MISCELLANEOUS.
1. What is the velocity of sound in the air?
At the temperature of 33° the mean velocity of sound is 1100 feet in a
second. It is increased or diminished _half a foot_ for each degree of
temperature above or below 33°.
2. How can the distance of an object be ascertained by the report of
fire-arms?
By observing the number of seconds that elapse between the flash and
the report of a gun, and multiplying the number by the velocity of
sound in the air.
3. What is momentum?
The force possessed by a body in motion; and is measured by the product
of the mass of the body into its velocity.
4. When equal masses are in motion, what proportion do their momenta
bear to their velocities?
They are proportional to their velocities.
5. When velocities are equal, what proportion do their momenta bear to
their masses?
They are proportional to their masses.
6. What proportion do the momenta bear to each other when neither the
masses nor velocities are equal?
They are to each other as the products of their masses into their
velocities respectively.
7. What is the average weight of a horse?
About 1000 pounds.
[Sidenote: 152]]
8. What space does a horse occupy in the ranks; in a stall; and at a
picket?
In the ranks a front of 40 in., a depth of 10 feet; in a stall; from 3½
to 4½ feet front; at picket 3 feet by 9.
9. What are the comparative effects of the labor of a man, and that of
a horse or mule?
Taking the useful effect of a man’s daily labor as unity, a horse can
carry a load on a horizontal plane, 4.8 to 6.1 times; and a mule, 7.6
times greater than a man. Taking a man with a wheel-barrow as unity, a
horse in a four-wheel wagon can draw 17.5, and in a cart 24.3; and a
mule in a cart, 23.3 times greater burden.
10. What weight is an artillery horse required to draw?
Not more than 700 lbs., the weight of the carriage included.
11. What weight can a team of four horses or more, draw with useful
effect?
Including the weight of carriage, 4 horses can draw 24 cwt., or 6 each;
6 horses, 30 cwt., 5 each; 8 horses, 36 cwt., 4½ each; and 12 horses,
48 cwt., or 4 each. It is usual to estimate the weight of a carriage
exceeding 12 cwt. as part of the load.
12. What weights are carried by the riding, pack, and draught horses
respectively?
A horse carrying a soldier and his equipments, (say 225 lbs.) travels
25 miles in a day (8 hours); a pack-horse can carry 250 to 300 lbs., 20
miles a day; and a draught-horse, 1600 lbs. 23 miles a day, weight of
carriage included.
13. What are the usual paces for horses in the artillery?
Walk, trot and gallop; the last is seldom necessary.
[Sidenote: 153]]
14. What is considered an ordinary day’s march for field artillery, and
rate of motion?
An ordinary march is about 15 miles at 2½ miles per hour for 6 hours;
this must depend upon the condition of the horses, state of the roads,
and various other circumstances. Horses starting fresh, and resting
after their work, may, on tolerable roads, perform 2 miles in half an
hour; 4 miles in 1½ hours; 8 in 4, and 16 in 10 hours.
15. What is the rate of march of horse-artillery and cavalry?
Walk, 3¾ miles per hour, or 1 mile in 16 minutes; trot, 7½ per hour,
or 1 mile in 8 minutes; manœuvring gallop, at the rate of 11 miles per
hour, or 1 mile in 3 minutes; cavalry charge, 24 miles an hour, or at
the rate of 1 mile in 2½ minutes.
16. At what rate does infantry march?
In common time, 90 steps = 70 yards in 1 minute, or 2 miles 680 yards
in an hour; in quick time, 110 steps = 86 yards in 1 minute, or 2 miles
1613 yards in an hour; in double quick, 140 steps = 109 yards in 1
minute, or 3 miles 1253 yards in an hour.
17. What space does a foot soldier occupy in the ranks, and what is his
average weight?
A front of 20 in., and a depth of 13 in., without the knapsack; the
interval between the ranks is 13 in.; 5 men can stand in a space of 1
square yard. Average weight of men, 150 lbs. each.
[Sidenote: 154]]
18. What is the daily allowance of water for a man?
One gallon, for all purposes.
19. What is it for a horse?
Four gallons.
20. What is the weight of a bushel of oats; or of wheat; and the weight
of hay?
40 lbs., or 32.14 lbs. to the cubic foot, in case of oats; 60 lbs. to
the bushel, or 48.21 lbs. to the cubic foot, in case of wheat; hay
pressed in bundles, weighs 11 lbs. per cubic foot.
21. What weight does an infantry soldier carry when in marching order?
About 45 lbs. in all. His knapsack when packed weighs 24 lbs.; canteen
when filled, and one day’s provisions in haversack, 5 lbs.; rifle,
musket, sling, and bayonet, 10½ lbs.; belts, complete, including 20
rounds of ammunition, 6 lbs.
22. How is the area of a circle found;
Square the diameter, and multiply by .7854 for the area; or square the
circumference, and multiply by .07958 for the same result.
23. How is the content of a conical frustum found?
Add into one sum, the areas of the two ends and the mean proportional
between them; take one-third of that sum for the mean area, and
multiply it by the perpendicular height of the frustum, for its content.
[Sidenote: 155]]
24. How is the mean proportional found for the above?
By multiplying the areas of the two ends together and extracting the
square root of their product. A more simple rule is the following: As
the diameter of the large end is to that of the small end, so is area
of base to mean proportional required.
25. How is the content of a spherical segment found?
From three times the diameter of the sphere, take double the height of
the segment, then multiply the remainder by the square of the height,
and this product by .5236; or, to three times the square of the radius
of the segment’s base, add the square of its height, then multiply the
sum by the height, and this product by .5236, for the content.
26. How is the capacity or content of a Gomer chamber computed?
This chamber being the frustum of a cone with a hemispherical bottom,
its capacity will be found by applying the foregoing rules, viz: first
find the content of the frustum, then that of the spherical segment or
bottom, and add their contents into one sum for the capacity.
27. How is the content of a rectangular box ascertained?
Multiply the length by the breadth, and this product by the depth.
28. How is the capacity of a cylinder calculated?
Multiply the area of the base by the height.
29. How is the content of a barrel found?
Multiply half the sum of the areas of the two interior circles, taken
at the head and bung, by the interior length; or, to the area of the
head, add twice the area at the bung, multiply that sum by the length,
and take one-third of the product for the content.
[Sidenote: 156]]
30. What is meant by the term, enfilade?
Sweeping the whole extent of a work, line of troops, deck of a ship,
&c., with shot or shells.
31. What does defilade mean?
The art of disposing guns, troops, or works in such a manner, that they
shall be protected from a plunging-fire from adjoining heights.
32. What are the dimensions required for an earthen parapet to resist
the fire of field or siege guns?
6 feet for 6-pdrs.; 14 feet for 12-pdrs.; 18 feet for 24 or 18-pdrs.;
four feet of oak or brick will resist cannon shot.
33. What thickness of ice will admit the passage of infantry, cavalry,
and artillery?
Ice 3 inches thick, will bear infantry marching in file; from 4½ to 6½
inches, cavalry and light artillery; and beyond that the heaviest gun
carriages may pass in safety. Ice 8 inches thick will bear nearly 10
cwt. upon a square foot without danger.
34. How is the size of a rope designated?
By its circumference: thus, a two-inch rope is a rope two inches in
circumference.
35. How is the strength of a hemp rope, or the weight it will support,
ascertained?
Square the circumference in inches, and divide by 5, for the weight in
tons, that it will bear suspended from it.
36. How can the breadth of a river be ascertained without instruments?
As follows:
[Sidenote: 157]]
[Illustration: _Fig. 6_]
1st. The line _AB_ (the distance to be determined) is extended upon the
bank to _D_, from which point, after having marked it, lay off equal
distances _DC_ and _Cd_; produce _BC_ to _b_, making _Cb_ = _CB_; then
extend the line _db_ until it intersects the prolongation of the line
_CA_ at _a_. The distance _ab_ is equal to _AB_ or the width of the
river.
2d. Lay off any convenient distance, _BC_, perpendicular to _AB_, erect
a perpendicular _DC_ to _AC_, note the point _D_ where it intersects
_AB_ produced; measure _BD_; then
__
_BC_²
_AB_ = —————. [3]
_BD_
[3] The 2d method was suggested to me by Captain Vogdes, 1st Artillery,
U. S. Army.
37. How can the breadth of a river be ascertained by the means of the
peak of a cap, or cocked hat?
[Sidenote: 158]]
Place yourself at the edge of one bank, and lower the peak of the cap,
or point of the hat till the edge cut the other bank, then steady your
head, by placing your hand under your chin, and turn gently around to
some level spot of ground on your own side of the river, and observe
where your peak or point of your hat again meets the ground; measure
this distance, which will be nearly the breadth of the river.
38. How do you ascertain the distance of an object by means of the
tangent scale of a gun, the height of the object at the required
distance being known?
Direct the line of metal of the gun on the top of the object; then
raise the tangent slide till the top of it and notch on the muzzle are
in line with the foot of the object, and note what length of scale is
required; then, by similar triangles, as the length of the raised part
of the tangent scale is to the length of the gun, so is the height of
the distant object to the distance required.
39. What composition may be used for greasing the axle-trees of
artillery carriages?
Hog’s lard softened by working it. If this cannot be procured, tallow
or other grease may be used; if hard, it should be melted with fish-oil.
40. What is the simplest method of bursting open strong gates?
Suspend a bag of gunpowder containing 50 or 60 lbs., near the middle
of the gate, upon a nail or gimlet, having a small piece of port-fire
inserted at the bottom, and well secured with twine.
41. What is the length of a pendulum to vibrate seconds, half and
quarter seconds respectively?
Seconds, 39.1 inches; half-seconds, 9.8 inches; and quarter-seconds,
2.45 inches.
[Sidenote: 159]]
42. Give a formula for determining the length of the seconds pendulum
in any latitude.
1
_l_ = ————————— [32.1803 feet - 0.0821 cos. 2 lat.]
9.8696044
43. How are the times of a single oscillation of two pendulums to each
other?
As the square roots of their lengths.
44. Repeat the table of measures.
10 tenths, 1 inch.
4 inches, 1 hand.
12 inches, 1 foot.
28 inches, 1 pace.
3 feet, 1 yard.
2 yards, 1 fathom.
220 yards, 1 furlong.
1760 yards, 1 mile.
45. Repeat the table of avoirdupois weight.
47.34735 grains, 1 dram.
16 drams, 1 ounce.
16 ounces, 1 pound.
28 pounds, 1 quarter.
4 qrs. or 112 lbs. 1 cwt.
20 cwt. 1 ton.
In some of our States the ton is estimated at 2000 lbs.
46. What is the force of gravity?
It is that force of attraction exerted by the earth upon all particles
of matter which tends to urge them towards its centre.
47. What is the specific gravity of a body?
The ratio of the weight of a body to that of an equal volume of some
other body assumed as a standard, usually pure distilled water at a
certain temperature.
48. What is the law of descent of falling bodies?
The spaces fallen through from the commencement of the descent are
proportional to the squares of the times elapsed.
[Sidenote: 160]]
49. What compositions are made use of for preserving iron cannon?
1. Black lead, pulverized, 12
Red lead, 12
Litharge, 5
Lampblack, 5
Linseed Oil, 66
Boil it gently about twenty minutes,
during which time it must be
constantly stirred.
2. Umber, ground, 3.75
Gum Shellac, pulverized, 3.75
Ivory black, 3.75
Litharge, 3.75
Linseed Oil, 78
Spirits of turpentine. 7.25
The oil must be first boiled half an hour;
the mixture is then boiled 24 hours,
poured off from the sediment,
and put in jugs, corked.
3. Coal tar (of good quality), 2 gals.
Spirits of turpentine, 1 pint.
In applying lacker, the surface of the iron must be first cleaned with
a scraper and a wire brush, if necessary, and the lacker applied hot,
in two thin coats, with a paint brush. It is better to do it in summer.
Old lacker should be removed with a scraper, or by scouring, and not by
heating the guns or balls, by which the metal is injured.
About 5 gallons of lacker are required for 100 field guns and 1000
shot; about 1 quart for a sea-coast gun. Before the lacker is applied,
every particle of rust is removed from the gun, and the vent cleared
out.
50. How many gallons does a cubic foot contain?
7.48 gallons.
[Sidenote: 161]]
51. What is the weight of a gallon of distilled water?
At the maximum density (39°.83 Fahr.), the barometer being at 30
inches, it weighs 8.33888 avoirdupois pounds, or 58373 Troy grains.
52. What are the different lengths of plummets for regulating the march
of infantry?
Common time, 99 steps in a minute, 17.37 inches.
Quick time, 110 “ “ 11.6 “
Double quick, 140 “ “ 7.18 “
53. How is a plummet made?
By means of a musket ball, suspended by a silk string, upon which the
required lengths are marked; the length is measured from the point of
suspension to the centre of the ball.
54. Explain how to embark and disembark artillery and its stores.
1. Divide the total quantity to be transported among the vessels, and
place in each vessel every thing necessary for the service required at
the moment of disembarkation, so that there will be no inconvenience
should other vessels be delayed.
2. If a siege is to be undertaken, place in each vessel with each piece
of artillery its implements, ammunition, and the carriages necessary
to transport the whole or a part; the platforms, tools, instruments,
and materials for constructing batteries; skids, rollers, scantling,
and plank.
3. If a particular calibre of gun is necessary for any operation,
do not place all of one kind in one vessel, to avoid being entirely
deprived of them by any accident.
[Sidenote: 162]]
4. Dismount the carriages, wagons, and limbers, by taking off the
wheels and boxes, and, if absolutely necessary, the axle-trees. Place
in the boxes the linch-pins, washers, &c., with the tools required
for putting the carriage together again. Number each carriage, and
mark each detached article with the number of the carriage to which it
belongs.
5. The contents of each box, barrel, or bundle, should be marked
distinctly upon it. The boxes should be made small for the convenience
of handling, and have rope handles to lift them by.
6. Place the heaviest articles below, beginning with the shot and
shells (empty), then the guns, platforms, carriages, wagons, limbers,
ammunition boxes, &c.; boxes of small arms and ammunition in the
dryest and least exposed part of the vessel. Articles required to be
disembarked first should be put in last, or so placed that they can be
readily got at.
If the disembarkation is to be performed in front of the enemy, some
of the field pieces should be so placed that they can be disembarked
immediately, with their carriages, implements and ammunition; also the
tools and materials for throwing up temporary intrenchments on landing.
7. Some vessels should be laden solely with such powder and ammunition
as may not be required for the immediate service of the pieces.
8. On a smooth, sandy beach, heavy pieces, &c., may be landed by
rolling them overboard as soon as the boats ground, and hauling them up
with sling-carts.
[Sidenote: 163]]
APPENDIX.
RIFLE CANNON.
A _rifle_ is a firearm which has spiral grooves cut into the surface
of its bore, for the purpose of communicating a rotary motion to a
projectile around an axis coinciding with the direction of its flight.
The object of this rotation is to increase the range of a projectile,
by causing it to move through the air in the direction of its least
resistance, and to correct the cause of deviation by distributing it
uniformly around the line of flight.
Various plans have been tried to secure the safest and surest means of
causing the projectile to follow the spiral grooves as it passes along
the bore of a rifled piece. Those projectiles, which promise to be the
most successful for heavy guns, may be ranged under two heads, viz:
1st. Those which have flanges or projections on them to fit into the
grooves of the gun in loading.
The flanges are made of softer metal than the body of the projectile.
2d. Those which are constructed on an expanding principle.
[Sidenote: 164]]
The body is generally made of cast-iron; and the expanding portion is
a band or cup of some softer metal, as _pewter_, _copper_, or _wrought
iron_, which enters the bore of the piece freely when it is loaded, but
which is forced into the grooves by the discharge.
The grooves are of different forms, determined by the angle made by
the tangent line at any point with the corresponding element of the
bore. If the angles be equal at all points, the groove is said to be
_uniform_. If they increase from the breech to the muzzle, the grooves
are called _increasing_; if the reverse, _decreasing_ grooves. The
practical method of cutting grooves consists in moving a rod armed with
a cutter, back and forth in the bore, and at the same time revolving
it around its axis. If the velocities of translation and rotation
be both uniform, the grooves will have a uniform twist; if one of
the velocities be variable, the grooves will be either increasing or
decreasing, depending on the relative velocities in the two directions.
_Twist_ is the term employed by gunmakers to express the inclination
of a groove at any point, and is measured by the tangent of the angle
which the groove makes with the axis of the bore; and this is _always
equal to the circumference of the bore divided by the length of a
single revolution of the spiral measured in the direction of the axis_.
The most suitable inclination of grooves for a rifle cannon has not yet
been determined experimentally; and consequently a wide diversity of
twists is employed by different experimenters.
The following table[4] presents a synopsis of the results in case of
some rifle cannon tested at Fort Monroe, Va., in 1859, by a Board
composed of ordnance and artillery officers.
[4] See Table, pages 126, 127.
[Sidenote: 165]]
The following is extracted from the report of the Board:
“The method of obtaining rifle motion in these different guns is of two
kinds:
“1. Flanged projectiles entering into the grooves of the gun.
“2. Expanding projectiles, which are forced into the grooves by the
action of the charge. Although the flanged projectile, when made with
great precision, has given good results, as shown by the tables of
firing, the extreme nicety in its fabrication, and the care and trouble
to load the gun, particularly when it becomes foul by firing, seems to
render it not as suitable for service as the expanding projectile.
* * * * *
“From the results obtained, the conclusion is inevitable that the era
of smooth-bore field artillery has passed away, and that the period
of the adoption of rifle cannon for siege and garrison service cannot
be remote. The superiority of elongated projectiles, whether solid or
hollow, with the rifle rotation, as regards economy of ammunition,
extent of range, and uniformity and accuracy of effect, over the
present system, is decided and unquestionable.”
The ARMSTRONG GUN, of which so much has been said, belongs to the class
of breech-loading rifle-cannon. Its projectile is made of cast-iron,
surrounded by two leaden rings, placed at the extremities of the
cylindrical part, for the purpose of engaging the grooves, when it is
forced through the bore. The great range and accuracy claimed for this
projectile, are probably derived from its great length compared with
its diameter; but a gun of great strength would be required to project
it.
[Sidenote: 166]]
TARGET 40' BY 20'.
====================================================================
| | Bore. | Grooves. |
Name.|Calibre+-----+-------+---+------+---------+ Twist.
| |Diam-| | | | |
| |eter.|Length.|No.|Width.| Depth. |
------+-------+-----+-------+---+------+---------+------------------
| | in. | in. | | in. | in. |
Sawyer,|24-pdr.|5.862| 110 | 6 | 1.5 | 0.25 |Uniform, one turn
| | | | | | | in 34⅓ feet.
| | | | | | |
Dimick,|32-pdr.|6.4 | 101 | 6 | 2.0 | 0.2 |Increasing from 0
| | | | | | rectan. |to one turn in 62½
| | | | | | |feet at muzzle;
| | | | | | |twist to the right
| | | | | | |
Dr. |12-pdr.|4.854| 109 | 7 |¹/₁₄th|.03 to |Increasing from 0
Read,| Siege | | | |circum| .08 | at commencem’t
| | | | | | | to one turn in 50
| | | | | | | feet at muzzle.
| | | | | | |
Do. |12-pr. |4.636| 74 | 7 | do. | do. | Do. do.
| Field | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Do. |32-pr. |6.425| 110 | 3 | ¹/₆th| .085 |Uniform, one turn
| | | | |circum| to .12 | in 40 feet.
| | | | | | circular|
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6-pr. |3.69 | 103.4 | 3 | do. | .077 |Uniform, to the
| | | | | | to .111 | right, one turn
| | | | | | circular| in 25 feet.
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Capt. | 3-pr. |2.9 | 44.5 | 8 | 0.4 | .05 |Uniform, one turn
Dyer,| | | | | | | in 16 feet.
| | | | | | |
Do. |6-pr. |3.67 | 57.5 |16 | 0.5 | .025 |Uniform, one turn
| bronze| | | | | | in 19 feet.
------+-------+-----+-------+---+------+---------+------------------
[Sidenote: 167]]
Legend:
(A) = Weight of Projectile.
(B) = Weight of Charge.
(C) = No. fo shots fired.
(D) = No. of direct hits.
(E) = No. of ricochet hits.
(F) = Angle of Elevation.
(G) = Time of flight.
======================================================
|Weight| | | 1000 YARDS. |
| of | | +----+----+---+------+-------+
Name | Gun. | (A)| (B)| (C)|(D) |(E)| (F) | (G) |
-------+------+----+----+----+----+---+------+-------+
| lbs. |lbs.|lbs.| | | | ° ' | " |
Sawyer,| 8822 | 45 | 5½ | 15 | 13 | 2 | 2 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Dimick,| 9300 | 51 | | 7 | 5 | 1 | 2 15 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Dr. | 5000 | 22 | 3 | 26 | 14 | 9 | 2 15 | |
Reed, | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Do. | 1900 | 15 | 2 | 48 | 16 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
| | | | | | | | |
Do. | 8500 | 50 | 6 | 10 | 8 | 2 | 2 15 | 3 |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Do. | 1200 | 12 | 1½ | 28 | 18 | 4 | 2 10 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Capt. | 250 | 9 | 1 | 28 | 16 | 5 | 2 25 | |
Dyer, | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Do. | 880 | 14 | 1½ | 22 | 11 | 4 | 2 15 | |
| | | | | | | | |
-------+------+----+----+----+----+---+------+-------+
Legend:
(A) = Weight of Projectile.
(B) = Weight of Charge.
(C) = No. fo shots fired.
(D) = No. of direct hits.
(E) = No. of ricochet hits.
(F) = Angle of Elevation.
(G) = Time of flight.
(H) = Corresponding Elevation.
====================================================================
| | | | 2000 YARDS. | | |
|Weight| | +---+---+-----+-----+----+ Avg. | |
Name | of | (A)| (B)|(C)|(D)| (E) | (F) | (G)|range.| (H) |(G)
| Gun. | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
-------+------+----+----+---+---+-----+-----+----+------+-------+---
| lbs. |lbs.|lbs.| | | |° ' | " | | ° ' | "
Sawyer,| 8822 | 45 | 5½ |119| 32| 17 |4 30 | 6 | 4359 | 13½ |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Dimick,| 9300 | 51 | 6 | 58| 21| 6 |5 | 6½ | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Dr. | 5000 | 22 | 3 | 30| 5| 8 |4 30 | | | |
Reed, | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Do. | 1900 | 15 | 2 | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Do. | 8500 | 50 | 6 | 84| 19| 8 |5 | 6⅓ | 3665 | 11 30 |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Do. | 1200 | 12 | 1½ | 52| 9| 5 |4 45 | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Capt. | 250 | 9 | 1 | 18| 4| 2 |5½ | 7 | 3270 | 13 30 | 15
Dyer, | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Do. | 880 | 14 | 1½ | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
-------+------+----+----+---+---+-----+-----+----+------+-------+---
The following is a description of the several projectiles, viz:
SAWYER’S.—Flanged projectile; elongated;
entire shell coated with an alloy chiefly of
lead, and has a percussion cap on small end.
DIMICK’S.—Expanding shell; elongated; cup of
soft metal cast on rear end of projectile.
REED’S.—The body is of cast-iron and the
expanding portion is a cup of wrought iron, which
is fastened to the body by inserting it in the
mould and pouring the melted metal around it.
DYER’S.—Description nearly the same as that
of Dimick’s.
INDEX.
The pages refer to the sidenotes in the margin of the text.
AIR: Resistance of, 148.
AMMUNITION: For field battery, 41;
for seige train, 37-8;
storage 103-4;
preparation, 93-4, 100-1-2;
weights of fixed, 107.
ANGLE: Of greatest range, 66;
of fall, 74;
of least elevation for mortars, 67;
of elevation for stone-mortars, 67
—Natural angle of sight, 12;
of guns, 26;
of howitzers, 29;
of columbiads, 30.
ANIMAL POWER, 152.
ARC, elevating, 18.
AREA of a circle, 154.
ARMSTRONG GUN, 165.
ARTIFICIAL LINE OF SIGHT, 53.
ARTILLERY: Definition, 9
—Method of embarking and disembarking, 161-2
—Carriages (see _carriages_)
—Kinds of, 9;
how distinguished, 9
—Proportion of, to Infantry, 40
—Proportion of different kinds in a field train, 40;
in seige train, 36;
for mountain service, 42;
for armament of forts, 35
—How rendered unserviceable, 20-1.
ASTRAGAL AND FILLETS: Definition, 13.
ATTACK of a post, 150.
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT, 159.
AXIS OF A PIECE: Definition, 12.
BALLS: Diameters and weights, 105-6;
computation of weight and diameter, 95;
piling, 103;
number in a pile, 104-5;
fire, 92;
light, 92;
smoke, 93;
penetration, 149-50.
BARBETTE CARRIAGE: Kinds, 132
—Parts composing, 133
—Description, 133-4.
BARRELS: For gunpowder, marking, 88;
piling, 88;
transportation, 89.
BATTERY: Definition of, 11
—Of field artillery, composition, 41;
tactics, 44-5-6-7-8-9, 50
—Mountain Artillery, 42
—Ammunition for field battery, 41.
BATTERY-WAGON, 143-4.
BASE-RING: Definition, 13.
BASE OF THE BREECH: Definition of, 13.
BEDS, mortar: Weights, 33
—Trunnion-beds, 129
—Siege mortar, 130-1
—Coehorn, 131
—Eprouvette, 131
—Heavy sea-coast, 131-2.
BOARD, Pointing, 58.
BORE: Definition, 14; bottom of, 15.
BORMANN FUZE, 112-13.
BRASS CANNON: External injury, 23.
BREADTH of a river ascertained, 157-8.
BREACHING: Battery, best position for, 38;
manner of, 38-9;
time required, 39.
BREECH: Definition, 13
—Sights, 16;
how used, 53;
construction, 17;
pieces supplied with, 17.
BRONZE: Objections to, for cannon, 10;
why used for field pieces, 10;
kinds of bronze pieces used, 11.
BURNING gunpowder: Quickness of, 87.
BURSTING OPEN gates, 158.
BUSHING a piece, 20;
metal used for, in bronze pieces, 20;
object of, 20;
all new artillery not bushed, 20.
CAISSON: Description of, 142-3;
number with a field battery, 41.
CAKING of powder prevented, 89.
CALIBRE: Definition, 12;
number in a piece ascertained, 12.
CANISTERS, 91: For field service, how made, 94;
for siege and sea-coast service, how made, 95
—How piled, 104.
CANNON: Bore, 12
—Brass, external and internal injuries, 23
—Dimensions, how regulated, 11
—For siege train, 36
—Iron, injuries, 24
—preservation of, 25;
service of, how judged, 24
—How marked, 21-2
—Condemned cannon, how marked, 22
—Proof of, 22
—Kinds, 9
—Length of, 27-8, 30, 33
—Rifle cannon, 163-7.
CARCASSES, 92.
CARRIAGES: Classification, 123
—Movable, 123;
field gun, 125-6;
mountain artillery, 127;
prairie, 127;
limbers, 126-9;
siege-gun, 128
—Stationary, 129-30;
barbette, 132-3-4;
casemate, 138-9;
columbiad, 136-7;
flank-casemate, 140
—Mortar beds, 131
—Wrought iron, 141-2
—Number in a field battery, 41.
CARTRIDGE BAGS: Where filled, 89.
CARTRIDGES: For hot shot, 97.
CASCABLE, 13.
CASEMATE: Carriage, 138-9
—Gin, 146.
CHAMBER: Definition, 14;
object of, 32;
form for mortars, 32;
for howitzers, 28;
for eprouvette, 32;
gomer, 32.
CHARGES: Definition, 60
—For breeching, 60
—For double shot, 60
—For field guns and howitzers, 62
—For fire-balls, 61
—For heavy guns, columbiads and howitzers, 62
—Service charge for heavy guns, 60
—For hot shot, 60
—Greatest charges for mortars, 62
—For mortars, how regulated, 61
—For ricochet firing, 60
—For shells fired from columbiads and heavy guns, 108
—For field shells, 108
—For mortar shells, 107
—For spherical case shot, 108.
CHASE: Definition, 13.
CHASSIS: For barbette carriage, 134-5
—For casemate, carriage, 139-40
—For columbiad, 138
—For flank-casemate, 141
—For wrought iron carriage, 142.
CHEEKS, 124.
COEHORN MORTAR: Diameter, 33
—Weight of bed, 33
—Length of, 33
—Length of bore, 33
—Length of chamber, 33
—Use, 34
—Greatest charge for, 62
—Bed, description of, 131.
COLUMBIADS: Definition, 30
—Windage, 82
—Charges, 62
—Chamber, 30
—Peculiarities, 30
—Weights, 30
—Length, 30
—Natural angle of sight, 30
—Gun carriage, 136-7;
chassis, 137-8
—Shells, charges for, 108;
method of loading, 102.
COMPOSITION, for preserving iron pieces, 160;
application, 160;
for axle-trees of carriages, 158.
CONDEMNED cannon, how marked, 22;
shot, how marked, 102.
CONTENT: Of a barrel, 155;
box, 155;
conic frustum, 154;
gomer chamber, 155;
spherical segment, 155;
cylinder, 155.
DAY’S MARCH: Of field artillery, 153.
DEFILADE: Definition, 156.
DEPTH OF PENETRATION of balls, 149-50.
DESCENT of falling bodies: Law of, 159.
DIAMETER: Of coehorn mortar, 33;
of eprouvette, 33;
of stone-mortar, 33;
of cast-iron shot, how found, 95;
of shot, shells, and spherical case, 105;
of vent, 16.
DIMENSIONS: Of cannon, how regulated, 11;
of a parapet to resist field artillery, 156.
DIPPING OF THE MUZZLE, 77-8.
DISCHARGES: Number an iron gun can sustain, 39.
DISH, of a wheel, 124.
DIRECTION, how given: To guns and howitzers, 51-2;
to mortars, 56-8
—At night, 55, 59
—When wheels are not on same level, 54.
DISTANCE: For firing field pieces, 46
—Ascertained by sound, 151
—Determined by a tangent scale, 158
—Of recoil, 77
—Of ricochet battery from object, 74.
DISPART: Definition, 13.
DOLPHINS: Definition, 19;
pieces furnished with, 19.
DRIVING OUT shot wedged in the bore, 21.
ELEVATION: Necessity for, 51
—How given to guns and howitzers, 52;
to mortars, 56;
instruments for, 52
—Angle of, for mortars 67;
greatest angle _in vacuo_, 66;
angle of, for ricochet fire, 74.
ELEVATING ARC, 18.
EMBARKING: Artillery and its stores, 161-2.
ENFILADE: Definition, 156.
ENFILADING a work, 73-4-5
—Object to be fired at, 73.
EPROUVETTE, 11;
form of chamber, 32
—Calibre, 33
—Use of, 34
—Bed, 33, 131
—Length of bore, 33.
EXPANSION of hot shot, 96.
EXTERNAL injury to cannon, 23-4.
FACE of the piece: Definition of, 14.
FALL: Point of, 73
—Angle of, 74.
FALLING BODIES, law of descent, 159.
FIELD ARTILLERY: Charges for, 62
—Kinds, 40
—Tactics, 44-9, 50.
FIELD BATTERY: Number of pieces, 40
—Battery of horse-artillery, 41
—Composition of, on a war establishment, 41
—Composition of mountain howitzer battery, 42
—Ammunition, 41
—Draught horses, 42.
FIELD GUN, how mounted, 44
—Charges for, 62.
FIELD CARRIAGES: Kinds of, 125
—Description, 125-6.
FIELD AND SIEGE GIN, 146.
FIELD SHELLS: Loading, 100
—Charges, 108.
FIELD-PARK, 42;
quantity of supplies for, 42;
carriages, 43.
FILLING: Mortar shells, 101;
columbiad shells, &c., 102.
FIRE BALLS: Definition, 92
—Charges, 61
—How preserved, 104.
FIRING: Field pieces, 46-7-8
—Rapidity of, for mortars, 34;
for field pieces, 46
—Within point-blank range, rule for, 52
—At night with guns and howitzers, 55;
with mortars, 59
—Mode of facilitating firing for any given distance, 54;
use of remarkable points on the ground, 55
—Ricochet firing, 73
—Effect of firing upwards under a large angle, 65.
FIXED AMMUNITION: Storing, 103-4
—Weights of, 107.
FLIGHT OF PROJECTILES: Time of, 149.
FLANK-CASEMATE carriage, 140-41.
FOOT, number of gallons in a cubic, 160.
FOOT SOLDIER, space occupied by, in ranks, 153.
FORGE, 143
—Portable, 144
—Number with a field battery, 41;
with field-park, 43.
FORCES acting on a projectile, 51.
FORCE of gravity, 159.
FRICTION PRIMER: Description, 115;
advantages of, 116.
FURNACES for hot shot, 97.
FUZES: Definition, 109
—Wooden, 109-10
—Paper, 111
—Bormann, 112-13
—U. S. sea-coast, 114
—Composition for mortar fuzes, 110;
for paper fuzes, 111.
GINS: Field and siege, 146;
garrison, 146;
casemate, 146.
GOMER CHAMBER, 32.
GRAPE SHOT, 91;
weight of, 107.
GRATES for heating shot, 98.
GRAVITY: Specific, 159
—Force of, 159.
GREASE for wheels, 158.
GROOVES for rifle cannon, 163-4.
GRENADES: 91
—Angle of elevation for, when thrown from stone-mortars, 67.
GROMMETS, 99.
GUNS: Definition, 26
—Lengths, 27
—Weights, 27
—Proof, 22
—Ranges, 68-9, 70-1-2
—Nomenclature, 13, 14, 15
—Principal parts of, 26
—Projectiles used with, 27
—How mounted, 26
—Natural angle of sight of, 26.
GUN METAL: Bronze, 9, 10
—cast-iron, 9, 10.
GUNNERS’ IMPLEMENTS: Level, 18
—Quadrant, 18
—How used, 52-3.
GUN-CARRIAGES: Field, 125-6;
siege, 128;
barbette, 132-4;
casemate, 138-9;
flank-casemate, 140;
mountain howitzer, 127;
wrought iron, 141;
prairie, 127-8
—Columbiad, 136-7.
GUNPOWDER: Materials, 83
—Proportions, 83
—Manufacture, 84
—Qualities of, 87
—Packing, 87-8
—Proving, 86
—Expansive velocity and pressure, 87
—Hygrometric proof, 87
—Relative quickness, 87
—Preservation and storage, 88-9
—Transportation, 89.
HAND-CART, 145.
HAND SLING-CART, 145-6.
HAUSSE: Pendulum, 17.
HAY: Weight of, 154.
HORSES: Number required for a field battery, 42;
for siege train, 37
—Power of, 152
—Space occupied by, 152
—Number required for siege-gun, 129
—Weight, 152.
HORSE-ARTILLERY: Peculiar advantages of, 43.
HOT SHOT, 97-8
—Loading with, 97
—Expansion of, 96.
HOWITZERS: Definition, 28
—Kinds of, and weights, 29;
—Lengths, 28-9
—Number in field battery, 41;
in siege train, 36
—Chamber, form of, 28
—Advantages of, 28
—Projectiles used with, 28
—Natural angle of sight of, 29
—Charges for, 62
—Pointing, 51.
ICE: Strength of, 156.
IMPLEMENTS: Quadrant, 18;
breech-sight, 16;
pendulum hausse, 17;
gunner’s perpendicular, 18;
pointing stakes, 57-8;
pointing-wires, 56;
plummet, 18, 58;
pointing-cord, 57.
INCENDIARY COMPOSITION, 117.
INJURIES to cannon, 23.
IRON preferred to bronze, 10.
IRON CANNON used in land service, 10, 11.
JUNK-WADS, 99.
KNOB of cascable, 13;
use of, 19.
LACQUER, for iron guns, 160.
LENGTH of cannon: Definition of, 11
—Extreme length, 12.
LINE: Of fire, 64
—Of metal, 12;
how directed, 52-3;
not permanent, 54
—Artificial line of sight, 53.
LIGHT BALLS, 92.
LIMBERS: For field carriages, 126;
for siege-carriages, 129.
LOADING: With hot shot, 97
—Field shells, 100
—Spherical case, 101-2
—Mortar shells, 101-2
—Shells for columbiads and other heavy guns, 102.
MAGAZINES: Moisture of, how absorbed, 89;
powder stored in, 88;
precautions to be observed when open, 89.
MARKING: Cannon, 21-2;
condemned shot and shell, 102;
powder barrels, 88.
MARCHES: Horse-artillery, field-artillery, cavalry, and infantry, 153.
MATCH: Quick, 116; slow, 116.
METALS for artillery, 9.
MOMENTUM, 151.
MORTAR WAGON, 145.
MORTARS, 31
—Advantages of, 31
—Lengths and weights, 33
—Kinds, 11
—Beds, weights of, 33
—Platform, 121
—Form of chamber, 32
—Length of chamber and of bore, 33
—Kinds of projectiles used with, 34
—Rapidity of fire of siege mortars, 34
—Pointing, 56, 58;
Greatest charges for, 62
—Angles of elevation for, 66-7
—Siege mortar beds, 130-1
—Coehorn mortar bed, 131
—Eprouvette bed, 131
—Sea-coast mortar bed, 132.
MOUNTAIN artillery: Dimension and weights of, 29
—Composition of a battery, 42
—Ranges, 69.
MULES: Strength of, 152.
MUZZLE: Definition, 15
—Sight, 17.
NATURAL ANGLE of sight, 12.
NECK: Definition, 14.
NOMENCLATURE of a piece, 13, 14, 15.
NIGHT firing: With guns and howitzers, 55;
with mortars, 59.
OATS: Weight of, 154.
PACK horses, 152.
PENDULUM HAUSSE, 17.
PENDULUMS: Length of, 158.
PENETRATION of balls: In masonry, 150;
in earth, 150.
PERPENDICULAR, gunner’s, 18.
PILING: Balls, 103
—Canisters, 104
—Loaded shells, 104
—Powder-barrels, 88
—Number of shot in a pile, 104-5.
PLATFORMS, 118
—Siege, 119-20
—Mortar, 121
—Rail, 121
—Ricochet, 122.
PLUMMET: For mortar service, 18, 58
—For regulating march of infantry, 161.
POINT-BLANK RANGE, 63-4
—Causes which vary it, 64
—Effect on it of firing upwards under a large angle, 65.
POINTING: Guns and howitzers, 51
—Mortars, 56
—Stakes, 57-8
—Wires, 56
—Cord, 57
—Board, 58.
PORT FIRES, 114
—Composition for, 115.
POINT of fall, 73-4.
PRAIRIE CARRIAGE, 127-8.
PREPONDERANCE: Definition, 19
—Why given, 19.
PRIMERS: Friction, 115.
PRIMING-TUBES, 115.
PRESERVATION: Of cannon, 25
—Fixed ammunition, 103-4
—Balls, 102
—Grape and canister, 103
—Fire balls, 104.
PROJECTILES: Solid shot, 90
—Shell, 90
—Spherical case, 90
—Canister, 91
—Grape, 91
—Grenades, 91
—Carcasses, 92
—Fire-balls, 92
—Light balls, 92
—Smoke balls, 93
—Hot shot, 97-8
—Forces acting on, when fired from a piece, 51
—Kind used with field pieces, and distance at
which they should be employed, 46.
QUADRANT, gunners: How used, 52-3.
QUARTER-SIGHTS, 16.
QUICK-MATCH, 116
—How set fire to, 117.
RANGES: Definition, 63
—Point-blank, 63
—British point-blank, 63
—Causes which vary point-blank, 64
—Extreme range, 66
—Angle of greatest range _in vacuo_, 66
—Tables of, 68-9, 70-1-2
—How ascertained, 149.
RATE OF MARCH of horse-artillery, cavalry, and infantry, 153.
RECOIL: Definition, 77
—Cause of, 77
—Amount, 77
—Has no appreciable effect on flight of projectile, 78
—Influence of position of axis of trunnions on, 78-9.
REINFORCE, 13
—Band, 13.
RESISTANCE OF AIR to projectiles, 147-8.
RICOCHET: Definition, 73
—Object of, 73
—How conducted, 74-5
—Advantages of, 73
—Nature of, 75
—Charges for a _flattened_ ricochet, 76;
for _curvated_, 76
—Tables of ricochet firing, 76
—Pieces best adapted for, 75
—Distance from object of ricochet battery, 74
—Greatest angle of elevation for ricochet firing, 74.
RIFLE-CANNON: Experiments at Fort Monroe, 166-7
—Armstrong gun, 165.
RIMBASES, 14.
RING WADS, 94.
RIVERS: Breadth, 156-7.
ROPES: size and strength of, 156.
SABOTS: Difference in, for field service, 93
—Arrangement for field guns and 12-pdr. field howitzer, 93;
in 24 and 32-pdr. field howitzers, 93
—Mode of fastening sabots to projectiles for field-service, 93-4;
for heavy shells, 94;
for canisters, 94-5;
for grape shot, 95.
SEA-COAST PIECES, how mounted, 35
—Number and kind required for sea-board forts, 35
—Heavy sea-coast mortar-bed, 131-2.
SCALING a piece, 21.
SHOT: Solid, 90
—Hollow, 90
—Rule for finding weights and diameters of cast-iron shot, 95
—Condemned shot, how marked, 102
—Piling, 103-4
—Preservation, 102-3
—Forces acting on a shot, 51
—Penetration, 149-50
—Time required to heat, 97-8
—Expansion of by heat, 96
—Ranges of, 68-72
—Method of driving out shot wedged in the bore, 21
—Velocity of, 147.
SHELLS, 90;
—Dimensions and weights, 106-7
—Mode of computing weight of, 95
—Quantity of powder to fill, 96
—Strapping, 93
—Loading, 100-1-2
—Ranges, 68-72
—Condemned, how marked,102
—Velocity, 147.
SIGHTS of a piece: Definition, 12
—How determined, 12
—Quarter, 16.
SIEGE ARTILLERY: Kinds, 36
—Proportions in a siege train, 36;
of carriages, 36-7;
draught horses, 37;
projectiles and ammunition, 37-8
—Siege mortar-beds, 130-1.
SLING-CART: Hand, 146.
SLOW MATCH, 116.
SMOKE BALLS, 93.
SOUND: Velocity, 151
—Distance determined by, 151.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY, 159.
SPHERICAL CASE, 90
—Loading, 100-1.
SPIKING cannon, 20.
STAKES, pointing: How planted, 57-8.
STONE MORTAR: Length, 33
—Weight, 33
—Calibre, 33
—Length of bore, 33
—Length of chamber, 33
—Use of, 34
—Stones, how disposed, 34.
STORING of fixed ammunition, 103-4.
STRAPPING SHOT and shells, 93-4.
STRENGTH: Of ice, 156
—Of rope, 156.
SWELL of the muzzle, 14.
TABLES: Of charges, 62
—Of ranges, 68-9, 70-1-2
—Of windage, 81-2
—Of weights of projectiles, 106-7
—Of measures, 159
—Of avoirdupois weight, 159.
TACTICS of field artillery, 44-5-6-7-8-9-50.
TANGENT SCALE, 16.
TIME OF FLIGHT for siege-mortars, 67
—How found, 149.
TRAJECTORY, 64.
TRANSPORTATION: Of artillery by sea, 161-2
—Of siege-guns, 129.
TRAVERSE circles, 135.
TRUNNIONS: Definition, 14
—Use, 19
—Position in mortars, 31
—Beds, 129.
TRUE WINDAGE: Definition, 15.
UNSPIKING cannon, 21.
VALENCIENNES composition, 117.
VELOCITY: Of balls, 147
—Loss of, by resistance of air, 147
—Of sound, 151
—Loss of, by windage, 81.
VENT: Definition, 15
—Position and diameter of, 16.
VERTICAL FIRE, 31.
WADS: Grommet, 99
—Junk, 99
—Hay, for firing hot shot, 98.
WATER: Weight of, 161
—Allowance for a man and a horse, 154.
WEIGHTS: Guns, 27
—Columbiads, 30
—Howitzers, 29
—Mortars, 33
—Projectiles, 106-7
—Of wheels for field carriages, 144;
and for siege-carriages, 144
—Proportion between weights of shot, 95
—Of cast-iron shot or shell, how determined, 95
—Quantity of powder to fill a shell, how found, 96
—Carried by horses, 152
—Carried by an infantry soldier, 154.
WHEELS: Field-carriage, size and weight, 144
—Siege carriage, size and weight, 144
—Parts of, 124.
WINDAGE: Definition, 80
—Amount, 81-2
—Loss of velocity by, 81
—Advantage of a reduction of, 81.
WIRES, pointing, 56.