5. The chlorosis is another disease owing to the deficient action of the

absorbents of the liver, and perhaps in some degree also to that of the

secretory vessels, or glands, which compose that viscus. Of this the want

of the catameniae, which is generally supposed to be a cause, is only a

symptom or consequence. In this complaint the bile is deficient perhaps in

quantity, but certainly in acrimony, the thinner parts not being absorbed

from it. Now as the bile is probably of great consequence in the process of

making the blood; it is on this account that the blood is so destitute of

red globules; which is evinced by the great paleness of these patients. As

this serous blood must exert less stimulus on the heart, and arteries, the

pulse in consequence becomes quick as well as weak, as explained in Sect.

XII. 1. 4.

The quickness of the pulse is frequently so great and permanent, that when

attended by an accidental cough, the disease may be mistaken for hectic

fever; but is cured by chalybeates, and bitters exhibited twice a day; with

half a grain of opium, and a grain of aloe every night; and the expected

catamenia appears in consequence of a restoration of the due quantity of

red blood. This and the two former articles approach to the disease termed

paralysis of the liver. Sect. XXX. 1. 4.

6. It seems paradoxical, that the same treatment with chalybeates, bitters,

and opiates, which produces menstruation in chlorotic patients, should

repress the too great or permanent menstruation, which occurs in weak

constitutions at the time of life when it should cease. This complaint is

an haemorrhage owing to the debility of the absorbent power of the veins,

and belongs to the paragraph on venous absorption above described, and is

thence curable by chalybeates, alum, bitters, and particularly by the

exhibition of a grain of opium every night with five grains of rhubarb.

7. Metallic salts supply us with very powerful remedies for promoting

absorption in dropsical cases; which frequently are caused by enlargement

of the liver. First, as they may be given in such quantities as to prove

strongly cathartic, of which more will be said in the article on

invertentia; and then, when their purgative quality ceases, like the effect

of rhubarb, their absorbent quality continues to act. The salts of mercury,

silver, copper, iron, zinc, antimony, have all been used in the dropsy;

either singly for the former purpose, or united with bitters for the

latter, and occasionally with moderate but repeated opiates.

8. From a quarter of a grain to half a grain of blue vitriol given every

four or six hours, is said to be very efficacious in obstinate

intermittents; which also frequently arise from an enlarged viscus, as the

liver or spleen, and are thence owing to the deficient absorption of the

lymphatics of that viscus. A quarter of a grain of white arsenic, as I was

informed by a surgeon of the army, cures a quartan ague with great

certainty, if it be given an hour before the expected fit. This dose he

said was for a robust man, perhaps one eighth of a grain might be given and

repeated with greater safety and equal efficacy.

Dr. Fowler has given many successful cases in his treatise on this subject.

He prepares it by boiling sixty-four grains of white arsenic in a Florence

flask along with as much pure vegetable fixed alcali in a pint of distilled

water, till it is dissolved, and then adding to it as much distilled water

as will make the whole exactly sixteen ounces. Hence there are four grains

of arsenic in every ounce of the solution. This should be put into a phial

of such a size of the edge of its aperture, that sixty drops may weigh one

dram, which will contain half a grain of arsenic. To children from two

years old to four he gives from two to five drops three or four times a

day. From five years old to seven, he directs seven or eight drops. From

eight years old to twelve, he directs from seven to ten drops. From

thirteen years old to eighteen he directs from ten to twelve drops. From

eighteen upwards, twelve drops. In so powerful a medicine it is always

prudent to begin with smaller doses, and gradually to increase them.

A saturated solution of arsenic in water is preferable I think to the above

operose preparation of it; as no error can happen in weighing the

ingredients, and it more certainly therefore possesses an uniform strength.

Put much more white arsenic reduced to powder into a given quantity of

distilled water, than can be dissolved in it. Boil it for half an hour in a

Florence flask, or in a tin sauce-pan; let it stand to subside, and filter

it through paper. My friend Mr. Greene, a surgeon at Brewood in

Staffordshire, assured me, that he had cured in one season agues without

number with this saturated solution; that he found ten drops from a

two-ounce phial given thrice a day was a full dose for a grown person, but

that he generally began with five.

9. The manner, in which arsenic acts in curing intermittent fevers, cannot

be by its general stimulus, because no intoxication or heat follows the use

of it; nor by its peculiar stimulus on any part of the secreting system,

since it is not in small doses succeeded by any increased evacuation, or

heat, and must therefore exert its power, like other articles of the

sorbentia, on the absorbent system. In what manner it destroys life so

suddenly is difficult to understand, as it does not intoxicate like many

vegetable poisons, nor produce fevers like contagious matter. When applied

externally it seems chemically to destroy the part like other caustics.

Does it chemically destroy the stomach, and life in consequence? or does it

destroy the action of the stomach by its great stimulus, and life in

consequence of the sympathy between the stomach and the heart? This last

appears to be the most probable mode of its operation.

The success of arsenic in the cure of intermittent fevers I suspect to

depend on its stimulating the stomach into stronger action, and thus, by

the association of this viscus with the heart and arteries, preventing the

torpor of any part of the sanguiferous system. I was led to this conclusion

from the following considerations.

First. The effects of arsenic given a long time internally in small doses,

or when used in larger quantities externally, seem to be similar to those

of other great stimuli, as of wine or alcohol. These are a bloated

countenance, swelled legs, hepatic tumours, and dropsy, and sometimes

eruptions on the skin. The former of these I have seen, where arsenic has

been used externally for curing the itch; and the latter appears on

evidence in the famous trial of Miss Blandy at Chelmsford, about forty

years ago.

Secondly. I saw an ague cured by arsenic in a child, who had in vain

previously taken a very large quantity of bark with great regularity. And

another case of a young officer, who had lived intemperately, and laboured

under an intermittent fever, and had taken the bark repeatedly in

considerable quantities, with a grain of opium at night, and though the

paroxysms had been thrice thus for a time prevented, they recurred in about

a week. On taking five drops of a saturated solution of arsenic thrice a

day the paroxysms ceased, and returned no more, and at the same time his

appetite became much improved.

Thirdly. A gentleman about 65 years of age had for about ten years been

subject to an intermittent pulse, and to frequent palpitations of his

heart. Lately the palpitations seemed to observe irregular periods, but the

intermission of every third or fourth pulsation was almost perpetual. On

giving him four drops of a saturated solution of arsenic from a two-ounce

phial about every four hours for one day, not only the palpitation did not

return, but the intermission ceased entirely, and did not return so long as

he took the medicine, which was three or four days.

Now as when the stomach has its action much weakened by an over-dose of

digitalis, the pulse is liable to intermit, this evinces a direct sympathy

between these parts of the system, and as I have repeatedly observed, that

when the pulse begins to intermit in elderly people, that an eructation

from the stomach, voluntarily produced, will prevent the threatened stop of

the heart; I am induced to think, that the torpid state of the stomach, at

the instant of the production of air occasioned by its weak action, caused

the intermission of the pulse. And that arsenic in this case, as well as in

the cases of agues above mentioned, produced its effects by stimulating the

stomach into more powerful action; and that the equality of the motions of

the heart was thus restored by increasing the excitement of the sensorial

power of association. See Sect. XXV. 17. Class IV. 2. 1. 18.

10. Where arsenic has been given as a poison, it may be discovered in the

contents of the stomach by the smell like garlic, when a few grains of it

are thrown on a red-hot iron. 2. If a few grains are placed between two

plates of copper, and subjected to a red heat, the copper becomes whitened.

3. Dissolve arsenic in water along with vegetable alcali, add to this a

solution of blue vitriol in water, and the mixture becomes of a fine green,

which gradually precipitates, as discovered by Bergman. 4. Where the

quantity is sufficient, some wheat may be steeped in a solution of it,

which given to sparrows or chickens will destroy them.

VII. Absorption of the matter from venereal ulcers. No ulcer can heal,

unless the absorption from it is as great as the deposition in it. The

preparations or oxydes of mercury in the cure of the venereal disease seem

to act by their increasing the absorption of the matter in the ulcers it

occasions; and that whether they are taken into the stomach, or applied on

the skin, or on the surface of the ulcers. And this in the same manner as

sugar of lead, or other metallic oxydes, promote so rapidly the healing of

other ulcers by their external application; and probably when taken

internally, as rust of iron given to children affected with scrophulous

ulcers contributes to heal them, and solutions of lead were once famous in

phthisis.

The matter deposited in large abscesses does not occasion hectic fever,

till it has become oxygenated by being exposed to the open air, or to the

air through a moist membrane; the same seems to happen to other kinds of

matter, which produce fever, or which occasion spreading ulcers, and are

thence termed contagious. See Class II. 1. 3. II. 1. 5. II. 1. 6. 6. This

may perhaps occur from these matters not being generally absorbed, till

they become oxygenated; and that it is the stimulus of the acid thus formed

by their union with oxygen, which occasions their absorption into the

circulation, and the fever, which they then produce. For though collections

of matter, and milk, and mucus, are sometimes suddenly absorbed during the

action of emetics or in sea-sickness, they are probably eliminated from the

body without entering the circulation; that is, they are taken up by the

increased action of one lymphatic branch, and evacuated by the inverted

action of some other lymphatic branch, and thus carried off by stool or

urine.

But as the matter in large abscesses is in general not absorbed, till it

becomes by some means exposed to air, there is reason to conclude, that the

stimulus of this new combination of the matter with oxygen occasions its

absorption; and that hence the absorption of matter in ulcers of all kinds,

is still more powerfully effected by the external application or internal

use of metallic oxydes; which are also acids consisting of the metal united

with oxygen; and lastly, because venereal ulcers, and those of itch, and

tinea, will not heal without some stimulant application; that is, the

secretion of matter in them continues to be greater, than the absorption of

it; and the ulcers at the same time continue to enlarge, by the contagion

affecting the edges of them; that is, by the stimulus of the oxygenated

matter stimulating the capillary vessels in its vicinity into actions

similar to those of the ulcer, which produces it.

This effect of the oxydes of mercury occurs, whether salivation attends its

use or not. Salivation is much forwarded by external warmth, when mercury

is given to promote this secretion; but as the cure of venereal complaints

depends on its absorbent quality, the act of salivation is not necessary or

useful. A quarter of a grain of good corrosive sublimate twice a day will

seldom fail of curing the most confirmed pox; and will as seldom salivate,

if the patient be kept cool. A quarter of a grain thrice a day I believe to

be infallible, if it be good sublimate.

Mercury alone when swallowed does not act beyond the intestines, its active

preparations are the salts formed by its union with the various acids, as

mentioned in the catalogue. Its union with the vegetable acid, when

triturated with manna, is said to compose Keyser's Pill. Triturated with

gum arabic it is much recommended by Plenk; and triturated with sugar and a

little essential oil, as directed in a former Edinburgh Dispensatory, it

probably forms some of the syrups sold as nostrums.

United with sulphur it seldom enters the circulation, as when cinnabar, or

Aethiop's mineral, are taken inwardly. But united with fat and rubbed on

the skin, it is readily absorbed. I know not whether it can be united to

charcoal, nor whether it has been given internally when united with animal

fat.

VIII. 1. Absorptions in general are increased by inanition; hence the use

of evacuations in the cure of ulcers. Dr. Jurin absorbed in one night,

after a day's abstinence and exercise, eighteen ounces from the atmosphere

in his chamber; and every one must have observed, how soon his sheets

became dry, after having been moistened by sweat, if he throws off part of

the bed-clothes to cool himself; which is owing to the increased cutaneous

absorption after the evacuation by previous sweat.

2. Now as opium is an universal stimulant, as explained in the article on

Incitantia, it must stimulate into increased action both the secretory

system, and the absorbent one; but after repeated evacuation by

venesection, and cathartics, the absorbent system is already inclined to

act more powerfully; as the blood-vessels being less distended, there is

less resistance to the progress of the absorbed fluids into them. Hence

after evacuations opium promotes absorption, if given in small doses, much

more than it promotes secretion; and is thus eminently of service at the

end of inflammations, as in pleurisy, or peripneumony, in the dose of four

or five drops of the tincture, given before the access of the evening

paroxysm; which I have seen succeed even when the risus sardonicus has

existed. Some convulsions may originate in the want of the absorption of

some acrid secretion, which occasions pain; hence these diseases are so

much more certainly relieved by opium after venesection or other

evacuations.

IX. 1. Absorption is increased by the calces or solutions of mercury, lead,

zinc, copper, iron, externally applied; and by arsenic, and by sulphur, and

by the application of bitter vegetables in fine powder. Thus an ointment

consisting of mercury and hog's fat rubbed on the skin cures venereal

ulcers; and many kinds of herpetic eruptions are removed by an ointment

consisting of 60 grains of white precipitate of mercury and an ounce of

hog's fat.

2. The tumours about the necks of young people are often produced by the

absorption of a saline or acrid material, which has been deposited from

eruptions behind the ears, owing to deficient absorption in the surface of

the ulcer, but which on running down on the skin below becomes absorbed,

and swells the lymphatic glands of the neck; as the variolous matter, when

inserted into the arm, swells the gland of the axilla. Sometimes the

perspirative matter produced behind the ears becomes putrid from the want

of daily washing them, and may also cause by its absorption the tumours of

the lymphatics of the neck. In the former case the application of a cerate

of lapis calaminaris, or of cerussa applied in dry powder, or of rags

dipped in a solution of sugar of lead, increases the absorption in the

ulcers, and prevents the effusion of the saline part of the secreted

material. The latter is to be prevented by cleanliness.

After the eruptions or ulcers are healed a solution of corrosive sublimate

of one grain to an ounce of water applied for some weeks behind the ear,

and amongst the roots of the hair on one side of the head, where the mouths

of the lymphatics of the neck open themselves, frequently removes these

tumours.

3. Linen rags moistened with a solution of half an ounce of sugar of lead

to a pint of water applied on the erysipelas on anasarcous legs, which have

a tendency to mortification, is more efficacious than other applications.

White vitriol six grains dissolved in one ounce of rose-water removes

inflammations of the eyes after evacuation more certainly than solutions of

lead. Blue vitriol two or three grains dissolved in an ounce of water cures

ulcers in the mouth, and other mucous membranes, and a solution of arsenic

externally applied cures the itch, but requires great caution in the use of

it. See Class II. 1. 5. 6.

4. Bitter vegetables, as the Peruvian bark, quilted between two shirts, or

strewed in their beds, will cure the ague in children sometimes. Iron in

solution, and some bitter extract, as in the form of ink, will cure one

kind of herpes called the ringworm. And I have seen seven parts of bark in

fine powder mixed with one part of ceruss, or white lead, in fine powder,

applied dry to scrophulous ulcers, and renewed daily, with great advantage.

5. To these should be added electric sparks and shocks, which promote the

absorption of the vessels in inflamed eyes of scrophulous children; and

disperse, or bring to suppuration, scrophulous tumours about the neck. For

this last purpose smart shocks should be passed through the tumours only,

by inclosing them between two brass knobs communicating with the external

and internal coating of a charged phial. See Art. II. 2. 2. 2.

X. 1. Bandages increase absorption, if they are made to fit nicely on the

part; for which purpose it is necessary to spread some moderately adhesive

plaster on the bandage, and to cut it into tails, or into shreds two inches

wide; the ends are to be wrapped over each other; and it must be applied

when the part is least tumid, as in the morning before the patient rises,

if on the lower extremities. The emplastrum de minio made to cover the

whole of a swelled leg in this manner, whether the swelling is hard, which

is usually termed scorbutic; or more easily compressible, as in anasarca,

reduces the limb in two or three days to its natural size; for this purpose

I have sometimes used carpenter's glue, mixed with one twentieth part of

honey to prevent its becoming too hard, instead of a resinous plaster; but

the minium plaster of the shops is in general to be preferred. Nothing so

much facilitates the cure of ulcers in the legs, as covering the whole limb

from the toes to the knee with such a plaster-bandage; which increases the

power of absorption in the surface of the sore.

2. The lymph is carried along the absorbent vessels, which are replete with

valves, by the intermitted pressure of the arteries in their neighbourhood.

Now if the external skin of the limb be lax, it rises, and gives way to the

pressure of the arteries at every pulsation; and thence the lymphatic

vessels are subject to the pressure of but half the arterial force. But

when the external skin is tightened by the surrounding bandage, and thence

is not elevated by the arterial diastole, the whole of this power is

exerted in compressing the lymphatic vessels, and carrying on the lymph

already absorbed; and thence the absorbent power is so amazingly increased

by bandage nicely applied. Pains are sometimes left in the fleshy parts of

the thighs or arms, after the inflammation is gone, in the acute

rheumatism, or after the patient is too weak for further evacuation; in

this case after internal absorbent medicines, as the bark, and opiates,

have been used in vain, I have successfully applied a plaster-bandage, as

above described, so as to compress the pained part.

XI. 1. We shall conclude by observing, that the sorbentia strengthen the

whole habit by preventing the escape of the fluid part of the secretions

out of the body, before it has given up as much nourishment, as it is

capable; as the liquid part of the secretion of urine, sweat, saliva, and

of all other secretions, which are poured into receptacles. Hence they have

been said to brace the body, and been called tonics, which are mechanical

terms not applicable to the living bodies of animals; as explained in Sect.

XXXII. 3. 2.

2. A continued use of bitter medicines for years together, as of Portland's

powder, or of the bark, is supposed to induce apoplexy, or other fatal

diseases. Two cases of this kind have fallen under my observation; the

patients were both rather intemperate in respect to the use of fermented

liquors, and one of them had been previously subject to the gout. As I

believe the gout generally originates from a torpor of the liver, which

instead of being succeeded by an inflammation of it, is succeeded by an

inflammation of some of the joints; or by a pimpled face, which is another

mode, by which the disease of the liver is terminated. I conceive, that the

daily use of bitter medicine had in these patients prevented the removal of

a gouty inflammation from the liver to the membranes of the joints of the

extremities, or to the skin of the face, by preventing the necessary torpor

of these parts previous to the inflammation of them; in the same manner as

cold fits of fever are prevented by the same medicines; and, as I believe,

the returns of the gout have sometimes for two or three years been

prevented by them.

One of these patients died of the apoplexy in a few hours; and the other of

an inflammation of the liver, which I believe was called the gout, and in

consequence was not treated by venesection, and other evacuations. From

hence it appears, that the daily use of hop in our malt liquor must add to

the noxious quality of the spirit in it, when taken to excess, and

contribute to the production of apoplexy, or inflammation of the liver.

III. CATALOGUE OF THE SORBENTIA.

I. Sorbentia affecting the skin.

1. Acid of vitriol, of sea-salt, lemons, sloes, prunus spinosa, crabs,

pyrus, quince, pyrus cydonia, opium.

2. Externally calx of zinc, of lead, of mercury.

II. Sorbentia affecting the mucous membranes.

1. Juice of sloes, crabs, Peruvian bark, cinchona, opium.

2. Externally blue vitriol.

III. Sorbentia affecting the cellular membrane.

1. Peruvian bark, wormwoods, artemisia maritima, artemisia absynthium,

worm-seed, artemisia santonicum, chamomile, anthemis nobilis, tansey

tanacetum, bogbean, menyanthes trifoliata, centaury, gentiana

centaurium, gentian, gentiana lutea, artichoke-leaves, cynara scolymus,

hop, humulus lupulus.

2. Orange-peel, cinnamon, nutmeg, mace.

3. Vomits, squill, digitalis, tobacco.

4. Bath of warm air, of steam.

IV. Sorbentia affecting the veins.

1. Water-cress, sisymbrium nasturtium aquaticum, mustard, sinapis,

scurvy-grass cochlearia hortensis, horse-radish cochlearia armoracia,

cuckoo-flower, cardamine, dog's-grass, dandelion, leontodon taraxacon,

cellery apium, cabbage brassica.

2. Chalybeates, bitters, and opium, after sufficient evacuation.

3. Externally vinegar, friction, electricity.

V. Sorbentia affecting the intestines.

1. Rhubarb, rheum palmatum, oak-galls, gallae quercinae, tormentil,

tormentilla erecta, cinquefoil potentilla, red-roses, uva ursi,

simarouba.

2. Logwood, haematoxylum campechianum, succus acaciae, dragon's blood,

terra japonica, mimosa catechu.

3. Alum, earth of alum, Armenian bole, chalk, creta, crab's claws,

chelae cancrorum, white clay, cimolia, calcined hartshorn, cornu cervi

calcinatum, bone-ashes.

VI. Sorbentia affecting the liver, stomach, and other viscera. Rust of

iron, filings of iron, salt of steel, sal martis, blue vitriol, white

vitriol, calomel, emetic tartar, sugar of lead, white arsenic.

VII. Sorbentia affecting venereal ulcers. Mercury dissolved or corroded by

the following acids:

1. Dissolved in vitriolic acid, called turpeth mineral, or hydrargyrus

vitriolatus.

2. Dissolved in nitrous acid, called hydrargyrus nitratus ruber.

3. Dissolved in muriatic acid, mercurius corrosivus sublimatus, or

hydrargyrus muriatus.

4. Corroded by muriatic acid. Calomel.

5. Precipitated from muriatic acid, mercurius precipitatus albus, calx

hydrargyri alba.

6. Corroded by carbonic acid? The black powder on crude mercury.

7. Calcined, or united with oxygen.

8. United with animal fat, mercurial ointment.

9. United with sulphur. Cinnabar.

10. Partially united with sulphur. Aethiops mineral.

11. Divided by calcareous earth. Hydrargyrus cum creta.

12. Divided by vegetable mucilage, by sugar, by balsams.

VIII. Sorbentia affecting the whole system. Evacuations by venesection and

catharsis, and then by the exhibition of opium.

IX. Sorbentia externally applied.

1. Solutions of mercury, lead, zinc, copper, iron, arsenic; or metallic

calces applied in dry powder, as cerussa, lapis calaminaris.

2. Bitter vegetables in decoctions and in dry powders, applied

externally, as Peruvian bark, oak bark, leaves of wormwood, of tansey,

camomile flowers or leaves.

3. Electric sparks, or shocks.

X. Bandage spread with emplastrum e minio, or with carpenter's glue mixed

with one twentieth part of honey.

XI. Portland's powder its continued use pernicious, and of hops in beer.

* * * * *

ART. V.

INVERTENTIA.

I. Those things, which invert the natural order of the successive

irritative motions, are termed invertentia.

1. Emetics invert the motions of the stomach, duodenum, and oesophagus.

2. Violent cathartics invert the motions of the lacteals, and intestinal

lymphatics.

3. Violent errhines invert the nasal lymphatics, and those of the frontal

and maxillary sinuses. And medicines producing nausea, invert the motions

of the lymphatics about the sauces.

4. Medicines producing much pale urine, as a certain quantity of alcohol,

invert the motions of the urinary absorbents; if the dose of alcohol is

greater, it inverts the stomach, producing the drunken sickness.

5. Medicines producing cold sweats, palpitation of the heart, globus

hystericus; as violent evacuations, some poisons, fear, anxiety, act by

inverting the natural order of the vascular motions.

II. OBSERVATIONS ON THE INVERTENTIA.

I. 1. The action of vomiting seems originally to have been occasioned by

disagreeable sensation from the distention or acrimony of the aliment; in

the same manner as when any disgustful material is taken into the mouth, as

a bitter drug, and is rejected by the retrograde motions of the tongue and

lips; as explained in Class IV. 1. 1. 2. and mentioned in Sect. XXXV. 1. 3.

Or the disagreeable sensation may thus excite the power of volition, which

may also contribute to the retrograde actions of the stomach and

oesophagus, as when cows bring up the contents of their first stomach to

re-masticate it. To either of these is to be attributed the action of mild

emetics, which soon cease to operate, and leave the stomach stronger, or

more irritable, after their operation; owing to the accumulation of the

sensorial power of irritation during its torpid or inverted action. Such

appears to be the operation of ipecacuanha, or of antimonium tartarizatum,

in small doses.

2. But there is reason to believe, that the stronger emetics, as digitalis,

first stimulate the absorbent vessels of the stomach into greater action;

and that the inverted motions of these absorbents next occur, pouring the

lymph, lately taken up, or obtained from other lymphatic branches, into the

stomach: the quantity of which in some diseases, as in the cholera morbus,

is inconceivable. This inverted motion, first of the absorbents of the

stomach, and afterwards of the stomach itself, seems to originate from the

exhaustion or debility, which succeeds the unnatural degree of action, into

which they had been previously stimulated. An unusual defect of stimulus,

as of food without spice or wine in the stomachs of those, who have been

much accustomed to spice or wine, will induce sickness or vomiting; in this

case the defective energy of the stomach is owing to defect of accustomed

stimulus; while the action of vomiting from digitalis is owing to a

deficiency of sensorial power, which is previously exhausted by the excess

of its stimulus. See Sect. XXXV. 1. 3. and Class IV. 1. 1. 2.

For first, no increase of heat arises from this action of vomiting; which

always occurs, when the secerning system is stimulated into action.

Secondly, the motions of the absorbent vessels are as liable to inversion

as the stomach itself; which last, with the oesophagus, may be considered

as the absorbent mouth and belly of that great gland, the intestinal canal.

Thirdly, the class of sorbentia, as bitters and metallic salts, given in

large doses, become invertentia, and vomit, or purge. And lastly, the

sickness and vomiting induced by large potations of wine, or opium, does

not occur till next day in some people, in none till some time after their

ingurgitation. And tincture of digitalis in the dose of 30 or 60 drops,

though applied in solution, is a considerable time before it produces its

effect; though vomiting is instantaneously induced by a nauseous idea, or a

nauseous taste in the mouth. At the same time there seem to be some

materials, which can immediately stimulate the stomach into such powerful

action, as to be immediately succeeded by paralysis of it, and consequent

continued fever, or immediate death; and this without exciting sensation,

that is, without our perceiving it. Of these are the contagious matter of

some fevers swallowed with the saliva, and probably a few grains of arsenic

taken in solution. See Suppl. I. 8. 8. Art. IV. 2. 6. 9.

3. Some branches of the lymphatic system become inverted by their sympathy

with other branches, which are only stimulated into too violent absorption.

Thus when the stomach and duodenum are much stimulated by alcohol, by

nitre, or by worms, in some persons the urinary lymphatics have their

motion inverted, and pour that material into the bladder, which is absorbed

from the intestines. Hence the drunken diabetes is produced; and hence

chyle is seen in the urine in worm cases.

When on the contrary some branches of the absorbent systems have their

motions inverted in consequence of the previous exhaustion of their

sensorial power by any violent stimulus, other branches of it have their

absorbent power greatly increased. Hence continued vomiting, or violent

cathartics, produce great absorption from the cellular membrane in cases of

dropsy; and the fluids thus absorbed are poured into the stomach and

intestines by the inverted motions of the lacteals and lymphatics. See

Sect. XXIX. 4. and 5.

4. The quantity of the dose of an emetic is not of so great consequence as

of other medicines, as the greatest part of it is rejected with the first

effort. All emetics are said to act with greater certainty when given in a

morning, if an opiate had been given the night before. For the sensorial

power of irritation of the stomach had thus been in some measure previously

exhausted by the stimulus of the opium, which thus facilitates the action

of the emetic; and which, when the dose of opium has been large, is

frequently followed on the next day by spontaneous sickness and vomitings,

as after violent intoxication.

Ipecacuanha is the most certain in its effect from five grains to thirty;

white vitriol is the most expeditious in its effect, from twenty grains to

thirty dissolved in warm water; but emetic tartar, antimonium tartarizatum,

from one grain to four to sane people, and from thence to twenty to insane

patients, will answer most of the useful purposes of emetics; but nothing

equals the digitalis purpurea for the purpose of absorbing water from the

cellular membrane in the anasarca pulmonum, or hydrops pectoris. See Art.

IV. 2. 3. 7.

II. Violent cathartics. 1. Where violent cathartics are required, as in

dropsies, the squill in dried powder made into small pills of a grain, or a

grain and a half, one to be given every hour till they operate briskly, is

very efficacious; or half a grain of emetic tartar dissolved in an ounce of

peppermint-water, and given every hour, till it operates. Scammony, and

other strong purges, are liable to produce hypercatharsis, if they are not

nicely prepared, and accurately weighed, and are thence dangerous in common

practice. Gamboge is uncertain in its effects, it has otherwise the good

property of being tasteless; and on that account some preparation of it

might be useful for children, by which its dose could be ascertained, and

its effects rendered more uniform.

2. In inflammations of the bowels with constipation calomel, given in the

dose from ten to twenty grains after due venesection, is most efficacious;

and if made into very small pills is not liable to be rejected by vomiting,

which generally attends those cases. When this fails, a grain of aloes

every hour will find its way, if the bowel is not destroyed; and sometimes,

I believe, if it be, when the mortification is not extensive. If the

vomiting continues after the pain ceases, and especially if the bowels

become tumid with air, which sounds on being struck with the finger, these

patients seldom recover. Opiates given along with the cathartics I believe

to be frequently injurious in inflammation of the bowels, though they may

thus be given with advantage in the saturnine colic; the pain and

constipation in which disease are owing to torpor or inactivity, and not to

too great action.

III. Violent errhines and sialagogues. 1. Turpeth mineral in the quantity

of one grain mixed with ten grains of sugar answers every purpose to be

expected from errhines. Their operation is by inverting the motions of the

lymphatics of the membrane, which lines the nostrils, and the caverns of

the forehead and cheeks; and may thence possibly be of service in the

hydrocephalus internus.

Some other violent errhines, as the powder of white hellebore, or Cayan

pepper, diluted with some less acrid powder, are said to cure some cold or

nervous head-achs; which may be effected by inflaming the nostrils, and

thus introducing the sensorial power of sensation, as well as increasing

that of irritation; and thus to produce violent action of the membranes of

the nostrils, and of the frontal and maxillary sinuses, which may by

association excite into action the torpid membranes, which occasion the

head-ach.

2. A copious salivation without any increase of heat often attends hysteric

diseases, and fevers with debility, owing to an inversion of the lymphatics

of the mouth, see Class I. 1. 2. 6. The same occurs in the nausea, which

precedes vomiting; and is also excitable by disagreeable tastes, as by

squills, or by nauseous smells, or by nauseous ideas. These are very

similar to the occasional discharge of a thin fluid from the nostrils of

some people, which recurs at certain periods, and differs from defective

absorption.

IV. Violent diuretics. 1. If nitre be given from a dram to half an ounce in

a morning at repeated draughts, the patient becomes sickish, and much pale

water is thrown into the bladder by the inverted action of the urinary

lymphatics. Hence the absorption in ulcers is increased and the cure

forwarded, as observed by Dr. Rowley.

2. Cantharides taken inwardly so stimulate the neck of the bladder as to

increase the discharge of mucus, which appears in the urine; but I once saw

a large dose taken by mistake, not less than half an ounce or an ounce of

the tincture, by which I suppose the urinary lymphatics were thrown into

violent inverted motions, for the patient drank repeated draughts of

subtepid water to the quantity of a gallon or two in a few hours; and

during the greatest part of that time he was not I believe two entire

minutes together without making water. A little blood was seen in his water

the next day, and a soreness continued a day longer without any other

inconvenience.

3. The decoction of foxglove should also be mentioned here, as great

effusions of urine frequently follow its exhibition. See Art. IV. 2. 3. 7.

And an infusion or tincture of tobacco as recommended by Dr. Fowler of

York.

4. Alcohol, and opium, if taken so as to induce slight intoxication, and

the body be kept cool, and much diluting liquids taken along with them,

have similar effect in producing for a time a greater flow of urine, as

most intemperate drinkers must occasionally have observed. This

circumstance seems to have introduced the use of gin, and other vinous

spirits as a diuretic, unfortunately in the gravel, amongst ignorant

people; which disease is generally produced by fermented or spirituous

liquors, and always increased by them.

5. Fear and anxiety are well known to produce a great frequency of making

water. A person, who believed he had made a bad purchase concerning an

estate, told me, that he made five or six pints of water during a sleepless

night, which succeeded his bargain; and it is usual, where young men are

waiting in an anti-room to be examined for college preferment, to see the

chamber-pot often wanted.

V. Cold sweats about the head, neck, and arms, frequently attend those,

whose lungs are oppressed, as in some dropsies and asthma. A cold sweat is

also frequently the harbinger of death. These are from the inverted motions

of the cutaneous lymphatic branches of those parts.

III. CATALOGUE OF INVERTENTIA.

I. Emetics, ipecacuanha, emetic tartar, antimonium tartarisatum, squill,

scilla maritima, carduus benedictus, cnicus acarna, chamoemile, anthemis

nobilis, white vitriol, vitriolum zinci, foxglove, digitalis purpurea,

clysters of tobacco.

II. Violent cathartics, emetic tartar, squill, buckthorn, rhamnus

catharticus, scammonium, convolvulus scammonia, gamboge, elaterium,

colocynth, cucumis colocynthis, veratrum.

III. Violent errhines and sialagogues, Turpeth mineral, hydrargyrus

vitriolatus, asarum europaeum, euphorbium, capsicum, veratrum, nauseous

smells, nauseous ideas.

IV. Violent diuretics, nitre, squill, seneka, cantharides, alcohol,

foxglove, tobacco, anxiety.

V. Cold sudorifics, poisons, fear, approaching death.

* * * * *

ART. VI.

REVERTENTIA.

I. Those things, which restore the natural order of the inverted irritative

motions, are termed Revertentia.

1. As musk, castor, asafoetida, valerian, essential oils.

2. Externally the vapour of burnt feathers, of volatile salts, or oils,

blisters, sinapisms.

These reclaim the inverted motions without increasing the heat of the body

above its natural state, if given in their proper doses, as in the globus

hystericus, and palpitation of the heart.

The incitantia revert these morbid motions more certainly, as opium and

alcohol; and restore the natural heat more; but if they induce any degree

of intoxication, they are succeeded by debility, when their stimulus

ceases.

II. OBSERVATIONS ON THE REVERTENTIA.

I. The hysteric disease is attended with inverted motions feebly exerted of

the oesophagus, intestinal canal and lymphatics of the bladder. Hence the

borborigmi, or rumbling of the bowels, owing to their fluid contents

descending as the air beneath ascends. The globus hystericus consists in

the retrograde motion of the oesophagus, and the great flow of urine from

that of the lymphatics spread on the neck of the bladder; and a copious

salivation sometimes happens to these patients from the inversion of the

lymphatics of the mouth; and palpitation of the heart owing to weak or

incipient inversion of its motions; and syncope, when this occurs in its

greatest degree.

These hysteric affections are not necessarily attended with pain; though it

sometimes happens, that pains, which originate from quiescence, afflict

these patients, as the hemicrania, which has erroneously been termed the

clavus hystericus; but which is owing solely to the inaction of the

membranes of that part, like the pains attending the cold fits of

intermittents, and which frequently returns like them at very regular

periods of time.

Many of the above symptoms are relieved by musk, castor, the foetid gums,

valerian, oleum animale, oil of amber, which act in the usual dose without

heating the body. The pains, which sometimes attend these constitutions,

are relieved by the secernentia, as essential oils in common tooth-ach, and

balsam of Peru in the flatulent colic. But the incitantia, as opium, or

vinous spirit, reclaim these morbid inverted motions with more certainty,

than the foetids; and remove the pains, which attend these constitutions,

with more certainty than the secernentia; but if given in large doses, a

debility and return of the hysteric symptoms occurs, when the effect of the

opium or alcohol ceases. Opiates and foetids joined seem best to answer the

purpose of alleviating the present symptoms; and the sorbentia, by

stimulating the lymphatics and lacteals into continued action, prevent a

relapse of their inversion, as Peruvian bark, and rust of iron. See Class

I. 3. 1. 10.

II. Vomiting consists in the inverted order of the motions of the stomach,

and oesophagus; and is also attended with the inverted motions of a part of

the duodenum, when bile is ejected; and of the lymphatics of the stomach

and fauces, when nausea attends, and when much lymph is evacuated.

Permanent vomiting is for a time relieved by the incitantia, as opium or

alcohol; but is liable to return, when their action ceases. A blister on

the back, or on the stomach, is more efficacious for restraining vomiting

by their stimulating into action the external skin, and by sympathy

affecting the membranes of the stomach. In some fevers attended with

incessant vomiting Sydenham advised the patient to put his head under the

bed-clothes, till a sweat appeared on the skin, as explained in Class IV.

1. 1. 2.

In chronical vomiting I have observed crude mercury of good effect in the

dose of half an ounce twice a day. The vomitings, or vain efforts to vomit,

which sometimes attend hysteric or epileptic patients, are frequently

instantly relieved for a time by applying flour of mustard-seed and water

to the small of the leg; and removing it, as soon as the pain becomes

considerable. If sinapisms lie on too long, especially in paralytic cases,

they are liable to produce troublesome ulcers. A plaster or cataplasm, with

opium and camphor on the region of the stomach, will sometimes revert its

retrograde motions.

III. Violent catharsis, as in diarrhoea or dysentery, is attended with

inverted motions of the lymphatics of the intestines, and is generally

owing to some stimulating material. This is counteracted by plenty of

mucilaginous liquids, as solutions of gum arabic, or small chicken broth,

to wash away or dilute the stimulating material, which causes the disease.

And then by the use of the intestinal sorbentia, Art. IV. 2. 5. as rhubarb,

decoction of logwood, calcined hartshorn, Armenian bole; and lastly, by the

incitantia, as opium.

IV. The diabaetes consists in the inverted motions of the urinary

lymphatics, which is generally I suppose owing to the too great action of

some other branch of the absorbent system. The urinary branch should be

stimulated by cantharides, turpentine, resin (which when taken in larger

doses may possibly excite it into inverted action), by the sorbentia and

opium. The intestinal lymphatics should be rendered less active by

torpentia, as calcareous earth, earth of alum; and those of the skin by oil

externally applied over the whole body; and by the warm-bath, which should

be of 96 or 98 degrees of heat, and the patient should sit in it every day

for half an hour.

V. Inverted motions of the intestinal canal with all the lymphatics, which

open into it, constitute the ileus, or iliac passion; in which disease it

sometimes happens, that clysters are returned by the mouth. After

venesection from ten grains to twenty of calomel made into very small

pills; if this is rejected, a grain of aloe every hour; a blister; crude

mercury; warm-bath; if a clyster of iced water?

Many other inverted motions of different parts of the system are described

in Class I. 3. and which are to be treated in a manner similar to those

above described. It must be noted, that the medicines mentioned under

number one in the catalogue of revertentia are the true articles belonging

to this class of medicines. Those enumerated in the other four divisions

are chiefly such things as tend to remove the stimulating causes, which

have induced the inversion of the motions of the part, as acrimonious

contents, or inflammation, of the bowels in diarrhoea, diabetes, or in

ileus. But it is probable after these remote causes are destroyed, that the

fetid gums, musk, castor, and balsams, might be given with advantage in all

these cases.

III. CATALOGUE OF REVERTENTIA.

I. Inverted motions, which attend the hysteric disease, are reclaimed, 1.

By musk, castor. 2. By asafoetida, galbanum, sagapaenum, ammoniacum,

valerian. 3. Essential oils of cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves, infusion of

penny-royal, mentha, pulegium, peppermint, mentha piperita, ether, camphor.

4. Spirit of hartshorn, oleum animale, spunge burnt to charcoal,

black-snuffs of candles, which consist principally of animal charcoal,

wood-soot, oil of amber. 5. The incitantia, as opium, alcohol, vinegar. 6.

Externally the smoke of burnt feathers, oil of amber, volatile salt applied

to the nostrils, blisters, sinapisms.

II. Inverted motions of the stomach are reclaimed by opium, alcohol,

blisters, crude mercury, sinapisms, camphor and opium externally, clysters

with asafoetida.

III. Inverted motions of the intestinal lymphatics are reclaimed by

mucilaginous diluents, and by intestinal sorbentia, as rhubarb, logwood,

calcined hartshorn, Armenian bole; and lastly by incitantia, as opium.

IV. Inverted motions of the urinary lymphatics are reclaimed by

cantharides, turpentine, rosin, the sorbentia, and opium, with calcareous

earth, and earth of alum, by oil externally, warm-bath.

V. Inverted motions of the intestinal canal are reclaimed by calomel, aloe,

crude mercury, blisters, warm-bath, clysters with asafoetida, clysters of

iced water? or of spring water further cooled by salt dissolved in water

contained in an exterior vessel? Where there exists an introsusception of

the bowel in children, could the patient be held up for a time by the feet

with his head downwards, or be laid with his body on an inclined plane with

his head downwards, and crude mercury be injected as a clyster to the

quantity of two or three pounds?

* * * * *

ART. VII.

TORPENTIA.

I. Those things, which diminish the exertion of the irritative motions, are

termed torpentia.

1. As mucus, mucilage, water, bland oils, and whatever possesses less

stimulus than our usual food. Diminution of heat, light, sound, oxygen, and

of all other stimuli; venesection, nausea, and anxiety.

2. Those things which chemically destroy acrimony, as calcareous earth,

soap, tin, alcalies, in cardialgia; or which prevent chemical acrimony, as

acid of vitriol in cardialgia, which prevents the fermentation of the

aliment in the stomach, and its consequent acidity. Secondly, which destroy

worms, as calomel, iron filings or rust of iron, in the round worms; or

amalgama of quicksilver and tin, or tin in very large doses, in the

tape-worms. Will ether in clysters destroy ascarides? Thirdly, by

chemically destroying extraneous bodies, as caustic alcali, lime, mild

alcali in the stone. Fourthly, those things which lubricate the vessels,

along which extraneous bodies slide, as oil in the stone in the urethra,

and to expedite the expectoration of hardened mucus; or which lessen the

friction of the contents in the intestinal canal in dysentery or aphtha, as

calcined hartshorn, clay, Armenian bole, chalk, bone-ashes. Fifthly, such

things as soften or extend the cuticle over tumors, or phlegmons, as warm

water, poultices, fomentations, or by confining the perspirable matter on

the part by cabbage-leaves, oil, fat, bee's-wax, plasters, oiled silk,

externally applied.

These decrease the natural heat and remove pains occasioned by excess of

irritative motions.

II. OBSERVATIONS ON THE TORPENTIA.

I. As the torpentia consist of such materials as are less stimulating than

our usual diet, it is evident, that where this class of medicines is used,

some regard must be had to the usual manner of living of the patient both

in respect to quantity and quality. Hence wounds in those, who have been

accustomed to the use of much wine, are very liable to mortify, unless the

usual potation of wine be allowed the patient. And in these habits I have

seen a delirium in a fever cured almost immediately by wine; which was

occasioned by the too mild regimen directed by the attendants. On the

contrary in great inflammation, the subduction of food, and of spirituous

drink, contributes much to the cure of the disease. As by these means both

the stimulus from distention of the vessels, as well as that from the

acrimony of the fluids, is decreased; but in both these respects the

previous habits of diet of the patients must be attended to. Thus if tea be

made stronger, than the patient has usually drank it, it belongs to the

article sorbentia; if weaker, it belongs to the torpentia.

II. Water in a quantity greater than usual diminishes the action of the

system not only by diluting our fluids, and thence lessening their

stimulus, but by lubricating the solids; for not only the parts of our

solids have their sliding over each other facilitated by the interposition

of aqueous particles; but the particles of mucaginous or saccharine

solutions slide easier over each other by being mixed with a greater

portion of water, and thence stimulate the vessels less.

At the same time it must be observed, that the particles of water

themselves, and of animal gluten dissolved in water, as the glue used by

carpenters, slide easier over each other by an additional quantity of the

fluid matter of heat.

These two fluids of heat and of water may be esteemed the universal

solvents or lubricants in respect to animal bodies, and thus facilitate the

circulation, and the secretion of the various glands. At the same time it

is possible, that these two fluids may occasionally assume an aerial form,

as in the cavity of the chest, and by compressing the lungs may cause one

kind of asthma, which is relieved by breathing colder air. An increased

quantity of heat by adding stimulus to every part of the system belongs to

the article Incitantia.

III. 1. The application of cold to the skin, which is only another

expression for the diminution of the degree of heat we are accustomed to,

benumbs the cutaneous absorbents into inaction; and by sympathy the urinary

and intestinal absorbents become also quiescent. The secerning vessels

continuing their action somewhat longer, from the warmth of the blood.

Hence the usual secretions are poured into the bladder and intestines, and

no absorption is retaken from them. Hence sprinkling the skin with cold

water increases the quantity of urine, which is pale; and of stool, which

is fluid; these have erroneously been ascribed to increased secretion, or

to obstructed perspiration.

The thin discharge from the nostrils of some people in cold weather is

owing to the torpid state of the absorbent vessels of the membrana

sneideriana, which as above are benumbed sooner than those, which perform

the secretion of the mucus.

The quick anhelation, and palpitation of the heart, of those, who are

immersed in cold water, depends on the quiescence of the external absorbent

vessels and capillaries. Hence the cutaneous circulation is diminished, and

by association an almost universal torpor of the system is induced; thence

the heart becomes incapable to push forwards its blood through all the

inactive capillaries and glands; and as the terminating vessels of the

pulmonary artery suffer a similar inaction by association, the blood is

with difficulty pushed through the lungs.

Some have imagined, that a spasmodic constriction of the smaller vessels

took place, and have thus accounted for their resistance to the force of

the heart. But there seems no necessity to introduce this imaginary spasm;

since those, who are conversant in injecting bodies, find it necessary

first to put them into warm water to take away the stiffness of the cold

dead vessels; which become inflexible like the other muscles of dead

animals, and prevent the injected fluid from passing.

All the same symptoms occur in the cold fits of intermittents; in these the

coldness and paleness of the skin with thirst evince the diminution of

cutaneous absorption; and the dryness of ulcers, and small secretion of

urine, evince the torpor of the secerning system; and the anhelation, and

coldness of the breath, shew the terminations of the pulmonary artery to be

likewise affected with torpor.

After these vessels of the whole surface of the body both absorbent and

secretory have been for a time torpid by the application of cold water; and

all the internal secerning and absorbent ones have been made torpid from

their association with the external; as soon as their usual stimulus of

warmth is renewed, they are thrown into more than their usual energy of

action; as the hands become hot and painful on approaching the fire after

having been immersed some time in snow. Hence the face becomes of a red

colour in a cold day on turning from the wind, and the insensible

perspiration increased by repeatedly going into frosty air, but not

continuing in it too long at a time.

2. When by the too great warmth of a room or of clothes, the secretion of

perspirable matter is much increased, the strength of the patient is much

exhausted by this unnecessary exertion of the capillary system, and thence

of the whole secerning and arterial system by association. The diminution

of external heat immediately induces a torpor or quiescence of these

unnecessary exertions, and the patient instantly feels himself

strengthened, and exhilarated; the animal power, which was thus wasted in

vain, being now applied to more useful purposes. Thus when the limbs on one

side are disabled by a stroke of the palsy, those of the other side are

perpetually in motion. And hence all people bear riding and other exercises

best in cold weather.

Patients in fevers, where the skin is hot, are immediately strengthened by

cold air; which is therefore of great use in fevers attended with debility

and heat; but may perhaps be of temporary disservice, if too hastily

applied in some situations of fevers attended with internal topical

inflammation, as in peripneumony or pleurisy, where the arterial strength

is too great already, and the increased action of the external capillaries

being destroyed by the cold, the action of the internal inflamed part may

be suddenly increased, unless venesection and other evacuations are applied

at the same time. Yet in most cases the application of cold is nevertheless

salutary, as by decreasing the heat of the particles of blood in the

cutaneous vessels, the stimulus of them, and the distention of the vessels

becomes considerably lessened. In external inflammations, as the small-pox,

and perhaps the gout and rheumatism, the application of cold air must be of

great service by decreasing the action of the inflamed skin, though the

contrary is too frequently the practice in those diseases. It must be

observed, that for all these purposes the application of it should be

continued a long time, otherwise an increased exertion follows the

temporary torpor, before the disease is destroyed.

3. After immersion in cold water or in cold air the whole system becomes

more exciteable by the natural degree of stimulus, as appears from the

subsequent glow on the skin of people otherwise pale; and even by a degree

of stimulus less than natural, as appears by their becoming warm in a short

time during their continuance in a bath, of about 80 degrees of heat, as in

Buxton bath. See Sect XII. 2. 1. XXXII. 3. 3.

This increased exertion happens to the absorbent vessels more particularly,

as they are first and most affected by these temporary diminutions of heat;

and hence like the medicines, which promote absorption, the cold-bath

contributes to strengthen the constitution, that is to increase its

irritability; for the diseases attended with weakness, as nervous fevers

and hysteric diseases, are shewn in Section XXXII. 2. 1. to proceed from a

want of irritability, not from an excess of it. Hence the digestion is

greater in frosty weather, and the quantity of perspiration. For these

purposes the application of cold must not be continued too long. For in

riding a journey in cold weather, when the feet are long kept too cold, the

digestion is impaired, and cardialgia produced.

4. If the diminution of external heat be too great, produced too hastily,

or continued too long, the torpor of the system either becomes so great,

that the animal ceases to live; or so great an energy of motion or orgasm

of the vessels succeeds, as to produce fever or inflammation. This most

frequently happens after the body has been temporarily heated by exercise,

warm rooms, anger, or intemperance. Hence colds are produced in the

external air by resting after exercise, or by drinking cold water. See

Class I. 2. 2. 1.

Frequent cold immersions harden or invigorate the constitution, which they

effect by habituating the body to bear a diminution of heat on its surface

without being thrown into such extensive torpor or quiescence by the

consent of the vessels of the skin with the pulmonary and glandular system;

as those experience, who frequently use the cold-bath. At first they have

great anhelation and palpitation of heart at their ingress into cold water;

but by the habit of a few weeks they are able to bear this diminution of

heat with little or no inconvenience; for the power of volition has some

influence over the muscles subservient to respiration, and by its counter

efforts gradually prevents the quick breathing, and diminishes the

associations of the pulmonary vessels with the cutaneous ones. And thus

though the same quantity of heat is subducted from the skin, yet the torpor

of the pulmonary vessels and internal glands does not follow. Hence during

cold immersion less sensorial power is accumulated, and in consequence,

less exertion of it succeeds on emerging from the bath. Whence such people

are esteemed hardy, and bear the common variations of atmospheric

temperature without inconvenience. See Sect. XXXII. 3. 2.

IV. Venesection has a just title to be classed amongst the torpentia in

cases of fever with arterial strength, known by the fulness and hardness of

the pulse. In these cases the heat becomes less by its use, and all

exuberant secretions, as of bile or sweat, are diminished, and room is made

in the blood-vessels for the absorption of mild fluids; and hence the

absorption also of new vessels, or extravasated fluids, the produce of

inflammation, is promoted. Hence venesection is properly classed amongst

the sorbentia, as like other evacuations it promotes general absorption,

restrains haemorrhages, and cures those pains, which originate from the too

great action of the secerning vessels, or from the torpor of the

absorbents. I have more than once been witness to the sudden removal of

nervous head-achs by venesection, though the patient was already exhausted,

pale, and feeble; and to its great use in convulsions and madness, whether

the patient was strong or weak; which diseases are the consequence of

nervous pains; and to its stopping long debilitating haemorrhages from the

uterus, when other means had been in vain essayed. In inflammatory pains,

and inflammatory haemorrhages, every one justly applies to it, as the

certain and only cure.

V. When the circulation is carried on too violently, as in inflammatory

fevers, those medicines, which invert the motions of some parts of the

system, retard the motions of some other parts, which are associated with

them. Hence small doses of emetic tartar, and ipecacuanha, and large doses

of nitre, by producing nausea debilitate and lessen the energy of the

circulation, and are thence useful in inflammatory diseases. It must be

added, that if nitre be swallowed in powder, or soon after it is dissolved,

it contributes to lessen the circulation by the cold it generates, like

ice-water, or the external application of cold air.

VI. The respiration of air mixed with a greater proportion of azote than is

found in the common atmosphere, or of air mixed with hydrogen, or with

carbonic acid gas, so that the quantity of oxygen might be less than usual,

would probably act in cases of inflammation with great advantage. In

consumptions this might be most conveniently and effectually applied, if a

phthisical patient could reside day and night in a porter or ale brewery,

where great quantities of those liquors were perpetually fermenting in vats

or open barrels; or in some great manufactory of wines from raisins or from

sugar.

Externally the application of carbonic acid gas to cancers and other ulcers

instead of atmospheric air may prevent their enlargement, by preventing the

union of oxygen with matter, and thus producing a new contagious animal

acid.

III. CATALOGUE OF TORPENTIA.

1. Venesection. Arteriotomy.

2. Cold water, cold air, respiration of air with less oxygen.

3. Vegetable mucilages.

a. Seeds.--Barley, oats, rice, young peas, flax, cucumber, melon, &c.

b. Gums.--Arabic, Tragacanth, Senegal, of cherry-trees.

c. Roots.--Turnip, potatoe, althea, orchis, snow-drop.

d. Herbs.--Spinach, brocoli, mercury.

4. Vegetable acids, lemon, orange, currants, gooseberries, apples, grape,

&c. &c.

5. Animal mucus, hartshorn jelly, veal broth, chicken water, oil? fat?

cream?

6. Mineral acids, of vitriol, nitre, sea-salt.

7. Silence, darkness.

8. Invertentia in small doses, nitre, emetic tartar, ipecacuanha given so

as to induce nausea.

9. Antacids.--Soap, tin, alcalies, earths.

10. Medicines preventative of fermentation, acid of vitriol.

11. Anthelmintics.--Indian pink, tin, iron, cowhage, amalgama, smoak of

tobacco.

12. Lithonthriptics, lixiv. saponarium, aqua calcis, fixable air.

13. Externally, warm bath, and poultices, oil, fat, wax, plasters, oiled

silk, carbonic acid gas on cancers, and other ulcers.

* * * * *

ADDENDA.

_Page 625, line 1, after 'number' please to add_, 'except when the patient

has naturally a pulse slower than usual in his healthy state.'

_Page 197, after line 8, please to add_, 'Where the difficulty of breathing

is very urgent in the croup, bronchotomy is recommended by Mr. Field.'

Memoir of a Medical Society, London, 1773, Vol. IV.

* * * * *

ADDITION.

* * * * *

INABILITY TO EMPTY THE BLADDER.

To be introduced at the end of Class III. 2. 1. 6. on Paralysis Vesicae

Urinariae.

An inability to empty the bladder frequently occurs to elderly men, and is

often fatal. This sometimes arises from their having too long been

restrained from making water from accidental confinement in public society,

or otherwise; whence the bladder has become so far distended as to become

paralytic; and not only this, but the neck of the bladder has become

contracted so as to resist the introduction of the catheter. In this

deplorable case it has frequently happened, that the forcible efforts to

introduce the catheter have perforated the urethra; and the instrument has

been supposed to pass into the bladder when it has only passed into the

cellular membrane along the side of it; of which I believe I have seen two

or three instances; and afterwards the part has become so much inflamed as

to render the introduction of the catheter into the bladder impracticable.

In this situation the patients are in imminent danger, and some have

advised a trocar to be introduced into the bladder from the rectum; which I

believe is generally followed by an incurable ulcer. One patient, whom I

saw in this situation, began to make a spoonful of water after six or seven

days, and gradually in a few days emptied his bladder to about half its

size, and recovered; but I believe he never afterwards was able completely

to evacuate it.

In this situation I lately advised about two pounds of crude quicksilver to

be poured down a glass tube, which was part of a barometer tube, drawn less

at one end, and about two feet long, into the urethra, as the patient lay

on his back; which I had previously performed upon a horse; this easily

passed, as was supposed, into the bladder; on standing erect it did not

return, but on kneeling down, and lying horizontally on his hands, the

mercury readily returned; and on this account it was believed to have

passed into the bladder, as it so easily returned, when the neck of the

bladder was lower than the fundus of it. But nevertheless as no urine

followed the mercury, though the bladder was violently distended, I was led

to believe, that the urethra had been perforated by the previous efforts to

introduce a catheter and bougee; and that the mercury had passed on the

outside of the bladder into the cellular membrane.

As the urethra is so liable to be perforated by the forcible efforts to

introduce the catheter, when the bladder is violently distended in this

deplorable disease, I should strongly recommend the injection of a pound or

two of crude mercury into the urethra to open by its weight the neck of the

bladder previous to any violent or very frequent essays with a catheter

whether of metal or of elastic resin.

* * * * *

LINES

TO BE PLACED AT THE END OF

ZOONOMIA.

_BY A FRIEND._

* * * * *

_JAMQUE OPUS EXEGI._

* * * * *

The work is done!--nor Folly's active rage,

Nor Envy's self, shall blot the golden page;

Time shall admire, his mellowing touch employ,

And mend the immortal tablet, not destroy.

* * * * *

INDEX

OF THE

ARTICLES.

A.

Absorption, iv. 2. 1.

---- cutaneous, mucous, cellular, iv. 2. 2.

---- of the veins, iv. 2. 4.

---- of inflamed vessels, iv. 2. 4. 3.

---- of intestines and liver, iv. 2. 5.

---- of venereal ulcers, iv. 2. 7.

---- not increased by cold, iv. 2. 1.

---- increased by opium after evacuation, ii. 2. 1.

Acacia, iv. 3. 5. 2.

Acids austere, iv. 2. 1. 2. iv. 3. 1.

---- vegetable, sweet, vii. 3. 4. iv. 2. 1. 2.

---- mineral, vii. 3. 6.

Acrid plants, iv. 2. 4.

Agriculture, i. 2. 3. 7.

Agues, three kinds, iv. 2. 3. 2. iv. 2. 5. iv. 2. 6. 8.

Air nourishes, i. 2. 5.

---- warm bath of, iv. 2. 3. 8.

Alcali vol. iii. 3. 8.

Alcohol, ii. 2. 1. v. 2. 4.

Almond, bitter, ii. 3. 1.

Althaea, iii. 3. 3. 3.

Allium, iii. 3. 3.

Aloe, iii. 2. 5. iii. 2. 7. iii. 3. 5. 5. vi. 2. 5.

Alum, iii. 2. 1. iv. 2. 2. iv. 2. 5. 2. iv. 2. 5. 3.

Amalgama in worms, vii. 1. 2.

Amomum zinziber, iii. 3. 1.

Amber, oil of, vi. 3. 1. 4.

Ammoniac gum, vi. 3. 1. iii. 3. 3.

---- salt or spirit, iii. 3. 1. 3.

Anasarca, warm bath in, ii. 2. 2.

Anchovy, iii. 2. 1. iii. 3. 1. 4.

Animal food, i. 2. 1. 1.

Antimony prepared, iii. 3. 1. 5. iii. 2. 1. iv. 1. 10.

Anthemis nobilis, iv. 3. 3.

---- pyrethum, iii. 3. 2.

Anxiety, v. 2. 4.

Apium, petroselinum, iii. 3. 4. 4.

Apoplexy, iv. 2. 11.

Aristolochia serpentaria, iii. 3. 1.

Armenian bole, vi. 2. 3. iv. 3. 5. 3.

Arsenic in ague, iv. 2. 6. 8. iv. 3. 6.

---- saturated solution of, iv. 2. 6. 8.

---- in itch, iv. 2. 9.

---- how it acts, iv. 2. 6. 9.

---- how to detect it, iv. 2. 6. 10.

Artemisia maritima, iv. 3. 3.

---- absynthium, iv. 3. 3.

---- santonicum, iv. 3. 3.

Artichoke-leaves, iv. 3. 3.

Asa foetida, iii. 3. vi. 3. 1.

Asarum Europeum v. 3. 3.

Ascarides, vii. 1. 2. iii. 2. 7.

Asparagus, iii. 3. 4. 4.

Astragalus tragacanth, iii. 3. 3. 3.

Atropa belladona, ii. 3. 1.

Azote, i. 2. 5.

B.

Balsams diuretic, iii. 2. 4.

Bandages promote absorption, iv. 2. 10.

Bark, Peruvian, iv. 2. 2.

---- long used noxious, iv. 2. 11.

Barley, iii. 3. 3. 3.

Bath, warm, ii. 2. 2. 1. iii. 3. 1. 6. iii. 3. 3. 4. iii. 2. 3. 3.

---- of warm air, iv. 2. 3. 8.

---- of steam, iv. 2. 3. 8.

---- cold, vii. 2. 3.

---- nutritive, i. 2. 6. 1.

Benzoin, iii. 3. 3.

Bile of animals, iii. 3. 5. 2.

---- dilute state of, iv. 2. 6.

Blisters, how they act, iii. 2. 1. 10.

---- cure heart-burn, iii. 2. 1. 10.

---- stop vomiting, vi. 2. 2.

---- produce expectoration, iii. 2. 3. 2.

---- increase perspiration, iii. 2. 1. 10.

Blood, transfusion of, i. 2. 6. 3.

Bog-bean, iv. 3. 3.

Bole armeniae, iv. 2. 5. 3.

Bone-ashes, iv. 2. 5. 3.

Bowels, inflammation of, v. 2. 2. 2.

Bryony, white, iii. 3. 8.

---- as a blister, iii. 2. 8.

Butter, i. 2. 3. 2.

Butter-milk, i. 2. 2. 2.

C.

Cabbage-leaves, vii. 1. 2.

Calcareous earth, i. 2. 4. 3.

Calomel, iii. 2. 5. vi. 2. 5.

---- in enteritis, v. 2. 2. 2.

Camphor, iii. 3. 1.

Canella alba, iii. 3. 1.

Cantharides, iii. 2. 6. iii. 2. 8. v. 2. 4. vi. 2. 4.

Capillary action increased by tobacco, iv. 2. 3. 7.

Capsicum, iii. 3. 1.

Carbonic acid gas, vii. 2. 6.

Cardamomum, iii. 3. 1.

Caryophyllus aromat. iii. 3. 1.

Cardamine, iv. 3. 4.

Cassia sistul, iii. 3. 5. 1.

---- senna, iii. 3. 5. 5.

Castor, vi. 2. 1. vi. 3. 1.

Cathartics, mild, iii. 2. 5.

---- violent, v. 2. 2.

Cerussa in ulcers, iv. 2. 9. iv. 2. 7.

Chalk, iv. 2. 5. 3.

Chalybeates, iv. 3. 4. 2.

Cheese, i. 2. 2. 3.

Cherries, black, ii. 2. 1. 8.

Chlorosis, iv. 2. 6. 5.

Cicuta, ii. 3. 1.

Cinchona, iv. 2. 2.

Cinnamon, iii. 3. 1. 2.

Clay, iv. 2. 5. 3.

Cloves, iii. 3. 1. iii. 3. 2.

Cnicus acarna, v. 3. 1.

Cocculus indicus, ii. 3. 1.

Cochlearia armoracia, iii. 3. 8. iv. 3. 4.

---- hortensis, iv. 3. 4.

Cold, continued application of, vii. 2. 3.

---- interrupted, vii. 2. 3. iii. 3. 1. 7.

---- excessive, vii. 2. 3.

---- first affects lymphatics, vii. 2. 3.

---- produces rheum from the nose, vii. 2. 3.

---- quick anhelation, vii. 2. 3.

---- increases digestion, vii. 2. 3.

Cold-fit easier prevented than removed, ii. 2. 1.

Colic from lead, v. 2. 2. 2.

Condiments, i. 2. 7.

Convolvulus scammonium, v. 3. 2.

Convulsions, iv. 2. 8.

Cookery, i. 2. 3. 5.

Copaiva balsam, iii. 3. 4. 3.

Cowhage, iii. 3. 2.

Crab-juice, iv. 2. 2.

Cream, i. 2. 3. 2. i. 2. 2. 2.

Cucumis colocynthis, v. 3. 2.

Cynara scolymus, iv. 3. 3.

Cynoglossum, ii. 3. 1.

D.

Dandelion, iv. 3. 4.

Datura stramonium, ii. 3. 1.

Daucus sylvestris, iii. 3. 4. 4.

Delphinium stavisagria, ii. 3. 1.

Diabetes, iv. 2. 5.

---- warm bath in, vi. 2. 4.

Diaphoretics, iii. 3. 1. iii. 2. 1. 2.

---- best in a morning, iii. 2. 1. 5.

Diarrhoea, vi. 2. 3.

Digestion injured by cold, iii. 2. 1.

---- increased by cold, vii. 2. 3.

Digitalis, iv. 2. 3. 7. v. 2. 1. 2.

---- tincture of, iv. 2. 3. 7.

Dragon's blood, iv. 3. 5. 2.

Dropsy, iv. 2. 3. 4. iv. 2. 6. 7.

E.

Ears, eruption behind, iv. 2. 9. 2.

Earth of bones, iv. 2. 5.

---- of alum, vi. 2. 4.

---- calcareous, iv. 2. 5. 3. vi. 2. 4. i. 2. 4. 3.

Eggs, i. 2. 1. 4.

Egg-shells diuretic, iii. 2. 4.

Electricity, ii. 2. 2. 2. iv. 2. 9.

Emetics, how they act, v. 2. 1.

Errhines mild, iii. 2. 9.

---- in hydrocephalus, v. 2. 3. 1.

---- violent, v. 2. 3.

---- in head-ach, v. 2. 3. 1.

Erysipelas, iv. 2. 9.

Essential oils, ii. 2. 3.

Ether, vitriolic, ii. 2. 3. iii. 3. 1. vi. 3. 1. 3.

---- in ascarides, vii. 1. 2.

Etiolation, i. 2. 3. 4.

Euphorbium, v. 3. 3.

Exercise, iii. 3. 1. 6. ii. 2. 6.

Eyes inflamed, ii. 2. 2. 2. iv. 2. 4. 3.

F.

Famine, times of, i. 2. 3. 5. and 6.

Fear, v. 2. 4.

Feathers, smoke of, vi. 3. 1. 6.

Fennel, iii. 3. 4. 4.

Ferula asafoetida, iii. 3. 3.

Fish, i. 2. 1. 2. i. 2. 1. 5.

Flannel shirt, ii. 2. 2. 1.

Flesh of animals, i. 2. 1.

Fluke-worm, iv. 2. 6.

Foxglove, iv. 2. 3. 7. v. 2. 1. v. 2. 4.

---- tincture of, iv. 2. 3. 7.

Friction, ii. 2. 6. iii. 3. 1. 6.

G.

Galanthus nivalis, vii. 3. 3.

Galbanum, vi. 3. 1.

Gall-stones, iv. 2. 6.

Galls of oak, iv. 3. 5.

Garlic, iii. 3. 3.

Gentiana centaurium, iv. 3. 3.

---- lutea, iv. 3. 3.

Ginger, iii. 3. 1. iii. 3. 4.

Gonorrhoea, iv. 2. 2. iii. 2. 4.

Gout, iv. 2. 11. 2.

Guaiacum, iii. 3. 1.

Gum arabic, iii. 3. 3. 3.

---- tragacanth, iii. 3. 3. 3.

Glycyrrhiza glabra, iii. 3. 3. 3.

Gravel, v. 2. 4. 4.

H.

Hartshorn, spirit and salt of, iii. 3. 3. iii. 3. 1. vi. 3. 1. 4.

---- calcined, iv. 2. 5. vi. 2. 3.

Haemorrhages, iv. 2. 4. 4. iv. 2. 6. 2.

Haematoxylon campechianum, iv. 3. 5. 2.

Hay, infusion of, i. 2. 3. 6.

Head-ach, snuff in, v. 2. 3. 1.

Heat, ii. 2. 2. 1. See Bath.

---- an universal solvent, vii. 2. 2.

Helenium, iii. 3. 3. 2.

Herpes, iv. 2. 1. iv. 2. 9.

Herrings, red, iii. 3. 1. 4.

Honey, iii. 3. 3. 3. iii. 3. 5. 1.

Hop in beer, why noxious, iv. 2. 3. 6. iv. 2. 11. 2.

Hordeum distichon, iii. 3. 3. 3.

Humulus lupulus, iv. 2. 3. iv. 2. 11.

Hydrargyrus vitriolatus, v. 2. 3.

Hysteric disease, vi. 2. 1.

---- pains, vi. 2. 1.

---- convulsions, vi. 2. 1.

I.

Jalapium, iii. 3. 5. 5.

Japan earth, iv. 3. 5. 2.

Jaundice, iv. 2. 6. 3.

Ileus, vi. 2. 5.

Incitantia, ii.

Intermittents. See Agues.

Inverted motions, vi. 2. 1.

---- in hysteric disease, vi. 2. 1.

---- of the stomach, vi. 2. 2.

---- intestinal canal, vi. 2. 5.

---- of lymphatics, vi. 2. 3.

Inula helenium, iii. 3. 3. 2.

Ipecacuanha, v. 2. 1.

Iron, rust of, iv. 3. 6.

Irritability prevented, iv. 2. 3. 3.

Itch, iv. 2. 1. 3.

L.

Laurus camphora, iii. 3. 1.

---- cinnamomum, iii. 3. 1.

---- sassafras, iii. 3. 1.

Lead, iv. 3. 6.

---- colic from, v. 2. 2. 2.

---- sugar of, iv. 2. 9.

Leeks, iii. 3. 3. 1.

Legs, ulcers of, iv. 2. 10.

Lemon-juice, iv. 2. 1. iv. 2. 2.

Leontodon taraxacum, iv. 3. 4.

Life shortened by great stimulus, i. 1.

Lime, i. 2. 4. 3.

Liquorice, iii. 3. 3. 3.

Liver inflamed, iv. 2. 6.

Logwood, iv. 3. 5. 2.

Lymphatics, inverted motions of, v. 2. 1.

M.

Magnesia alba, iii. 3. 5. 3.

Malt, i. 2. 3. 5.

Manna, iii. 3. 5.

Marsh-mallows, iii. 3. 3. 3.

Marjoram, iii. 3. 9.

Marum, iii. 3. 9.

Mastich, iii. 3. 2. iii. 3. 3.

Menianthes trifoliata, iv. 3. 3.

Menispermum cocculus, ii. 3. 1.

Menstruation promoted, iv. 2. 6. 6.

---- repressed, iv. 2. 6. 6.

Mercury, iii. 3. 2. vi. 2. 2.

---- preparations of, iv. 3. 7. iv. 2. 7. iv. 2. 9.

---- injected as a clyster, vi. 3. 5.

Metallic salts, iv. 2. 6.

Milk, i. 2. 2.

Mimosa nilotica, iii. 3. 3. 3.

---- catechu, iv. 3. 5. 2.

Mint, vi. 3. 1. 3.

Mortification, iv. 2. 9.

Mucilage, vegetable, vii. 3. 3.

Mucus, animal, vii. 3. 5.

Mushrooms, i. 2. 1. 2.

Musk, vi. 2. 1. vi. 3. 1.

Mustard, iv. 3. 4. See Sinapism.

N.

Nausea in fevers, vii. 2. 5.

Neutral salts diuretic, why, iii. 2. 4.

---- increase some coughs, iii. 2. 4.

---- increase heat of urine, iii. 2. 4.

Nicotiana tabacum, iii. 3. 9. ii. 3. 1.

Nitre, iii. 3. 4. v. 2. 4.

Nutmeg, iii. 2. 1.

Nutrientia, i.

O.

Oil of almonds, iii. 3. 5. 4.

---- in cream, i. 2. 3. 2.

---- of amber, vi. 2. 1.

---- expressed externally, iii. 2. 3.

---- essential, ii. 2. 3. iii. 3. 1. 2.

Oiled silk, vii. 3. 13.

Oleum, animale, vi. 2. 1. vi. 3. 4.

---- ricini, iii. 3. 5. 4.

Onions, iii. 3. 3.

Opium, ii. 2. 1. 2. iv. 1. 2.

---- in nervous pains, ii. 2. 1. 5.

---- in inflammatory pains, ii. 2. 1. 6.

---- increases all secretions and absorptions, ii. 2. 1. 1.

---- absorption after evacuation, iv. 2. 8. 2. ii. 2. 1. 3.

---- stops sweats, iv. 2. 1. 2.

---- intoxicates, ii. 2. 1. 1.

Oranges, their peel, iv. 3. 3.

Orchis, vii. 3. 3.

Oxygen gas, ii. 2. 4. i. 2. 5. iii. 2. 11. iv. 1. 4.

---- produces and heals ulcers, iv. 2. 7.

P.

Papin's digester, i. 2. 3. 5.

Papaver somniferum, ii. 3. 1. iv. 3. 2. See Opium.

Pains, periodic, cured by opium, ii. 2. 1.

Pareira brava, iii. 3. 4. 4.

Parsley, iii. 3. 4.

Passions, ii. 2. 5.

Pasturage, i. 2. 3. 7.

Pepper, iii. 3. 1.

Peripneumony, iv. 2. 8. 2.

Perspiration in a morning, iii. 2. 1.

---- not an excrement, iii. 2. 1.

Peru, balsam of, iii. 3. 5. 4.

Petechiae, iv. 2. 4. 2.

Pimento, iii. 3. 1.

Piper indicum, iii. 3. 1.

Pistacia lentiscus, iii. 3. 2.

Pix liquida, iii. 3. 3.

Plaster-bandage, iv. 2. 10.

Pleurisy, iv. 2. 8. 2.

Polygala seneka, iii. 3. 3. 2.

Poppy. See Papaver.

Portland's powder noxious, why, iv. 2. 11. 2.

Potatoe-bread, i. 2. 3. 4.

Potentilla, iv. 3. 5.

Prunes, iii. 3. 5. 1.

Prunus domestica, iii. 3. 5. 1.

---- spinosa, iv. 3. 1.

---- lauro-cerasus, ii. 3. 1.

Pulegium, vi. 3. 1. 3.

Pulse, intermittent, relieved by arsenic, iv. 2. 6.

Pyrethrum, iii. 3. 2.

Pyrus malus, vii.

---- cydonia, iv. 3. 1.

Q.

Quassia, iv. 2. 2.

Quince, iv. 3. 1.

Quinquefolium, iv. 3. 5.

R.

Ratafie, why destructive, ii. 2. 1.

Resin diuretic, iii. 2. 4. vi. 2. 4.

Rhamnus catharticus, v. 3. 2.

Rheumatism, iv. 2. 4. 5. iv. 2. 10. 2.

Rheum palmatum. See Rhubarb.

Rhubarb, iii. 2. 1. iv. 2. 5. 1. iii. 3. 5. 5.

---- causes constipation, why, iii. 2. 1. 1.

Rice, vii.

Roses, iv. 3. 5.

Rot in sheep, iv. 2. 6.

S.

Sago, vii. 3.

Sagopaenum, vi. 3. 1.

Salivation not necessary, iv. 2. 7.

---- hysteric, v. 2. 3.

Salt, common, unwholesome, iii. 1. 12.

---- muriatic, iii. 3. 1.

---- in clysters, iii. 2. 7.

Salts, why diuretic, iii. 2. 4.

---- neutral, iii. 3. 5. 3. iii. 2. 4.

---- improper in coughs and gonorrhoea, iii. 2. 4.

Salt fish and salt meat increase perspiration, iii. 2. 1.

Sassafras, iii. 3. 1.

Scammony, v. 2. 2.

Scarcity, times of, i. 2. 3. 5. and 6.

Scilla maritima, v. 2. 2. iv. 2. 3. iii. 3. 3. v. 2. 3.

Scorbutic legs, iv. 2. 10.

Scrophulous tumours, ii. 2. 4. iv. 2. 9.

Sea-water, iii. 3. 5. 3.

Secernentia, iii.

Secretion of the bladder, iii. 2. 6.

---- of the rectum, iii. 2. 7.

---- of the skin, iii. 2. 8.

Seneka, iii. 3. 3. 2.

Senna, iii. 3. 5. 5.

Serpentaria virginiana, iii. 3. 1.

Sialagogues, iii. 2. 2. v. 2. 3.

Simarouba, iv. 3. 5.

Sinapi, iv. 3. 4.

Sinapisms, vi. 2. 2. iii. 2. 8. vi. 2. 2.

Sisymbrium nasturtium, iv. 3. 4.

Sloes, iv. 2. 2.

Snuffs of candles, vi. 3. 1. 4.

Society, i. 2. 3. 7.

Soot, vi. 3. 1. 4.

Sorbentia, various kinds, iv. 2. 1.

Spasmodic doctrine exploded, vii. 2. 3.

Spermaceti, iii. 3. 3. 3.

Spice noxious, iii. 1. 12.

Spirit of wine noxious, ii. 2. 1.

Sponge, burnt, vi. 3. 1. 4.

Squill. See Scilla.

Starch, i. 2. 3. 1.

---- from poisonous roots, i. 2. 3. 4.

Steam, bath of, iv. 2. 3. 8.

Steel, iv. 2. 6.

---- forwards and represses menstruation, iv. 2. 6.

Stizolobium siliqua hirsuta, iii. 3. 2. vii. 3. 11.

Strychnos nux vomica, ii. 3. 1.

Sublimate of mercury, iv. 2. 7. iv. 2. 9.

Sugar nourishing, i. 2. 3. 1. and 5. iii. 3. 3. 3.

---- formed after the death of the plant, i. 2. 3. 5.

---- aperient, iii. 3. 5. 1.

Sulphur, iii. 3. 5. 4.

Sweats in a morning, iii. 2. 1. 5.

---- on waking, iii. 2. 1. 5.

---- cold, v. 2. 5.

---- stopped by opium, iv. 2. 1. 2.

T.

Taenia, vermes. See Worms.

Tamarinds, iii. 3. 5. 1.

Tansey, tanacetum, iv. 3. 3.

Tar, iii. 3. 3.

Tartar, crystals of, iii. 3. 5. 1. Class i. 2. 3. 13.

---- vitriolate, iii. 3. 5. 3.

---- emetic, v. 2. 1. v. 2. 2.

Tea, vii. 2. 1.

Tears, iii. 2. 10.

Testaceous powders, iv. 2. 1.

Tetradynamia, plants of, iv. 2. 4.

Tincture of digitalis, iv. 2.

Tinea, herpes, iv. 2. 1. 4.

Tobacco, ii. 3. 1. iii. 3. 9. iv. 2. 3. 7.

---- injures digestion, iii. 2. 2. 3.

Tolu balsam, iii. 3. 3.

Tormentilla erecta, iv. 3. 5.

Torpentia, vii.

Tragacanth gum, iii. 3. 3. 3.

Turpentine, vi. 2. 4.

---- spirit of, iii. 2. 6.

Turpeth mineral, v. 2. 3.

Tussilago farfara, iii. 3. 3. 3.

U.

Ulcers, scrophulous, iv. 2. 9.

---- of the mouth, iv. 2. 2.

---- cured by absorption, ii. 2. 1. 4. iv. 2. 3. 5.

Uva ursi, iv. 3. 5.

V.

Valerian, vi. 3. 1.

Vegetable acids, iv. 2. 1.

---- food, i. 2. 1. 2.

Venereal ulcers, iv. 2. 7.

Venesection, vii. 2. 4. iv. 2. 8.

---- diminishes secretions, vii. 2. 4.

---- increases absorptions, vii. 2. 4.

Veratrum, v. 3. 2.

Vibices, iv. 2. 4. 3.

Vinegar, iv. 2. 1. 2. iv. 2. 4. 3. ii. 2. 1. 9.

Vitriol blue in agues, iv. 2. 6. iv. 2. 2.

---- in ulcers, iv. 2. 9.

---- white, iv. 3. 6. v. 2. 1.

---- acid of, iv. 2. 1.

---- in sweats, iv. 1. 1.

---- in small-pox, iv. 1. 1.

Volatile salt, vi. 3. 1. 6.

Vomiting, v. 2. 2.

Vomiting stopped by mercury, vi. 2. 2.

Vomits, iv. 2. 3. 7.

W.

Warm bath, ii. 2. 2. 1.

---- in diabetes vi. 2. 4.

Water, i. 2. 4.

---- dilutes and lubricates, vii. 2. 2.

---- cold, produces sweats, iii. 2. 1.

---- iced, in ileus, vi. 2. 5.

---- cresses, iv. 3. 4.

Whey of milk, iii. 3. 5. 2. i. 2. 2. 2.

Wine, ii. 3. 1.

Worms, vii. 1. 2. iii. 2. 7. iv. 2. 6. 4.

---- in sheep, iv. 2. 6. 4.

Z.

Zinc, vitriol of, v. 3. 1.

THE END.

* * * * *

Corrections made to printed original.

Species list for I. 2. 5.: "Tactus imminutus.": 'Tactu, imminutus' in

original (compare main text).

I. 1. 4. 1. "Nictitatio irritativa": 'Nectitatio' in original (compare

contents list).

I. 1. 5. 8. "Perpetual sneezings in the measles": 'sneeezings' in original.

I. 2. 1. 11. "the periodical venereal orgasm of the female quadrupeds":

'quadupeds' in original.

I. 2. 3. 1. "Mucus faucium frigidus": 'fancium' in original (compare

contents list).

I. 3. 1. 1. "the retrograde motions of the oesophagus": 'retograde' in

original.

Genus list for II. 3. Original reads

1. Of the arterial system.

2. Of the absorbent system.

3. Of the excretory ducts.

- the first two genera do not appear in the species lists or the main text,

with "Of the excretory ducts." appearing there as 1.

Species list for II. 1. 3.: "Peripneumonia superficialis": 'superficialie'

in original (compare main text).

Species list for II. 1. 4.: "11. Fistula urethrae." Entry missing in

original and subsequent entries wrongly numbered.

Species list for II. 1. 6.: "Febris a pure clauso.": 'clanso' in original

(compare main text).

Species list for II. 1. 7.: "Rubor jucunditatis": 'jucunditalis' in

original (compare main text).

II. 1. 3. 5. "Raucedo catarrhalis.": 'Rancedo' in original.

II. 1. 4. 11. "The perpetual use of bougies, either of catgut or of

caoutchouc": 'coartchouc' in original. The same error occurs in III. 1. 1.

15.

II. 1. 5. 6. "Psora": 'Psory' in original (compare contents list & index).

Species list for III. 1. 2.: "Superstitious hope": 'Supestitious' in

original (compare main text).

III. 1. 1. 9. "Assafoetida": 'Assafaetida' in original.

III. 1. 2. 12. "Pulchritudinis desiderium.": 'Pulchitudinis' in original

(compare contents list).

III. 1. 2. 12. "a medical person in good circumstances":

'cir-circumstances' over line break in original.

III. 1. 2. 24. "See Botanic Garden, P. I. Cant. I. l. 278.": 'Botannic' in

original.

Species list for IV. 2. 2. "Dolor humeri in hepatitide": 'hepatidide' in

original. So in text IV. 2. 2. 9.: in index 'hepatidite'.

IV. 2. 1. 4. "the capillaries of the stomach and the cutaneous ones":

'cataneous' in original.

SUPPLEMENT TO CLASS IV.

XII. 11. Ninthly. "the sensorial power of irritation": 'iritation' in

original.

ibid. "the vertigo eases for a few minutes.": 'cases' (for 'eases') in

original.

XIII. "once rather delirious": 'delious' in original.

XVI. 7. 8. "The urine is pale and in small quantity": 'quanity' in

original.

INDEX TO CLASSES:

"Fever puerperal": 'perpetual' in original.

"Suggestion, slow," gives no section number & does not seem to exist.

ARTICLES OF THE MATERIA MEDICA:

II. 2. 1. 5. "epilepsia dolorifica": 'dolorofica' in original.

II. 3. 1. "Strychnos nux vomica": 'nuc' in original.

VI. 2. 4. "The diabaetes consists": 'diaboetes' in original.

V. 3. 3. "hydrargyrus": 'hydragyrus' in original.

VII. 2. Article "II." was numbered 'II. 2.', and "III. 1." was numbered

'III. 3. 1.'.

Corrected cross references.

In SECTION Printed reference Corrected to

I. 1. 2. 3. Art. III. 2. 12. (no correction)

I. 1. 5. 8. Class II. 1. 1. 2. II. 1. 1. 3.

I. 2. 1. 2. Class IV. 1. 2. 6. IV. 2. 1. 16.

I. 2. 2. 2. Class II. 3. 1. 1. (no correction)

(see Genus list for II. 3.)

I. 2. 3. 11. Class I. 2. 3. 16. I. 2. 3. 17.

I. 2. 4. 11 Class IV. 1. 2. 11. IV. 2. 2. 7. (first)

ibid. Class IV. 2. 1. 7. IV. 2. 2. 7. (second)

I. 2. 4. 15. Class II. 1. 2. 13. II. 1. 2. 18.

I. 2. 5. 1. Class I. 2. 3. 26. (no correction)

ibid. Class I. 2. 3. 25. (no correction)

I. 3. 1. 3. Class II. 1. 4. 7. II. 1. 4. 6.

I. 3. 1. 5. Class III. 1. 1. 15. III. 1. 1. 14.

I. 3. 1. 7. Class I. 3. 1. 9. I. 3. 1. 10.

I. 3. 1. 11. Class IV. 2. 1. 7. IV. 1. 2. 7.

II. 1. 2. 2. Class II. 1. 5. 3. II. 1. 4. 1.

II. 1. 2. 12. Class II. 1. 4. 11. II. 1. 4. 12.

II. 1. 3. 3. Class II. 2. 2. 1. (no correction)

ibid. Class II. 1. 2. 1. II. 1. 3. 1.

II. 1. 3. 17. Class I. 2. 1. 14. I. 2. 1. 15.

ibid. Class IV. 2. 1. 16. IV. 1. 2. 16.

II. 1. 4. 5. Class II. 1. 5. 1. II. 1. 5. 2.

II. 1. 4. 8. Class II. 1. 4. 10. (no correction)

II. 1. 4. 17. Class I. 2. 2. 12. I. 2. 2. 14.

II. 1. 6. 8. Class II. 1. 4. 12. II. 1. 4. 13.

II. 1. 7. 1. Class I. 1. 5. 12. I. 1. 5. 11.

II. 2. 2. 1. Class I. 1. 4. 4. I. 2. 4. 12.

III. 1. 1. 5. Class IV. 3. 2. 2. IV. 1. 3. 2.

III. 1. 2. Sect. XXXV. 1. 13. XXXV. 1. 3.

III. 1. 2. 2. Class I. 1. 1. 9. III. 1. 1. 9.

III. 1. 2. 10. Class IV. 2. 1. 9. (no correction)

III. 1. 2. 14. Class I. 2. 3. 9. I. 2. 4. 10.

III. 2. 1. 2. Class IV. 3. 2. 2. IV. 1. 3. 2.

III. 2. 1. 4. Class IV. 2. 2. 10. IV. 1. 2. 10.

IV. 1. 1. C. Class IV. 1. 4. 6 IV. 1. 4. 5. (2nd time.)

In INDEX OF CLASSES:

Ascarides iv. 2. 1. 9. iv. 1. 2. 9.

Azote i. 11. 4. i. 11. 6.

Calculi renis iv. 2. 3. 3. (no correction)

Catamenia i. 2. 1. 10. i. 2. 1. 11.

Consternation i. 1. 5. 12. i. 1. 5. 11.

Constipation ii. 2. 1. 7. ii. 2. 2. 7.

Costiveness ii. 2. 1. 7. ii. 2. 2. 7.

Diarrhoea rheumatic iv. 2. 1. 16. iv. 1. 2. 16.

Digestion decreased ... iv. 1. 2. 5 iv. 2. 1. 6.

Dilirium in parotitis iv. 2. 1. 19 iv. 1. 2. 19.

Dyspnoea rheumatica iv. 2. 1. 16. iv. 1. 2. 16.

Eruption of small-pox iv. 2. 1. 12. iv. 1. 2. 12.

Fear, abortion from iv. 1. 3. 7. iv. 3. 1. 7.

---- paleness in iv. 1. 3. 5. iv. 3. 1. 5.

Fever sensitive ii. 1. 5. 1. ii. 1. 6. 1.

---- return of cold fit Suppl. i. 3. Suppl. i. 4.

Frigus chronicum i. 2. 2. 2. i. 2. 2. 1.

Gangreen ii. 1. 6. 17. (no correction)

Hoarseness iii. 2. 1. 4. iii. 2. 1. 5.

Hydatides in calves i. 2. 5. 2. i. 2. 5. 4.

Hydrogene gas i. 11. 4. i. 11. 6.

Hysteria from cold iv. 3. 3. 3. iv. 3. 4. 3.

Inflammation ... bowels ii. 1. 2. 3. ii. 1. 2. 11.

Lingua arida iv. 2. 4. 11. (no correction)

Lochia nimia i. 2. i. 2. 1. 13.

Lues venerea ii. 1. 5. 8. ii. 1. 5. 2.

Maculae vultus i. 2. 1. 9. i. 2. 2. 10.

Mammarum tumor iv. 2. 1. 19. iv. 1. 2. 19.

Mammularum tensio iv. 2. 1. 6. iv. 1. 2. 6.

Mercury in vertigo iv. 1. 2. 11. iv. 2. 1. 11.

Nipples, tension of iv. 2. 1. 6. iv. 1. 2. 6.

Paresis sensitiva i. 2. 1. 3. ii. 2. 1. 3.

Pubis and throat ... iv. 2. 1. 7. iv. 1. 2. 7.

Respiration quick ... ii. 1. 1. 3. ii. 1. 1. 4.

Setons ii. 1. 6. ii. 1. 6. 6.

Sickness cured by warm iv. 1. 2. 2. iv. 1. 1. 2.

Splenitis ii. 2. 2. 13. ii. 1. 2. 13.

Sternutatio a lumine iv. 2. 1. 2. iv. 1. 2. 2.

Stocks for children ii. 2. 2. 17. i. 2. 2. 17.

Surprise i. 1. 5. 12. i. 1. 5. 11.

Sympathy throat & pubis iv. 2. 1. 7. iv. 1. 2. 7.

Tears sympathetic iii. 1. 1. 10. iii. 1. 2. 10.

Tinnitus aurium iv. 1. 1. 15. iv. 2. 1. 15.

Torpor of the liver i. 1. 2. 6. i. 2. 2. 6.

Tremor of anger iv. 3. 1. 4 iv. 2. 3. 4.

---- of fear iv. 1. 2. 5. iv. 3. 1. 5.

Tussis hepatica iv. 1. 2. 7. iv. 2. 1. 8.

---- arthritica iv. 1. 2. 8. iv. 2. 1. 9.

---- periodica iv. 1. 2. 9. iv. 3. 4. 2.

---- a pedibus frigidis iv. 1. 2. 6. iv. 2. 1. 7.

Ulcers of the legs ii. 1. 4. 13. ii. 1. 4. 14.

Variola eruption of iv. 2. 1. 12. iv. 1. 2. 12.

Vertigo with vomiting iv. 2. 3. 2. iv. 3. 2. 3.

Watchfulness iv. 3. 2. 5. iv. 1. 3. 6.

Winking iv. 3. 2. 2. iv. 1. 3. 2.

Womb, inflammation of ii. 1. 8. 16. ii. 1. 2. 16.

In ARTICLES OF THE MATERIA MEDICA:

II. 2. 1. 5. Class III. 1. 1. 12. III. 1. 1. 13.

IV. 2. 3. 8. Class IV. 2. 2. 1. Art. II. 2. 2. 1.

IV. 2. 6. 5. Sect. XXX. 4. XXX. 1. 4.

V. 2. 1. 4. Art. II. 3. 7. IV. 2. 3. 7.

VI. 2. 2. Class IV. 1. 1. 3. IV. 1. 1. 2.

INDEX OF THE ARTICLES

Acacia iv. 2. 5. 2. iv. 3. 5. 2.

Alcali vol. iii. 3. 3. iii. 3. 8.

Althaea iii. 2. 3. 3. iii. 3. 3. 3.

Aloe iii. 2. 5. 5. iii. 3. 5. 5.

Alum iv. 2. 1. iv. 2. 2.

Amalgama in worms vii. 2. 2. vii. 1. 2.

Amber, oil of vi. 3. 4. vi. 3. 1. 4.

Ammoniac salt iii. 3. 3. iii. 3. 1. 3.

Anchovy iii. 2. 1. 4. iii. 3. 1. 4.

Antimony prepared iii. 2. 1. 5. iii. 3. 1. 5.

Apium, petroselinum iii. 2. 4. 4. iii. 3. 4. 4.

Armenian bole vi. 3. 5. 3. iv. 3. 5. 3.

Asa foetida ii. 3. iii. 3.

Ascarides iii. 2. 9. 7. iii. 2. 7.

Asparagus iii. 2. 4. 4. iii. 3. 4. 4.

Astragalus tragacanth iii. 2. 3. 3. iii. 3. 3. 3.

Barley iii. 2. 3. 3. iii. 3. 3. 3.

Bath, warm iii. 2. 1. 6. iii. 3. 1. 6.

ibid. iii. 2. 3. 4. iii. 3. 3. 4.

Bile of animals iii. 2. 5. 2. iii. 3. 5. 2.

Blood, transfusion of i. 2. 6. 2. i. 2. 6. 3.

Bryony as a blister iii. 2. 9. iii. 2. 8.

Cassia sistul iii. 2. 5. 1. iii. 3. 5. 1.

---- senna iii. 2. 5. 5. iii. 3. 5. 5.

Chalybeates iv. 2. 4. 2. iv. 3. 4. 2.

Cinnamon iii. 3. 2. iii. 3. 1. 2.

Cold, interrupted iii. 2. 1. 7. iii. 3. 1. 7.

Copaiva balsam iii. 2. 4. 3. iii. 3. 4. 3.

Daucus sylvestris iii. 2. 4. 4. iii. 3. 4. 4.

Dragon's blood iv. 2. 5. 2. iv. 3. 5. 2.

Ether, vitriolic vi. 3. 3. vi. 3. 1. 3.

Exercise iii. 2. 1. 6. iii. 3. 1. 6.

Eyes inflamed iv. 2. 3. iv. 2. 4. 3.

Feathers, smoke of vi. 3. 6. vi. 3. 1. 6.

Fennel iii. 2. 4. 4. iii. 3. 4. 4.

Friction ii. 2. 5. ii. 2. 6.

ibid. iii. 2. 1. 6. iii. 3. 1. 6.

Ginger iii. 3. 4. (no correction)

Gum arabic iii. 2. 3. 3. iii. 3. 3. 3.

---- tragacanth iii. 2. 3. 3. iii. 3. 3. 3.

Glycyrrhiza glabra iii. 2. 3. 3. iii. 3. 3. 3.

Haematoxylon camp... iv. 2. 5. 2. iv. 3. 5. 2.

Hartshorn, spirit ... iii. 3. 3. (no correction)

ibid. vi. 3. 4. vi. 3. 1. 4.

Helenium iii. 2. 3. 2. iii. 3. 3. 2.

Herrings, red iii. 2. 1. 4. iii. 3. 1. 4.

Honey iii. 2. 3. 3. iii. 3. 3. 3.

ibid. iii. 2. 5. 1. iii. 3. 5. 1.

Hordeum distichon iii. 2. 3. 3. iii. 3. 3. 3.

Jalapium iii. 2. 5. 5. iii. 3. 5. 5.

Japan earth iv. 2. 5. 2. iv. 3. 5. 2.

Inula helenium iii. 2. 3. 2. iii. 3. 3. 2.

Leeks iii. 2. 3. 1. iii. 3. 3. 1.

Liquorice iii. 2. 3. 3 iii. 3. 3. 3.

Logwood iii. 2. 5. 2. iv. 3. 5. 2.

Magnesia alba iii. 2. 5. 3. iii. 3. 5. 3.

Marsh-mallows iii. 2. 3. 3. iii. 3. 3. 3.

Mastich iii. 3. 3. (no correction)

Mimosa nilotica iii. 2. 3. 3. iii. 3. 3. 3.

---- catechu iv. 2. 5. 2. iv. 3. 5. 2.

Mint vi. 3. 3. vi. 3. 1. 3.

Oil essential iii. 3. 2. iii. 3. 1. 2.

Oleum, ricini iii. 2. 5. 4. iii. 3. 5. 4.

Pareira brava iii. 2. 4. 4. iii. 3. 4. 4.

Peru, balsam of iii. 2. 5. 4. iii. 3. 5. 4.

Pix liquida iii. 3. 2. iii. 3. 3.

Prunes iii. 2. 5. 1. iii. 3. 5. 1.

Prunus domestica iii. 2. 5. 1. iii. 3. 5. 1.

Pulegium vi. 3. 3. vi. 3. 1. 3.

Rhubarb iii. 2. 5. 5. iii. 3. 5. 5.

Salts, neutral iii. 2. 5. 3. iii. 3. 5. 3.

Sea-water iii. 2. 5. 3. iii. 3. 5. 3.

Seneka iii. 2. 3. 2. iii. 3. 3. 2.

Senna iii. 2. 5. 5. iii. 3. 5. 5.

Snuffs of candles vi. 3. 4. vi. 3. 1. 4.

Soot vi. 3. 4. vi. 3. 1. 4.

Spermaceti iii. 2. 3. 3. iii. 3. 3. 3.

Sponge, burnt vi. 3. 4. vi. 3. 1. 4.

Sugar nourishing iii. 2. 4. 3. iii. 3. 3. 3.

---- aperient iii. 2. 5. 1. iii. 3. 5. 1.

Sulphur iii. 2. 5. 4. iii. 3. 5. 4.

Sweats in a morning iii. 2. 1. 1. iii. 2. 1. 5.

---- on waking iii. 2. 1. 1. iii. 2. 1. 5.

Tamarinds iii. 2. 5. 1. iii. 3. 5. 1.

Tartar, crystals of iii. 2. 5. 1. iii. 3. 5. 1.

---- vitriolate iii. 2. 5. 3. iii. 3. 5. 3.

Testaceous powders iv. 2. 2. iv. 2. 1.

Tobacco iv. 2. 3. 8. iv. 2. 3. 7.

Tragacanth gum iii. 2. 3. 3. iii. 3. 3. 3.

Tussilago farfara iii. 2. 3. 3. iii. 3. 3. 3.

Valerian vi. 3. 3. vi. 3. 1.

Vinegar iv. 2. 1. 9. iv. 2. 1. 2.

Volatile salt vi. 3. 6. vi. 3. 1. 6.

Whey of milk iii. 2. 5. 2. iii. 3. 5. 2.