the children in their arms. Next they offer cocoanuts
to the goddess, which are either thrown into the fire or distributed
among those present. [1586]
Women whose children die in infancy observe a vow of remaining standing
on the Holi day. When the Holi is lighted they worship the fire,
after which they may sit down and take their meal. It is believed
that the observance of this vow ensures long life to children. [1587]
Although the Holi itself falls on the full-moon day of Falgun the
rejoicings connected with it commence from the first day of that
month. The principal feature of the rejoicings consists in indulging
in indecent and vulgar songs and language. Vulgar songs or fags in
honour of the goddess Holi are also sung. Songs are composed abusing
each caste, and sung addressing passers by, by groups of boys who
have full license during the Holi holidays to indulge in all sorts
of pranks and abuses.
Some make wooden blocks with engravings of vulgar and indecent words,
dip them in coloured water, and press them on the clothes of passers
by.
Others make naked idols of mud, and place them on the tops of
houses. [1588]
The day following the Holi is known as Dhul Padavo or Dhuleti. On
this day people indulge in the throwing of cow-dung, black pigments,
urine, mud, coloured water and red powder.
In some places, on the Dhuleti day, a game is played with a
cocoanut. The players form themselves into two parties and stand
opposite to one another. Midway between them is placed a cocoanut. Each
party tries to take away the cocoanut, and prevents the other from so
doing by throwing stones and cow-dung cakes. The party which succeeds
in taking away the cocoanut wins the game. [1589]
Amongst Dheds, Kolis, Ravals and other low castes a post of the wood
of the tamarind tree is planted in the ground and surrounded by women
holding whips and cords in their hands. A party of men run to the
women to drive them away and take possession of the post. The women
prevent them from doing so by striking them with all their might
with the whips and cords in their hands. This struggle commences at
10 A. M. on the Dhuleti day and continues till one o'clock in the
morning on the following day. At last the men succeed in carrying
away the post, thus ending the game. [1590]
In some places, a man is tied to a bier as if he were a corpse,
and carried on the shoulders of four men to the post of tamarind
wood, followed by a party of men and women wailing aloud, to the
great merriment of the crowd assembled near the post to witness the
struggle described above. [1591]
Sometimes contests are held between two parties of boys in singing
vulgar songs. The contest commences by one of the parties singing a
song. The other party responds to it by singing another song, which
is generally more indecent than the song sung first. The contest goes
on like this, and the party which fails to respond to its rival is
said to be defeated.
The immoral practices described above are only to be seen among low
caste people, and even their women take part in these practices.
The women of higher castes wear rich clothes and ornaments on the
Dhuleti day, and sing songs in their houses. At times they throw
coloured water and red powder at each other. [1592]
In big temples a festivity called Ful Dol is observed, in which water
coloured with the flowers of the Khakhra (Butea frondosa) is thrown
by the party assembled, and kundalias or indecent songs are sung in
a loud voice. [1593]
In some temples, holy songs are sung at night and prayers are held. At
the end, fried juvari, gram and sweets are distributed as the grace
of God. [1594]
The boys who take an active part in the Holi celebrations are known
as geraiyas or holias. For two or three nights before the Holi they
steal fuel for the Holi fire and beat and abuse those who try to
prevent them from so doing. They also recite coarse songs and play
with dirt and mud freely. Parties of them go from shop to shop and
obtain by force dates and fried gram. [1595]
At midnight of the Holi day a bower is erected in the centre of the
village with bits of broken earthen vessels and cocoanut shells. A
fool, generally a son-in-law of some low caste Hindu in the village,
is induced, by the promise of dates and cocoanut kernel, to dress
in a coat on which are drawn naked pictures. A garland of worn out
shoes is tied round his neck and he is mounted on a donkey. He is then
called Valam and taken from the bower through the village accompanied
with music and crowds of people, who utter in a loud voice coarse and
vulgar expressions as the procession moves on. At times they play jokes
with the Valam, and give him blows on the head with their fists. [1596]
In some places, this procession is called Valama Valami and is
celebrated on the night preceding the Holi. Two poor stupid persons
are dressed as bride and bridegroom, the latter in a ridiculously
grotesque dress. They are married on the following morning, when
vulgar songs are sung. The Valam and Valami are represented by two
naked idols, made of rags, of a man and a woman. They are carried
through the village in a noisy procession and married on an altar
of black earthen vessels. They are then placed erect on two wooden
posts side be side. [1597]
In some villages, a large stone is placed in a spacious compound in
the centre of the village, and broken earthen vessels are suspended
over it with cords from the wooden bower erected over the stone. An
ass is brought to the spot, and a fool decked with a garland of worn
out shoes is mounted on it with his face turned towards the tail of
the ass. He holds the tail of the ass in his hands as reins and is
carried in procession through the village to be brought back to the
bower and married to another fool, dust, ashes and water being freely
used in the service. [1598]
In some localities naked images of a husband and wife are set in a
cart and taken through the village accompanied with music, the crowd
singing indecent songs all the way long. [1599]
On the Holi holiday children are presented with harda (garlands of
balls made of sugar) by their relatives and the friends of their
families. [1600]
The Holi fire is extinguished by women on the morning of the following
day. The earthen vessels containing wheat and gram which are put into
the pit of the Holi before the fire is lighted are then taken out. The
grain is cooked by the fire of Holi, and is called Ghugari. It is
distributed among the villagers, the belief being that those who eat
it are protected against disease by the goddess of the Holi. [1601]
There are many other superstitious beliefs held by people in connection
with the Holi.
According to one belief, those who expose themselves to the heat of
the Holi fire keep good health during the ensuing year. According
to some, this can be secured by eating sugar-cane heated over the
fire. Juvari stems heated over the fire are given to cattle with the
same object. [1602]
Some believe that if salt heated over the Holi fire is given to cattle
it protects them against epidemics.
Virgins take home a little of the Holi fire and light five cow-dung
cakes with it in the courtyard of their house. When the cakes are
burnt, the ashes are removed and the spot is purified with a plaster
of cow-dung. Next, they draw some auspicious figures on the spot and
worship them for a number of days in the belief that this ensures
good health to their brothers. [1603]
Among Gujarat Hindus no special ceremonies are performed when a girl
attains puberty, except that on the third or fifth day she is bathed by
an unwidowed woman and dressed in green or saffron-coloured robes. She
is given rice in milk, sweetened with sugar, and is presented with
a piece of green satin. [1604]
In some places, the girl is bathed on the fourth day and given kansar
to eat. She then bows to her mother-in-law and makes her a present
of half a rupee. The mother-in-law blesses her and presents her with
a bodice cloth. [1605]
After the bath, a mark with red powder is made on her forehead and
she is taken to the temple of the family deity. [1606]
In some places, the red powder mark is made under the girl's
right arm in the belief that this ensures to her the birth of many
children. [1607]
In some localities the girl is bathed on the third day, dainty dishes
are served her, and she is presented with a cocoanut by each of her
kinsfolk. [1608]
In some castes, when a girl attains puberty, a feast of cooked rice
and molasses is given to the caste people. In other castes, pieces
of cocoanut kernel are distributed among children, and the girl is
presented with a robe and bodice by her parents-in-law. [1609]
In some castes, a girl is not allowed to cook before she attains
puberty. [1610]
No ceremonies are performed when a boy attains puberty, probably
because in the case of boys the change is not so marked as in the
case of girls.
NOTES
[1] Khan Bahadur Fazlullah and Mr. K. D. Desai.
[2] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Schoolmaster, Dhhank.
[3] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Gohelwad.
[4] Mr. N. D. Vora, Schoolmaster, Rajpara.
[5] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Gohelwad.
[6] Mr. M. D. Vyas, Shastri, Bhayavadur.
[7] Mr. K. P. Joshi, Schoolmaster, Limbdi.
[8] The first nine days of Ashvin, the last month of the Gujarat
Hindu Calendar, known otherwise as Matana dahada-mata's days. The
influence of the matas is very strong in these days.
[9] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[10] Mr. M. D. Vayas, Shastri, Bhayavadur.
[11] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Gohelwad.
[12] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[13] Mr. N. D. Vora, Schoolmaster, Rajpara.
[14] Mr. B. K. Dave, Schoolmaster, Kotda-Sangani.
[15] Mr. N. D. Vora, Schoolmaster, Rajpara.
[16] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[17] Lapsi is coarse wheat-flour fried in ghi and sweetened with
molasses or sugar.
[18] Vadan-bean flour--generally of gram or peas--is allowed to
remain in water with spices until the paste acquires a sufficient
degree of consistence, when it is rolled into small biscuit-sized
balls and fried in oil.
[19] Bakla are small round flat cakes of dry boiled beans.
[20] Mr. N. D. Vora, Schoolmaster, Rajpara.
[21] Mr. N. M. Dave, Schoolmaster, Sanka.
[22] Mr. N. M. Dave, Schoolmaster, Sanka.
[23] Kansar is coarse wheat-flour cooked in three times as much water,
sweetened with molasses or sugar, and taken with ghi.--B. L. Dave,
Schoolmaster, Kotda-Sangani.
[24] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Gohelwad.
[25] Mr. G. K. Dave, Schoolmaster, Sultanpore.
[26] Mr. N. D. Vora, Schoolmaster, Rajpara.
[27] Mr. B. K. Dave, Schoolmaster, Kotda-Sangani.
[28] Mr. N. D. Vora, Schoolmaster, Rajpara.
[29] Mr. Girijashankar Karunashankar, Schoolmaster, Songadh.
[30] A dankla is otherwise known by the name of dug-dudioon.
[31] Mr. Jagannath Hirji, Schoolmaster, Chok.
[32] Mr. Jethabhai Mangaldas, Schoolmaster, Gondal.
[33] Mr. Nandlal Kalidas, Schoolmaster, Chhatrasa.
[34] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Schoolmaster, Dhhank.
[35] Mr. H. R. Pandya, Schoolmaster, Khirasara.
[36] Mr. L. G. Travadi, Schoolmaster, Upleta.
[37] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Schoolmaster, Dhhank.
[38] Mr. H. R. Pandya, Schoolmaster, Khirasara.
[39] Mr. L. G. Travadi, Schoolmaster, Upleta.
[40] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Schoolmaster, Dhhank.
[41] Two pieces of cloth, a shouldercloth and a scarf are cast over the
bridegroom and the bride, and they are tied together by a knot. It is
the unloosing of this tie which is here referred to.--Mr. K. D. Desai.
[42] Mr. N. M. Dave, Schoolmaster, Sanka.
[43] Mr. N. M. Dave, Schoolmaster, Sanka.
[44] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Schoolmaster, Dhhank.
[45] The tendency to fraternise as much in belief as in nationality
is a notable feature of Indian life. The saying goes:--Hindu Musalman
ék Ram bijó Rehman. The Hindu and Musalman are not far apart; one is
the follower of Ram, the other of Rehman (the most compassionate--a
Kuranic name of Allah). Again says another proverb: The Hindu and
Musalman are as closely connected as the breast and the skirt of a
garment (Hindu né Musalman moli daman jo vehevar). The Hindu pays
homage to the Pir, the Muslim repays the compliment by holding some
of his Hindu brother's lower class deities, such as Vaital and Kali
and Amba, in awe. The Hindu worships and breaks cocoanuts before the
Moharram taazias--the Musalman responds by showing a sneaking sort
of a regard for the Holi, whom he believes to have been a daughter
of the patriarch Abraham. This reciprocal good fellowship in times of
political agitation, like those of the Indian Mutiny, results in the
"chapati", or unleavened bread loaf, being considered a symbol to
be honoured both by Muslim and Hindu; and in more recent times, as
during the plague troubles in Allahabad and Cawnpore, shows itself in
the Muslim garlanding the Hindu on a holiday, and the Hindus setting
up sherbat-stalls for Musalmans on an Id day.--Khan Bahadur Fazlullah.
[46] Mr. J. N. Patel, Schoolmaster, Jasdan.
[47] Mr. Jaggannath Hirji, Schoolmaster, Chok.
[48] Mr. Nandlal Kalidas, Schoolmaster, Chhatrasa.
[49] Mr. O. A. Mehta, Schoolmaster, Lakhapadar.
[50] Mr. N. J. Bhatt, Moti Marad.
[51] Mr. J. D. Khandhar, Sayala.
[52] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[53] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[54] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[55] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Gohelwad.
[56] Mr. G. K. Dave, Sultanpore.
[57] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[58] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[59] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[60] Mr. M. D. Vyas, Schoolmaster, Bhayavadur.
[61] Cf. Alláho núr-us-samáwátiwal ard, mathalo nurihi-ka miskatin
bihá nusbáh--Koran.
Allah! He is the light of the Heavens and the Earth. The likeness of
His Light being similar to a lamp in a glass.--Fazlullah Latfullah.
[62] Mr. Jethabai Mangaldas, Schoolmaster, Gondal; and Damodar
Karsonji, Schoolmaster, Dhhank.
[63] Mr. B. K. Dave, Schoolmaster, Kotda-Sangani.
[64] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[65] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[66] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[67] A similar custom is observed in Gujarat. Unfortunate parents,
who have lost many children, vow to grow the hair of their little
children, if such are preserved to them, observing all the time a
votive abstinence from a particular dish or betelnut or the like. When
the children are 3 or 5 or 7 years old, the vow is fulfilled by taking
them to a sacred place, like the temple of Ranchhodji at Dakor, to
have their hair cut for the first time. This vow is known as babari
in Southern Gujarat--K. D. Desai.
[68] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[69] Mr. Jethabhai Mangaldas, Gondal.
[70] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[71] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[72] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Gohelwad.
[73] Mr. M. M. Rana, Barton Female Training College, Rajkot.
[74] Mr. G. K. Dave, Schoolmaster, Sultanpore.
[75] Mrs. Raju Ramjee Kanjee, 2nd Assistant, Girls' School, Gondal.
[76] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[77] Mr. M. M. Rana, Rajkot.
[78] Mr. Girijashankar Karmeashankar, Schoolmaster, Songadh.
[79] The Hindus use the tender sprigs of the Nim or Babul trees for
tooth-brushes. After they have done duty as brushes they are cloven
into two and the tenderest part is used as a tongue-scraper.--Khan
Bahadur Fazlullah.
[80] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[81] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[82] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Gohelwad.
[83] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[84] Mr. Jethalal Anupram, Schoolmaster, Aman.
[85] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Gohelwad.
[86] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[87] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[88] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[89] Mr. M. D. Vyas, Shastri, Bhayavadur.
[90] Mr. K. P. Joshi, Limbdi, and L. D. Mehta, Mota Devalia.
[91] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara, and Mr. B. K. Dave, Kotda-Sangani.
[92] Mr. B. K. Dave, Kotda-Sangani.
[93] Mr. Nandlal Kalidas, Schoolmaster, Chhatrasa.
[94] Mr. K. P. Joshi, Schoolmaster, Limbdi.
[95] Mr. G. K. Bhatt, Songadh.
[96] Mr. B. K. Dave, Schoolmaster, Kotda-Sangani.
[97] Mr. Girijashankar Karunashankar, Schoolmaster, Songadh.
[98] Mr. Nandlal Kalidas, Schoolmaster, Chhatrasa.
[99] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Gohelwad.
[100] Mr. D. K. Shah, Charadavah.
[101] Mr. K. P. Joshi, Limbdi.
[102] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[103] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[104] Mr. G. K. Bhatt, Schoolmaster, Songadh.
[105] Mr. N. J. Bhatt, Moti-Murad.
[106] Mr. Ranchhodji Becher Pandya, Shastri, Jelpur, Sanskrit
Pathashala.
[107] Mr. M. M. Rana, Rajkot.
[108] Wheat flour fried in ghi with molasses.
[109] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[110] Mr. M. M. Rana, Rajkot.
[111] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[112] Mr. N. D. Vora, Schoolmaster, Rajpara.
[113] The names are: 1 Aditya, 2 Divakar, 3 Bhaskar, 4 Prabhakar,
5 Sahasranshu, 6 Trilochan, 7 Haritashva, 8 Vibhavasu, 9 Divakrit,
10 Divadarshatmaka, 11 Trimurti, 12 Surya.
[114] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[115] Mr. G. K. Dave, Sultanpur.
[116] Mr. H. M. Bhatt, Schoolmaster, Ganod.
[117] Mr. Girijashankar Karunashankar, Schoolmaster, Songadh.
[118] Mr. H. M. Bhatt, Schoolmaster, Ganod.
[119] Mr. Chhaganlal Motiram, Wala Taluka.
[120] Mr. R. B. Pandya, Jetpur Sanskrit School.
[121] Mrs. Raju Ramjee Kanjee, Girls' School, Ganod.
[122] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Schoolmaster, Dhhank.
[123] Mr. R. B. Pandya, Jetpur Sanskrit School.
[124] Mr. J. D. Khandhar, Sayala.
[125] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[126] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[127] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Schoolmaster, Dhhank.
[128] Mr. N. D. Vora, Schoolmaster, Rajpara.
[129] Milk and sugar ball.
[130] A sugar cake.
[131] Mr. N. D. Vora, Schoolmaster, Rajpara.
[132] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Gohelwad.
[133] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[134] Mr. P. L. Mehta, Schoolmaster, Luvaria.
[135] Mr. Jeram Vasaram, Schoolmaster, Jodia.
[136] Mr. M. H. Raval, Ganod.
[137] Mr. H. M. Bhatt, Ganod.
[138] See figure above. A shows Shiva's image: the arrow-head,
the jaladhari which a person is not to cross. He is to return from
the point B in his first round and from the point C in his half
turn. Thus B C remains uncrossed. The circle round A shows the Khal,
place wherein god Shiva is installed--K. D. Desai.
[139] Mr. G. K. Dave, Sultanpore.
[140] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Gohelwad.
[141] Hindus believe that a soul has to go through a lakh and
eighty-four thousand transmigrations before it attains final
emancipation. The cycle of 1,84,000 births is called the phera of
lakh-choryasi,--K. D. Desai.
[142] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[143] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Schoolmaster. Dhhank.
[144] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[145] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[146] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[147] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Schoolmaster, Dhhank.
[148] Mr. Jethalal Anupram, Schoolmaster, Ainan.
[149] Mr. R. B. Pandya, Jetpur Sanskrit School.
[150] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Schoolmaster, Dhhank.
[151] Mr. N. J. Bhatt, Moti-Murad.
[152] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[153] Mr. D. K. Shah, Schoolmaster, Charadwa.
[154] Mr. K. P. Joshi, Schoolmaster, Limbdi.
[155] Mr. Nandlal Kalidas, Schoolmaster, Chhatrasa.
[156] Mr. Chhaganlal Motiram, Schoolmaster, Wala Talu.
[157] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Goholwad.
[158] Mr. B. K. Dave, Kotda-Sangani, and the Schoolmaster, Movaiyam.
[159] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[160] Mr. R. B. Pandya, Jetpur Sanskrit School.
[161] Mr. D. K. Shah, Charadwa.
[162] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[163] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Schoolmaster, Dhhank.
[164] Mr. N. D. Vora, Schoolmaster, Rajpara.
[165] Mr. N. J. Bhatt, Schoolmaster, Moti-Murad.
[166] Mr. K. P. Joshi, Schoolmaster, Limbdi.
[167] Mr. H. R. Pandya, Schoolmaster, Khirasara.
[168] Mr. Girijashankar Karunashankar, Schoolmaster, Songadh.
[169] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Schoolmaster, Dhhank.
[170] Mr. H. R. Pandya, Khirasara.
[171] Mr. D. K. Shah, Charadwa.
[172] The Schoolmaster, Chank, Kolaba.
[173] Mr. D. K. Shah, Charadwa.
[174] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[175] The Schoolmaster, Pendhur, Ratnagiri.
[176] The Schoolmaster, Anjar.
[177] Mr. Jethabhai Mangaldas, Schoolmaster, Gondal.
[178] Mr. Girijashankar Karunashankar, Schoolmaster, Songadh.
[179] Mr. L. D. Mehta, Mota Devalia.
[180] The Schoolmaster, Ganod.
[181] The Schoolmaster, Agashi and Arnala.
[182] Mr. T. D. Khandhar, Schoolmaster, Sayala.
[183] Mr. Girijashankar Karunashankar, Songadh.
[184] The Schoolmaster, Mith-bao, Ratnagiri.
[185] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Schoolmaster, Dhhank.
[186] Mr. Jethalal Anupram, Schoolmaster, Aman.
[187] Mr. M. H. Raval, Vanod.
[188] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[189] Mr. Girijashankar Karunashankar, Songadh.
[190] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[191] Mr. Girijashankar Karunashankar, Songadh.
[192] The Swastika is found at Pompeii and in the Greek 'key'
pattern. It is also found on Persian and Assyrian coins and in
the Catacombs at Rome. It is to be seen on the tomb of the Duke of
Clarence, who was drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine, at Tewkesbury,
and occurs in Winchester Cathedral, where it is described as the
fyle-foot.--R. E. E.
[193] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Schoolmaster, Dhhank. Compare a similar idea
in the Kuran in the chapter An Nur (the Lights): "Allah is the Light
of the Heavens and the Earth. The semblance of his light is the nyche
wherein there is a light."--K. B. Fazlullah.
[194] Mr. J. A. Jani, Schoolmaster, Aman.
[195] Mr. N. D. Vora, Schoolmaster, Rajpara; and Mr. B. K. Dave,
Schoolmaster, Kotda-Sangani.
[196] Kansar is coarse wheat flour sweetened with molasses and cooked
in water until the whole quantity of water is absorbed and taken
with ghi.
[197] Puris are cakes of fine wheat flour, fried in ghi.
[198] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[199] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[200] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[201] The Schoolmaster, Rajpara.
[202] Mr. K. P. Joshi, Limbdi.
[203] Mr. G. K. Bhatt, Songadh.
[204] Mr. K. P. Joshi, Limbdi, and B. K. Dave, Kotda-Sangani.
[205] All observers of the Chaturthi-vrat worship the god Ganpati
on this day, and offer him one thousand trifoliate sprouts of durva
(cynodon dactylon). The dish specially prepared for the occasion is
Golanaladu--sweet-balls of wheat flour fried in ghi and mixed with
molasses.--Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[206] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[207] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Gohelwad.
[208] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[209] The Schoolmaster, Vanod.
[210] The original is--
Poshi Poshi Punemadi,
Agashe randhi khichadi,
jame bhaini benadi.
[211] The Schoolmaster, Kotda-Sangani and The Schoolmaster, Jodia.
[212] Mr. R. B. Pandya, Jetpur Sanskrit School.
[213] Mr. L. D. Mehta, Schoolmaster, Mota-Devalia.
[214] A Kundali is an astrological diagram of the position of
planets at any particular time. The numbers in the diagram change
their positions according to the position of planets at any given
time.--Mr. D. Desai.
[215] Mr. Chhaganlal Motira, Wala Taluka.
[216] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[217] The Schoolmaster, Khandhar.
[218] One ghadi is equal to 24 minutes and one pohor (prahara) lasts
for three hours.
[219] Mr. M. P. Shah, Schoolmaster, Zinzuwada.
[220] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[221] Mr. M. P. Shah, Schoolmaster, Zinzuwada.
[222] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[223] The Schoolmasters of Dhhank, Rajpara and Limbdi.
[224] The Schoolmaster, Rajpara.
[225] The Schoolmaster, Dadvi.
[226] The Schoolmaster, Lilapur.
[227] Throughout the Hindu Scriptures, Vishnu and his
incarnations are described as being of Shyama-varna or dark
complexion.--Mr. K. D. Desai.
[228] The Schoolmaster, Dadvi.
[229] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Halar.
[230] Mr. K. P. Joshi, Limbdi.
[231] The Schoolmaster, Lilapur.
[232] Mr. Nandlal Kalidas, Chhatrasa.
[233] Mr. M. P. Shah, Zinzuwada.
[234] The Mistress of Rajkot Civil Station Girls' School.
[235] Mr. Nandlal Kalidas, Chhatrasa.
[236] Rao Saheb Shelke and the Shastri of Bhayavadur.
[237] The Schoolmaster, Rajpara.
[238] The Schoolmaster, Dhhank. He refers to the books Vrataraj and
Pathyapathya on this point.
[239] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Halar; and the Schoolmaster
of Chauk, Kolaba.
[240] The Schoolmaster, Jodia.
[241] The Schoolmaster, Kolki.
[242] The Schoolmasters of Rajpara, Limbdi, and Ibhrampur.
[243] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[244] The Shastri of Jetpur, Pathashala.
[245] The following Sanskrit verse mentions all of them:--
Laksmih kaustubhaparijatakasura dhanvamtariscandrama |
Gavah kamaduhah suresvaragajo rambhadidevanganah ||
Asvah saptamukho visam haridhanuh samkhomrtam cambudheh |
Ratnaniha caturdasa pratidinam kurvantu vo mamgalam || 1 ||
Rao Saheb P. B. Joshi.
[246] The Schoolmasters of Jodia, Dhhank, Songadh, Rajpara, and Limbdi.
[247] The Schoolmaster of Khirasara.
[248] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[249] Mr. Laxmichand Hemji, Vasawad.
[250] Mr. G. K. Bhatt, Songadh.
[251] Mr. K. P. Joshi, Limbdi.
[252] Mr. K. P. Joshi, Limbdi.
[253] Mr K. D. Desai.
[254] Mr. Laxmichand Hemji, Vasawad.
[255] A pohor or prahar is equal to three hours.
[256] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[257] Mr. Khan Bahadur Fazlullah.
[258] The Schoolmasters of Jodia and Songadh.
[259] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[260] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[261] Mr. G. K. Bhatt, Songadh.
[262] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[263] The Schoolmaster of Jodia.
[264] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[265] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[266] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[267] Mr. D. K. Shah, Charadwah.
[268] Mr. T. D. Khandhar, Sayala.
[269] The Schoolmaster, Jodia.
[270] Khan Bahadur Fazlullah.
[271] Mr. M. M. Rana, Barton Female Training College, Rajkot.
[272] Mr. Nandlal Kalidas, Chhatrasa, and Mr. M. M. Rana, Barton
Female Training College, Rajkot.
[273] Mr. Motichand Vasanji Doshi, Kaluwad.
[274] I believe the name of the constellation is wrongly given:
it ought to be Mriga. One of the stars in this group, known as
'Sirius', in Western astronomy, is often called Vyadha (i.e., the
hunter).--Mr. K. T. Gupte.
The Mrig constellation is also said to represent the goddess
Saraswati, who had assumed the form of a gazelle in order to escape
the amorous grasp of Brahma, her father. While the deer in the Mrig
constellation is Saraswati, the Ardra constellation is Mahadev who
had followed to chastise Brahma, who also is seen as the Brahma
constellation.--Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[275] The thirteenth day of both the bright and dark halves of a month,
sacred to the worship of god Shiva.
[276] The three-leaf-clusters of this tree are loved by the god Shiva
if put upon his image.--Mr. K. D. Desai.
[277] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[278] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[279] The nine grahas are, Ravi (the Sun), Chandra (the Moon),
Mangal (Mars), Budha (Mercury), Guru (Jupiter), Shukra (Venus), Shani
(Saturn), and Rahu and Ketu.
[280] The names of the twelve rashis are:--1 Mesha (Aries), 2 Vrishabha
(Taurus), 3 Mithun (Gemini), 4 Karka (Cancer), 5 Sinha (Leo), 6 Kanya
(Virgo), 7 Tula (Libra), 3 Vrishchika (Scorpio), 9 Dhanu (Sagittarius),
10 Makara (Capricornus), 11 Kumbha (Aquarius), 12 Mina (Pisces).
[281] The following are the twenty-seven nakshatras:--1 Ashvini,
2 Bharani, 3 Kritika, 4 Rohini, 5 Mrig, 6 Ardra, 7 Punarvasu, 8
Pushya, 9 Ashlesha, 10 Magha, 11 Purva-phalguni, 12 Uttara-phalguni,
13 Hasta, 14 Chitra, 15 Swati, 16 Vishakha, 17 Anuradha, 18 Jyeshtha,
19 Mul, 20 Purvashadha, 21 Uttarashadha, 22 Shravana, 23 Dhanishtha,
24 Shatataraka, 25 Purvabhadrapada, 26 Uttarabhadrapada, and 27 Revati.
[282] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[283] One ghadi = 24 minutes.
[284] Mr. Motechand Vasanji Doshi, Kalawad.
[285] The Schoolmaster, Dadvi.
[286] The Schoolmaster or Dadvi.
[287] N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[288] M. H. Raval, Vanod.
[289] Hirji Monji, Ganod.
[290] N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[291] I.e., a handful of rice, ghi, cocoanuts, and some other objects
are cast into the fire as an offering.
[292] Gangaram Tribhowandas, Lilapur.
[293] D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[294] K. P. Joshi, Limbdi.
[295] R. B. Pandya, Jetpur Sanskrit Pathashala.
[296] A superior kind of rice.
[297] The Schoolmaster of Khirasara.
[298] Twisted braids of darbha grass.
[299] D. K. Pandya, Dhhank, and N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[300] B. K. Dave, Kotda-Sangani.
[301] Jairam Vasaram, Jodia.
[302] Arghya is an offering of water in a spoon filled with barley
seeds, sesamum seeds, sandal ointment, rice, and flowers.
[303] Two varieties of sacred grass, used in thatching roofs.
[304] Kalyanji Bhaishankar, Kolki, and R. B. Pandya, Jetpur.
[305] G. K. Bhatt, Songadh.
[306] Meaningless terms.
[307] Odhowji Avichal, Lakhapadar.
[308] Talakshi Dharamsi, Khandhar.
[309] The Deputy Educational Inspector of Gohelwad.
[310] Hirji Monji, Ganod.
[311] Indra has full sway over the twelve meghas (or clouds), of which
Shamaghana is the greatest. Indra directs them to pour down waters in
whatever regions he likes. At the time of the deluge he lets loose
all the twelve meghas under the lead of Shamaghana and thus brings
about the destruction of this world.--N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[312] L. D. Mehta, Mota Devalia.
[313] Nandlal Kalidas, Chhatrasa.
[314] N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[315] The Schoolmaster of Palanvar.
[316] D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[317] K. P. Joshi, Limbdi.
[318] The Schoolmaster of Luvaria.
[319] Mr. Kalyanji Bhaishankar, Kolki.
[320] The Schoolmaster of Khandhar.
[321] Mr. R. B. Pandya, Jetpur.
[322] Mr. M. M. Rana, Barton Female Training College, Rajkot.
[323] Mr. D. K. Shah, Charadwah.
[324] Mr. Jairam Vasaram, Jodia, and B. K. Dave, Kotda-Sangani.
[325] When a king desired to be Chakravarti--Sovereign of all
India--he used to perform a horse-sacrifice, and a horse was let
loose with a copper-plate fastened to its head with the name of
the king engraved upon the plate. The horse moved in front followed
by the king's army. Those who were not willing to acknowledge the
suzerainty of the king challenged his army by seizing the horse. Such
a horse-sacrifice, if successfully completed, threatens the power
of Indra, who is therefore said to be very jealous and to create
obstacles to the performance of such sacrifices--K. D. Desai.
[326] Mr. Vallabh Ramji, Mendarda.
[327] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[328] Mr. Nandlal Kalidas, Chhatrasa.
[329] Mr. Jethalal Anupram, Aman.
[330] Mr. Jairam Vasaram, Jodia.
[331] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[332] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[333] Mr. K. B. Fazlullah.
[334] Mr. G. K. Bhall, Songadh.
[335] Mr. Hirji Monji, Ganod.
[336] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[337] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[338] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[339] Mr. Talakshi Dharashi, Sayala.
[340] A mixture of milk, curds, ghi, honey and sugar.
[341] The Schoolmaster of Dadvi.
[342] Durva is a kind of sacred grass.
[343] Mr. Jairam Vasaram, Jodia.
[344] The Schoolmaster of Gondal Taluka.
[345] On the Dasara holiday, which is also known as Vijayadashmi,
Hindus take special dishes, dress themselves in their best garments and
go out of towns and villages to worship the earth-mother and the holy
shami, with javala stalks, a few of which are inserted in the folds
of their head-dress as auspicious tokens. In towns, and big cities
a procession is formed, conducted by some city magnate or a native
chief riding an elephant. They go in state to the place of worship,
and after the completion of the worship a goat or a he buffalo,
preferably the latter, is killed, and a salvo of three to seven or
more cannon is fired. People then return home and prostrate themselves
before their elders, and receive from them a handful of candied sugar,
a betel-nut and leaf, with blessings for long-life and prosperity. Such
blessings are considered likely to prove effective.--K. D. Desai.
[346] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[347] Some Hindus, when intending to go on a journey, consult an
astrologer as to the muhurt or auspicious hour for setting out. If
they do not happen to leave their place at the prescribed moment, they
put a pastana--some of the articles to be carried by them in their
journey--such as a suit of clothes or a box, in a neighbour's house
as a token of their having set out at the stated time.--K. D. Desai.
[348] Mr. Jairam Vasaram, Jodia.
[349] Mr. H. M. Bhatt, Ganod.
[350] Mr. Talakshi Dharashi, Sayala.
[351] Mr. B. K. Dave, Kotda-Sangani.
[352] Mr. Nandlal Kalidas, Chhatrasa, and the Schoolmaster of Jasdan.
[353] The Schoolmaster of Patanvav.
[354] The Schoolmaster of Sultanpur.
[355] Mr. Laxmichand Hemji, Vasavad.
[356] Mr. Madhowji Tulsiram, Movaiya.
[357] A mixture of milk, curds, ghi, honey, and sugar.
[358] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[359] The Schoolmaster of Lilapur.
[360] Such objects are taken in a plate and thrown over a tulsi
(or sweet basil) plant.--K. D. Desai.
[361] Mr. Jairam Vasaram, Jodia.
[362] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[363] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[364] The Schoolmaster of Dadvi.
[365] The Schoolmaster of Gondal Taluka.
[366] Sacrifices in honour of Vishnu, Mahadev and the goddess Chandi,
respectively.--K. D. Desai.
[367] A form of devotion requiring the recitation of the
Gayatri-mantra a hundred thousand times with certain symbolic
ceremonies.--K. D. Desai.
[368] The appointment of duly authorised Brahmans to perform religious
ceremonies.--K. D. Desai.
[369] Mr. M. M. Rana, Barton Female Training College, Rajkot.
[370] Mr. M. M. Rana, Rajkot.
[371] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[372] Mr. Jairam Vasaram, Jodia.
[373] Intending pilgrims sometimes impose such self-denials upon
themselves, vowing abnegation from particular articles of food or
wear till they have performed their pilgrimage. Some renounce the
use of ghi, some of milk, others of betel-leaf or nut, others swear
not to wear a turban or a dupatta--till they are given the merit of
a pilgrimage.--Khan Bahadur Fazlullah.
[374] Mr. L. I. Joshi, Surela.
[375] This game, much resembling the English boys' game of Tip cat,
is also known as gilli-danda. The gedi or gilli is a small piece of
wood, two or three inches in length, an inch or less in diameter and
sometimes tapering at both ends. The danda is a small round stick,
of the same thickness and a foot or more in length, by which the gedi
is played. There are two sides to the game as in cricket, though not
composed of a definite number of players. There are a number of ways
in which the game can be played.--K. D. Desai.
[376] Mr. K. P. Joshi, Limbdi.
[377] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara, or of Bhagwan, according to Jairam
Vasaram, Jodia.
[378] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[379] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[380] The Shastri of Jetpur, Pathashala.
[381] The Schoolmaster of Paolanvav.
[382] Mr. G. K. Dave, Sultanpur.
[383] The Schoolmaster of Rajkot Girls' School.
[384] Mr. H. M. Bhatt, Ganod.
[385] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[386] The Schoolmasters of Dhhank, Sanka, Limbdi, and Sultanpur.
[387] Mr. M. M. Rana, Rajkot.
[388] The Schoolmaster of Lilapur.
[389] The Schoolmaster of Charadwa.
[390] The Schoolmaster of Surela.
[391] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[392] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[393] The Schoolmaster of Kolki.
[394] The Schoolmaster of Gondal.
[395] i.e., the period for which the Rohini nakshatra lasts.
[396] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[397] Mr. B. K. Dave, Kotda-Sangani.
[398] The Schoolmaster of Dadvi.
[399] The Hasta nakshatra generally commences at the end of Bhadrapad
or the beginning of Ashvin and lasts for a fortnight. The rains
during this period, which are required for the rabi crops, are so
much esteemed that each drop of them is said to be worth a drop of
ghi. People store the hathio-varshad or the rain water of Hasta in
reservoirs for drinking purposes, believing it to be very pure and
digestive.--K. D. Desai.
[400] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[401] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[402] Mr. B. K. Dave, Kotda-Sangani.
[403] The Schoolmaster of Luvaria.
[404] The Schoolmaster of Dadvi.
[405] The Schoolmaster of Songadh.
[406] Talakshi, Dharashi, Sayala.
[407] Mr. L. H. Jadow, Vasawad.
[408] Mr. M. M. Rana, Rajkot.
[409] Among the Hindus it is customary for those whose children do not
live to keep their children unshaved for a certain number of years,
after which the children are taken to a holy place and shaved there
for the first time. The temple of Ranchhodji at Dakor is a favourite
place for such ceremonies.--K. D. Desai.
[410] Mr. G. K. Dave, Sultanpur.
[411] The Schoolmaster of Charadwa.
[412] Mr. Jairam Vasaram, Jodia.
[413] The seven nether worlds are Atal, Vital, Sutal, Talatal, Mahatal,
Rasatal, and Patal.
[414] In an ocean, as some say--D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[415] Mr. Jethalal Devji, Bantwa.
[416] Mr. G. K. Bhatt, Songadh.
[417] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank, and Mr. M. M. Rana, Rajkot.
[418] The Deputy Educational Inspector of Gohelwad.
[419] Mr. Jairam Vasaram, Jodia.
[420] Mr. K. P. Joshi, Limbdi, and Mr. Raju Ramjee Kanjee Pathak,
Girls' School, Gondal.
[421] Mr. J. K. Upaddhyaya, Patanvao.
[422] Mr. Raju Ramjee Kanjee Pathak, Gondal.
[423] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[424] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[425] Mr. M. M. Rana, Rajkot.
[426] The river is, therefore, regarded as his daughter, and is
called Jahnavi.
[427] Mr. M. M. Rana, Rajkot.
[428] The Schoolmaster of Lilapur.
[429] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[430] The Schoolmaster of Kolki.
[431] The Schoolmaster of Upleta.
[432] The waving of lights to and fro before an object of worship.
[433] The Schoolmaster of Kolki and the Shastri of Jetpur Pathashala.
[434] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[435] Mr. B. K. Dave, Schoolmaster, Kotda-Sangani.
[436] The Schoolmaster of Dadvi.
[437] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Schoolmaster, Dhhank.
[438] This happens every twelfth year. The year of Sinhastha i.e. the
year when Brihaspati stands in the Sinha-rashi, is the only one in
which marriages among the Kadvâ Kunbis take place; and for this reason
the smallest children in the community, sometimes even those who are
in the womb, are married in this year.--Mr. M. M. Rana, Rajkot.
[439] The Schoolmaster of Upleta.
[440] The Schoolmaster of Luvaria.
[441] Mr. L. D. Mehta, Mota Devalia.
[442] Mr K. D. Desai.
[443] The Saraswati is believed to be present, but invisible at
this spot.
[444] The Schoolmaster of Jodia.
[445] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[446] Mr. D. K. Shah, Charadwah.
[447] The Schoolmasters of Dhhank, Vanod, and Kolki.
[448] Mr. M. R. Raval.
[449] The Schoolmaster of Dadvi.
[450] The Schoolmaster of Limbdi Taluka.
[451] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[452] Mr. Jairam Vasaram, Jodia.
[453] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank, and the Headmistress of Gondal Girls'
School.
[454] The Schoolmaster of Kolki.
[455] See P. 42.
[456] Mr. M. H. Raval, Vanod.
[457] Mr. M. S. Shah, Zinzuwada.
[458] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[459] The Shastri of Jetpur Pathashala.
[460] Mr. L. D. Mehta, Mota Devalia.
[461] The Schoolmaster of Khirasara.
[462] The Schoolmaster of Lewaria.
[463] Mr. Jairam Vasaram, Jodia.
[464] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[465] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[466] The Schoolmaster of Moti Murad.
[467] The Schoolmaster of Gondal Taluka.
[468] The Shastri of Jetpur Pathashala.
[469] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[470] There are several species of bhuts and prets--ghosts and
goblins--thus, for instance, Jalachar, i.e., those who live in
water; Agnichar, i.e., those found in fire; Ehuchar, i.e., those
hovering on the earth; Gaganachar, i.e., those moving in ethereal
regions; Manushyachar, i.e., those moving among men; Khagachar or
those moving among birds; and Pashuchar, i.e., those living among
beasts.--N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[471] D. K. Pandya, Dhhank; the Shastri of Jetpur Pathashala and the
Schoolmaster of Limbdi Taluka.
[472] Mr. L. D. Mehta, Mota Devalia.
[473] Vide page 1.
[474] The Schoolmaster of Limbdi Taluka and the Shastri of Jetpur
Pathashala.
[475] The Schoolmaster of Movaiya.
[476] N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[477] The Schoolmaster of Kolki.
[478] N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[479] The Schoolmasters of Vanod and Kolki.
[480] D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[481] H. M. Bhatt, Ganod.
[482] A mixture of milk, curds, ghi, honey and sugar.
[483] The Schoolmasters of Dhhank and Patanvav.
[484] Vide page 29.
[485] The Schoolmaster of Dadvi.
[486] Rich persons use silver or golden spades and hoes when turning
up the first clod of earth.
[487] The Schoolmasters of Ganod and Dadvi.
[488] B. K. Dave, Kotda Sangani.
[489] The schoolmasters of Limbdi and Chhatrasa.
[490] It is a common practice to bring a small circular piece of an
earthen vessel from the neighbourhood of such a well and to hang
it by a piece of string round the neck of a child to cure it of
hadakhi-udharas or strong cough.--K. D. Desai.
[491] The Schoolmaster of Upleta.
[492] The schoolmaster of Mota Devalia.
[493] The Schoolmaster of Kolki.
[494] D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[495] The Schoolmaster of Patanvav.
[496] G. K. Bhatt, Songadh.
[497] Pampa is described in the Ramayana as being situated in the
Dandaka forest, i.e., in the Deccan, and seems to be the modern Hampi
in Bellary district.
[498] Perhaps the one in Sidhapur--K. T. G.
[499] Jairam Vasaram, Jodia.
[500] The Shastri of Jetpur, Pathashala.
[501] The Schoolmasters of Dadvi and Kolki.
[502] D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[503] H. M. Bhatt, Ganod.
[504] The Schoolmaster of Kolki.
[505] Jairam Vasaram, Jodia.
[506] The Schoolmaster of Khirasara.
[507] N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[508] The Deputy Educational Inspector of Halar.
[509] The Schoolmasters of Dhhank, Moti Parabadi, and Luvaria.
[510] The Schoolmaster of Chhatrasa.
[511] All mountains once possessed wings and caused much havoc when
they flew about. So Indra clipped their wings with his thunderbolt
and they are lying motionless since.--K. D. Desai.
[512] The Schoolmaster of Lilapur.
[513] Three-fourths of a gau = one mile.
[514] The Shastri of Jetpur, Pathashala.
[515] The Schoolmaster of Kolki.
[516] The Schoolmaster of Lilapur.
[517] The Schoolmasters of Kotda-Sangani, Vanod, and Luvaria.
[518] After the conflagration of Lakshabhuvan, the Pandavas escaped
to the Hidimba forest. There one day, in his excursions, Bhima came
across the giantess Hidimba sitting on a see-saw. On her offering
to marry him if he succeeded in swinging her see-saw, he is said to
have swung it so high in the skies that she could even see the stars
during daytime.--K. D. Desai.
[519] The Schoolmaster of Ganod.
[520] The Schoolmaster of Patanvav.
[521] The Shastri of Jetpur Pathashala.
[522] The Schoolmaster of Lilapur.
[523] The Schoolmaster of Ganod.
[524] R. B. Dave.
[525] The Schoolmaster of Jodia.
[526] The Schoolmaster of Luvaria.
[527] M. M. Rana, Rajkot.
[528] The earth is believed to be flat like a dish and to consist of
seven large islands, which are compared to the seven petals of a lotus.
[529] One yojan = eight miles.
[530] M. M. Rana, Rajkot.
[531] A magic tree, supposed to grant all desires.
[532] D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[533] The Schoolmaster of Limbdi.
[534] The Schoolmaster of Upleta.
[535] The Schoolmasters of Dhhank and Sanka.
[536] The Schoolmaster of Zinzuwada.
[537] Fire used for the purposes of smoking.
[538] The Schoolmaster of Mendarda.
[539] The Schoolmasters of Dhhank and Gondal Taluka.
[540] The Shastri of Jetpur.
[541] K. D. Desai.
[542] N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[543] Offering oblations to gods by throwing ghi into the consecrated
fire.
[544] D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[545] The Schoolmaster of Ganod.
[546] The Schoolmaster of Upleta.
[547] The Deputy Educational Inspector of Gohelwad and K. D. Desai.
[548] A flat round loaf, about two to four inches in diameter,
prepared from the flour of udad.
[549] Coarse wheat-flour fried in ghi and sweetened with sugar or
molasses.
[550] Bean-flour, generally of gram or peas, is allowed to remain
in water with spices, until the paste acquires a sufficient degree
of consistency, when it is rolled into small biscuit-sized balls and
fried in sweet oil.
[551] K. D. Desai.
[552] M. M. Rana, Rajkot.
[553] The Deputy Educational Inspector of Gohelwad.
[554] D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[555] The Shastri of Jetpur Pathashala, and the Schoolmaster of Vanod.
[556] The Schoolmaster of Mota Dewalia. According to him, the same
vow is also observed to bring about a rainfall.
[557] The Schoolmaster of Ganod.
[558] The Schoolmaster of Vanod.
[559] The Shastri of Jetpur Pathashala.
[560] The Schoolmaster of Jodia.
[561] The Schoolmaster of Zinzuwâdâ.
[562] The Schoolmaster of Mendarda.
[563] The story tells how a woman and her daughter-in-law, intending
to observe this vow, killed and cooked a calf by mistake; covered
with shame, they locked themselves up in their house, and refused
admission to the neighbours, to whom they confessed their crime. On
searching for the remains of the calf, the neighbours discovered that
it had been miraculously restored to life.--R. E. E.
[564] The Schoolmaster of Jodia.
[565] The Schoolmasters of Vanod and Kolki.
[566] Some observe the Nagapanchami on the fifth day of the bright
half of Bhadrapad.
[567] A mixture of rice and pulse treated with spices and cooked
in water.
[568] A preparation of nine handfuls of wheat.
[569] The Schoolmaster of Surel.
[570] Vide Page 24.
[571] A kind of rice grown without ploughing.
[572] The Schoolmaster of Jasdan.
[573] Mr. M. M. Rana, Rajkot.
[574] The mother of the bride, accompanied by other women who sing
songs on the way, carries an iron lamp to the village-boundary, and
from that place the party bring earth to erect the altars on which
sacrificial fires are burnt. The lamp is called laman-divo and the
earth which is brought is called ukardi.--K. D. Desai.
[575] The Schoolmaster of Ganod.
[576] Mr. M. M. Rana, Rajkot.
[577] The Schoolmaster of Zarama-Zarava.
[578] The Schoolmaster of Kolki and the Head-Mistress of Rajkot Civil
Station Girls' School.
[579] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[580] The Shastri of Jetpur Pathashala.
[581] The Schoolmaster of Surel.
[582] Vide question 10.
[583] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[584] The art of taking the life of a person by means of a magical
process called muth-maravi. The victim of this process suddenly vomits
blood and loses his life, unless the evil influence is counteracted
by another sorcerer.--B. K. Dave, Kotda Sangani.
[585] Causing a person to leave his business by making him disgusted
with it, by means of magical spells.
[586] The art of so influencing the conduct of a person as to bring
him perfectly under control.
[587] Bewildering an enemy by means of magical charms.
[588] The suppression of any force or feeling by magical means.
[589] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[590] The Schoolmaster of Ganod.
[591] Mr. N. M. Dave, Sanka.
[592] The Schoolmaster of Moti Murad.
[593] Mr. B. K. Dave, Kotda Sangani.
[594] Mr. N. D. Vora, Rajpara.
[595] Mr. D. K. Pandya, Dhhank.
[596] The Schoolmasters of Dhhank and Songadh.
[597] The Deputy Educational Inspector of Gohelwad.
[598] The Schoolmasters of Upleta and Aman.
[599] Name of a medicinal preparation.
[600] The Schoolmaster of Aman.
[601] The Deputy Educational Inspector of Halar.
[602] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[603] The Shastris of Jetpur and Bhayavadar.
[604] The Shastri of Jetpur Pathashala.
[605] The Schoolmaster of Chok.
[606] But the virtue of influencing rain belongs to the Shiva linga and
to the idol of Harshadh, not because they are made of any particular
kind of stone, but because they represent certain deities.
[607] The Schoolmaster of Patanvav.
[608] Rice cooked in milk and sweetened with sugar.
[609] Mr. K. D. Desai and the Schoolmaster of Dhhank.
[610] The Schoolmaster of Jodia.
[611] The Schoolmaster of Ganod.
[612] The Schoolmasters of Dhhank and Ganod and the Mistress of Rajkot
Civil Station Girls' School.
[613] Mr. Nandlal Kalidas, Chhatrasa.
[614] The Schoolmaster of Sayala. Perhaps it is the accumulation
of sin in this world that brings down the saints of heaven in human
form. The earth is unable to bear too much sin and would soon come to
an end if the balance between virtue and sin were not maintained. It
is for this purpose that saints are born in this world and add to the
store of merit on earth, by preaching righteousness to people and by
leading a virtuous life.--K. D. Desai.
[615] The Schoolmaster of Ganod.
[616] The Schoolmasters of Rajpara, Vasawad, Upleta, and Khirasara.
[617] The Schoolmasters of Patanvav and Sultanpur.
[618] It is an act of merit to repeat the name of Ram, the seventh
incarnation of Vishnu. As the death of a righteous person is due to
the growth of sin in this world, people utter the name of Ram in order
to atone for that sin. The name is repeated as long as the shooting
star is visible. Vaishnavas recite the name of Krishna.--K. D. Desai.
It is also said that the name of Ram or Krishna is repeated, because
the falling star enters the Court of God Bhagwan.--The Schoolmaster
of Lakhapadar.
[619] The Schoolmaster of Sultanpur.
[620] The Schoolmaster of Charadwa.
[621] The Deputy Educational Inspector of Gohelwad.
[622] The Schoolmaster of Jodia.
[623] (I.e.) with a tail. Chhoga is the end of a turban, which is
allowed to hang down the back.
[624] The Schoolmaster of Songadh.
[625] The following couplet mentions all of them:
Asvatthama Balirvyaso Hanumamsca bibhisanah |
Krpah parasuramasca saptaite cirajivinah ||
[626] K. D. Desai, from the answers of various Schoolmasters.
[627] A group of gods supposed to be inferior manifestations of Shiva,
who is said to be the head of the group.
[628] The Schoolmaster of Vasavad.
[629] The Schoolmaster of Rajpara.
[630] Kundalan is the circle formed round the utar by a bhuva,
after he has placed the utar in a cemetery or over a crossway.--The
Schoolmaster of Dadvi.
[631] The Schoolmaster of Dadvi.
[632] This is the day to learn such arts as that of muth, chot, maran,
etc., i.e., the art of doing bodily injuries by means of magic even
to persons who are at a distant place. The process is gone through
in a cemetery at the dead of night.--The Schoolmaster of Rajpara.
[633] The Schoolmaster of Limbdi Taluka.
[634] A poisonous plant, the leaves of which are used in fomenting in
cases of palpitation and of stomach troubles.--The Deputy Educational
Inspector, Prant Halar.
[635] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Prant Halar.
[636] The Schoolmaster of Lilapur.
[637] The Schoolmaster of Songadh.
[638] The Schoolmaster of Ganod.
[639] The panoti cannot affect anybody who has an elder male
relative living, i.e., it influences only the eldest male member of
a family.--K. D. Desai.
[640] The Schoolmaster of Jodia.
[641] The Schoolmaster of Sanka.
[642] The Schoolmaster of Dadvi.
[643] K. D. Desai.
[644] A sweet preparation of wheat flour fried in ghi.
[645] Sweet balls of wheat flour fried and afterwards soaked in ghi.
[646] Small biscuit-sized cakes of pulse flour treated with spices
and fried in oil--K. D. Desai.
[647] The Schoolmaster of Rajpara.
[648] A ghani is that quantity of oil seeds which is put in at one
time to be crushed in an oil mill.
[649] K. D. Desai.
[650] The Schoolmaster of Aman.
[651] The Shastri of Jetpur Pathashala.
[652] A mixture of milk, honey, curds, sugar and ghi.
[653] The Schoolmaster of Rajpara.
[654] The Schoolmaster of Kolki.
[655] The Schoolmaster of Ganod.
[656] The Vasus are a class of deities, eight in number, and are
often collectively called Ashtavasus.
[657] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[658] The Shastri of Jetpur Pathashala.
[659] The Schoolmaster of Rajpara.
[660] The Schoolmaster of Charadwa.
[661] The Schoolmaster of Dhhank.
[662] Vide Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. VIII, page 414.
[663] Maya, in philosophy, means the illusion, by virtue of which
one considers the unreal universe as existent and distinct from the
supreme spirit. Here it means the effect of maya, the unreal splendour
of the world, in fact phenomena opposed to the noumenon.
[664] The Schoolmaster of Dhhank.
[665] The Schoolmaster of Ganod.
[666] Kori may mean either a new garment or an unused earthen jar.
[667] The Schoolmaster of Ganod.
[668] See p. 42 Supra.
[669] The Schoolmaster of Dadvi.
[670] The Schoolmaster of Kolki.
[671] The Schoolmaster of Chok.
[672] The Schoolmaster of Mota Devalia.
[673] An offering of all sorts of dainties and vegetables.
[674] The Schoolmaster of Chhatrasa.
[675] Milk and rice boiled together and sweetened with sugar.
[676] I. e. persons who have taken the vow of celibacy.
[677] The Schoolmaster of Mojidad.
[678] The Shastri of Jetpur Pathashala.
[679] The Schoolmaster of Patanvav.
[680] The Schoolmaster of Sultanpur.
[681] The Schoolmaster of Luvaria.
[682] The Schoolmaster of Aman.
[683] The Schoolmaster of Charadwa.
[684] The Schoolmaster of Charadwa.
[685] The Schoolmaster of Limbdi Taluka.
[686] Nehado is the residence of Bharvads or shepherds.
[687] The Schoolmaster of Zinzuwada.
[688] The Schoolmaster of Zinzuwada.
[689] The Schoolmaster of Jodia.
[690] The Schoolmaster of Goda.
[691] The Schoolmaster of Lilapur.
[692] The Schoolmaster of Jasdan.
[693] The Schoolmaster of Jasdan.
[694] The Schoolmaster of Upleta.
[695] The Schoolmaster of Gondal Taluka and the Head Mistress of girls'
school, Gondal.
[696] The Schoolmaster of Movaiya.
[697] The Schoolmaster of Sayala.
[698] K. D. Desai.
[699] The Schoolmaster of Khirasara.
[700] The Schoolmaster of Chhatrasa.
[701] The Schoolmasters of Jodia and Khirasara.
[702] The celebrated serpent of one thousand heads who supports all
the worlds.
[703] The Schoolmaster of Rajpara.
[704] The Schoolmasters of Chhatrasa and Rajpara.
[705] Vide Chapter I, p. 29.
[706] The Shastri of Jetpur Pathashala.
[707] The Schoolmasters of Khirasara, Jetpur and Rajpara.
[708] The Schoolmasters of Chhatrasa and Jetpur.
[709] The Schoolmaster of Jodia.
[710] K. D. Desai.
[711] 100 dokdas = 1 rupee.
[712] The Schoolmaster of Chhatrasa.
[713] The time taken by the sun to move through the constellations
Ashlesha and Magha, which is approximately the month of August.
[714] The Shastri of Jetpur Pathashala.
[715] The Schoolmaster of Kotda-Sangani.
[716] The Schoolmaster or Dadvi.
[717] Generally the same ideas prevail regarding diseases of cattle
as in the case of human ailments. Doras or magical threads and
slips of paper are often used in cases of fever. In epidemics like
cholera pollution is believed to be at the root of the evil. Bhangis
are engaged to prepare images of corn to keep off the disease, and
they forfeit their homesteads and property if the epidemic is not
checked thereby.--The Schoolmaster of Barton Female Training College,
Rajkot. (These images represent evil spirits presiding over particular
diseases. Certain oblations are offered to these evil spirits,
and after the recital of certain incantations they are either burnt
or buried.)
[718] The Schoolmaster of Dadvi.
[719] The Schoolmaster of Mota-Devalia.
[720] Small round cakes of wheat flour sweetened with molasses and
fried in ghi.
[721] The Schoolmaster of Dhhank.
[722] A preparation of fine gram flour treated with spices, which
after being made into a thick paste, is passed through a sieve into
boiling oil.
[723] The Schoolmaster of Kolki.
[724] The Schoolmaster of Dhhank.
[725] Shrisakha, Gajidhana and Pitabhava are most probably corruptions
of Shrishasakha, Gandivadhanva and Prithabhava respectively;
Lalanlarkha perhaps of Lalama narakhya.
[726] The Schoolmaster of Ganod.
[727] The Schoolmaster of Kolki.
[728] A disease which causes severe pain in the stomach of the
affected animal.
[729] A disease which stiffens the limbs of animals and renders them
incapable of any movement.
[730] The word chela in ordinary language means a pancake (pudalo)
of wheat or gram, sweet or salt, and it is a favourite oblation to
Mata. So the word chelan may have come to be used for any oblation
to Mata and the expression swallowing the chelans may mean partaking
of the oblation or offering of the Mata.
[731] The Schoolmaster of Kolki.
[732] The Schoolmaster of Kolki.
[733] The Shastri of Jetpur Pathashala.
[734] The Schoolmaster of Ganod.
[735] The Schoolmaster of Ganod.
[736] The Schoolmaster of Moti Murad.
[737] The Schoolmaster of Chhatrasa.
[738] The Schoolmaster of Jodia and Dodiala.
[739] Milk and rice boiled together and sweetened with sugar.
[740] Vide page 48.
[741] The Schoolmaster of Aman.
[742] The Schoolmaster of Patanvav.
[743] The Shastri of Jetpur Pathashala.
[744] The Schoolmaster of Dhhank.
[745] The Schoolmaster of Barton Female Training College, Rajkot.
[746] The Schoolmaster of Kolki.
[747] The Schoolmaster of Dhhank.
[748] The Schoolmaster of Dhhank.
[749] The Schoolmaster of Jasdan.
[750] The Schoolmaster of Aman.
[751] The Schoolmaster of Dhhank.
[752] The Schoolmaster of Aman.
[753] The Schoolmaster of Zinzuwada.
[754] The Schoolmaster of Ganod.
[755] The Schoolmaster of Sanka.
[756] The Schoolmaster of Sanka.
[757] Also known as surasanis.
[758] The Schoolmaster of Anandpur.
[759] K. D. Desai.
[760] The Schoolmaster of Jodia.
[761] The Schoolmaster of Kolki.
[762] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[763] A ball of molasses and sesamum seeds mixed together.
[764] The Schoolmaster of Kolki.
[765] Vide Question 19.
[766] A small wooden car five or six inches long is covered over with
a piece of cotton cloth and the wooden image of a Mata--Khodiar or
Kalka--besmeared with red lead is placed upon it. This rath or chariot
of the Mata is then passed through the village on the shoulders of
a low-caste person, who begs corn from door to door and afterwards
places the image at the gates of the neighbouring village. From thence
it is removed by the people of that village to the next village and
so on till it reaches the sea.--Mr. K. D. Desai.
[767] The Schoolmaster of Luvaria.
[768] The Schoolmaster of Jodia.
[769] The Schoolmaster of Kotda-Sangani.
[770] Sometimes the statues of adad flour are besmeared with red
lead and afterwards are boiled in dirty water. The whole of this
preparation is then thrown into wells, the waters of which are used
for drinking in the village.--The Schoolmaster of Songadh.
[771] The Schoolmasters of Jodia, Dadvi, and Songadh.
[772] The School Master of Dadvi.
[773] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[774] The School Master of Jodia.
[775] The School Master of Mendarda.
[776] The School Master of Movaiya.
[777] The School Master of Vanod.
[778] The School Masters of Devalia and Vasavad.
[779] The Shastri of Jetpur Pathshala.
[780] The School Master of Charadwa.
[781] These are different sacrifices, the first two in honour of Shiva,
the third in honour of the goddess Chandi.
[782] The School Master of Ganod.
[783] The School Master of Dhank.
[784] The School Master of Dadvi.
[785] The School Master of Jodia.
[786] The patient is often entirely made over to the Mata and
is again purchased from her at a nominal price of a rupee and a
quarter.--Mr. K. D. Desai.
[787] A mixture of the flour of bajri, ghi, and molasses.
[788] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[789] The School Master of Jodia.
[790] The School Master of Sayala.
[791] The Deputy Educational Inspector of Halar.
[792] The School Master of Zinzuvada.
[793] The School Masters of Dhank and Ganod.
[794] The School Master of Vanod.
[795] The School Master of Ganod.
[796] Babhrivahan was not the son of Bhima, he was the son of Arjun
by Chitrangada, a princess of Manipur.
[797] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[798] The School Master of Jodia.
[799] The School Master of Sanka.
[800] The Mistress of Rajkot Civil Station Girls' School.
[801] The School Master of Ganod.
[802] The Shastri of Jetpur Pathshala.
[803] Names of Vishnu and Shiva respectively.
[804] The School Master of Charadwa.
[805] The half-man and half-lion incarnation of Vishnu.
[806] The School Master of Dhank.
[807] The School Master of Zinzuvada.
[808] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[809] The School Master of Jodia.
[810] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[811] The Deputy Educational Inspector of Gohelwad.
[812] The School Master of Rajpara.
[813] The School Master of Jasdan.
[814] The School Master of Rajpara.
[815] The School Master of Kotda-Sangani.
[816] The School Master of Devalia.
[817] The School Master of Devalia.
[818] The School Master of Sanka.
[819] The School Master of Ganod.
[820] The School Master of Dhank.
[821] The School Master of Dhank and the Shastri of Jetpur Pathshala.
[822] The Shastri of Bhayavadur Pathashala.
[823] The School Master of Zinzuwada.
[824] The Shastris of Jetpur and Bhayavadur.
[825] The School Master of Wala Taluka.
[826] The School Master of Anandpur.
[827] The School Master of Kotda-Sangani.
[828] The School Master of Zinzuwada.
[829] The School Master of Kotda-Sangani.
[830] All this of course is addressed to the evil spirit which is
supposed to have possessed the patient.
[831] Feminine of Vaghri belonging to the Vaghri caste.
[832] The School Master of Sanka.
[833] The School Masters of Ganod, Vanod and Kolki.
[834] The School Master of Dadvi.
[835] The School Master of Limbdi Taluka.
[836] Mr. B. K. Desai.
[837] Nilotsava or Nil-parnavum is a ceremony performed in honour
of a young man, who has come to an untimely end. The chief part of
the ceremony is the performance of the wedding of a bull-calf with a
heifer. Sometimes a member of the deceased youth's family is possessed
on such an occasion by the spirit of the deceased man and is believed
to have then the power of correctly answering questions about future
events, etc.--The School Master of Dhank.
[838] The School Master of Devalia.
[839] The School Masters of Dhank and Kotda Sangani.
[840] The School Master of Sanka.
[841] The School Master of Dadvi.
[842] The School Masters of Dadvi and Kolki.
[843] The School Masters of Kotda Sangani and Sanka.
[844] The School Master of Zinzuwada.
[845] The School Master of Jodia.
[846] The School Master of Sanka.
[847] The School Master of Dadvi.
[848] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[849] The Schoolmaster of Patanvav.
[850] The School Master of Sanka.
[851] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[852] The School Master of Davalia.
[853] The School Master of Ganod.
[854] The School Master of Limbdi Taluka.
[855] The School Master of Kolki.
[856] The School Master of Dadvi.
[857] The School Master of Zinzuwada.
[858] The School Master of Dhank.
[859] The Pathashala Shastri, Talpur.
[860] The School Mistress of Gondal.
[861] The School Master of Dhank.
[862] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[863] This period of 15 days is called Sharadian.
[864] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[865] The School Master of Luvaria.
[866] The School Master of Jodia.
[867] The School Master of Lilapur.
[868] The School Master of Sanka.
[869] The School Master of Dhank.
[870] The School Master of Ganod.
[871] The School Master of Zinzuvada.
[872] The School Master of Jodia.
[873] The School Master of Lalapur.
[874] The School Master of Sanka.
[875] The School Masters of Kotda Sangani and Dadvi.
[876] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[877] The School Master of Dadvi.
[878] The School Master of Ganod.
[879] The School Master of Mota Devalia.
[880] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Gohilvad.
[881] Shastri Bhayavadar Pathshala.
[882] The School Master of Todia.
[883] The School Master of Jodia.
[884] A vasana is the outcome of a person's good or bad actions. It is
not the last desire of a man as supposed by some, but the result of
his good or bad actions or rather of the workings of his mind during
life. It is believed that, if at the moment of death, a man's mind
is fixed on the strong attachment he feels for his children, he is
born as a descendant of his offspring.--The School Master of Dhank.
[885] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[886] The School Master of Ganod.
[887] The School Master of Dadvi.
[888] The School Master of Mota Devalia.
[889] The School Master of Charadwa.
[890] The School Master of Ganod.
[891] The School Master of Dhank and the School Mistress of Gondal.
[892] A samadh is taken during life in the following way.
A deep pit is dug in the ground. The person who wishes to take a
samadh goes into a deep trance by meditation, and then runs yelling
and screaming to the pit, while drums are beaten furiously and a
loud din is raised, so that none should hear a possible exclamation
or cry from the runner. In the midst of this din the runner leaps
into the pit and is covered over with salt and earth. An altar is
raised over this spot with Shiva's image, which afterwards becomes
an object of worship. It is believed that if a word or a cry from
the runner is heard while he is taking the leap, the whole village
will be destroyed.--Mr. K. D. Desai.
[893] The Pathshala Shastri, Bhayavadar.
[894] Datar means the great giver or munificent. The Pir is so called
on account of his power of fulfilling the vows of many.
[895] The School Master of Dhank.
[896] The School Master of Movaiya.
[897] The School Masters of Dhank and Moti Parabdi.
[898] The School Master of Dadvi.
[899] The School Master of Dadvi.
[900] The School Master of Dadvi.
[901] The School Master of Davalia.
[902] The School Master of Mendarda.
[903] A symbol of servitude of the saint.
[904] The School Master of Sultanpur.
[905] Aulia and Pir, synonymous terms, the first Arabic, the second
Persian. Aulia is the Arabic plural of wali which means a saint. In
Hindustani the plural form is used to signify the singular e. g.,
a single wali or saint is often spoken of as an aulia. The word Pir
originally meaning an old man is used in Hindustan in the sense of
a saint. Aulia Pir is the Gujarati for a single or many saints.
[906] The School Master of Moti Porabdi.
[907] The School Master of Zinzuwada.
[908] The School Master of Surel.
[909] The School Master of Jaseluan.
[910] The School Master of Charadwa.
[911] The School Master of Dhank.
[912] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[913] The School Master of Devalia.
[914] The School Masters of Dhank and Vanod.
[915] The School Mistress, Female Training College, Rajkot.
[916] The School Master of Moti Parabadi.
[917] The School Master of Todia.
[918] The School Master of Lilapur.
[919] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[920] The School Master of Ganod.
[921] The School Master of Dhank.
[922] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[923] An ingredient used in preparing spices.
[924] The School Master of Uptala.
[925] The School Mistress, Girls' School, Gondal.
[926] The School Master of Sultanpur.
[927] The School Master of Dhank.
[928] The School Master of Dadvi.
[929] The School Mistress of Rajkot, Civil Station Girls' School.
[930] The School Master of Bhayavadar.
[931] The School Master of Sultanpur.
[932] The School Master of Dhank and Mr. K. D. Desai.
[933] The School Master of Dadvi.
[934] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[935] The School Master of Ganod.
[936] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[937] The School Masters of Kotda Sangani and Chhatrasa.
[938] The School Master of Jetpur.
[939] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Gohilwad.
[940] The School Master of Vanod.
[941] It is for this reason that barren women are not allowed to
approach the bed of a woman in child-bed.
[942] The School Masters of Dadvi and Chhatrasa.
[943] The School Master of Todia.
[944] The School Master of Mota Devalia.
[945] The School Master of Luvaria.
[946] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[947] The School Master of Rajpara.
[948] The School Master of Khirasara.
[949] The School Master of Jhinjhuwada.
[950] The School Master of Dhank.
[951] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[952] The School Master of Ganod.
[953] The School Master of Todia.
[954] The School Master of Ganod.
[955] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[956] The School Master of Khirasara.
[957] The School Master of Ganod.
[958] The School Master of Todia.
[959] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[960] The School Master of Dhank.
[961] The School Master of Dadvi.
[962] The School Master of Ganod.
[963] The School Master of Dhank.
[964] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[965] The School Master of Ganod.
[966] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[967] The School Master of Dhank.
[968] The School Master of Todia.
[969] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[970] The School Master of Ganod.
[971] The School Master of Kolki.
[972] The Shastri, Bhayavadar Pathashala.
[973] The School Master of Todia.
[974] The School Master of Gondal.
[975] The Shastri, Bhayavadar Pathshala.
[976] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[977] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[978] The School Master of Dadvi.
[979] The School Master of Gondal.
[980] The Musalman Haditte has it that spirits cannot open closed
doors, uncover covered pots, or even remove a piece of cloth if it
is spread over a tray or vessel to save its contents from view.
[981] The School Master of Dhank.
[982] The School Master of Dhank.
[983] The School Master of Luvaria.
[984] The School Master of Lilapur.
[985] The School Master of Ganod.
[986] The School Master of Vanod.
[987] The School Master of Dadvi.
[988] The School Master of Kolki.
[989] The School Master of Mojidad.
[990] The School Master of Dhank.
[991] The School Master of Kolki.
[992] The School Master of Dadvi.
[993] The School Master of Ganod.
[994] The School Master of Bantva.
[995] The School Masters of Sanka and Songadh.
[996] The School Master of Charadva.
[997] The School Master of Dhank.
[998] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[999] The School Master of Vanod.
[1000] The School Master of Kolki.
[1001] The School Master of Lilapur.
[1002] The School Master of Ganod.
[1003] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1004] The School Master of Kolki.
[1005] The School Master of Oman.
[1006] The School Master of Khirasara.
[1007] The School Master of Rajpara.
[1008] The word Jan is the plural of the Arabic jinni. It has remained
as a relic of Arab supremacy and occupation of the Kathiawar coast
just in the beginning of Islam during its first conquests--about half
a century after the Prophet's death.
[1009] The School Master of Dhank.
[1010] The School Master of Vanod.
[1011] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1012] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1013] The School Master of Gondal.
[1014] The School Master of Ganod.
[1015] The Shastri, Bhayavadar Pathshala.
[1016] The School Master of Dhank.
[1017] The School Master of Ganod.
[1018] The D. E. Inspector, Halar.
[1019] The Shastri, Pathshala, Bhayavadar.
[1020] The School Master of Dhank.
[1021] The School Mistress, Barton Female Training College, Rajkot.
[1022] The School Master of Limbdi.
[1023] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1024] "Like the green grass on the turf I have often grown and
regrown. I have visited 770,000 bodies." Maulana Ilaluddin Rumi.
[1025] The School Master of Ganod.
[1026] The School Master of Vanod.
[1027] The School Master of Jetalpur.
[1028] The D. E. Inspector, Halar.
[1029] The School Master of Dhank.
[1030] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1031] The School Master of Charadva.
[1032] The School Master of Dhank.
[1033] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1034] The School Master of Kolki.
[1035] The School Mistress, Barton Female Training College, Rajkot.
[1036] The School Master of Bhayavadar.
[1037] The School Master of Todia.
[1038] The School Master of Songadh.
[1039] The School Master of Devalia.
[1040] The School Master of Dhank.
[1041] The School Master of Ganod.
[1042] The School Master of Patan Vao.
[1043] The D. E. Inspector, Gohilwad.
[1044] The School Master of Luvaria.
[1045] The School Master of Bantva.
[1046] The School Master of Rajpara.
[1047] The School Master of Vala.
[1048] The School Master of Ganod.
[1049] See p. 3.
[1050] If a lock of the hair of the person possessed by an evil spirit
be knotted round and round while the exorcist is trying to cast the
spirit, it cannot get out.--The School Master of Vanod.
[1051] The School Master of Dhank.
[1052] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1053] The School Master of Patan Vao.
[1054] The School Master of Bhayavadar.
[1055] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1056] The School Master of Sanka.
[1057] The School Master of Kolki.
[1058] The School Master of Chharadva.
[1059] The School Master of Limbdi.
[1060] The School Master of Jhinjhuwada.
[1061] The School Master of Vanod.
[1062] The School Master of Dhank.
[1063] This derivation of the word rakshasa is obviously
fanciful. Rakshasa is a Sanskrit word and has no connection with the
Gujarati word rakho which itself is derived from the Sanskrit root
raksha to protect.
[1064] The School Master of Dhank.
[1065] The School Master of Bantva.
[1066] The School Master of Moti Parabdi.
[1067] The School Master of Rajpara.
[1068] The School Master of Charadva.
[1069] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1070] The School Master of Ganod.
[1071] The School Master of Lewaria.
[1072] The School Master of Upleta.
[1073] The School Master of Vanod.
[1074] The word Khavis comes from the Arabic Khabith from the root
verb Khabotha and means one who has become impure or unholy.
[1075] The School Master of Sultanpur.
[1076] The School Masters of Khirasara and Pipalana.
[1077] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1078] The School Master of Anandpur.
[1079] The School Master of Lilapur.
[1080] The School Master of Khirasara.
[1081] The School Master of Vasavad.
[1082] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1083] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1084] The School Master of Khirasara.
[1085] The School Master of Ganod.
[1086] The School Master of Gondal.
[1087] The School Master of Bantva.
[1088] The School Master of Dhank.
[1089] The School Master of Talpur and Luvaria.
[1090] The School Master of Vanod.
[1091] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1092] The School Master of Kolki.
[1093] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1094] The School Master of Dhank.
[1095] The School Master of Kolki.
[1096] The D. E. Inspector, Gohilwad.
[1097] The School Master of Dhank.
[1098] The School Master of Vanod.
[1099] The School Master of Jetpur.
[1100] The School Master of Songadh.
[1101] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1102] The School Master of Jhinjhuwada.
[1103] The School Master of Dhank.
[1104] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1105] The School Master of Rajpara.
[1106] The School Master of Vanod.
[1107] The School Master of Dhank.
[1108] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1109] The School Master of Vanod.
[1110] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1111] The School Master of Limbdi.
[1112] The School Master of Lilapur.
[1113] The School Masters of Dhank and Vanod.
[1114] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1115] The School Master of Vanod.
[1116] The School Mistress, Female Training College, Rajkot.
[1117] The School Master of Todia.
[1118] The School Master of Lilapur.
[1119] The School Master of Gondal.
[1120] The School Master of Kolki.
[1121] The School Master of Devalia.
[1122] This is a point of conjugal etiquette in India. Hindu, and in
Gujarat and the Deccan, Musalman women, would much rather starve than
dine before their husbands.
[1123] The School Master of Dhank.
[1124] The School Master of Vanod.
[1125] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1126] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1127] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1128] The School Master of Kolki.
[1129] The School Master of Zinzuvada.
[1130] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1131] The School Master of Dhank.
[1132] The School Master of Mavaiya.
[1133] The School Master of Dhank.
[1134] The School Master of Vanod.
[1135] The School Master of Sayala.
[1136] The School Master of Gondal.
[1137] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1138] The School Master of Vanod.
[1139] The School Master of Rajpara.
[1140] The School Master of Dhank.
[1141] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1142] The School Master of Kolki.
[1143] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1144] The School Master of Jetpur.
[1145] The School Master of Devalia.
[1146] The School Master of Sayala.
[1147] The School Master of Ganod.
[1148] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1149] The School Master of Ganod.
[1150] The School Master of Dhank.
[1151] See page 3.
[1152] The School Master of Ganod.
[1153] The School Master of Vanod.
[1154] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1155] This process is generally adopted in cases of milch cattle not
giving milk and all other ailments to ascertain the influence of the
evil eye.
[1156] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1157] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1158] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1159] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1160] The School Master of Bantva.
[1161] The School Master of Aman.
[1162] The School Master of Sayala.
[1163] The School Master of Dhank.
[1164] The School Master of Devalia.
[1165] The School Master of Vanod.
[1166] Mr. M. M. Rana, Barton Female Training College, Rajkot.
[1167] The School Master of Sultanpur.
[1168] The School Master of Moti Khilori.
[1169] The School Master of Khirasara.
[1170] The School Master of Todia.
[1171] The School Master of Dhank.
[1172] The School Master of Ganod.
[1173] The School Master of Vanod.
[1174] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1175] The School Master of Kolki.
[1176] The School Master of Dhank.
[1177] The School Master of Ganod.
[1178] The School Master of Kolki.
[1179] The School Master of Bhayavadar.
[1180] The School Master of Khirasara.
[1181] The School Master of Sanka.
[1182] The School Master of Zinzuvada.
[1183] The School Master of Dhank.
[1184] The School Master of Uptela.
[1185] The School Master of Ganod.
[1186] The School Master of Vanod.
[1187] The School Master of Bhayavadar.
[1188] The School Master of Jetpur.
[1189] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1190] The School Master of Mota Devalia.
[1191] The D. E. Inspector, Halar.
[1192] The School Master of Dhank.
[1193] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1194] The School Master of Kolki.
[1195] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Gohilwad.
[1196] Anklets are made of these nails and worn round the wrist.--The
School Master of Zinzuwada.
[1197] The School Master of Vasavad.
[1198] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1199] The School Master of Dhank.
[1200] The School Master of Gohilwad.
[1201] The School Master of Dhank.
[1202] The School Master of Todia.
[1203] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1204] The Pathashala Shastri, Jetpur.
[1205] The Girls' School Mistress, Gondal.
[1206] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1207] The School Master of Dhank.
[1208] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1209] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1210] The School Master of Todia.
[1211] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1212] The School Master of Ganod.
[1213] The School Master of Chok.
[1214] The School Master of Zinzuvada.
[1215] The School Master of Dhank.
[1216] The School Masters of Dadvi and Dhank.
[1217] The School Master of Dhank.
[1218] The School Master of Ganod.
[1219] The School Master of Vanod.
[1220] The School Master of Dhank.
[1221] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1222] The School Master of Ganod.
[1223] The School Master of Vanod.
[1224] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1225] The School Master of Bhayavadar.
[1226] The School Master of Songadh.
[1227] The School Master of Dhank.
[1228] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1229] The sight of a corpse is a good omen when one sees it on
entering a village where he goes on business.
[1230] The School Master of Ganod.
[1231] The School Master of Vanod.
[1232] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1233] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1234] The School Master of Bhayavadar.
[1235] The School Master of Limbdi.
[1236] The School Master of Todia.
[1237] The School Master of Songadh.
[1238] The School Master of Dhank.
[1239] The School Master of Ganod.
[1240] The School Master of Vanod.
[1241] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1242] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1243] The School Master of Mota Devalia.
[1244] The School Master of Limbdi.
[1245] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1246] The School Master of Todia.
[1247] The School Master of Todia.
[1248] The School Master of Dhank.
[1249] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1250] The School Master of Sayala.
[1251] The School Master of Ganod.
[1252] The School Master of Vanod.
[1253] The School Master of Ganod.
[1254] The School Master of Kolki.
[1255] The School Master of Bantva.
[1256] The School Master of Zinzuvada.
[1257] The School Master of Todia.
[1258] The School Master of Songadh.
[1259] The School Master of Dhank.
[1260] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1261] The School Master of Moti Parabadi.
[1262] The School Master of Charadva.
[1263] The School Masters of Ganod and Vanod.
[1264] The School Master of Kolki.
[1265] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1266] The School Master of Mota Devalia.
[1267] The School Master of Limbdi.
[1268] The School Master of Zinzuvada.
[1269] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1270] "The name of Ram is alone true" meaning all else except God
is illusion.
[1271] The School Master of Dhank and Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1272] The School Master of Ganod.
[1273] The School Master of Patanvav.
[1274] The School Master of Khirasara.
[1275] The School Master of Halar.
[1276] The School Master of Dhank.
[1277] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1278] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1279] The School Master of Kolki.
[1280] The School Master of Vanod.
[1281] The School Master of Dhank and Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1282] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1283] The School Master of Ganod.
[1284] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1285] The School Master of Dhank.
[1286] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1287] The School Master of Ganod.
[1288] The School Master of Bantva.
[1289] The School Master of Uptela.
[1290] The School Master of Ganod.
[1291] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1292] The School Master of Dhank.
[1293] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1294] The School Master of Ganod.
[1295] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1296] The School Mistress, Girls' school, Civil Station, Rajkot.
[1297] The School Master of Dhank.
[1298] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1299] The School Masters of Chhatrasa and Uptela.
[1300] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1301] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1302] The School Master of Vanod.
[1303] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1304] The School Master of Gunjar.
[1305] The School Master of Bhayavadar.
[1306] The School Master of Ganod.
[1307] The School Master of Halar.
[1308] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1309] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1310] The School Mistress, Civil Station Girls' School, Rajkot.
[1311] The School Master of Dhank.
[1312] The School Master of Gunjar.
[1313] The School Mistress of Civil Station Girls' School, Rajkot
and the School Master of Todia.
[1314] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1315] It is believed that the spirit of the deceased returns to its
house for thirteen days after death. Hence the period of mourning is
thirteen days.--The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1316] The School Master of Ganod.
[1317] The School Master of Todia.
[1318] The School Master of Dhank.
[1319] The School Masters of Vanod and Kotda Sangani.
[1320] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1321] The School Master of Kolki.
[1322] The School Master of Uptela.
[1323] The School Master of Dhank.
[1324] The School Mistress of Girls' school, Gondal, and the School
Master of Dhank.
[1325] The School Master of Kolki.
[1326] The School Master of Surel.
[1327] The School Master of Mavaiya.
[1328] The School Master of Lilapur.
[1329] The School Master of Limbdi.
[1330] The School Master of Moti Murad.
[1331] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1332] The School Master of Jetpur.
[1333] The School Master of Rajpara.
[1334] The School Master of Zinzuwada.
[1335] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1336] The School Master of Dhank.
[1337] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1338] The School Master of Ganod.
[1339] The School Master of Todia.
[1340] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1341] The School Master of Dhank.
[1342] The School Master of Moti Parabdi.
[1343] The School Master of Todia.
[1344] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1345] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1346] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1347] The School Master of Todia.
[1348] The School Master of Zinzuvada.
[1349] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1350] The School Master of Vanod.
[1351] The School Master of Kolki.
[1352] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1353] The School Master of Dhank.
[1354] The School Master of Kolki.
[1355] The School Master of Dhank.
[1356] The School Master of Dhank.
[1357] The School Master of Bhayavadar.
[1358] The School Master of Uptela.
[1359] The School Master of Anandpur.
[1360] The School Masters of Ganod and Khirasara.
[1361] The School Master of Dhank.
[1362] The School Master of Kolki.
[1363] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1364] The School Master of Limbdi.
[1365] The School Master of Limbdi.
[1366] The School Master of Ganod.
[1367] The School Master of Jasdan.
[1368] The School Masters of Dhank and Dadvi.
[1369] The School Masters of Dhank and Mavaiya.
[1370] The School Master of Ganod.
[1371] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1372] The School Master of Dhank.
[1373] The School Master of Khirasara.
[1374] The School Master of Dhank.
[1375] The School Master of Vanod.
[1376] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1377] The School Masters of Uptela and Limbdi.
[1378] The School Master of Zinzuvada.
[1379] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1380] The Schoolmistress, Barton Female Training College, Rajkot.
[1381] The School Master of Khirasara.
[1382] The School Master of Sanka.
[1383] The School Master of Dhank.
[1384] The School Master of Jodia.
[1385] The School Master of Ganod.
[1386] The School Master of Jodia.
[1387] The School Master of Mota Devalia.
[1388] The School Master of Dhank.
[1389] The School Master of Ganod.
[1390] The School Master of Vanod.
[1391] The School Master of Ganod.
[1392] The School Mistress, Barton Female Training College, Rajkot.
[1393] The School Master of Dhank.
[1394] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1395] The School Master of Charadva.
[1396] The School Master of Khirasara.
[1397] The School Master of Ganod.
[1398] The School Master of Vanod.
[1399] The School Master of Songadh.
[1400] The School Master of Sanka.
[1401] The School Master of Kolki.
[1402] The School Master of Todia.
[1403] The School Master of Dhank.
[1404] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1405] The School Mistress, Barton Female Training College, Rajkot.
[1406] The D. E. Inspector, Halar.
[1407] The School Master of Lilapur.
[1408] The School Master of Anandpur.
[1409] The School Master of Dhank.
[1410] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1411] The School Master of Dhank.
[1412] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1413] The D. E. Inspector, Halar.
[1414] The School Master of Songadh.
[1415] The School Master of Sanka.
[1416] The School Mistress, Barton Female Training College, Rajkot.
[1417] The School Master of Dhank.
[1418] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1419] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1420] The School Master of Kolki.
[1421] The School Master of Vanod.
[1422] The School Master of Kolki.
[1423] The School Mistress, Civil Station Girls' School, Rajkot.
[1424] The School Master of Zinzuvada.
[1425] The School Master of Vanod, and Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1426] The School Master of Sayala.
[1427] The School Master of Dhank.
[1428] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1429] These are female names.
[1430] The School Master of Kolki.
[1431] The School Master of Halar.
[1432] Both male and female.
[1433] The School Master of Dhank.
[1434] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1435] The School Master of Kolki.
[1436] The School Master of Dhank.
[1437] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1438] The School Master of Dhank.
[1439] The School Master of Todia.
[1440] The School Master of Mota Devalia.
[1441] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1442] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1443] The School Master of Vanod.
[1444] The School Master of Zinzuvada.
[1445] The School Master of Songadh.
[1446] The School Master of Patanvav.
[1447] The School Master of Vala.
[1448] The School Master of Songadh.
[1449] The School Master of Dhank.
[1450] The School Master of Vanod.
[1451] The School Master of Vanod.
[1452] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1453] The School Master of Bantva.
[1454] The School Master of Ganod.
[1455] The School Master of Devalia.
[1456] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1457] The School Master of Jetpur.
[1458] The School Master of Zinzuvada.
[1459] The School Masters of Kotda Sangani, Zinzuvada and Gohelwad.
[1460] The School Master of Halar.
[1461] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1462] The School Master of Devalia.
[1463] The School Master of Todia.
[1464] The School Master of Kolki.
[1465] The School Master of Dhank.
[1466] The School Master of Jetpur.
[1467] The School Master of Dhank.
[1468] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1469] The School Master of Aman.
[1470] The School Master of Todia.
[1471] The School Master of Lilapur.
[1472] The School Master of Dhank.
[1473] The School Master of Zinzuvada.
[1474] The School Master of Zinzuvada.
[1475] The School Master of Todia.
[1476] Among Hindus women in menses are considered impure for four
days.
[1477] The School Master of Lilapur.
[1478] The School Master of Dhank and Kota Sangani.
[1479] The School Master of Ganod.
[1480] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1481] The School Master of Lilapur.
[1482] The School Master of Zinzuvada.
[1483] The School Master of Todia.
[1484] The School Master of Dhank.
[1485] The School Master of Kolki.
[1486] The School Master of Songadh.
[1487] The School Master of Limbdi.
[1488] The School Master of Todia.
[1489] The School Master of Dhank.
[1490] The School Masters of Dhank and Vanod.
[1491] The School Master of Kalavad and Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1492] The School Masters of Ganod and Dhank.
[1493] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1494] The School Masters of Ganod and Kalavad and Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1495] The School Master of Todia.
[1496] The School Master of Wala.
[1497] The School Masters of Dadvi and Dhank.
[1498] The School Master of Jetpur.
[1499] The School Master of Aman.
[1500] See pp. 48-49.
[1501] The School Master of Dhank.
[1502] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1503] The School Master of Devalia.
[1504] The Deputy Educational Inspector, Gohelwad.
[1505] The School Master of Ganod.
[1506] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1507] The School Master of Todia.
[1508] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1509] The School Master of Moti Marad.
[1510] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1511] The School Master of Moti Parabdi.
[1512] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1513] The School Master of Aman.
[1514] The School Master of Limbdi.
[1515] The School Master of Aman.
[1516] The School Master of Todia.
[1517] The Deputy Educational Inspector of Gohelwad.
[1518] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1519] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1520] The School Master of Kolki.
[1521] The School Master of Todia.
[1522] The School Master of Todia.
[1523] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1524] The School Master of Luvaria.
[1525] The School Master of Aman.
[1526] The School Master of Todia.
[1527] The School Master of Dhank.
[1528] The School Master of Ganod.
[1529] The School Master of Gondal.
[1530] The School Master of Sultanpur.
[1531] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1532] The School Master of Vanod.
[1533] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1534] The School Master of Moti Khilori.
[1535] The School Master of Ganod.
[1536] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1537] The School Master of Dhank.
[1538] The School Master of Ganod.
[1539] See p. 14 Supra.
[1540] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1541] The School Master of Vanod.
[1542] The School Master of Devalia.
[1543] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1544] The School Master of Jetpur.
[1545] The School Master of Jetpur.
[1546] The School Master of Ganod.
[1547] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1548] The School Master of Jodia.
[1549] The School Master of Movaiya.
[1550] The School Masters of Zinzuvada and Devalia.
[1551] The School Master of Luvaria.
[1552] The School Master of Bhayavadar.
[1553] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1554] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1555] The School Master of Vanod.
[1556] The School Master of Chok.
[1557] The School Master of Devalia.
[1558] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1559] The School Master of Jetpur.
[1560] The School Master of Patan Vav.
[1561] The School Master of Moti Murad.
[1562] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1563] The School Master of Patan Vav.
[1564] The School Master of Sanka.
[1565] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1566] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1567] The School Master of Vanod.
[1568] The School Master of Dhank.
[1569] The School Master of Ganod.
[1570] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1571] The School Master of Kotda Sangani.
[1572] The School Master of Vanod.
[1573] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1574] The School Master of Devalia.
[1575] The School Master of Limbdi.
[1576] The School Master of Ganod.
[1577] The School Masters of Dhank and Ganod.
[1578] The School Mistress, Barton Female Training College, Rajkot.
[1579] Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1580] The School Master of Vanod.
[1581] The School Master of Moti Khiroli.
[1582] The School Masters of Dhank and Songadh.
[1583] This is generally in the evening or an hour or two after
nightfall.
[1584] The School Masters of Zinzuvada and Moti Marad.
[1585] The School Masters of Dhank and Vanod.
[1586] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1587] The School Master of Todia.
[1588] The School Master of Songadh.
[1589] The School Master of Kolki.
[1590] The School Masters of Zinzuvada and Todia.
[1591] The School Master of Todia.
[1592] The School Mistress, Barton Female Training College, Rajkot.
[1593] The School Master of Luvaria.
[1594] The School Master of Todia.
[1595] The School Master of Patan Vav.
[1596] The School Masters of Ganod, Vanod and Dhank.
[1597] The School Master of Kolki.
[1598] The School Mistress, Barton Female Training College, Rajkot.
[1599] The School Master of Todia.
[1600] The School Master of Songadh and Mr. K. D. Desai.
[1601] The School Master of Patan Vav.
[1602] The School Master of Songadh.
[1603] The School Master of Khirasara.
[1604] The School Master of Dhank.
[1605] The School Master of Vanod.
[1606] The School Master of Dadvi.
[1607] The School Master of Chok.
[1608] The School Mistress of Barton Female Training College, Rajkot.
[1609] The School Master of Chhatrasa.
[1610] The School Master of Uptela.