GENERAL SURVEY OF SCOTTISH MEDIÆVAL ARCHITECTURE
Mediæval architecture of Scotland arranged according to the periods
stated in Chapter II.:[478]--
_Transition from Celtic to Norman Architecture_:--_Abernethy Round
Tower_, Perthshire (p. 7). _Restennet Priory_, Forfarshire (p. 7). _St.
Regulus, St. Andrews_, Fifeshire (p. 18).
_Norman Architecture_:--_Markinch Tower_ (Fifeshire). Present church
modern, early church consecrated 1243; the tower is an ancient Norman
building. _Muthill Church_ (Perthshire), has Norman tower at the west
end, with nave having north and south aisles and an aisleless choir. The
church is now in ruins, and was built by Michael Ochiltree, who was Dean
of Dunblane (1425) and Bishop (1430). _St. Serf's, Dunning_
(Perthshire), has Norman tower, with elaborately carved and pointed
archway opening from the tower into the church, which has been greatly
altered. The W. gable wall of the church and part of the N. and E. wall
are original. There appears to have been a chancel; the ancient corbels
at N. parapet survive, and the raggle of the original roof is seen
against the E. side of the tower. Church mentioned here in 1219
(ecclesia sancti servani de Dunnyne). _Cruggleton Church_
(Wigtownshire), in ruins; has early Norman chancel arch and north
doorway recently restored; the plan shows a simple oblong with chancel
arch. _Monymusk Church_ (Aberdeenshire), founded by Malcolm Canmore;
remains of ancient Norman church in lower part of the tower and chancel
arch, incorporated in modern church on old site. Ancient Celtic centre.
_St. Brandon's, Birnie_ (Morayshire), has nave and chancel without
aisles; chancel has no window in E. wall, but round-headed windows in N.
and S. walls; chancel arch has semicircular attached shaft with moulded
base and heavy Norman cap, with numerous sub-divisions. Advanced date.
Stone font of Norman design, and Celtic bell. _St. Oran's Chapel, Iona_
(p. 65). _St. Margaret's Chapel, Edinburgh Castle_, comprises a nave
with chancel arch and chancel, which has a round apse, formed within the
square E. end of the exterior. The genuine surviving Norman masonry
begins below the line of the S. windows; rest later work. Chancel has
locker and piscina, chancel arch decorated with chevron design, nave
arched roof is later than the walls. Chapel is a fairly advanced example
of Norman work in plan and decoration. _Dunfermline Abbey_ (p. 139).
_Kirkwall Cathedral_ (p. 69). _St. Blane's Church_ (Bute) has oblong
nave and chancel separated by lofty wall with chancel arch. Norman
masonry in nave and chancel arch. _Dalmeny Church_ (p. 102). _Leuchars
Church_ (p. 104). _Bunkle Church_ (Berwickshire) has Norman work in
ruined semicircular apse, with arch leading into it, and may be earlier
than 12th century. _Edrom Church_ (Berwickshire) has still surviving a
Norman doorway of beautiful design, now an entrance to a burial vault.
An aisle is attached to the church, and was founded by Archbishop
Blackadder in 1499; two angle buttresses are of interest. _Legerwood_
(Berwickshire) has attached to the parish church (old, but frequently
repaired), and cut off by a wall, the roofless ruins of the original
Norman chancel. A Celtic interlaced stone is built into the S. wall near
the W. end. _Chirnside_ (Berwickshire) has Norman work in the doorway of
the ruined church, and at the sides there are remains of a projection,
probably a porch. A western tower, vaulted in stone, was removed in
1750. _St. Helen's Church_ (Berwickshire), near Cockburnspath, now in
ruins, was a Norman structure, with the exception of the W. gable wall
(14th or 15th century). It was barrel-vaulted throughout, and the N.
chancel wall is entire. There is a narrow E. window. _Tyninghame Church_
(Haddingtonshire) was one of the churches dedicated to St. Baldred; the
structural remains exhibit elaborate ornamental work of the Norman
style. _Stobo Church_ (Peeblesshire) is a Norman structure, to which
alterations and additions have been made in the 16th and 17th centuries.
It was the church of a plebania, with subordinate churches.
_Duddingston_ (Mid-Lothian) is a Norman edifice, used since 12th century
as the parish church. It has been much altered, originally consisting of
nave, chancel, and perhaps tower, and the chancel arch is the only
Norman feature now remaining in the interior. _St. Andrew's Church,
Gullane_ (Haddingtonshire), is now a roofless ruin, and was made
collegiate in 1446. The semicircular chancel arch is almost the only
part of the 12th century work now surviving. _Uphall Church_ and _St.
Nicholas Church_ (Linlithgowshire). Uphall Church, consisting of nave,
chancel, western tower, is a Norman structure throughout, much altered.
When this became the parish church in the 16th century, St. Nicholas
(one mile east) was abandoned. Two relics of it remain--the font, of
which the basin is old, and the bell, now used in Uphall Church, and
dated 1441. _Abercorn_ (Linlithgowshire). A church was founded here in
675 under St. Wilfrid, and became the see of the earliest bishopric in
Scotland from 681 to 685. The monks were forced to retire to Whitby, but
the site was occupied by a church, and part of the existing structure
(the round-headed doorway in S. wall) is of Norman date. The tympanum is
filled with stones arranged in zig-zag patterns. The church has been
altered in modern times; there are good specimens in the churchyard of
hog-backed tombstones, with figures of fish scale pattern arranged in
rows, and scales of a squarer shape. _Kelso Abbey_ (p. 169).
_St. Martin's Church_ (Haddington) is a very ancient chapel; a simple
oblong; portion of barrel vault still exists; choir formerly existed;
the arch is late Norman in design. _Kirkliston Church_, Linlithgowshire,
has ancient tower and Norman doorways (S. and N.E.), and belonged
originally to the Knights Hospitallers of St. John. _St. Mary's, Ratho_,
Mid-Lothian, has Norman work preserved in doorway in S.W. wall. _St.
Peter's, Peterhead_, Aberdeenshire, has chancel of Norman period. _St.
Mary's, Rutherglen_, Lanarkshire, had a nave with side aisles and a
chancel, but of the ancient church only a fragment now remains in the E.
wall with eastern tower attached to it. The E. wall masonry indicates
the Norman period, and the eastern tower, although built against, had no
connection with the church, while it is of later erection by two or
three centuries. _Lamington Church_ (Lanarkshire) has the old N. doorway
still preserved. _St. Boswell's Church_, Roxburghshire, has been
entirely rebuilt, but has some relics of carved corbels and other
fragments of Norman date. _Smailholm Church_, Roxburghshire, is
distinctly a Norman structure throughout its entire length, although
greatly altered in the 17th century. _Linton Church_, Roxburghshire, is
old, but has been restored and renewed. There is a Norman font, and a
sculpture in the tympanum of the ancient church doorway may possibly
represent St. George and the Dragon, or Faith overcoming Evil. It was
placed in 1858 over the entrance to a new porch then erected. _Duns
Church_, Berwickshire, had the chancel of the ancient structure existing
until 1874, when it was removed, and not a stone now remains. Its
masonry, judged from a photograph, looks very like Norman work. _St.
Lawrence Church, Lundie_, Forfarshire, was a Norman structure, of which
little remains except the ashlar walls, a narrow window, and outside
check for a shutter. The chancel arch was built up in 1786, when the
apse appears to have been taken down; the top of a sacrament house of
late date survives. _Kirkmaiden Church_, Wigtownshire, has a nave that
appears to be of Norman date, and there is an apparent chancel at the
east end, but its dimensions and origin are not distinct. _Herdmanston
Font_, Haddingtonshire, is a relic of the Norman period, and stands in
the burial vault of the Sinclairs of Herdmanston.
_The Transition Style._--_Dundrennan Abbey_ (Cistercian),
Kirkcudbrightshire, was founded by David I. about 1142. Portions of N.
and S. transepts, choir, chapter-house, some cellar walls and other
walls, with a few carved caps now remain. Queen Mary was welcomed at the
abbey after her flight from Langside, and embarked for England from Port
Mary, at the mouth of the Abbey Burn. _Jedburgh Abbey_ (p. 129).
_Kinloss Abbey_ (Cistercian), Morayshire, was founded by David I. in
1150, and colonised from Melrose. The enlightened Robert Reid, founder
of the College of Edinburgh, was its abbot in 1528. Till 1650 the
buildings were tolerably entire, and were then used to construct
Cromwell's citadel at Inverness. The remains are now mere fragments.
_The Nunnery_, Iona (p. 68). _St. Nicholas Church, Aberdeen_ (p. 78).
_Coldingham Priory_ (Benedictine), Berwickshire, was founded or
refounded in 1098 by Edgar, son of Queen Margaret, and dedicated to St.
Cuthbert, S.S. Mary and Ebba. The canons of Durham controlled it until
1504, and in 1509 it was placed under the rule of Dunfermline. It
suffered both from fire and its nearness to the Border; it was also
damaged by Cromwell, and was afterwards used as a quarry. Little of the
monastery now remains, and of the church only the N. and E. walls of
the choir and fragments of the S. transept. In 1662 the W. and S. walls
of the choir were rebuilt to make that part of the edifice suitable for
worship, and in 1854-55 the choir was restored, its W. and S. walls
being again partly rebuilt, S. porch added, and the corner turrets
carried up to their present height. Stones are preserved of an earlier
church than the existing one. _Dryburgh Abbey_ (p. 134). _Airth Church_
(Stirlingshire) dates from the period about the beginning of the 13th
century, but only a small part of the early structure remains--a bay of
what has been a nave arcade, opening into a north aisle. _Lasswade
Church_, Mid-Lothian, had an old church, consisting of oblong chamber
and tower. The S. wall doorway and tower reveal Transition work about
first half of 13th century. _Bathgate Church_, Linlithgowshire, is now a
ruin, being abandoned in 1739 for a new church. The doorway is almost
the only feature of its architecture left, and its details are of
transitional period. In the church is a recumbent statue.
_First Pointed Period._--_St. Andrews Cathedral and Priory_ (pp. 13,
123); _St. Mary's, Kirkheugh, St. Andrews_ (p. 102); _Arbroath Abbey_
(p. 177); _Holyrood Abbey_ (p. 124). _Kilwinning Abbey_ (Tironensian),
Ayrshire, was erected on a site occupied in the 8th century by an Irish
monk called St. Winnan, who is believed to be the same as St. Finnan of
Moville. On the spot sanctified by his cell the monastery was erected in
the 12th century by Richard or Hugh Moville, who came from England, was
created by the Scottish king Great Constable of the Kingdom and
presented with the lordships of Cuninghame, Largs, and Lauderdale. The
church was erected early in 13th century. The buildings were destroyed
shortly after the Reformation, and the parish church was erected on the
site of the choir about 1775. The ruins consist of S. wall and gable of
S. transept, one pier with respond and arch between S. transept and E.
aisle; handsome door which led from nave to cloisters; entrance to the
chapter-house from cloisters; long ancient wall which formed the wall of
S. aisle of nave; some portions of W. end of nave and S.W. tower. The N.
tower remained complete till this century, and a new tower has in recent
times been erected on its site. _Dunblane Cathedral_ (p. 47).
_Inchmahome Priory_ (Augustinian), Stirlingshire, was founded and
endowed by Walter Comyn, fourth Earl of Menteith, and the church, which
has striking resemblances in detail to the neighbouring cathedral of
Dunblane, evidently dates about 1250. Inchmahome means Isle of Rest,
and the church is fairly well preserved. In 1543 Queen Mary, as a
child, found refuge here along with her mother after the battle of
Pinkie, and stayed for some months. Dr. John Brown has charmingly
written about the young queen's miniature or child's garden--a small
flower plot, the boxwood edging of which has grown up into a thick
shrubbery. _Elgin Cathedral_ (p. 40). _Pluscarden Priory_
(Valliscaulian), Morayshire, was, along with Beauly and Ardchattan,
founded by Alexander II. for the Order of Vallis Caulium. Pluscarden is
situated in a long, well-sheltered valley. About 1460, when the monks
had become corrupt, they were superseded by the Black Benedictine monks
from Dunfermline, and the priory became dependent on that house. The
last prior was Alexander Dunbar, and the first lay prior Lord Seton. The
existing buildings consist chiefly of the remains of the church--an
aisleless choir N. and S. transepts with eastern aisles, and square
tower. There is no nave. The monastic buildings consist of the sacristy,
or St. Mary's aisle, the chapter-house, the slype, and monks' hall--the
whole forming the E. side of the cloisters. To the S.E. of cloister
garth is probably the prior's house. The oldest parts are transepts with
eastern aisles, built doubtless soon after the foundation. _Glasgow
Cathedral_ (p. 22). _Brechin Cathedral_ (p. 44). _Lindores Abbey_
(Tironensian), Fifeshire, was founded in 1178 by David, Earl of
Huntingdon, grandson of David I., and brother of King William the Lion.
The church of Dundee belonged to the monks of Lindores, and the name
Lindores is believed to mean "church by the water." Alexander III.,
Wallace, Edward I., David II. visited the abbey, and the Duke of
Rothesay was buried in the church. James, Earl of Douglas, passed the
last years of his life here. Two small coffins, found buried in the
choir, are believed to have contained the remains of two children of
Earl David, the founder. The buildings, entering from the E. side of the
cloister, are the best preserved, and of the church little but the
foundations and some portions of the wall survive. Adjoining S. transept
is the vaulted slype, and the room over it may have been the scriptorium
or library. The night passage of the monks led through that apartment,
as the stair was in S.W. angle of transept, and could only be thus
reached. _Cambuskenneth Abbey_ (Augustinian), Stirlingshire, was founded
by David I. about 1147. James III. and his queen, Margaret of Denmark,
were interred before the high altar, and a stone altar monument has been
erected over their remains by Queen Victoria. The detached tower at the
W. is almost the only part remaining in a completed state; the W.
doorway is nearly entire, as is also portion of gable wall and side
walls at S.E. corner of the buildings. _Culross Abbey_ (Cistercian) and
_Parish Church_, Perthshire. The abbey was founded in 1217 by Malcolm,
Earl of Fife, and considerable remains of that period, and some walls of
what might be of earlier date, still survive, but principal parts of
existing church are of later date. A few fragments of the monastic
structure survive. The tower divides the E. from the W. church. The
aisleless choir serves as parish church. The old parish church is a
ruinous structure, about one mile N.W. from the abbey; plain oblong; in
1633 the abbey became the parish church. _Beauly Priory_
(Valliscaulian), Inverness-shire, was founded in 1230 and endowed by Sir
John Bisset of Lovat. The ruined church survives, but has been sadly
abused. Monastic buildings have nearly disappeared. First Pointed was
later here than elsewhere. _Newbattle or Newbotle Abbey_ (Cistercian),
Mid-Lothian, was founded by David I. in 1140 for monks brought from
Melrose. It was a great house, and about 1350 its annual income could
maintain eighty monks and seventy lay brethren, with the corresponding
establishment. The last abbot was Mark Ker, and the lordship of Newbotle
was conferred on his son. The abbey appears to have been almost
abolished shortly after the Reformation, the only parts of the monastic
buildings allowed to remain being the fratery and portions of the
chapter-house, which were incorporated with the mansion-house. The nave
of the church contained 10 bays; the choir and presbytery comprised
1-1/2 bay. The piers supported a tower over the crossing, and the
architecture of the transepts was massive. _Lismore Cathedral_ (p. 59).
_St. Kentigern's_, Lanark, was ancient parish church; abandoned for new
one about 1777. It consisted of two six-bayed aisles, each with a
chancel, but without a nave; there remain the lofty pointed arches
dividing the two aisles, the wall of the S. one, and a fragment of the
chancels. In the S. wall is a beautiful doorway. _Burntisland Church_,
Fifeshire, _Prestonkirk_, Haddingtonshire, _Cowie_, Aberdeenshire, also
illustrate in whole or part this period. _Deer Abbey_ (Cistercian),
Aberdeenshire, was founded in 1218, and succeeded a church founded in
580 by St. Columba and his nephew Drostan. The conventual buildings now
existing are subsequent in date to the founding of the abbey church
(completed first), and this may account for the abbot demitting office
in 1267, "choosing rather to live in the sweet converse of his brethren
at Melrose than to govern an unworthy flock under the lowly roofs of
Deir." _Luffness Monastery, Redfriars_, Haddingtonshire, was founded by
Patrick, Earl of Dunbar, in 1286. The church consisted of nave and
choir, without aisles; the choir has arched recess and much-worn effigy.
The remains consist mostly of foundations. _Tungland Abbey_
(Premonstratensian), Kirkcudbrightshire, was founded by Fergus, first
lord of Galloway, in 12th century, and is now represented by only one
doorway. _Inchcolm Abbey_ (Augustinian), Fifeshire, was founded in 1123
by Alexander I., who had been driven ashore on the island by a storm,
and was maintained with his followers for three days by a hermit who
made Inchcolm his retreat. There is still a small cell covered with a
pointed barrel vault, which may have been his abode. The island was the
cradle of religion in E. Scotland, and may have been visited by St.
Columba himself. Like Inchkeith, the Bass, Isle of May, and Fidra, it
possesses early ecclesiastical remains. The island, like Iona, was
celebrated as a place of burial. The monastic buildings date from 1216
chiefly; Walter Bower continued the Scotichronicon in the abbey. The
ruins consist of the cloister court with church on N. side, and
chapter-house beyond E. range. To the N. of the church was possibly the
infirmary. The S.E. has cellars, stores, and offices. First Pointed work
is also found at the churches of _Deer_; _Auchindoir_; _St. Cuthbert's,
Monkton_; _St. Nicholas, Prestwick_; _Altyre_; _St. Mary's, Rattray_;
_Abdie_; _St. Ninian's on the Isle_; _St. Colmanel's, Buittle_;
_Cockpen_; _Pencaitland_; _Gogar Font_.
_Middle Pointed or Decorated Architecture._--_New Abbey_ or _Sweetheart
Abbey_ (Cistercian), Kirkcudbrightshire, was dedicated to the Virgin. It
was called New Abbey because it was founded a considerable time after
Dundrennan, which was regarded as the old abbey. The founder was
Devorgilla, daughter of Allan, Lord of Galloway, wife of John Baliol of
Castle Barnard in Yorkshire, and mother of King John Baliol. When her
husband died in 1269, Devorgilla had his heart embalmed and placed in an
ivory coffin, which she carried about with her; at her death it was
buried with her in a grave in front of the abbey high altar, hence the
touching name of Sweetheart Abbey. She endowed the abbey, founded
Balliol College, Oxford, and built the bridge over the Nith at Dumfries,
portions of which still survive. The abbey suffered much last century,
but it has since been well cared for, and is in good preservation. Few
of our ancient churches are so well preserved, and the ruins represent a
period of Scottish Gothic of which not many examples survive. The
conventual buildings have been almost entirely demolished, but the
church is complete, although the roof is gone, and the walls are much
damaged. It comprises a nave with two side aisles, a choir without
aisles, N. and S. transepts (with eastern chapels opening off them), and
a square tower over the crossing. The precinct--a level field of about
20 acres--surrounds the abbey, and is still partly enclosed with a
strong wall, built with large blocks of granite. _Melrose Abbey_ (p.
184). _Lincluden College_, Kirkcudbrightshire, was founded anew about
the end of the 14th century by Archibald, the Grim, who expelled the
nuns. It was a frequent residence of the Earls of Douglas, and consisted
of choir separated from nave and transept by stone screen with wide
doorway. The choir is aisleless, consisting of three bays; the nave had
three bays with a window in each, and aisle on S. side. The architecture
is of great beauty. _Fortrose Cathedral_ (p. 52). _Crossraguel Abbey_
(Cluniac), Ayrshire, was founded by the Earl of Carrick and dedicated to
St. Mary. The last abbot, Quentin Kennedy, in 1562 held a famous dispute
with John Knox at Maybole. The abbey was much associated with the
Bruces. In 1570 occurred the cruel "roasting of the abbot." George
Buchanan received a pension out of the abbey revenues, and King James
intended to restore it as a residence for his son Henry. The abbey ruins
comprise, with the remains of the church, cloisters, and usual
buildings, an outer court to the S.W. with picturesque gate-house,
pigeon-house, and domestic buildings. The church is a simple oblong with
choir and nave, without aisles and transepts. _St. Giles'_, Edinburgh
(p. 89). _St. Michael's_, Linlithgow (p. 105). _St. Monans_, Fifeshire,
derives its name from St. Monanus, a missionary of the 8th century, who
suffered martyrdom by the Danes on the Isle of May. The original chapel
was replaced about 1362 by the present edifice, which suffered much at
the hands of the English, and has been altered. It consists of chancel,
N. and S. transepts, with tower and spire over the crossing, and is
still used as the parish church. It is picturesque and interesting.
_Whithorn Priory_ (p. 56). _St. Mary's_, Haddington (p. 107). _Fearn
Abbey_ (Premonstratensian), Ross-shire, was founded during the reign of
Alexander II. Of it there now only remain a part of the church, and the
ruins of some structures attached to it. The church is a simple oblong,
and part of it is still used as the parish church. _Balmerino Abbey_
(Cistercian), Fifeshire, was founded in 1229 by Ermengard, widow of
William the Lion, and her son Alexander II. Ermengard was buried in the
church before the high altar; she was a liberal benefactress, and her
son was a frequent visitor at Balmerino. Bishop Leslie ascribes the
demolition of the abbey in 1559 to "certain most worthless men of the
common people," for the damage of 1547, when Admiral Wyndham "bornt the
abbey with all thyngs that were in it," seems to have been much
repaired. The abbey buildings are now in a ruinous state, only the
chapter-house, with the erections adjoining it, being at all well
preserved. To the E. of the chapter-house are the ruins of the abbot's
house. The church is situated, as the mother church at Melrose, on the
S. of the cloister, and consisted of nave with S. aisle, transepts with
the usual eastern aisle, and short presbytery without aisles. _St.
Bride's College_, Bothwell (p. 77). _Temple Church_, Mid-Lothian; _the
Chapel in Rothesay Castle_; _St. Bride's_, Douglas, Lanarkshire; _St.
Duthus'_, Tain, Ross-shire; _St. Peter's_, Inverkeithing, Fife; _St.
Devenic's_, Creich, Fife; _Faslane Church_, Argyleshire; _the Monument
of Sir W. Olifurd_, Aberdalgie, Perthshire, also embody architecture of
this period.
_Third or Late Pointed Period._--_Paisley Abbey_ (p. 148). _Dunkeld
Cathedral_ (p. 35). _Iona Cathedral_ (p. 60). _St. Machar's Cathedral_
(p. 37). _Trinity College Church_, Edinburgh, was situated on the W.
side of Leith Wynd, and founded by Mary of Gueldres, Queen of James II.,
in 1462. It was a very fine specimen of Scottish Gothic architecture of
the 15th century, and consisted of a choir with N. and S. aisles, a
five-sided apse, N. and S. transepts, with the commencement of a tower
over the crossing and N. sacristy. The nave was never erected--the arch
having a circular window inserted in it. It was the church of Trinity
College Parish till 1848, when it was removed to make way for the
railway station. The new church is in many details an exact reproduction
of the corresponding features of the original building. _St. John's,
Perth_ (p. 108). _Dundee Church_ (p. 113). _Glenluce Abbey_
(Cistercian), Wigtownshire, was founded in 1190 by Roland, Lord of
Galloway; the chapter-house is the only portion of the abbey in good
preservation. _Torphichen Church_, Linlithgowshire, represents the
hospital or preceptory of Torphichen, from 1153 the principal Scottish
residence of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. Of the cruciform
church, the chancel and nave are entirely gone, and there is only left
a portion of the transept or "quier." The modern church is on the site
of the nave. _St. Anthony's Chapel, Edinburgh_--"Sanct Antonis in the
crag"--stands conspicuous from the Firth of Forth, and was perhaps
chosen with the intention of attracting the notice of seamen coming up
the Firth, who, in cases of danger, might be induced to make vows to its
tutelary saint. There is a fine spring of clear water close to the site,
which may have led to the establishment of the hermitage there. Wall
remains survive. _Rosslyn Church_ (p. 85). _Dunglass Collegiate Church_,
Haddingtonshire, is cruciform, and a deserted but complete edifice. The
choir and tower may have been built in 1403, the nave after 1450. It was
founded by Sir Alexander Home of Home. _Foulis-Easter Church_,
Perthshire, is a simple, oblong structure without buttresses or
projections of any kind; is well preserved and most interesting. It was
built by Andrew, second Lord Gray. _St. Salvador's, St. Andrews_ (p.
102). _Dalkeith Church_ (Mid-Lothian) was constituted collegiate in the
15th century, and consists of a nave of three bays with aisles, N. and
S. transepts, a W. tower, and aisleless choir of three bays with E.
apse. Part is used as the parish church. _St. Mungo's, Borthwick_
(Mid-Lothian) has been rebuilt, with the exception of the S. aisle or
chapel, and the structure has originally been a Norman one, with
aisleless nave, choir, and round E. apse. _Ladykirk, Berwickshire_, is
very complete and almost unaltered. It is situated on the high N. bank
of the Tweed, and is said to have been built in 1500, and dedicated to
St. Mary by James IV. in gratitude for his delivery from drowning by a
sudden flood of the Tweed. It is a triapsidal cross church, without
aisles, with an apsidal termination at the E. end of the chancel and at
the N. and S. ends of the transept. The body of the church and transepts
are covered with pointed barrel vaults, with ribs at intervals springing
from small corbels, and the whole is roofed with overlapping stone
flags. The upper part of the tower has been rebuilt, the lower part
being of the same date as the church, which is still the parish church.
_Seton Collegiate Church_, Haddingtonshire, probably rebuilt about the
close of the 15th century, was added to by the second Lord Seton when he
made the church collegiate in 1493, and was completed by the third Lord
Seton. The transepts, tower, and spire would appear to have been erected
by the Dowager Lady Seton in the 16th century, after her husband's death
at Flodden. _Arbuthnott Church_, Kincardineshire, is an interesting and
picturesque structure, containing work of three distinct periods. The
chancel was dedicated in 1242, and the nave may be in part of the same
period. The S. wing or aisle was built by Sir Robert Arbuthnott in the
end of the 15th century. The quaint W. end represents a combination of
the ecclesiastical and domestic architecture of Scotland. The church has
been well restored; the Arbuthnott Missal with the Psalter and office
were written for the use of this church by the vicar, James Sybbald,
about 1491. _King's College, Aberdeen_ (p. 80). _Church of the Holy
Rood, Stirling_ (p. 114). _St. Mary's Parish Church, Whitekirk_,
Haddingtonshire, was a great place of pilgrimage, and was visited among
others by Pope Pius II. (Æneas Sylvius), who came to render thanks to
the Virgin for his safe landing in Scotland. The church is on the plan
of a cross without aisles; the choir is vaulted with a pointed barrel
vault, and the roof is slated. Over the crossing is a square tower,
finished with a plain parapet; the E. end is square, and there is a fine
porch at the S.W. angle. The S.W. porch is one of the most striking
features of the structure, and its interior is roofed with pointed
barrel vaulting, having ribs springing from carved corbels. Third or
late Pointed architecture is also found at _Crichton Collegiate Church_,
Mid-Lothian; _Corstorphine Collegiate Church_, Mid-Lothian; _Crail
Collegiate Church_, Fife; _Mid-Calder Church_, Mid-Lothian; _St. Mary's
Church of the Carmelite Friars_, South Queensferry, Linlithgowshire;
_Yester Collegiate Church_, Haddingtonshire; _Tullibardine Collegiate
Church_, Perthshire; _Maybole Collegiate Church_, Ayrshire; _Biggar
Collegiate Church_ (p. 77); _Carnwath Collegiate Church_, Lanarkshire;
_St. Mary's Collegiate Church, Castle Semple_, Renfrewshire; _Church of
the Franciscans or Greyfriars, Elgin_, Morayshire, and at _Aberdeen_;
_Rowdil Priory_ (Augustinian), Harri, Inverness-shire; _Oronsay Priory_
(Augustinian), Argyleshire.
Examples of Scottish mediæval architecture are also to be found in the
following churches, arranged alphabetically by counties.
_Aberdeenshire_:--Kinkell, Kintore, Leask. _Argyleshire_:--Ardchattan
and St. Mund's Collegiate Church, Kilmun. _Ayrshire_:--Alloway, Old
Dailly, and Straiton. _Banffshire_:--Cullen Collegiate Church, Deskford,
and Mortlach. _Berwickshire_:--Church of Abbey St. Bathans (Cistercian
Nuns), Bassendean, Cockburnspath (an ancient structure), Preston.
_Buteshire_:--Church of St. Mary's Abbey, Rothesay.
_Dumbartonshire_:--Dumbarton Collegiate Church and Chapel at Kirkton of
Kilmahew. _Dumfriesshire_:--Canonby Priory (Augustinian), Kirkbryde, St.
Cuthbert's, Moffat; Sanquhar. _Fifeshire_:--Carnock, Dysart,
Kilconquhar, Kilrenny, Rosyth, Dominican Church, St. Leonard's (p. 116),
Holy Trinity (p. 117), St. Andrews. _Forfarshire_:--Airlie, Invergowrie,
Mains, Maryton, Pert, St. Vigean's. _Haddingtonshire_:--Church of
Trinity Friars, Dunbar, and Keith. _Kincardineshire_:--St. Palladius'
Church, Fordoun. _Kirkcudbrightshire_:--Old Girthon.
_Lanarkshire_:--Blantyre Priory (Augustinian), and Covington.
_Linlithgowshire_:--Auldcathie. _Mid-Lothian_:--St. Triduan's Collegiate
Church, Restalrig. _Peeblesshire_:--Newlands, Churches of Holy Cross and
St. Andrew, Peebles. _Perthshire_:--Aberuthven; St. Moloc, Alyth; St.
Mechessoc, Auchterarder; Cambusmichael; Abbey of Coupar (Cistercian);
Dron Church, Longforgan; Ecclesiamagirdle or Exmagirdle, Glenearn;
Forgandenny; Abbey of Inchaffray (Augustinian); Innerpeffray
(Collegiate); Kinfauns; Methven (Collegiate); Moncrieff Chapel;
Wast-town (near Errol). _Renfrewshire_:--Houston, St. Fillan's, and
Kilmalcolm. _Selkirkshire_:--Selkirk. _Wigtownshire_:--St. Machutus'
Church, Wigtown.
Mediæval architecture terminated with the Reformation in 1560. In
closing this necessarily brief record of our ancient Scottish churches,
a word must be added on the Scottish Reformation. It was the aim of Knox
to cleanse, not to destroy the temple, and the iconoclasm that followed
was the work of the "rascal multitude," while many of the churches and
abbeys were ruined by the attacks of the English before the Reformation,
as the previous pages indicate. The old builders, too, did a great deal
of what is now known as "scamped work," although it was partly
counteracted by the excellence of their lime and the thickness of their
walls. The real cause of the subsequent destruction was _neglect_, not
violence, while the secularising of the old endowments alienated into
other channels the means that were necessary to undo the effects of wind
and weather. As Carlyle said, "Knox wanted no pulling down of stone
edifices; he wanted leprosy and darkness to be thrown out of the lives
of men," and it is known that he exerted himself to save the Abbey of
Scone from destruction. In the case of Dunkeld Cathedral, the order
makes it quite clear that neither desks, windows, nor doors, glass work
nor iron work, was to be destroyed (pp. 36, 37). The aim of the
reformers was at heart an endeavour to make the old temples fit symbols
of the reformed faith, and the iconoclasm of the multitude is not to be
attributed to them, but to the ignorance and savagery of the time, for
which the Church of Rome was primarily to blame. It was this that
lessened church feeling and separated the power of truth from the beauty
of holiness. It is our privilege to-day to seek the unity of truth and
goodness with beauty, to maintain the faith of the Reformation along
with that beauty of church architecture which, in its brighter days, the
old church witnessed to. It is a one-sided view which sees in Gothic
nothing but the development of utility or the endeavour to attain
greater height; it is the true view which beholds in it the ideality,
piety, and faith that possessed the hearts of our forefathers. The
architect's design could never have been realised apart from their
offerings of devotion to the Christian religion. When Emerson visited
Carlyle at Craigenputtock, the latter, pointing to the parish church,
said to his American friend, "Christ's death built Dunscore Church
yonder." It is a deep, true utterance, for Christ's death has built
every church in Christendom, and these embodiments of beauty not least
of all. In this light we see what is at the heart of these ancient
Scottish churches, and what has created the affection that treasures
them. The ruined walls of so many of them ought to have been the home of
the reformed faith, life, and work, linking the present to the past by
natural piety, and visibly reminding the worshippers of the church that
endureth throughout all generations. The present revival of interest in
them is like a new-discovered sense, and is undoing the spoliation and
neglect of an age subsequent to the Reformation, and for which the
Scottish Reformers are not to blame. Theirs was no easy work, and
history has vindicated its results in the progressive genius of the
Scottish people. The Reformation saved religion, but the alienation of
the religious endowments to secular purposes, often by unworthy hands,
is the chief cause of the ruins which tell of a beauty that has left the
earth, and it has deprived the Church of so many of its venerable
heirlooms. Otherwise there might have been said of the Scottish as was
said of the English Reformation that but for it there would have been
little Norman or Early English left in the cathedrals, for it just came
at a time when the early styles were being pulled fast down to make room
for the later.[479] It was the Scottish Reformers' aim to make all the
churches parish churches, and each church the centre of the life and
work of each parish. Their grievance against monasticism arose from the
corrupt lives of the monks and from its intrusion on the parochial
system with the alienation of the parish teinds to the use of the
monastery. But the idea of _a church in the centre of a residence_, is
one not without suggestiveness to the life of to-day, with its many
activities, as a training home for workers; as a temporary retreat for
rest, meditation, and prayer to the hard-wrought ministers in the city
parishes; as a place for conference on the religious problems; as a
theological hall and settlement for divinity students, like that at
Loccum near Hanover, where a reformed mediæval monastery, free from
vows, and in the full vigour of its life, is used as a college and
residence for the students of the Reformed Church, and where the old
monastic church is used as the parish church for the people around. To
visit Loccum and see it presided over by the venerable Protestant
theologian, Dr. Ullhorn, with its garden, grounds, and farm, its church
and cloisters, its great library and residence for professors and
students, is to be persuaded of the rich possibilities that lie within
the reach of the Scottish Church in the restoration of some of its
ruined abbeys. The saintly Leighton felt the need of this, and thought
"the great and fatal error of the Reformation was, that more of these
houses and of that course of life, _free from the entanglements of vows
and other mixtures_, was not preserved; so that the Protestant churches
had neither places of education nor retreat for men of mortified
tempers."[480] The Reformed Church would thereby purify a great idea,
and if it be true, as the late Master of Balliol asserted, that it is
the great misfortune of Protestantism never to have had an art or
architecture,[481] it can restore and adopt the old architecture that
was the creation of the Christian spirit, amid the leisure of the
cloister and in times more restful than our own.
APPENDIX
DEFINITION OF LEADING ARCHITECTURAL TERMS[482]
_Abacus_--the flat member at the top of a capital. _Apse_--the
semicircular space at the end of a building. _Arcade_--a series of
arches; is usually applied to the small ornamental arches only. _Barrel
vault_--resembling the inside of a barrel. _Bead_--a small round
moulding. _Boss_--a projecting ornament in a vault at the intersection
of the ribs. _Canopy_--the head of a niche over an image; also the
ornamental moulding over a door or window or tomb. _Capital_, _cap_--the
head of a column, pilaster, etc. _Chamfer_--a sloping surface forming
the bevelled edge of a square pier, moulding, or buttress, when the
angle is said to be chamfered off. _Chevron_--an inflected moulding,
also called zigzag, characteristic of Norman architecture. _Clere-story_
or _clear-story_--the upper story of a church, as distinguished from the
triforium or blind story below it, in which the openings, though
resembling windows, are usually blank or blind, not glazed. _Corbel_--a
projecting stone to carry a weight, usually carved. _Crocket_--an
ornament usually resembling a leaf half opened, and projecting from the
upper edge of a canopy or pyramidal covering. The term is supposed to be
derived from the resemblance to a shepherd's crook. _Crypt_--a vault
beneath a church, generally beneath the chancel only, and sometimes used
for the exhibition of relics. _Cusp_--an ornament used in the tracery of
windows, screens, etc., to form foliation. _Dormer_--an upright window
placed on a sloping roof, giving light to the chambers next the roof.
_Fillet_--a small square band used on the face of mouldings.
_Finial_--the ornament which finishes the top of a pinnacle, a canopy,
or a spire, usually carved into a bunch of foliage. _Flying
buttress_--an arch carried over the roof of an aisle from the external
buttress to the wall of the clerestory, to support the vault.
_Gargoyle_--a projected water-spout, often ornamented with grotesque
figures. _Jambs_--the sides of a window opening or doorway.
_Mullion_--the vertical bar dividing the lights of a window. _Ogee_--a
moulding formed by the combination of a round and hollow. _Pier
arches_--the main arches of the nave or choir resting on piers.
_Pinnacle_--a sort of small spire usually terminating a buttress.
_Piscina_--a water-drain in a church placed on the right-hand side of an
altar for the use of the priest. _Plinth_--the projecting member forming
the lower part of a base or of a wall. _Shaft_--a small, slender pillar
usually attached to a larger one, or in the sides of a doorway or
window. _Slype_--a passage leading from the transept to the
chapter-house. _String-course_--a horizontal moulding or course of
masonry, usually applied to the one carried under the windows of the
chancel, both externally and internally. _Tooth ornament_--an ornament
resembling a row of teeth, sometimes called dog's tooth and shark's
tooth. _Transept_--the portion of a building crossing the nave and
producing a cruciform plan. _Transition_--the period of a change of
style, during which there is frequently an overlapping of the styles.
_Transom_--the transverse horizontal piece across the mullions of a
window. _Triforium_ or blind story--the middle story of a large church,
over the pier arches and under the clerestory windows; it is usually
ornamented by an arcade, and fills the space formed by the necessary
slope of the aisle roofs. _Tympanum_--the space between the flat lintel
of a doorway and the arch over it, usually filled with sculpture.
THE END.
_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh._
* * * * *
THE SCOTT COUNTRY
By W. S. CROCKETT
[Illustration]
_In One Volume. Large Crown 8vo, Cloth.
Containing about 200 Illustrations._
_Probable price 3s. 6d. net._
Mr. W. S. Crockett's book on "The Scott Country" will tell the story of
the famous Borderland and its undying associations with Sir Walter, its
greatest son. His early years at Sandyknowe and Kelso will be sketched
by one who is himself a native of that very district. Scott's first
Border home at Ashestiel, and the making of Abbotsford, the Ettrick and
Yarrow of Scott, the memories that cluster round Melrose, the district
of Hawick, and the country of "Marmion," will all have a place in the
work. Not a spot of historic and romantic interest but will be referred
to all along the line of Tweedside and its tributaries from Berwick to
the Beild. The Border country of Scotland has already been the subject
of a very extensive literature, but the "Scott Country" being presented
upon a more compact and comprehensive plan than has yet been attempted,
will, we feel sure, be a source of satisfaction to every reader, whether
Border-born or not. To the Scott abroad the volume will recall many a
familiar memory, and at home it should take its place as a standard work
of its kind, the author being, according to Dr. Robertson Nicoll and
others, perhaps the most capable living student of the Border and its
literature. The "Scott Country" will have close on 200 illustrations,
many of them quite new; and the price is such as to bring it within the
reach of all.
A. & C. BLACK, SOHO SQUARE, LONDON.
* * * * *
NEW POCKET EDITION.
=HORÆ SUBSECIVÆ=
BY JOHN BROWN, M.D., LL.D., ETC.
[Illustration]
CLOTH, GILT TOP, 2/- net EACH VOLUME.
LIMP LEATHER, 2/6 net EACH VOLUME.
_New Edition. In Three Volumes. 6-1/4 × 4-1/4 inches. Printed on thin
Bible paper and bound uniform with Black's NEW POCKET EDITION WAVERLEY
NOVELS. Volume I. contains a photogravure frontispiece of a portrait of
Dr. John Brown, by Sir George Reid, P.R.S.A._
* * * * *
=Some Appreciations of Dr. John Brown and his Books.=
=WILLIAM ARCHER.=--"How came it that no one ever told me it was a thing
unique in literature, the autobiography--yes, that is the word--of one
of the most wonderful children, and quite the most adorable, that ever
lived?... Never has so brief a piece of printed matter affected me so
profoundly." (This refers to the story of "Pet Marjorie.")
=W. E. GLADSTONE.=--"My estimate of Dr. John Brown was particularly
high. It is easy and obvious to say he was a clever man and a good man,
but this is only part of the truth, and he stood, I think, both in the
intellectual and the moral order, much higher than these words of
themselves convey."
=ANDREW LANG.=--"Three volumes of essays are all that Dr. Brown has left
us in the way of compositions; a light but imperishable literature....
No man of letters could be more widely regretted, for he was the friend
of all who read his books, as even to people who only met him once or
twice in life he seemed to become dear and familiar."
=Professor DAVID MASSON.=--"Yes, many long years hence, when all of us
are gone, I can imagine that a little volume will be in circulation,
containing 'Rab and his Friends,' etc.; and that then readers now
unborn, thrilled by that peculiar touch which only things of heart and
genius can give, will confess to the same charm that now fascinates us,
and will think with interest of Dr. John Brown of Edinburgh."
=ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON.=--"Marjorie Fleming I have known, as you
surmise, for long. She was possibly--no, I take back possibly--she was
one of the greatest works of God."
A. & C. BLACK, SOHO SQUARE, LONDON.
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Skene's _Celtic Scotland_, vol. ii. pp. 365, 366.
[2] _Mediæval Architecture_, vol. i. p. 8.
[3] _Ibid._ pp. 8, 9, 26.
[4] _Ibid._ p. 145.
[5] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. pp. 1, 2.
[6] _Ibid._
[7] _Eccles. Arch. of Scot._ vol. i. pp. 1, 2.
[8] _Ibid._ pp. 175-190.
[9] _Ibid._ p. 28.
[10] _Ibid._ p. 28.
[11] _Ibid._ p. 178.
[12] _Eccles. Arch. of Scot._ vol. i. p. 191.
[13] _Ibid._ p. 192.
[14] _Ibid._
[15] _Eccles. Arch, of Scot._ vol. i. pp. 387, 388.
[16] _Ibid._ pp. 46, 47.
[17] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 1.
[18] _Ibid._ p. 3.
[19] _Ibid._ vol. i. p. 50.
[20] _Scottish Abbeys and Cathedrals_, pp. 68, 69.
[21] _Ibid._ p. 70.
[22] _Eccles. Arch. of Scot._ vol. ii. p. 332.
[23] _Ibid._ vol. i. p. 57.
[24] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. pp. 1-7.
[25] _Ancient Church and Parish of Abernethy_, p. 95.
[26] _Pictish Chronicle_, p. 201.
[27] _Amra Columcille_, pp. 29, 63.
[28] _Celtic Scotland_, vol. ii. pp. 136, 137.
[29] Scott's _Marmion_.
[30] _Celtic Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 274.
[31] _Celtic Scotland_, vol. ii. pp. 309, 310.
[32] _Scotichronicon_, bk. iv. c. 12.
[33] _Reg. Pri. S. And._ App. p. xxxi.
[34] Reeves's _British Culdees_, p. 41.
[35] _Church of Scotland: Past and Present_, vol. ii. pp. 309, 310.
[36] _Scottish Abbeys and Cathedrals_, p. 34.
[37] _Chronicle of the Picts and Scots_, p. 191.
[38] Lecture II. p. 24.
[39] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 190.
[40] _Ibid._ p. 186.
[41] Petrie's _Round Towers and Ecclesiastical Architecture of Ireland_.
[42] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. pp. 6-8.
[43] _Ibid._ p. 6
[44] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 16.
[45] _Ibid._ p. 19.
[46] _Ibid._ p. 26.
[47] _Celtic Scotland_, vol. ii. pp. 184, 185.
[48] _Celtic Scotland_, ii. p. 186.
[49] _Historians of Scotland_, v. p. lxxxix.
[50] Vol. i. pp. 3-5.
[51] Sir James Marwick's _Charters and Documents relating to the City of
Glasgow_, part i. p. dxxiii.
[52] Preface to _Register_, p. xxiv.
[53] Messrs. MacGibbon and Ross and Honeyman, architects.
[54] _The Book of Glasgow Cathedral_, p. 229.
[55] _Ibid._
[56] _The Book of Glasgow Cathedral_, p. 231.
[57] _Ibid._ p. 274.
[58] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, ii. p. 160.
[59] _Book of Glasgow Cathedral_, p. 232.
[60] _Registrum Epis. Glas._ p. xxiv.
[61] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, ii. p. 161.
[62] _Ibid._
[63] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, ii. p. 161.
[64] _Book of Glasgow Cathedral_, p. 267.
[65] _Eccles. Arch. of Scotland_, ii. p. 161.
[66] _Ibid._ pp. 161, 162.
[67] _The Book of Glasgow Cathedral_, p. 324.
[68] See Professor Laurie's _Lectures_, pp. 136, 137.
[69] _Book of Glasgow Cathedral_, pp. 292-302.
[70] _Theiner_, p. 505; _Reg. Epis. Glasg._ ii. 470-473, 543, 544.
[71] _Book of Glasgow Cathedral_, p. 265.
[72] MacGibbon and Ross, vol. ii. p. 162.
[73] _Ibid._
[74] See p. 23.
[75] _Book of Glasgow Cathedral_, p. 108.
[76] _Ibid._ p. 277.
[77] _Book of Glasgow Cathedral_, p. 291.
[78] _Ibid._ p. 305.
[79] _Ibid._ p. 317.
[80] _Ibid._ p. 304.
[81] Sir James Marwick's _Charters and Documents of Glasgow_, part i. p.
xli.
[82] Dr. Rankin, vol. ii. p. 315.
[83] _Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis._
[84] Complete list in _Book of Glasgow Cathedral_, pp. 190-197.
[85] Sir James Marwick's _Charters_, part. i. p. dxxiv.
[86] _Ibid._ p. v.
[87] _Book of Glasgow Cathedral_, pp. 375, 376.
[88] _Ibid._ p. 244.
[89] _Mediæval Architecture_, vol. ii. p. 200.
[90] _Book of Glasgow Cathedral_, p. 252.
[91] MacGibbon and Ross, vol. ii. p. 172.
[92] _Book of Glasgow Cathedral_, pp. 239, 240.
[93] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 165.
[94] _Celtic Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 405.
[95] _Ibid._ p. 408.
[96] Myln's _Lives of the Bishops of Dunkeld_, p. 38.
[97] _Ibid._ p. 44.
[98] Myln's _Lives of the Bishops of Dunkeld_, p. 46.
[99] _Ibid._ p. 56.
[100] _Ibid._ p. 66.
[101] _Scoti-Monasticon_, pp. 216, 217.
[102] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. p. 31.
[103] _Ibid._ p. 47.
[104] _Registrum Episcopatus Aberdonensis_, p. x.
[105] _Ibid._
[106] _Celtic Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 379.
[107] _Reg._ p. xi.
[108] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. p. 75.
[109] _View of the Diocese of Aberdeen_, p. 148.
[110] _Ibid._ p. 163.
[111] _Ecclesiastical Architecture_, vol. iii. p. 75.
[112] _Scottish Abbeys and Cathedrals_, p. 75.
[113] _Ibid._
[114] Preface to _Register_, pp. xlii., xliii.
[115] _Scottish Abbeys and Cathedrals_, p. 75.
[116] _Collections of the Shires of Aberdeen and Banff_, p. 150.
[117] P. 104.
[118] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, p. 77.
[119] _Scottish Abbeys and Cathedrals_, p. 76.
[120] _View of the Diocese of Aberdeen_, p. 151.
[121] _Ibid._ p. 152.
[122] _Registrum Episcopatus Moraviensis_, p. xii.
[123] _Celtic Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 369.
[124] _Registrum_, pp. xiii and 40.
[125] _Ibid._ p. xiii.
[126] _Ibid._
[127] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 121.
[128] P. xiii., No. 26.
[129] _Register_, No. 173, p. 204.
[130] _Scottish Abbeys and Cathedrals_, p. 52.
[131] _Ecclesiastical Architecture_, vol. ii. pp. 122, 123.
[132] _Ibid._ p. 125.
[133] _Scottish Abbeys and Cathedrals_, p. 50.
[134] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 145.
[135] _Life_, vol. ii. p. 437.
[136] _Celtic Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 397.
[137] _Ibid._
[138] _Ibid._
[139] Preface to the Brechin _Register_, p. vi.
[140] _Celtic Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 400.
[141] _Ibid._ pp. 400, 401.
[142] Dr. Rankin's _History_, vol. ii. p. 328.
[143] _Celtic Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 309.
[144] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 209.
[145] Miss Stokes, _Early Christian Architecture_, p. 73.
[146] _Scotland in Early Christian Times_, p. 45.
[147] _Ordnance Gazetteer_, vol. i. p. 187.
[148] _Early Christian Architecture in Ireland_, p. 5.
[149] _Scotland in Early Christian Times_, p. 41.
[150] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 213.
[151] _Ibid._ p. 212.
[152] _Ibid._
[153] Black's _Brechin_, pp. 253, 254.
[154] Preface to _Register_, p. xvii.
[155] _Celtic Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 402.
[156] _Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops_, p. 174.
[157] Reeves' _British Culdees_, p. 141.
[158] MacGibbon and Ross, vol. ii. p. 86.
[159] _Ibid._ vol. i. p. 174.
[160] _Ibid._ vol. ii. p. 89.
[161] _Lib. Ins. Missarum_, preface, p. xxix.
[162] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 92.
[163] _Ibid._
[164] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 102.
[165] _Edinburgh Lectures._
[166] Keith's _Scottish Bishops_, pp. 177-180.
[167] MacGibbon and Ross, vol. ii. p. 107.
[168] Keith's _Scottish Bishops_, p. 175.
[169] _History of His Own Times_, vol. ii. p. 243.
[170] _The Bishop's Walk_, p. 7.
[171] _Regist. de Dunf._, p. 3.
[172] Reeves' _Culdees_, p. 46.
[173] _The Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 395.
[174] _Ibid._ p. 399.
[175] Mr. Neale.
[176] His diary for 1571 is published in the _Bannatyne Miscellany_,
vol. iii. pp. 113-156.
[177] Keith's _Scottish Bishops_, p. 198.
[178] Cosmo Innes's "Records of the Bishopric of Caithness," _Bannatyne
Miscellany_, vol. iii. p. 3.
[179] _Celtic Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 383.
[180] _Orig. Par._ vol. ii. part ii. p. 601.
[181] _Transactions of the Aberdeen Ecclesiological Society_ (1892), p.
36.
[182] _Transactions of the Aberdeen Ecclesiological Society_ (1892), p.
40.
[183] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 482.
[184] _Ibid._ p. 485.
[185] _Ibid._ p. 486.
[186] _Celtic Scotland_, vol. i. p. 69.
[187] _Ibid._ vol. ii. p. 408.
[188] Dr. Rankin, vol. ii. p. 350.
[189] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 265.
[190] _Celtic Scotland_, vol. ii. pp. 83, 84.
[191] _Ibid._ p. 85.
[192] _Celtic Scotland_, vol. ii. pp. 85-102.
[193] They were thence taken to Ireland.
[194] _Iona_, pp. 84, 85.
[195] _Celtic Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 414.
[196] _Register of the Great Seal_ (1634-1651), p. 708, No. 1903;
_Origines Parochiales_, vol. ii. part i. p. 294.
[197] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. p. 49.
[198] _Ibid._ pp. 57-59.
[199] _Ibid._ p. 74.
[200] _Transactions._
[201] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 421.
[202] _Ibid._ p. 426.
[203] Cf. Drummond's _West Highland Monuments_.
[204] _Celtic Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 92.
[205] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 266.
[206] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. pp. 266-273.
[207] _Ibid._ p. 273.
[208] Dr. Joseph Robertson's _Scottish Abbeys and Cathedrals_, p. 39.
[209] Dr. Joseph Robertson's _Scottish Abbeys and Cathedrals_, p. 40.
[210] MacGibbon and Ross's _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_,
vol. i. pp. 259-262.
[211] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 273.
[212] _Ibid._ pp. 273-275.
[213] _Ibid._ p. 276.
[214] _Ibid._ p. 277.
[215] _Ibid._
[216] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 278.
[217] _Ibid._ p. 279.
[218] _Ibid._ p. 280.
[219] _Ibid._
[220] _Ibid._
[221] _Ibid._ p. 282.
[222] _Ibid._
[223] _Ibid._ p. 284.
[224] _Ibid._
[225] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 288.
[226] _Ibid._ p. 289.
[227] _Ibid._ p. 290.
[228] _Tennyson: A Memoir_, vol. ii. p. 280.
[229] Vol. iii. pp. 181-196.
[230] Dr. Cooper's Introduction to _Chartulary_, pp. xxv.-xxvi.
[231] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 426.
[232] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. pp. 427, 428.
[233] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 431.
[234] _Records of the University and King's College, Aberdeen_, p. xv.
[235] _Collections of the Shires of Aberdeen and Banff_, p. 210.
[236] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. pp. 287-289.
[237] _Ibid._ p. 295.
[238] _Transactions of the Aberdeen Ecclesiological Society_, sixth year
(1891), p. 63 _et seq._ to p. 76.
[239] _Sermons and Addresses_, p. 29.
[240] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. p. 151, also
to p. 179.
[241] _St. Giles, Edinburgh, Church, College, and Cathedral_, p. 1.
[242] Of the early church, which stood on the site of the present _St.
Cuthbert's_, Edinburgh, Dr. Skene has declared that "there is no doubt
the church was founded by S. Cuthbert himself," and so there has been
Christian worship there for over 1200 years (Rev. Dr. A. Wallace
Williamson's paper in _Aberdeen Ecclesiological Transactions_, ninth
year, p. 114).
[243] _Charters of the Collegiate Church of St. Giles_, p. iv.
[244] _Ibid._
[245] Dr. Lees' _St. Giles, Edinburgh_, p. 3.
[246] Introduction to _Charters_, p. v.
[247] _Ibid._ p. vi.
[248] _St. Giles_, p. 4.
[249] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 419.
[250] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 420.
[251] _Ibid._
[252] _Ibid._ p. 422.
[253] _Ibid._
[254] _Ibid._
[255] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 425.
[256] Dr Lees' _St. Giles_, p. 23.
[257] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 426.
[258] _Ibid._
[259] Introduction to _Charters_, p. xiv.
[260] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 430.
[261] Introduction to _Charters_, p. xv.
[262] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 434.
[263] _Ibid._ p. 436.
[264] No. 77, p. 106.
[265] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 441.
[266] Dr. Laing's Introduction to _Charters_, p. xxx.
[267] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 445.
[268] _Ib._ p. 446
[269] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, pp. 445-449.
[270] Intro. to _Charters_, p. xix.
[271] Dr. Lees' _St. Giles_, p. 273.
[272] Dr. Lees' _St. Giles_, p. 117.
[273] _Ibid._ pp. 124, 125.
[274] Calderwood's _History_, vol. iii. pp. 73, 257.
[275] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 454.
[276] _St. Giles_, p. 262.
[277] Very Rev. Dr. Cameron Lees.
[278] _St. Giles_, p. 270.
[279] _Ibid._ p. 214.
[280] Rankin, vol. ii. p. 361.
[281] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. p. 199.
[282] _Scottish Abbeys and Cathedrals_, p. 36.
[283] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. pp. 298-309.
[284] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. pp. 313, 314.
[285] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 455.
[286] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, pp. 455-470.
[287] Fergusson's _History of Architecture_, vol. ii. p. 222.
[288] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 493.
[289] Hay's _Sacra Scotia_, p. 323.
[290] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. p. 109.
[291] Rev. John Fergusson of Aberdalgie in _Scottish Antiquary_, January
1897, p. 137.
[292] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. p. 116.
[293] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. p. 116.
[294] _Ibid._ p. 121, and Lord High Treasurer's Accounts.
[295] _Ibid._ p. 122.
[296] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. p. 125.
[297] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. p. 132.
[298] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. p. 330.
[299] _Ibid._ p. 138.
[300] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. p. 450.
[301] _Ibid._ p. 450
[302] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. p. 451.
[303] _Ibid._
[304] _Ibid._
[305] Professor Mitchell's _Scottish Reformation_, p. 96.
[306] _The Works of John Knox_, vol. i. p. 228.
[307] _Sketches of Early Scotch History_, p. 10.
[308] _Ibid._ p. 11.
[309] _Ibid._ p. 18.
[310] _Scottish Abbeys and Cathedrals_, p. 27.
[311] _Modern Painters_, vol. i. p. 23.
[312] _Ibid._ vol. iii. p. 44.
[313] _Ibid._ vol. v. p. 206.
[314] _Oxford Lectures_, p. 27.
[315] Montalembert's _Monks of the West_, vol. ii. pp. 40, 41.
[316] The Augustinian order had also monasteries at Scone, Inchcolm,
Lochleven, Isle of May, and Pittenweem, Blantyre, Cambuskenneth,
Restennet, Canonby, and Inchaffray, as well as smaller houses at Loch
Tay, Portmoak, Monymusk, St. Mary's Isle Priory at Trail, Rowadil,
Oronsay, Colonsay, Inchmahome, Rosneath, Strathfillan, Scarinche,
Abernethy (Perthshire); the _Premonstratensian_ order had also abbeys at
Saulseat, Holywood, Whithorn, Tongland, Fearn; the _Benedictine_ order
had also abbeys at Coldingham and Urquhart; the _Cluniacensian_ order
had also abbeys at Crossraguel, Fail, and Dalmulin; the _Tyronensian_
order had also abbeys at Lesmahagow, Kilwinning, Lindores, Iona, and
smaller houses at Dull, Fyvie, Inchkenneth, Rothesay (St. Mary's); the
_Cistercian_ order had also abbeys at Newbattle, Dundrennan, Kinloss,
Deir, Cupar, Glenluce, Culross, Balmerino, Sweetheart, and smaller
houses at Saddel, Friars Carse (near Dumfries), Hassendean, Mauchline,
Cadvan (in Dunbog), and Holm Cultram; the _order of Vallis Caulium_ had
priories at Pluscardine, Beauly, and Ardchattan; the _Carthusians_ had
houses at Perth and Makerstone (Roxburghshire). There were 14 religious
houses belonging to the Trinity Friars, 12 to the Carmelites, 18 to the
Dominicans, 7 to the Franciscans, 13 to the Observantines, 6 to the
Knights of Malta, 16 to the Knights Templars.
[317] _Scottish Ordnance Gazetteer_, vol. vi. p. 300.
[318] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 54 _et
seq._ to p. 72.
[319] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 68.
[320] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 71.
[321] _Ibid._ pp. 71, 72.
[322] Gordon's _Monasticon_, p. 156.
[323] Gordon's _Monasticon_, p. 158.
[324] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 401 _et
seq._ to p. 414.
[325] _Ibid._ p. 403.
[326] Gordon's _Monasticon_, p. 254.
[327] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 448.
[328] _Monasticon_, p. 324.
[329] _Ibid._ p. 340.
[330] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 451 _et
seq._ to p. 464.
[331] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 462.
[332] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 464.
[333] Introduction to _Registrum de Dunfermlyn_, p. 25.
[334] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 231.
[335] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 231.
[336] Introduction to _Registrum_, p. 25.
[337] _Monasticon_, p. 404.
[338] _Registrum_, p. 25.
[339] _Monasticon_, pp. 411, 412.
[340] _The Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 234.
[341] _Ibid._ pp. 234, 238.
[342] _Ibid._ p. 238.
[343] _Ibid._
[344] _Ibid._
[345] _Scottish Abbeys and Cathedrals_, pp. 33, 34.
[346] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 238.
[347] _Ibid._ p. 241.
[348] _Ibid._
[349] _Ibid._
[350] _Ibid._ p. 242.
[351] Lindsay's _Chronicle of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 555.
[352] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 245.
[353] _Ibid._
[354] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. pp. 246-249.
[355] _Ibid._ pp. 251, 252.
[356] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. pp. 252-254.
[357] _History_, vol. i., year 1303-1304.
[358] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 254.
[359] See p. 144.
[360] _Ecc. Arch. of Scot._ vol. i. pp. 254-256.
[361] _The Abbey of Paisley_, pp. 1, 2.
[362] _Scotland in the Middle Ages_, p. 114.
[363] _Historical Sketches_, p. 109.
[364] _The Abbey of Paisley_, pp. 26, 27.
[365] Kingsley's _Roman and Teuton_, pp. 204-206.
[366] _The Abbey of Paisley_, pp. 58, 59.
[367] _Ibid._ p. 63.
[368] _Ibid._ p. 65.
[369] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. p. 8.
[370] _The Abbey of Paisley_, p. 91.
[371] _Ibid._ p. 91.
[372] _The Abbey of Paisley_, p. 96.
[373] _Ibid._ p. 109.
[374] _The Abbey of Paisley_, p. 117.
[375] _Ibid._ p. 120.
[376] Page 19.
[377] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. p. 8.
[378] _The Abbey of Paisley_, p. 142.
[379] _A Scots Mediæval Architect_, by P. MacGregor Chalmers, pp. 14, 15
(Scots Lore).
[380] _The Abbey of Paisley_, pp. 144, 145.
[381] _The Abbey of Paisley_, pp. 159, 160.
[382] _Ibid._ p. 165.
[383] _The Abbey of Paisley_, p. 205.
[384] See Laing's _Knox_.
[385] _The Abbey of Paisley_, pp. 228, 229.
[386] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. pp. 10-26.
[387] _Ibid._ p. 13.
[388] _Ibid._
[389] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. p. 16.
[390] _Ibid._
[391] _Ibid._
[392] _Ibid._
[393] _Ibid._ p. 21.
[394] _Ibid._
[395] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. p. 21.
[396] _The Abbey of Paisley_, p. 166.
[397] _Ibid._ p. 209.
[398] _Ibid._
[399] _The Abbey of Paisley_, pp. 211, 212.
[400] _Ibid._ p. 212.
[401] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. iii. pp. 25, 26.
[402] _Ibid._ p. 168.
[403] _The Abbey of Paisley_, p. 214.
[404] _The Abbey of Paisley_, p. 215.
[405] _Ibid._ p. 206.
[406] _Ibid._ p. 337.
[407] _Ibid._ p. 338.
[408] _Ibid._
[409] _The Abbey of Paisley_, p. 339.
[410] _Ibid._ p. 340.
[411] Introduction to _Reg. Cart. de Kelso_, i. p. viii.
[412] _Ibid._
[413] _Ibid._ p. xli.
[414] _Ibid._ pp. viii-xvi.
[415] _Ibid._ p. xliv.
[416] Introduction to _Reg. Cart. de Kelso_, pp. xliii, xliv.
[417] _Roxburgh, Selkirk, and Peebles_, by Sir George Douglas, Bart.,
pp. 284, 285.
[418] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. pp. 350-352.
[419] _Ibid._ p. 352.
[420] Introduction to _Chartulary_, p. xlix.
[421] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. pp. 353-361.
[422] _Ibid._
[423] _Ibid._
[424] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. pp. 356, 357.
[425] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. pp. 357, 358.
[426] _Ibid._ p. 359.
[427] _Ibid._ p. 360.
[428] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. pp. 360, 361.
[429] _Ibid._ p. 361.
[430] _Ibid._
[431] Hay's _History of Arbroath_, p. 27.
[432] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 31.
[433] _Sketches of Early Scotch History_, p. 161.
[434] _Ibid._
[435] _Ibid._ p. 171.
[436] _Sketches of Early Scotch History_, p. 159.
[437] _National Manuscripts_, part ii.
[438] See Principal Story's _Apostolic Ministry in the Scottish Church_,
p. 197.
[439] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. pp. 31-35.
[440] _Ibid._ pp. 35-37.
[441] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 39.
[442] _Ibid._ pp. 39-41.
[443] _Ibid._ p. 41.
[444] _Ibid._
[445] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. pp. 43-45.
[446] _Ibid._ p. 45.
[447] _Ibid._ pp. 46, 48.
[448] _Ibid._ p. 48.
[449] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 50.
[450] Millar's _Arbroath and its Abbey_, p. 103.
[451] Pp. xxxi, xxxii.
[452] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 347.
[453] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 377.
[454] _Ibid._ p. 349.
[455] _Ibid._ p. 351.
[456] _Ibid._
[457] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. pp. 353, 356.
[458] _Ibid._ p. 356.
[459] _Ibid._ pp. 356, 357.
[460] Messrs. MacGibbon and Ross consider it probable that a fragment of
the original north wall may have been preserved as the core of the
present wall, and faced up on both sides with newer work
(_Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. pp. 360, 361).
[461] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 361.
[462] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 362, 363.
[463] _Ibid._ p. 366.
[464] _Ibid._
[465] _Ibid._
[466] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 372.
[467] _Ibid._ p. 373.
[468] _Ibid._
[469] _Ibid._
[470] _Ibid._ p. 374.
[471] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. pp. 373, 374.
[472] _Ibid._ p. 375.
[473] _Ibid._
[474] _Ibid._ p. 377.
[475] As given in Monteith's _Theater of Mortality_ (1713)--earliest and
most accurate reference.
[476] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 378.
[477] See _Scots Lore_, Nos. 1-7.
[478] In this summary I am specially indebted to the _Ecclesiastical
Architecture of Scotland_, vol. i. pp. 175-477, vol. ii. pp. 5-559, vol.
iii. pp. 7-533. The statements are much compressed on account of the
limitations of the space at my disposal.
[479] _Life and Letters of Benjamin Jowett_, vol. ii. pp. 72, 73.
[480] _Burnet's History of my Own Time_ (Clarendon edition), vol. i. p.
246.
[481] _Life and Letters_, vol. ii. p. 71.
[482] Cf. Parker's _Introduction to Gothic Architecture_, 321-331; also
_Glossary of Architecture_, vol. i.