Trench Life and Trench
Warfare.
TRENCH LIFE AND TRENCH WARFARE.
TAKING OVER THE TRENCHES.
1.--Leaving Billets.
The battalions of a Brigade occupying a given sector of the front are
billeted when out of the trenches, in the villages closest to their
sector. Cf. appendix.
When their turn comes to relieve the battalions in the trenches, the
officers in charge should have the following instructions carried out:
2.--On the day before the relief make sure:
That the rifles, bayonets, etc., are in good condition.
That the ammunition and reserve rations are supplied.
That the equipment of every man is complete.
That all officers and N.C.O.'s watches are set to
division time.
3.--On the day of the relief, one hour before departure:
Have rifles stacked and equipment laid out outside the
billets.
Make sure that nothing is left behind, that premises
are cleaned, all rubbish burnt, and latrines filled.
Have rifles loaded and with the safety lock turned to
the safe.
Assign an energetic N. C. O. to act as file closer of
each platoon to prevent straggling.
Call the roll and have it duly forwarded to the company
commander.
4.--On the way to the trenches:
If under fire, have units march at proper intervals
(Cf. par. 117ff.)
Adopt marching order best suitable to avoid blocking
the road.
At night do not allow smoking.
Exact silence when nearing the trenches.
Take special precaution at all times to maintain
constant communication between units, especially at
night and when crossing woods.
If enemy aeroplanes appear, stop and keep out of sight
as much as possible. (Cf. par. 120.)
5.--On reaching the trenches:
The relief should be completed in silence--without
hurry.
Carefully ascertain the orders of the battalion
relieved.
Check up and assign to each unit the supplies taken
over.
Requisition at once additional supplies and ammunition
wanted.
Each platoon should be assigned its special duties,
the duty roster drawn up for all sentry and patrol
duties, details, etc.
Have all the men locate the enemy trench as they come
on duty and give them the range.
Inspect the dugouts and assign them.
Forbid all digging under the parapet.
Inspect the latrines. Give strict order that small
amount of dirt be thrown in after use and that lime
be sprinkled in daily.
See that the men are provided with ammunition.
Communication should be insured between the various
units to the right and left and with the rear.
CARE AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE TRENCHES.
6.--Improvements:
Investigate the work under way for the improvement
of defense and prepare plans for further work if
necessary.
Obvious improvements are: making additional
communication trenches, repairing or completing
shelters, listening posts, mining tunnels, wire
entanglements.
7.--Ammunition shelters:
See that there are a sufficient number of shelters
for rifle ammunition, grenades, rockets and other
supplies.
8.--Loopholes and Parapet:
Ascertain the conditions of all the loopholes and
have them repaired if need be. (They should cut the
parapet diagonally and be concealed in every way
possible with vegetation, branches, and the opening
blocked when not in use.)
Have all damages to the parapet and to the ground
underneath quickly attended to.
See that in each section there are small ladders to
permit of easy access to the top of the parapet.
See that means are provided to fire above the parapet
in case of an attack.
9.--Drainage:
Attend carefully to the drainage. Have the trench
bottom kept convex with small gutters on either side
running into pits lined with gabions. If trench
bottom is lined with board walks, keep it in repair.
Have water pits emptied if necessary.
10.--Sanitation:
Have latrines kept in perfect sanitary order.
Have them filled up and others dug =if need be=.
Have all rubbish collected and carried out.
11.--Precautions against capture of fire-trench.
Prepare for the obstruction of the communicating
trenches in case the enemy should capture the fire
trench: Have piles of sand bags above the entrance of
each trench ready to be dumped into it. Have chevaux
de frise lined up on one parapet of the trench and
all held up in such a way by a single wire that when
the wire is cut they will fall into the trench. Mines
can also be prepared to blow up the trench when
invaded. The communicating trench between the fire
trench and the listening post should be covered with
barbed wire screens or be tunnelled.
THE WATCH FROM THE TRENCHES.
12.--Trench Warfare an outpost duty.
Trench warfare, the inevitable form of modern warfare, is a continuous
series of outpost duty. Hence it is based wholly on eternal vigilance.
The patrols correspond to the scouts; the listening posts to the
sentinels; the firing trench to the outguards; the cover trench to the
supports. The safety of the sector depends entirely on the vigilance
of the advanced elements and the rapidity with which supports and the
reserves can be summoned.
Watching is thus the fundamental duty in trench warfare.
The following points should be kept in mind:
AT ALL TIMES
13.--Number of men in the fire trench.
There must be as many sentinels in each section as is necessary to
cover completely the sector to be watched, no more, no less, each
sentinel being given the exact limits (such as tree, copse, post,
etc.) at each end of the line he should watch.
14.--Fix bayonets.
The men on duty should have bayonets fixed as, in case of a possible
surprise, they are needed for defense. Otherwise too, fixing bayonets
would be an indication to the enemy of an impending raid.
DURING THE DAY.
15.--Observation of open terrain.
When the terrain opposite is open country, the necessary observation
may be done by the smallest possible number of men. Fire only, if any
of the enemy are sighted. Then, have two rounds fired, then three. But
keep fire under strict control. (If enemy continues to approach. Cf.
par. 52 ff.)
16.--Observation of covered terrain.
When the terrain is covered (high brush wood, copses, trees, etc.) a
sharpshooter in each section should fire occasionally into the trees,
etc., which may be observation or sharpshooters' posts but this should
not be overdone.
AT NIGHT.
17.--Double sentinels.
Post double sentinels in each section, each man watching in turn, the
other resting but within call.
18.--Silence.
They should refrain from making the least noise so as to hear and not
be heard.
19.--No firing when fired upon.
There should be no firing when the enemy fires since when the enemy
fires, he does not advance.
20.--Look and listen.
They should keep a sharp lookout but listen even more attentively.
21.--In the listening posts.
Sentinels in the listening posts should listen especially for the noise
of crushed branches, stirring leaves, slight noise of arms or utensils.
If enemy is detected, these sentinels should hasten back to fire trench
to give the alarm quietly so that the enemy may be surprised.
They should fire only if they are themselves caught unawares.
Listening posts should not be too numerous, about two per battalion.
If there are no listening posts, patrols should be sent out to
favorable spots especially at sundown and before sunrise.
22.--Enemy sighted or heard, fire.
If the night is clear and the terrain is open, proceed as during the
day: If the enemy is sighted or heard, fire in short volleys. In case
of doubt throw grenades with the first volley.
23.--Otherwise no firing.
Otherwise, absolute silence should be observed. No firing whatever.
24.--Unless night is dark.
If the night is dark, to avoid surprise, keep up firing: One man per
section should fire in turn, from time to time varying the direction.
25.--Digging by enemy.
If digging by the enemy is reported, cease firing. Have it located,
throw bombs followed by volleys. Notify sappers for counter mining.
26.--Watch for light of enemy's fire.
If enemy fires, note where light appears.
27.--Posting of sharpshooters.
Locate sharpshooters in advantageous posts behind the trenches (trees,
etc.). Have them fire into the enemy's listening posts and into the
enemy's trench, especially wherever light appears. These posts should
not be occupied during the day.
28.--Patrols.
Send out patrols, stationary or mobile.
PATROLLING.
29.--Functions of Patrols.
The aim: to supplement the work of the listening posts and of the
sentinels through more forward observation. To discover the movements
and the operations of the enemy. To locate his emplacements.
To keep in close touch with the enemy so as to take advantage of his
possible weaknesses: lack of watchfulness, of ammunition, of sufficient
troops. To verify, repair and complete advance defences. To get the
exact range of enemy's positions. To bring back prisoners.
30.--Time to patrol.
Patrols should be on duty through the night but be specially watchful
before sunrise.
31.--Assignment of patrol duty.
N. C. O. and men should be assigned to patrol duty by roster or as
volunteers. In the former case, if there is reason to think that a
patrol has not done its best to secure information, the same men should
be sent out again.
32.--Sentinels should know about patrols.
Neighboring companies should be notified of the departure, route and
probable time of return of patrols. If several patrols are sent out at
the same time they should know one another's itinerary.
33.--Dress and equipment of patrols.
The men (3 to 5 commanded by N. C. O.) should carry no impediments
and their dress should not interfere with ease of movements: sweaters
should be worn instead of overcoats. The woolen cap or comforter should
be worn as they cover most of the face. Slits should be cut for the
ears that hearing be not interfered with. The helmet should always be
worn over comforter. Also dark gloves to hide the hands. No equipment
save the rifle, the bayonet fixed or carried in the hand, (no bayonet
scabbard), a few hand grenades.
34.--Method of advance.
Patrols should crawl forward or advance by short dashes, silently, stop
often and for long periods, listen intently.
35.--Under flare light.
If the enemy sends up lighting rockets (flares) or fires volleys, lie
flat on the ground until he stops.
36.--Against an hostile patrol.
If a small hostile patrol approaches, do the same, throw a stone or two
so as to turn its attention away and take advantage of this to surprise
it. If men of enemy's patrol give the alarm, kill them--lie flat on
ground during enemy's volleys which will follow. Then strip bodies of
distinctive uniform badges, and search for papers, etc. Otherwise bring
men back as prisoners.
37.--Need of initiative.
Patrols should exercise initiative, take advantage of circumstances, in
devising ways of bringing back the greatest possible amount of useful
information.
INTERROGATING PRISONERS.
38.--Information from prisoners.
One of the chief aims of patrolling is to bring back prisoners from
whom information may be gathered.
39.--Its use by General Staff.
The General Staff is interested to know the nationality, the division,
the age, etc. of prisoners captured in a given sector.
40.--Its use by company commander.
But these are of little value to the battalion or company commander.
Hence, when possible, they should ask the prisoners questions more
pertinent to the organization of the enemy sector opposite:
41.--Questions to ask.
How strongly are your various lines held?
Where are the C. O. Post and the officers' dugouts?
When and by what routes are the reliefs made, how often and on what
days and at what time. Ask the same questions for the fatigues.
At what time are rations brought or served?
What is the actual muster of the company?
How many regular army officers, how many reserve officers? What do the
men think of their officers?
How many advanced posts? How many men in each, by day and by night? Do
they have grenades and how are they relieved?
How many men are sent out on patrol, how often, at what time, by what
route coming and going? How are they dressed and armed? What are their
instructions?
What does the enemy know about our own patrols?
Are snipers placed in trees during the day and at night? If so, what
trees are used. What parts of our sectors can they see?
Are they planning any raids? Do they anticipate raids by us?
What work are they carrying on during the day and at night?
Have they any idea of our own activities?
What is the nature and the location of their accessory defences?
What is the location of their machine guns, trench mortars?
Have they any asphyxiating gas or liquid fire apparatus?
Have they abundant supplies of hand grenades, etc., etc.
DEVICES TO DRAW THE ENEMY'S FIRE.
42.--To make enemy waste ammunition.
Any devices which lead the enemy to waste ammunition or to expose
themselves is a clear gain.
Many may be readily devised and officers and men should be encouraged
to do so. The following have often proved successful:
43.--Pretend abandoning trench.
Remain absolutely quiescent during several days. This may lead the
enemy to send out patrols or raiding parties which may be the more
surely destroyed. They should be allowed to approach to the wire
entanglements before a shot is fired.
44.--Pretend a raid.
On dark nights, have all firing stop. Throw stones by hand or with
slings, a dozen at a time toward the enemy's trench. This will lead
him to fire repeated volleys and waste ammunition in his fear of an
attack, especially if the trenches are in wooded terrain and there are
leaves on the ground. Repeat several times during the night.
Patrols may also tie strings to the enemy's barb wire. On dark nights
pulling on the string may lead the enemy to fire.
45.--Use decoys.
Decoys may be arranged in trees or stuck up momentarily over the
parapet. They will draw the enemy's fire.
46.--Pretend a fire attack.
If the enemy's trenches are near enough for the sound to carry,
whistles may be blown all along the line before a volley. They may
be blown again after the command to omit the volley. The enemy may
continue to fire indefinitely.
47.--Watch out for enemy's ruses.
Let the aim of all these devices be to make the enemy waste ammunition
and to save your own. On the other hand, the enemy is likely to attempt
like ruses and many others which are not permissible such as the use of
white flags or raising hands to indicate pretended surrender.
48.--His use of blank cartridges.
A legitimate ruse, of which the enemy is fond and which should be
guarded against, consists in their firing blank cartridges to mask an
advance of their men. It is clear that men do not advance while bullets
are fired from their own trenches. Nor does one fire in retaliation
until the enemy's fire ceases. A little attention will be sufficient to
spoil this plan as, when only blank cartridges are fired, no bullets
will whiz by. As long as the enemy fires blank cartridges, withhold
your own fire, be on guard against the appearance of patrols and be
ready to receive them when they draw near.
49.--His use of flares.
In case the enemy sends up flares, patrols should lie flat and
motionless till after the volley which often follows. The sentinels in
the fire trench should note spot where flare was sent up and abstain
from firing unless enemy is sighted out of his trenches.
50.--His machine guns.
If a machine gun opens fire from the trench opposite, try to locate it
through the light and sound at night, through sound and actual sight
during the day.
Fire a converging volley of two rounds in its direction, and repeat,
but not over six rounds if unsuccessful.
At the same time let trench mortars fire bombs in the same direction.
51.--His field and trench artillery fire.
If enemy's artillery fires upon trenches (Cf. par. 69 ff.)
AN ATTACK.
THE REPULSE.
52.--A threatened raid.
As has been stated (par. 15 and 22) in case enemy patrols approach,
volleys of two, then of three rounds should be fired. Keep cool. Do not
fire prematurely.
53.--Fire above parapet.
The firing should be done over the parapet and not through the
loopholes.
54.--When alarm is given.
If the sentinels report that an attack is developing, every one on duty
takes his post.
55.--Flares.
Flares are sent up from each section.
56.--Trench Mortars.
Trench mortars fire bombs with the first volley.
57.--How to repulse an attack.
If the attack materializes, repeat volleys and trench mortar discharge
and open fire with the machine guns.
(On dark nights, in covered terrain, the machine guns should be fired
with the first volley.)
58.--Use of hand grenades.
Hand grenades should be thrown as soon as the enemy is within 30 yards.
The grenadiers of the odd number squads should aim to throw their
grenades upon the assailants while those of the even number squads
should try to establish a barrage by throwing behind the assailants.
59.--Use of trench mortars.
The trench mortars are aimed at the enemy's trench.
60.--Use of the machine guns.
The machine guns fire directly at the assailants, with slight
differences in height of aim, (knee high, waist high, etc.) according
to the directions previously given to each man.
61.--Fire Control.
Carefully keep fire rifle under control and avoid wasting ammunition.
Never fire without aiming. If the ground ahead is flat, aim waist-high;
if it slopes down, aim close to the soil; if it slopes up, aim at
height of chest.
62.--Repulse with the bayonet.
If some of the enemy reach the trench, dispose of them with the bayonet.
63.--Save ammunition.
Cease firing and abstain from further firing as soon as the attack is
repulsed.
THE COUNTER ATTACK.
64.--Immediate.
It should follow immediately upon the successful repulse of the attack.
65.--Counter attack formation.
It should be developed in the following formation:
1st. Grenadiers armed only with a bayonet, a bowie knife, a revolver
and a full stock of grenades. With them a few men with pliers for wire
cutting.
2nd. Next a skirmish line of riflemen with a full supply of ammunition.
3rd. Lastly, a line of men with entrenching tools.[B]
66.--Method of advance.
Proceed by short leaps making use of available protection and crawl
flat on the ground in approaching the enemy's trench.
67.--Capture of the enemy's fire trench.
After the defenders in the fire trench are killed, jump in, throw bombs
into the dugouts, pursue the enemy into the support and communication
trenches.
68.--Organize it against the enemy.
Let then the engineers block up to the right and left the captured
trench and organize it rapidly against the enemy, making it face about
(through changing the parados into a parapet). The enemy is pursued as
far as possible and kept away while fatigue parties from the rear bring
up all necessary ammunition, sand bags, barbed wire, etc., carrying
back all the captured enemy material. Other fatigue parties start at
once to connect the former fire trench with the captured trench by
communication trenches.
FOOTNOTE:
[B] Modifications of this formation have since been adopted. Cf. Works
cited in preface.
CONCERNING ARTILLERY.
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST ENEMY'S ARTILLERY.
69.--Artillery Bombardment.
Whether preliminary to, in connection with, or independent of an
infantry attack, the enemy may make use of his artillery.
This bombardment may be directed against the fire trench or back of the
fire-trench.
70.--Case I.--Bombardment of the Fire Trench.
71.--All in shelter except sentinels.
Leave in the fire trench the necessary sentinels.
Station all the other men in the shelters of the support trench, or
along the communication trench, if there are no shelters, but fully
equipped and ready to jump to their places in the fire trench as soon
as the enemy's artillery fire will stop or lengthen to allow his
infantry to advance.
72.--Fire to impede observation.
All through the bombardment, the sentinels should fire at all objects
in the distance which may be used as observation posts. The machine
guns should cooperate with a slow sweeping fire.
73.--Case II.--Bombardment back of Fire Trench.
74.--Watch for infantry attack.
All should stand to in the fire trench watching for a possible infantry
attack and for a possible shortening of the enemy's bombardment. If it
occurs, proceed as in Case I.
75.--Prevent observation.
Fire against possible observation posts as in Case I.
USE OF TRENCH ARTILLERY.
76.--Use with a purpose.
Whatever trench artillery appliances are provided, bomb-throwers,
trench mortars, catapults, etc., they should never be used hap-hazard,
but always with great deliberation and forethought.
Have a distinct end in view and watch for the best opportunity to
attain it.
Such definite aims may be: to interfere with a relief, a fatigue, a
trench construction or repair, to destroy accessory defences, etc.
77.--Keep it ready.
Let the mortars, etc., be kept loaded and trained on the target
selected, ready to be fired instantly. The crews should be near at hand
and a sentinel posted to watch for a favorable opportunity.
78.--Save ammunition.
Until this opportunity occurs, do not fire.
79.--Have several emplacements.
Several emplacements should be provided so that mortars, etc., may be
removed as soon as they have obtained desired results or been located
by the enemy.
The trench mortar commander should make it his business to study
carefully all possibilities for effective emplacements and should
inspire his men to be alert and quick to improve opportunities.
80.--Use of machine guns.
The machine guns should likewise be handled as a mobile weapon and
not be used merely from elaborate carefully concealed emplacements
commanding otherwise uncovered ground or enfilading communication
trenches, etc.[C]
81.--Use of hand grenades.
Hand grenades may be listed as trench artillery. The temptation is to
use them too freely. Like other ammunition they should never be wasted
and always used with a definite aim.
FOOTNOTE:
[C] Captain Hanguillart treats this important subject very summarily.
Cf. Cole & Schoonmaker's Military Instructor's Manual p. 319. He also
barely mentions Gas attacks. Cf. very complete treatment in same work,
p. 356 to 370.
FIELD ARTILLERY COOPERATION.
82.--Communications with the artillery.
Should be permanent so that it may cooperate whether to repulse an
enemy's attack, to silence his artillery, to damage his defences or to
prepare and protect an attack or a counter attack.
83.--Observations posts.
To avoid a waste of ammunition, and attain the desired result as well
as to prevent the artillery fire from falling short upon one's own
trenches, artillery observation posts should be provided in the fire
trench or at one of the outposts.
84.--Artillery fire falling short.
In case artillery fire does fall short upon one's own trenches,
communicate at once with artillery commander and proceed as when
bombarded by enemy. (Cf. 69 ff.)
85.--Artillery preparation of infantry attack.
Special caution should be exercised in the case of a raid against the
enemy's trench. Make sure that the artillery preparation has secured
the desired result. Synchronize carefully the infantry advance and the
lengthening of the artillery fire.
DAILY SCHEDULE.
86.--Rosters and schedules.
Throughout the stay in the trenches, the various fatigues should be
assigned by roster and carried out according to schedule. The following
schedule has been found practical:
7 A.M. (6 A.M. in summer).
87.--Cleaning of trenches.
Have trenches cleaned of all rubbish, latrines disinfected, drinking
water supplied.
88.--Collecting of broken equipment.
All cartridge shells, broken tools, etc. should be collected.
89.--Requisition Report.
A list of the supplies and ammunition needed should be drawn up.
90.--Report on night activities.
Full report should be brought to the company commander, covering the
work of the patrols and of the fatigue parties, and giving full details
of all that has happened during the night.
91.--Report on casualties.
Also the list of casualties in the last twelve hours with full names
and nature of wound if possible.
92.--Disposal of property of dead and wounded.
The arms and complete equipment of the wounded should be sent out
with them. The arms and equipment of the killed should be sent to
the battalion commander. Their personal effects; money, papers,
letters, etc., should be carefully collected, listed, and sent to the
sergeant-major.
8 A.M.
93.--Sick Parade.
The men able to walk are taken to the doctor's dugout by an N.C.O.
4 P.M.
94.--Assignment of patrols.
Assign night patrols from roster. Point out itinerary while light
permits. Have neighbouring sectors advised of same.
(8. P.M.)
95.--Inspections.
Inspection of sentinels in fire trench. Inspection of ammunition
supplies.
TURNING OVER THE TRENCHES.
THE RELIEF.
96.--In the afternoon and in each section:
Have all the tools and supplies collected and list drawn up ready to
hand over to successor against receipt for same.
Inspect equipment of men that they may be taken out completely.
Check up exact itinerary of relief in and out.
97.--At the time of relief:
Have rifles inspected and emptied.
Give strict orders for silence.
Follow same marching order as when coming in.
Have officer march in rear.
98.--On reaching billets.
Have the roll called and sent to the officer of the day.
Have rifles inspected.
THE DAY AFTER THE RELIEF.
99.--Replace equipment.
Have all arms cleaned and oiled.
Have broken arms turned in and others issued.
Inspect shoes, clothes, equipment, tools, and replace when needed.
Have special inspection of gas-masks and replace if needed.
100.--Sanitation.
Have underwear washed, and personal cleanliness attended to, baths,
hair-cuts, etc.
Have premises kept clean and latrines disinfected daily.
OUT OF THE TRENCHES.
101.--Specialists' Instruction.
While in rest billets: Have all specialists' instruction continued:
sharpshooters, bomb-throwers, signallers, etc.
102.--Bayonet exercises.
Should be given special attention.
103.--Close and extended order drill
and marching give the men needed exercise.
104.--Relaxation.
should also be provided: in the form of games, contests,
entertainments, etc. They help to keep the men "fit."
105.--Efficiency.
The company commander should make it is his constant concern that his
men be kept at the highest possible point of efficiency.
QUESTIONS.
The following questions are topical. Supplements to the
answers found in this book should be looked for in the
larger works referred to in the preface.
Trench Life and Trench Warfare.
1.--What inspections should be made on the day before the relief?
2.--State orders to be issued one hour before departure.
3.--What may be the marching orders, on the way to the trenches?
4.--Describe precautions to be taken against enemy's fire, against
aeroplanes.
5.--What other precautions should be taken?
6.--What should the company commander attend to on reaching the
trenches?
7.--What possible improvements of trenches are obviously called for?
8.--What special attention should be given the parapet?
9.--Give rules for drainage and sanitation.
10.--What precautions may be taken against capture of fire-trench?
11.--What does trench warfare correspond to in open warfare?
12.--What does the safety of a sector depend on?
13.--What is the fundamental duty in trench warfare?
14.--What rule determines the number of men to be posted in the
fire-trench?
15.--Sum up their orders about firing before open terrain, before
covered terrain.
16.--What is meant by double sentinels?
17.--Why is listening attentively even more important than keeping a
sharp look out?
18.--Why should the sentinels refrain from answering the enemy's fire?
19.--What is expected of the men in the listening posts?
20.--When should the sentinels fire on a clear night? When, on a dark
night?
21.--What should the sentinels do, if they hear the enemy's digging?
22.--When and where are sharpshooters posted and what is their duty?
23.--What information may patrols bring back?
24.--When should patrols be sent out and how should they be assigned?
25.--What should the sentinels along a sector know about the patrols,
and the several possible patrols know about one another?
26.--Describe dress and equipment of men on patrols.
27.--Describe their method of advance.
28.--What should they do on encountering a hostile patrol?
29.--What should be the motto of men on patrol?
30.--What are some of the most useful informations about the enemy, you
should try to obtain?
31.--What motto should you have about ammunition?
32.--Describe several ways of leading enemy to waste ammunition.
33.--What is the distinction between legitimate and illegitimate ruses?
34.--On what principle is the enemy's ruse of the use of blank
cartridges based?
35.--How may this ruse be foiled?
36.--What should the sentinels, and what should the men on patrol do,
when the enemy sends up flares?
37.--How should the enemy's machine gun fire be answered?
An Enemy's Attack.
38.--Describe procedure when enemy's patrols are sighted by sentinels
and when an attack develops.
39.--When are the trench mortars and the machine guns fired?
40.--How are hand grenades thrown?
41.--Where should the rifle fire be aimed?
42.--When are bayonets used?
43.--Is it sufficient to repulse an attack?
44.--What formation should be adopted for the counter attack?
45.--How is the advance made and the counter attack carried out?
46.--Describe what is meant by organization of a newly conquered trench.
47.--What should be done, if the enemy bombards the fire-trench?
48.--What should the sentinels do?
49.--What should be done if the bombardment is back of the fire-trench?
50.--What general rule applies to the use of all trench artillery?
51.--What are its ordinary objectives?
52.--How are trench mortars handled?
53.--What is meant by calling trench-artillery mobile weapons?
54.--Give a general caution for the use of all ammunition.
55.--What is essential to secure effective artillery fire?
56.--What should be done if one's own artillery fire falls short upon
one's own trenches?
57.--How is coordination between artillery and infantry secured in case
of a raid?
58.--What are the principal items of the morning schedule, of the
afternoon schedule?
59.--Describe the preparations for leaving the trenches.
60.--What orders are given at the time of relief?
61.--What is done before the men are dismissed to their billets?
62.--How should the days in rest billets be utilized?
63.--Describe a typical day in the trenches.
64.--Describe a typical day in rest billets.
65.--What should be the supreme aim alike of men and officers?