lie in two layers. The nuclei belonging to rods and cones have the
same characters, each nucleus being a large, oval, hyaline body,
and enclosing a bright nucleolus. Each nucleus is surrounded by an
extremely thin layer of finely granular matter. The inner processes of
the nuclear bodies both of the rods and the cones extend to the outer
molecular layer, are there dilated and serrated, where they become
attached to the outer molecular layer (Schultze, Hoffmann). In some
cases, however, the inner process of the nuclear bodies, belonging to
the rods, forms only a short fine fibre.
In the case of twin-cones the corresponding parts in the outer nuclear
layer possess two nuclei (Schultze).
(8) The *pigment layer* (Figs. 258 _h_, and 259 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)
is not intimately attached to the rest of the retina. It consists
of cylindrical cells in which two parts or segments are sharply
differentiated; the external part, directed towards the choroid
coat, is of pale, or colourless granular protoplasm, and occupies
one-third of the length of the cell; this part encloses a large, round,
nucleolated nucleus. This colourless segment of the cell also includes
one or two bright yellow, fat globules (Morano). Seen from the surface
the cells are hexagonal (Fig. 259 11). The remaining two-thirds of the
cells consists of a brush formed of numerous fine pigmented processes;
the ultimate terminations of the processes, which lie parallel to each
other, are frequently unpigmented; each cell possesses thirty to forty
such processes (Morano).
The processes extend between the rods and cones as far as the external
limiting membrane (Figs. 258, 259), or sometimes a little further
(Merkel, Morano, Hoffmann). The processes from one pigment-cell
surround a number of rods and cones; according to Morano twelve to
fifteen rods and cones may be encased or surrounded by the processes of
a single cell.
The thickness of this layer varies from 60–70 µ; the nuclei of the
cells have a diameter of 10–12 µ, the width of a single cell is from
20–25 µ (Hoffmann).
(10) The *connective-tissue elements* of the retina and the *external*
and *internal limiting membranes*. The elements of the retina are
supported by connective-tissue elements or sustentacular cells, which
have a radial arrangement, and which form the two limiting membranes
(Müller).
Each sustentacular cell (Fig. 259 10) has two segments, an inner
and an outer, the boundary between these lying in the inner nuclear
layer, and being marked by the presence of a large oval nucleus. The
inner segment of each cell terminates internally in a wide ‘foot’
or base, or may form several such after having undergone division
(Schultze): these bases together form a transparent, thin membrane, the
internal limiting membrane (_membrana limitans interna_).
Within the ganglion-layer these cells possess peculiar appendages,
which fit round the ganglion-cells and support them (Schwalbe).
The outer segments of the sustentacular cells extend into the outer
molecular layer, and then break up into irregular processes which
extend radially to the external limiting membrane, and which they
probably form. The external limiting membrane (_membrana limitans
externa_) is therefore a membrane corresponding to the internal
limiting membrane, and formed by the flattened ends of the processes
belonging to the sustentacular cells.
The sustentacular cells have a distinct, resistant cell-wall
(Schwalbe); the cell-contents are a finely granular protoplasm, and a
large oval, nucleated nucleus placed in the inner nuclear layer.
*f.* The *ciliary processes* have the same structure as the rest of the
choroid coat: the vessels form more or less longitudinal meshes and are
more irregular than in the rest of the choroid.
*g.* The *posterior chamber* and *vitreous body* (Fig. 260). The
vitreous humour occupies the greater portion of the cavity of the
eyeball, _i.e._ the posterior chamber. The humour consists of a
mass of cells enclosed in a transparent hyaloid membrane (_membrana
hyaloidea_), which is in contact with the internal limiting membrane of
the retina.
The cells forming this structure are small, flattened, transparent,
and nucleated (Iwanoff and Virchow); according to the former observer
the cells have contractile powers.
The hyaloid membrane is described as structureless by Schwalbe, as
fibrous by Pappenheim, Bowman, and Fuikbeiner.
The vessels of the vitreous body (Fig. 260) are as follows. The _A.
hyaloidea_ arises at the lowest point of the _corpus ciliare_; it
almost immediately divides into two branches, which form a ring at a
distance of about 0·5 mm. from the lens and lying on the surface of
the vitreous body (Fig. 260 I, II). One, _R. nasalis_, passes to the
nasal side and courses through one-fourth of the circle; the other,
_R. temporalis_, courses through three-fourths of the circle. The
branches are all given off proximally and at right angles to the circle
(Fig. 260 I, II). From the _R. nasalis_ only one branch arises, from
the _R. temporalis_ seven, the first of which corresponds in point of
origin with the branch from the _R. nasalis_. The branches on the nasal
and temporal surfaces of the vitreous body are the shortest.
[Illustration: Fig. 260.
The vessels of the vitreous body; after Hans Virchow.
I. Vessels of the vitreous body; seen from the deeper pole and slightly
from above. Magnified 6 times.
II. Arteries of the vitreous body of the right eye.
_A_ Seen from the proximal pole.
_B_ Seen from the nasal side.
III. Veins of the vitreous body of the left eye.
_A_ Seen from the proximal pole.
_B_ Seen from the nasal side.
_a_ Nasal vein.
_b_ Temporal vein.
_c_ Branch (constant) of temporal vein.
_n_ R. nasalis of the ophthalmic artery.
_t_ R. temporalis of the ophthalmic artery.
_t′_ Termination of the R. temporalis.
_V_ Ventral vein.
]
These branches form a capillary network (Fig. 260 I) with elongated
meshes, formed by the capillaries anastomosing at acute angles. The
capillary network is more dense towards the middle of the proximal
surface than in other parts.
The veins arising from this network are three in number (Fig. 260
III); two of these accompany the arteries from their origin, and
form a somewhat similar circle around the lens, while the third
passes backwards along the ventral surface of the vitreous body to
the _papilla nervi optici_. The nasal vein, however, takes a more
proximal course than the corresponding artery, the branches of which
it crosses; consequently the venous ring is not so perfect as the
arterial. The nasal vein is larger and the temporal vein smaller than
the corresponding arteries.
The ventral vein is formed near the _papilla nervi optici_ by the
union of two smaller branches. The capillary system of these vessels
has the usual structure of capillaries, the cells being united by
cement-substance (Zimmermann).
The blood-vessels of the vitreous body are accompanied by lymphatics;
according to Iwanoff they completely enclose the capillaries: Zimmerman
contradicts this view, as he has been unable to find lymphatics on that
side of the capillaries directed towards the vitreous body.
B. Appendages of the eye.
The appendages of the eye are the eye-muscles (see pp. 55–59), the
eyelids, the Harderian gland, and the lachrymal duct.
*a.* The *eyelids* are two in number, an upper and a lower. The upper
eyelid is intimately attached to the eyeball and follows the movements
of that organ.
The *lower eyelid* (_membrana nictitans_) is much larger than the upper
and has the same functions as the lower eyelid of higher vertebrates.
It forms a transparent covering for the eyeball, and is raised by a
special muscle (see p. 58); functionally it takes the place of both
eyelids of higher vertebrates.
The lower eyelid is a prolongation of the skin, but has only a few
pigment-cells, except at its free margin, and no serous glands. Mucous
glands are found in two or three rows, closely applied to one another,
on the superficial surface of the lid; on the deeper surface they are
wanting. The stroma of the lid, like the cutis, is of connective-tissue.
Nerve-fibres can be traced in all directions through the substance of
the lid, forming a wide-meshed plexus. Around each gland the plexus
becomes finer and by numerous branchings much closer; from the plexus
twigs are given off, which divide to form a number of fibrils traceable
into the epithelial cells of the glands (Openchowski).
The vessels of the lower eyelid have been investigated by Stricker,
(_l. c._); according to him they possess some interesting
peculiarities. Many of these capillaries course within a lymphatic
vessel, in some places the capillary being contracted by a projection
from its inner wall; where this is found the accompanying lymphatic
is correspondingly dilated. Such points are especially met with where
the capillaries branch; in many cases the capillary was contracted
to such an extent that the blood-corpuscles were unable to pass the
obstruction. Stricker further observed in the living tissue that such
constrictions could take place in a part which a short time previously
had been comparatively wide and dilated; further, that many of the
nerves were enclosed in similar lymphatics. Langer, however (_l. c._),
describes the vessels as being accompanied by an irregular network of
small lymphatic vessels.
[Illustration: Fig. 261.
Preparations from the nictitating membrane of _Rana esculenta_ to show
distribution of nerves.
I. Preparation of the nictitating membrane to show nervous supply to a
capillary vessel; after Klein. Hartnack, Oc. III, Obj. 8.
_a_ Capillary vessel.
_b_ Blood-corpuscles.
_c_ and _d_ Non-medullated nerve-fibres.
II. To show distribution of nerves in the epithelium; after Klein.
Hartnack, Oc. IV, Obj. 8.
_a_} Subepithelial
_b_} nerve-fibres.
_c_ Fine fibrils between the deepest epithelial cells.
_d_ Deepest epithelial cells.
]
The distribution of the nerves in the lower eyelid has been described
by Klein. In the epithelium they form a network resembling that found
in the cornea (Fig. 261 II); along the blood-vessels the fine fibrils
form a perivascular network, which supplies fine twigs to the walls
of the vessels (Fig. 261 I). He distinguishes three kinds of pigmented
cells.
*b.* The *Harderian gland* is situated at the inner angle of the eye,
and is pear-shaped in form. It consists of a number of racemose glands
held together by connective-tissue, the whole being enclosed in a
relatively thick and strong capsule of connective-tissue.
The alveoli have a diameter of 0·040–0·060 mm.: they possess a lining
of epithelium and a lumen which varies considerably in size. The
epithelial layer is bounded externally by a membrana propria. The
cells are placed eccentrically, they are cylindrical, and composed of
finely granular protoplasm; each cell contains a pale, rounded nucleus.
The ducts of the alveoli are lined with a single layer of cylindrical
epithelium, the cells of which are usually shorter and narrower than
those of the epithelium of the alveoli; the ducts open into a single
main tube, lined with similar epithelium but strengthened externally by
a layer of connective-tissue. The glands secrete a fluid which moistens
the free surface of the eye.
The Harderian glands are surrounded by a rich capillary anastomosis
which completely invests the alveoli.
*c.* The *lachrymal duct* opens behind and below into the nasal cavity
(see p. 389), anteriorly it can be traced forwards, as a small tube
imbedded in connective-tissue and lying immediately beneath the skin,
to the outer angle of the eye, where it opens by numerous tubules.
The lachrymal duct is lined with ciliated columnar epithelium.
ADDENDA.
HISTOLOGY OF MUSCLE, CARTILAGE, BONE, AND THE CONNECTIVE TISSUES.
LITERATURE.
I. MUSCLE AND NERVE-ENDINGS IN MUSCLE.
*Arnold, J.*, Gewebe der organischen Muskeln. Stricker’s Gewebelehre,
1871. Vol. I, p. 142.
*Arnold, J.*, Ueber die Abscheidung des indigschwefelsauren Natrons
im Muskelgewebe. Virchow’s Arch. Vol. LXXI, p. 1.
*Babuchin*, Ueber den feineren und Ursprung des Axencylinders.
Centralbl. f. med. Wiss. 1868, p. 755.
*Barfurth, D.*, Die Rückbildung des Froschlarvenschwanzes und die
sogenannten Sarkoplasten. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1887. Vol. XXIX,
p. 35.
*Biedermann, W.*, Zur Lehre vom Bau der quergestreiften Muskelfaser.
Wiener Sitzungsber. 1876. Vol. LXXIV, Pt. III, pp. 49–62.
*v. Biesiadecki, A.*, and *Herzig, A.*, Die verschiedenen Formen
der quergestreiften Muskelfasern. Wiener Sitzungsber. 1859,
Vol. XXXIII, p. 146: and in Moleschott’s Untersuchungen, 1860,
Vol. VI, p. 105.
*du Bois-Reymond, E.*, Ueber facettenförmige Endigung der
Muskelbündel. Berlin. Acad. Monatsber. 1872, pp. 791–814. Abstract
in Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1873. No. 55, p. 868.
*Bowman.* On the minute structure and movements of voluntary muscle.
Phil. Trans. 1840, p. 457.
*Bremer, L.*, Ueber die Endigungen der markbaltigen und marklosen
Nerven im quergestreiften Muskel. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1882.
Vol. XXI, p. 165.
*Bremer, L.*, Ueber die Muskelspindeln nebst Bemerkungen über
Structur, Neubildung, und Innervation der quergestreiften
Muskelfaser. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1883. Vol. XXII, p. 318.
*Calberla, E.*, Studien über die Entwicklung der quergestreiften
Muskeln und Nerven der Amphibien und Reptilien. Arch. f. mik.
Anat. 1875. Vol. XI, p. 442.
*Calberla, E.*, Ueber die Endigungsweise der Nerven in den
quergestreiften Muskeln der Amphibien. Dissert. Freiburg i.
B. 1874; also in Zeitschr. f. d. wiss. Zool. 1874. Vol. XXIV,
pp. 164–178.
*Chittenden, R. H.*, Histochemische Untersuchungen über das Sarkolemm
und einige verwandte Membranen. Untersuch. d. physiol. Instituts
d. Universität Heidelberg. Vol. III.
*Cohnheim, J.*, Ueber die Endigung der Muskelnerven. Centralbl. f. d.
med. Wiss. 1863, p. 865.
*Eberth, C. J.*, Untersuchungen über die normale und pathologische
Leber. Virchow’s Arch. 1864. Vol. XXXIX, p. 74.
*Engelmann, T. W.*, Zur Lehre von der Nervenendigung im Muskel.
Jenaische Zeitschr. 1868. Vol. IV, p. 307.
*Engelmann, T. W.*, Untersuchungen über den Zusammenh. von Nerven u.
Muskelfasern. Leipzig, 1863.
*Engelmann, T. W.*, Microscopische Untersuchungen über die
quergestreifte Muskelsubstanz. Pflüger’s Arch. 1873. Vol. VII,
pp. 33–71, and pp. 155–187.
*Engelmann, T. W.*, Ueber die Endigung der motorischen Nerven in den
quergestreiften Muskeln der Wirbelthiere. Centralbl. f. med. Wiss.
1863, p. 289.
*Ewald, A.*, Ueber die Endigung der motorischen Nerven in den
quergestreiften Muskeln. Pflüer’s Arch. 1876. Vol. XII, p. 529.
*Ewald, A.*, and *Kühne, W.*, Die Verdauung als histologische
Methode. Heidelb. naturhistor.-med. Verhandl. 1877. Vol. I, p. 451.
*Exner, S.*, Notiz zu der Frage von der Faserverteilung mehrerer
Nerven in einem Muskel. Pflüger’s Arch. 1885. Vol. XXXVI, p. 572.
*Fischer, E.*, Ueber die Endigung der Nerven im quergestreiften
Muskel der Wirbelthiere. Arch. f. mikrosk. Anat. 1877. Vol. XIII,
p. 365.
*Froriep, A.*, Ueber das Sarcolemm und die Muskelkerne. Arch. f.
Anat. u. Physiol. 1878, p. 416.
*Gerlach, J.*, Ueber das Verhalten der Nerven in den quergestreiften
Muskelfäden der Wirbelthiere. Sitzungsb. Erlangen. 1873. Vol. V,
p. 97; Abstract in Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1874, p. 227.
*Gerlach, J.*, Das Verhältniss der Nerven zu den willkürlichen
Muskeln der Wirbelthiere. Leipzig, 1874.
*Gerlach, J.*, Ueber das Verhältniss der nervösen und contractilen
Substanz des quergestreiften Muskels. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1877.
Vol. XIII, p. 399.
*Golgi, C.*, Sui Nervi dei Tendini dell’ Uomo e di altri Vertebrati
e di un nuovo Organo Nervoso terminale Musculo-tendineo. Torino.
Estr. dalle Memorie della Reale Acc. di Torino. Series II. 1880,
Vol. XXXII.
*Grützner, P.*, Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der quergestreiften
Muskeln. Recueil Zoolog. Suisse, 1884. Vol. I, pp. 665–684.
*Haycraft, J. B.*, Upon the cause of the striation of voluntary
muscular tissue. Quart. Journ. Micros. Soc. 1881. Vol. XXI, p. 307.
*Hensche*, Ueber die Drüsen und glatten Muskeln in der äusseren Haut
von Rana temporaria. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. 1856. Vol. VII,
p. 273.
*Hensen, V.*, Ueber die Entwicklung des Gewebes und der Nerven im
Schwanze der Froschlarve. Virchow’s Arch. 1864. Vol. XXX, p. 51.
*Jakimovitsch*, Ueber die Regeneration der glatten Muskelfasern.
Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1879, p. 897.
*Key, A.*, Bidrag till Nervernas ändningsätt i Musklerna.
Förhandlingar vid Skandinaviska Naturforskaemötet i Stockholm,
1863. Abstract in Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1866, p. 212.
(Muscles of frog’s tongue.)
*Klebs, E.*, Die Nerven der organischen Muskeln. Centralbl. f. d.
med. Wiss. 1863, p. 561.
*Klebs, E.*, Die Nerven der organischen Muskeln. Virchow’s Arch.
1865. Vol. XXXII, pp. 169–198.
*v. Kölliker, A.*, Gewebelehre.
*v. Kölliker, A.*, Einige Bemerkungen über die Endigung der
Hautnerven u. den Bau der Muskeln. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. 1857,
Vol. VIII, p. 311.
*Krause, W.*, Ueber den Bau der quergestreiften Muskelfaser.
Zeitschr. f. rat. Med. Vol. XXIII.
*Krause, W.*, Die Nervenendigungen in den Froschmuskeln. Internat.
Monatschr. 1884. Vol. I, pp. 194–203.
*Krause, W.*, Die motorischen Endplatten, etc. Hannover, 1869.
*Krause, W.*, Ueber die Endigungen der Muskelnerven. Göttinger
Nachrichten. 1863, p. 21.
*Krause, W.*, Ueber die Endigungen der Muskelnerven. Henle and
Pfeufer’s Zeitschr. 1863. Vol. XX, pp. 1–19.
*Kühne, W.*, Untersuchungen über Bewegungen und Veränderungen der
contractilen Substanzen. Arch. f. Anat. n. Phys. 1859, p. 816.
*Kühne, W.*, Die Muskelspindeln. Virchow’s Arch. 1864. Vol. XXVIII,
pp. 528–538.
*Kühne, W.*, Untersuchungen über das Protoplasma und die
Contractilität. Leipzig, 1864.
*Kühne, W.*, Ueber die peripherischen Endorgane der motorischen
Nerven. Leipzig, 1862.
*Kühne, W.*, Zur Lehre von den Endplatten der Nervenhügel. Virchow’s
Arch. 1866. Vol. XXXIV, pp. 412–422.
*Kühne, W.*, Ueber das Verhalten des Muskels zum Nerven. Verhandl. d.
natur-hist.-med. Vereins zu Heidelberg. 1880. Vol. II, p. 227.
*Kühne, W.*, Ueber Nervenendigungen in den Muskeln nach Beobachtungen
von M. B. van Sykel. Abdruk. aus den Verhandl. d. Naturh. med.
Verein zu Heidelberg. 1884. Vol. III, pp. 238–242.
*Kühne, W.*, Wiederlegung der Bemerkung E. du Bois-Reymond’s über
mehrfache. Nervenendigungen einer Muskelfaser. Zeitschr. f. Biol.
1884. Vol. XX, pp. 531–539.
*Kühne, W.*, Ueber die Endigung der Nerven in den Muskeln. Virchow’s
Arch. 1866. Vol. XXVII, pp. 508–533.
*Kühne, W.*, and *Voit, C.*, Neue Untersuchungen über motorische
Nervenendigung. Zeitschr. f. Biologie. Vol. XXXIII.
*Lavdowsky, M.*, Die feinere Struktur und die Nervenendigungen der
Froschharnblase. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1872, p. 55.
*Leboucq, H.*, Recherches sur le développement et la terminaison des
nerves chez les larves des Batrachiens. Bull. de l’Acad. de roy.
de Belgique. 1876. Vol. XLI, p. 561.
*Letzerich, L.*, Ueber die Endigungsweise der motorischen Nerven.
Med. Centralz. 1863, No. 37.
*Leydig, F.*, Ueber Tastkörperchen und Muskelstructur. Arch. f. Anat.
u. Physiol. 1856, p. 150.
*Löwit*, Die Nerven der glatten Muskulatur. Sitzungsb. d. Wiener
Acad. 1875. Vol. LXXI, Pt. III, p. 355.
*Marshall, C. F.*, The structure and distribution of striped and
unstriped muscle. Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. 1887. Vol. XXV.
*Martin, H.*, Sur la structure de la fibre musculaire striée et
sur les analogies de structure et fonction entre les tissus
musculaires et les cellules à bâtonnets (protoplasma strié). Arch.
de physiol. norm. et pathol. 1882, p. 465.
*Mayer, S.*, Die sogenannten Sarkoplasten. Anat. Anzeiger, 1886. No.
9, p. 231.
*Mayer, S.*, Einige Bemerkungen zur Lehre von der Rückbildung der
quergestreiften Muskelfasern. Prager Zeitschr. f. Heilkde. 1887.
Vol. VIII, p. 177.
*Mays, K.*, Histo-physiol. Untersuchungen über die Verbreitung der
Nerven in den Muskeln. Zeitschr. f. Biol. Vol. XX.
*Mays, K.*, Ueber die Nervatur des Musculus rectus abdominis des
Frosches. Heidelberg, 1886.
*Melland, B.*, A simplified view of the histology of the striped
muscle-fibre. Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. 1885. Vol. XXV, p. 371.
*Merkel, F.*, Der quergestreifte Muskel. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1873.
Vol. IX, pp. 293–367.
*Minra, M.*, Untersuchungen über die motorischen Nervenendigungen
der quergestreiften Muskelfasern. Virchow’s Arch. 1886. Vol. CV,
p. 129.
*Nasse, O.*, Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der quergestreiften
Muskelfasern. Leipzig, 1882. Abstract in Centralbl. f. d. med.
Wiss. 1882, pp. 884 and 908.
*Newman, D.*, New theory of contraction of striated muscle and
demonstration of the composition of the broad dark bands. Journ.
of Anat. and Physiol. 1879, p. 4.
*Nicolaides, R.*, Ueber die caryokynetischen Erscheinungen der
Muskelkörper während des Wachstums der quergestreiften Muskeln.
Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1883, p. 441.
*Odenias, M. W.*, Undersökungen öfer de sensibla muskelnervena. Nord.
Medic. Arch. Vol. IV, No. 18.
*Paneth, J.*, Die Entwickelung von quergestreiften Muskelfasern aus
Sarkoplasten. Wiener Sitzungsber. 1886. Vol. XCII, Pt. III, p. 561.
*Petrowsky*, Zur Frage über das Wachstum der Muskelfasern des
Muskelgewebes beim Frosch. Med. Centralbl. No. 49, pp. 769–772.
*Pohl-Pincus*, Ueber die Muskelfasern des Froschherzens. Arch. f.
mik. Anat. 1884, Vol. XXIII, p. 500; and Verhandl. der Physiol.
Gesell. zu Berlin. 1882–3. No. 9.
*Ranvier, L.*, Appareils nerveux terminaux des muscles de la vie
organique; cœurs sanguins, cœurs lymphatiques; œsophagus; muscles
lisses. Leçons recueillies par Weber et Lataste. Leçons d’Anatomie
générale faites au Collège de France. Paris, 1880. Vol. VII,
p. 350.
*Ranvier, L.*, Leçons sur l’histologie du Système nerveux. 1878.
Vol. II.
*Reichert, K. E.*, Ueber das Verhalten der Nervenfasern bei dem
Verlauf und Endigung in einem Hautmuskel des Frosches, Rana
temporaria. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1851, p. 29.
*Retzius*, Zur Kenntniss der quergestreiften Muskelfaser. Biologische
Untersuchungen. 1881, p. 1.
*Rouget*, Note sur la terminaison des nerfs moteurs dans les muscles
chez les reptiles, les oiseaux et les mammifères. Comptes rendus.
1862. LV, p. 548.
*Sachs, C.*, Die quergestreifte Muskelfaser. Arch. f. Anat. u.
Physiol. 1872, pp. 607–648.
*Sachs, C.*, Die Nerven der Sehnen. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1875,
p. 402.
*Sandmann, D. G.*, Ueber die Verteilung der motorischen
Nervenendapparate in den quergestreiften Muskeln der Wirbelthiere.
Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1885, p. 240.
*Schönn*, Anatomische Untersuchungen im Bereich des Muskel- und
Nervengewebes. Jenaische Zeitschr. 1865. Vol. II, pp. 26–60.
*Schultze, M.*, Ueber Muskelkörperchen und das was man eine Zelle zu
nennen habe. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1816, p. 17.
*Sokolow, A. A.*, Sur les transformations der terminaisons des nerfs
dans les muscles de la grenouille après les section des nerfs.
Arch. de Physiol. normale et pathologique, 1874, pp. 300–315.
*Sokolow, A. A.*, Ueber die Nervenendigungen in den Muskeln
ausgehungerter Frösche. Medicin. Bote. 1876, St. Petersburg.
*Tergast, P.*, Ueber das Verhältniss von Nerve und Muskel. Arch. f.
mik. Anat. 1873. Vol. IX, p. 36.
*v. Thanhoffer, L.*, Beiträge zur Histologie und Nervenendigung der
quergestreiften Muskelfasern. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1882. Vol. XXI,
p. 26.
*Thin, G.*, On the structure of muscular fibre. Quart. Journ.
Microsc. Sci. 1877. Vol. XVI, pp. 251–259.
*Tolotschinoff*, Ueber das Verhalten der Nerven zu den glatten
Muskelfasern der Froschharnblase. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1869.
Vol. V, p. 510.
*Trinchese, S.*, Mémoire sur la terminaison périphérique des nerfs
moteurs dans la série animale. Journ. de l’Anat. et de la Physiol.
1867, pp. 485–504 (original in Italian, 1867).
*Tschiriew, S.*, Sur les terminaisons nerveuses dans les muscles
striés. Arch. de physiol. norm. et path. 1879. Vol. VI, p. 89.
*Tschiriew, S.*, Sur les terminaisons nerveuses dans les muscles
striés. Compt. rend. 1878. Vol. LXXXVII, p. 604.
*Unger*, Untersuchungen über die quergestreiften Muskelfasern
des lebenden Thieres. Wiener med. Jahrb. 1879, p. 61; and in
Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1879, No. 34, p. 622.
*Wagener, G. R.*, Ueber die Verbindung von Muskel und Sehne unter
einander. Sitzungsber. naturw. Gesells. Marburg. 1874, pp. 38–46.
*Waldeyer, W.*, Ueber die Endigung der motorischen Nerven in den
quergestreiften Muskeln. Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1863, p. 369.
*Waldeyer, W.*, Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und den Verlauf
des Axencylinders bei Wirbellosen und Wirbelthieren, sowie über
dessen Endverhalten in der quergestreiften Muskelfaser. Henle and
Pfeuffer’s Zeitschr. 1864. Vol. XX, pp. 193–257.
*Weismann, A.*, Ueber die Musculatur des Herzens beim Menschen und in
der Thierreihe. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1861, p. 41.
*Wolff, W.*, Ueber den Zusammenhang des Muskels mit der Sehne. Diss.
Berlin, 1877; Abstract in Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1877, p. 733.
Consult also: *Arnold, J., Kühne, W.*, and *Schweigger-Seidel, F.*,
in Stricker’s Handbuch der Gewebelehre.
II. CARTILAGE AND BONE.
*Arnold, J.*, Ueber die Abscheidung des indigschwefelsauren Natrons
im Knochengewebe. Virchow’s Arch. 1877. Vol. LXXI, p. 17.
*Arnold, J.*, Die Ausscheidung des indigschwefelsauren Narions im
Knorpelgewebe. Virchow’s Arch. 1878. Vol. LXXIII, p. 125.
*Bigelow, W. S.*, Notiz über den Theilungsvorgang bei Knorpelzellen
sowie über den Bau des Hyalinknorpels. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1879.
Vol. XVI, p. 457.
*Boll, F.*, Untersuchungen über den Bau und die Entwicklung der
Gewebe. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1871. Vol. VII, p. 275.
*Bruch, C.*, Ueber die Verknöcherung der Wirbelsäule bei den
Batrachiern. Würzb. naturw. Zeitschr. 1862. Vol. III, pp. 225–238.
*Bush, F.*, Das Knochengewebe der Batrachier nach den Untersuchungen
von N. Kastschenko. Verhandl. d. physiol. Gesells. zu Berlin.
1881, pp. 358–361.
*Flesch*, Untersuchungen über die Grundsubstance des Hyalinknorpels.
Würzburg, 1880.
*Heidenhain*, Zur Kenntniss des hyalinen Knorpels. Studien aus d.
physiol. Inst. zu Breslau. 1863. Pt. II, p. 1.
*Hertwig, O.*, Anatomisch histologische Untersuchung des Skelets der
Mundhöhle und der Zähne der Amphibien; supplement to Vol. XI.
Arch. f. mikroskopische Anat. 1874, pp. 29–32.
*Kastschenko, N.*, Ueber die Genese und Architectur der
Batrachierknochen. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1881. Vol. XIX, pp. 1–52.
*Kastschenko, N.*, Ueber die Krappfärbung der Froschgewebe. Arch. f.
mik. Anat. 1882. Vol. XXI, p. 357.
*v. Kölliker*, Gewebelehre Leipzig. 1867, p. 66.
*Lehmann, J. C.*, Ueber den Knorpel in der Achillessehne des
Frosches. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. 1864. Vol. XIV, p. 109.
*Levschin, L.*, Ueber die Entwicklung des Knochengewebes des
Frosches. Centralbl. f. med. Wiss. Nos. 18, 19.
*Mays, C.*, Ueber den Bau der Sehnen, etc. Virchow’s Arch. 1879.
Vol. LXXV, p. 112.
*Renaud, M. J.*, Système hyalin de soutènement des centres nerveux et
de quelques organes des sens. Arch. de Physiol. 1881, p. 6.
*Schleicher, W.*, Die Knorpelzelltheilung. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1879.
Vol. XVI, P. 248.
*Spina, A.*, Ueber die Saftbahnen des hyalinen Knorpels. Wiener
Sitzungsber. 1879. Vol. LXXX, Pt. III, p. 267.
*Stadelmann, E.*, Die Histologie des ‘Pseudoknorpels’ in der
Achillessehne des Frosches, etc. Virchow’s Arch. 1880, Vol. LXXX,
p. 105; also as Dissert. inaug. Königsberg, 1878.
*van Stricht, O.*, Recherches sur le cartilage hyalin. Annales de la
société de médicine de Grand. 1885, pp. 221–232.
*Thin, G.*, On the structure of hyaline cartilage. Quart. Journ.
Micros. Sci. 1876. Vol. XVI, pp. 1–22.
*v. Török, A.*, Der feinere Bau des Knorpels des Achillessehne des
Frosches. Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1872, No. 5, p. 66; and
Verhandl. d. phys.-med. Gesells. zu Würzburg, 1872, Vol. III,
pp. 1–26.
III. THE CONNECTIVE TISSUES.
*Billroth, T.*, Ueber die Epithelzellen der Froschzunge, den Bau des
Cylinder- und Flimmerepithel und ihr Verhältniss zum Bindegewebe.
Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1858, p. 159.
*Bizzozero, G.*, Ueber den Bau des Sehnengewebes. Moleschott’s
Untersuchungen. 1876. Vol. XI, p. 36.
*Bobinzky, C.*, Zur Kenntniss des Baues, der Entwicklung and der
regressiven Metamorphose der Fetzellen. Centralbl. f. d. med.
Wiss. 1885. No. 43, pp. 753–755.
*Boll, F.*, Untersuchungen über den Bau und die Entwicklung der
Gewebe. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1871. Vol. VII, p. 276.
*Ciaccio, G. V.*, Nuove Ricerche sull’ interna tessitura dei tendi.
Memorie dell’ Academie delle scienze dell Istituto di Bologna,
1872. Series III, Vol. II. Abstract in Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss.
1873.
*Czumak, J.*, Notiz über elastische Sehnen. Centralbl. f. med. Wiss.
1863, p. 785.
*Flemming, W.*, Ueber Bildung und Rückbildung der Fettzelle im
Bindegewebe; und Bemerkungen über die Structur des letztern. Arch.
f. mik. Anat. 1871. Vol. VII, p. 32.
*Gerlach, J.*, Ueber Bindegewebe. Sitzungsb. d. phys.-med. Societät
zu Erlangen. 1872, p. 78.
*Ginsburg, L.*, Ueber das Verhalten der Sehnenzellen bei der
Entzündung. Virchow’s Arch. 1882. Vol. LXXXVIII, p. 263.
*Golgi, C.*, Sui Nervi dei Tendini dell’ Uomo e di altri Vertebrati e
di un nuovo Organo nervoso terminale Musculo-tendineo. Estr. dalle
Memorie della Reale Acc. di Torino. 1880. Series II, Vol. XXXII,
p. 29; No. 6, p. 86.
*Hensen, V.*, Ueber die Entwicklung des Gewebes und der Nerven im
Schwanze der Froschlarve. Virchow’s Arch. 1864. Vol. XXXI, p. 51.
*Hoyer*, Ueber den Bau der Cylinder- und Flimmerepithelien und ihr
Verhältniss zum Bindegewebe. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1858,
p. 163; also Deutsche Klinik. 1857, No. 21.
*Iwanoff, A.*, Beiträge zur normalen und pathologischen Anatomie des
Frosch-Glaskörpers. Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1868, p. 129.
*Kollmann*, Ueber den Bau der Sehne. Münchener Sitzungsber. 1878.
Abstract in Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1879, p. 881.
*Maddox*, On the apparent relation of nerve to connective-tissue
corpuscles. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. 1868. Vol. XVI, p. 61.
*Mays, C.*, Ueber den Bau der Sehnen mit besondere Berücksichtigung
über Saftbahnen. Virchow’s Arch. 1879. Vol. LXXV, p. 112.
*Sachs, C.*, Die Nerven der Sehnen. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1875,
p. 402.
*Spina, A.*, Untersuchungen des lebenden Bindegewebes. Oesterr. med.
Jahrb. 1884. Pt. II.
NOTE BY THE TRANSLATOR.
Reference has already been made to the views of Messrs. Melland and
Marshall on the structure of muscle-fibres. The opinion that the
striation of voluntary muscle is wholly or in part due to the presence
of a regularly arranged network was previously published by Retzius,
Bremer, and others. The authors referred to have now for the first
time shown the importance of this network in all vertebrate muscular
tissues, whether voluntary or involuntary.
Mr. Marshall gives the following summary of the result of his
researches, which the Translator has confirmed by his own
observations:--
1. In all muscles which have to perform rapid and frequent movements, a
certain portion of the muscle is differentiated to perform the function
of contraction, and this portion takes on the form of a very regular
and highly modified intracellular network.
2. This network, by its regular arrangement, gives rise to certain
optical effects which cause the peculiar appearances of striped muscle.
3. The contraction of the striped muscle-fibre is probably caused by
the active contraction of the longitudinal fibrils of the intracellular
network; the transverse networks appear to be passively elastic, and by
their elastic rebound cause the muscle to rapidly resume its relaxed
condition when the longitudinal fibrils have ceased to contract; they
are possibly also paths for the nervous impulse.
4. In some cases where muscle has been hitherto described as striped,
but gives no appearance of the network on treatment with the gold and
other methods, the apparent striation is due to optical effects caused
by a corrugated outline in the fibre.
5. In muscles which do not perform rapid movements, but whose
contraction is comparatively slow and peristaltic in nature, this
peculiar network is not developed. In most if not all of the unstriped
muscles of invertebrates there does not appear to be an intracellular
network present in any form, but in the unstriped muscle of vertebrates
there are longitudinal fibres only; these possibly represent a form
of network intermediate between the typical irregular intracellular
network of other cells and the highly modified network of striped
muscle.
6. The cardiac muscle-cells contain a network similar to that of
ordinary striped muscle.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES ON PLATE II.
Fig. 180 (p. 278).
I. Preparation of the mucous membrane of the dorsal surface of the
mouth and oesophagus to show the vascular supply. Arteries red,
veins blue; after Schöbl.
II. Small portion of the above to show the dilatations on the
capillaries; after Schöbl.
Fig. 187 (p. 285).
Transverse section through the mucous membrane of the fundus of the
stomach of _Rana esculenta_. Alcohol preparation, doubly stained
with carmine and anilin blue. After Biedermann. (Oc. II, Syst. 7,
Hartnack.)
Fig. 196 (p. 298).
I. Partial injection of the liver from the portal vein (blue): _Rana
esculenta_.--G. H.
II. Partial injection of the liver from the hepatic vein (red): _Rana
esculenta_.--G. H.
III. Complete injection of the liver from the hepatic artery (red) and
from the portal vein (blue): _Rana esculenta_.--G. H.
_A_ Portal (interlobular) veins and their branches.
_B_ Hepatic (intralobular) veins and their branches.
_C_ Hepatic arteries and their branches.
Fig. 208 (p. 318).
Two sections from the lung of _Rana temporaria_; stained with
borax-carmine.--G. H.
I. The lung dilated (Hartnack, Oc. I, Syst. 3).
II. The lung contracted (Hartnack, Oc. I, Syst. 7).
_A_ Band of muscle cut transversely.
_B_ Band of muscle cut longitudinally.
_C_ Muscular layer of surface.
Fig. 217 (p. 334).
Portions of two transverse vertical sections through the kidney.--G. H.
I. Kidney of _Rana esculenta_, partial injection of the uriniferous
tubes with silver nitrate (Hartnack, Oc. I. Syst. 7).
II. Kidney of _Rana temporaria_, stained with borax-carmine (Hartnack,
Oc. I, Syst. 7).
Fig. 219 (p. 337).
Two portions from a gold preparation of the kidney of _Rana
esculenta_.--G. H.
I. Showing the tendency to split into lobules.
II. Nerve-fibres accompanying the blood vessels.
_a_ Blood-vessels.
_b_ Nerves.
APPENDIX.
I. WORKS WHICH DESCRIBE ORGANS OR SETS OF ORGANS IN THE FROG.
*Bettade, E.*, Sulle diverse forme delle R. temp. in Europa e più
particolammente nell’ Italia. Venezia, 1885.
*Brehm, A. C.*, Illustriertes Thierleben. Hildburghausen, 1869. Vol. V.
*Burdon-Sanderson*, Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory. London,
1873.
*Camerana, L.*, Recherches sur les variations de in R. esculenta et du
Bufo viridis dans le bassin de la Méditerranée. Paris, 1883.
*Carus, C. G.*, Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Zootomie. 2nd Edit.
Leipzig, 1834.
*Cepède, Comte de la*, Histoire naturelle des quadrupèdes ovipaires et
des serpens. Paris, 1808.
*Dugès*, Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur les Reptiles.
Ext. des Annales des Sciences naturelles. Paris, 1827.
*Duméril and Bibron*, Erpétologie générale ou histoire complète des
Reptiles. 1836.
*Ecker, A.*, Icones physiologicae. Leipzig, 1851–1859.
*Fatio, V.*, Faune des vertébrés de la Suisse. Genève et Bâle, 1872.
*Gegenbaur, C.*, Grundzüge der vergl. Anatomie. Leipzig, 1870.
*Gegenbaur, C.*, Grundriss der vergl. Anatomie. Leipzig, 1878.
*Gerlach*, Handbuch der Histologie. 1853–1854.
*Gesner, C.*, Historia Animalium. Liber I. 1551.
*Gesner, C.*, Icones Animalium. 1560.
*v. Griesheim, A.*, Ueber die Zahlenverhältnisse der Geschlechter bei
R. fusca. Pflüger’s Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 1881. Vol. XXVI, p. 3.
*Hoffmann, C. K.*, Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs.
Vol. VI, Amphibien. Leipzig, 1873–1878.
*Howes, G. B.*, An Atlas of Practical Elementary Biology. London, 1885.
*Huxley, T.*, Anatomy of the Vertebrated Animals. London, 1871.
*Huxley, T.*, Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy.
*Huxley, T.*, Article Amphibia, Encyclopaedia Britannica. IXth Edit.
1875.
*Klein, E.*, Beiträge zur Anatomie der ungeschwänzten Batrachier.
Jahreshefte. Württemberg, 1850, pp. 1–84.
*Klein, E.*, and *Noble Smith*, Atlas of Histology. London, 1879–1880.
*Kloezke, C. G.*, Dissertatio anatomica de Rana cornuta. Berolini, 1816.
*v. Kölliker, A.*, Handbuch der Gewebelehre. 5th Edit. Leipzig, 1867.
*Kuhl, H.*, Beiträge zur Zoologie der Rana esculenta: in Beitr. z.
Zool. Frankfurt a. M., 1820.
*Laurenti, J. N.*, Synopsis Reptilium. Viennae, 1768.
*Leydig, F.*, Lehrbuch der Histologie. Frankfurt a. M., 1857.
*Marshall, A. M.*, The Frog. 3rd Edit. London and Manchester, 1888.
*Mayer, A. F.*, Beiträge zu einer anatomischen Monographie der Rana
pipa. Acad. Caes. Leop. Nov. Acta, 1825. Vol. XII, p. 527.
*Meckel, J.*, Beiträge zur vergleichenden Anatomie. Leipzig, 1811.
*Meckel, J.*, System der vergleichenden Anatomie. Halle, 1833.
*Mivart, St. Geo.*, On the Classification of the Anurous Batrachians.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869.
*Mivart, St. Geo.*, The Common Frog. London, 1874.
*Müller, J.*, Beiträge zur Anatomie und Naturgeschichte der Amphibien.
Tiedemann’s Zeitschr. 1831, p. 190.
*Müller, J.*, The Physiology of the Senses, etc. Translated by W. Baly.
London, 1848.
*Owen, R.*, Anatomy of the Vertebrates. London, 1866.
*Ranvier, L.*, Leçons d’anatomie générale. Paris, 1880.
*Rösel v. Rosenhof*, Historia naturalis ranarum nostratium. Nürnberg,
1758.
*Rudolphi and Breyer*, Observationes anatomicae circa abricam Ranae
pipae. Berolini, 1811.
*Rusconi, M.*, Développement de la grenouille commune. Milan, 1826.
*Schneider, J. G.*, Historia amphibiorum. Jenae, 1799.
*Schwalbe, G.*, Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Sinnesorgane. Erlangen, 1885.
*Stannius, H.*, Zootomie der Amphibien (Handb. der Zoot. der
Wirbelthiere, 2 Buch). 2nd Edit. Berlin, 1856.
*Stricker, S.*, Beiträge zur Biologie der Batrachier. Wien. Zool. Bot.
Verhandl. 1866. Vol. XVI, pp. 451–456.
*Stricker, S.*, Handbuch der Gewebelehre.
*Stricker, S.*, Manual of Human and Comparative Histology. Translated
by H. Power. London, 1870.
*Swammerdam, J.*, Biblia Naturae Amstelodamensis. (Dutch and Latin by
Gaubius. Leidae, 1738.)
*Todd and Bowman*, The Physiological Anatomy and Physiology of Man.
London, 1845–1857.
*Vogt, C.*, Zoologische Briefe. Frankfurt a. M., 1851.
*Wagler, J.*, Natürliches System der Amphibien. München, Stuttgart, and
Tübingen, 1830.
*Wagner, R.*, Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie. Leipzig, 1834–1835.
*Wagner, R.*, Icones Zootomicae. Leipzig, 1841.
*Wagner, R.*, Handwörterbuch der Physiologie. 1842.
*Waters, W. H.*, Histological Notes. Manchester and London, 1884.
*Wiedersheim, R.*, Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der
Wirbelthiere. 2nd Edit. Jena, 1886.
*Wiedersheim, R.*, Elements of Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates.
Translated by N. Newton Parker. London, 1886.
II. WORKS RELATING TO THE EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FROG.
*Balfour, F. M.*, Treatise on Comparative Embryology. London, 1880.
*Born, G.*, Beiträge zur Bastardirung zwischen den einheimischen
Anurenarten. Pflüger’s Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 1883. Vol. XXXII,
p. 453.
*Durham, H. E.*, Note on the presence of a Neurenteric Canal in Rana.
Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. 1886. Vol. XXVI, p. 509.
*Giles, A. E.*, The development of the fat-bodies in Rana temporaria.
Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. 1888. Vol. XXIX.
*Goette, A.*, Kurze Mittheilungen aus der Entwicklungsgeschichte der
Unke. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1873. Vol. IX, p. 396.
*Goette, A.*, Entwicklungsgeschichte der Unke. Leipzig, 1875.
*Hertwig, O.*, Die Entwicklung des mittleren Keimblattes der
Wirbelthiere. Jena, 1883.
*Johnson, A.*, and *Sheldon, L.*, Notes on the Development of the Newt
(Triton cristatus). Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. 1886. Vol. XXVI,
p. 573.
*Marshall, A. M.*, The Frog: An Introduction to Anatomy, Histology, and
Embryology. 3rd Edition. Manchester and London, 1888.
*Pflüger, E.*, Einige Beobachtungen zur Frage über die das Geschlecht
bestimmenden Ursachen. Pflüger’s Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 1881.
Vol. XXVI.
*Pflüger, E.*, Hat die Concentration des Samens einen Einfluss auf das
Geschlecht? Pflüger’s Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 1883. Vol. XXIX,
p. 1.
*Pflüger, E.*, Zusammenstellung der Ergebnisse und Erörterung der
Principien der Zeugung. Pflüger’s Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 1883.
Vol. XXXII, p. 542.
*Pflüger, E.*, and *Smith, W. J.*, Experimente über Bastardirung der
anuren Batrachier. Pflüger’s Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 1883.
Vol. XXXII, p. 519.
*Remak*, Untersuchungen über die Entwickelung der Wirbelthiere. Berlin,
1855.
*Schultze, O.*, Zur ersten Entwickelung des braunen Grasfrosches.
Leipzig, 1887.
*Schultze, O.*, Die Entwicklung der Keimblätter und der Chorda dorsalis
von Rana fusca. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. 1888. Vol. XLVII, p. 325.
*Spencer, W. B.*, Some Notes on the Early Development of Rana
temporaria. Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. 1885. (Supplement.)
*Stricker, S.*, Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung des Kopfes der
Batrachier. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1864, p. 52.
*Törok, A.*, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der ersten Anlagen der Sinnesorgane
und der primären Schädelformation bei den Batrachiern. Moleschott’s
Untersuchungen, 1870. Vol. X, p. 338.
III. ADDITIONS TO THE LISTS GIVEN AT THE HEADS OF THE SECTIONS.
1. THE BONES.
*Albrecht, P.*, Note sur le basi-occipital des batraciens anoures.
Extr. d. Bullet. d. Musée royal d’hist. nat. de Belgique. 1883.
Vol. II.
*Born, G.*, Die sechste Zehe der Anuren. Morphol. Jahrb. 1876. Vol. I.
*Born, G.*, Ueber das Skelet des Fersenhöckers von Rana fusca, etc.
Sitzungsb. d. Schles. Gesell. f. vaterländ. Cultur. 1879.
*Born, G.*, Nachträge zu Carpus und Tarsus. Morph. Jahrb. 1880. Vol. VI.
*Ecker, A.*, Icones physiologicae. Leipzig, 1881–1889.
*Ecker, A.*, Die Anatomie des Frosches. 2nd Edition. Braunschweig,
1888, pp. 17–62.
*Gegenbaur*, Untersuchungen zur vergl. Anatomie der Wirbelsäule bei
Reptilien und Amphibien. Leipzig, 1862.
*Gegenbaur*, Grundzüge der vergl. Anatomie. Leipzig, 1870.
*Goette, A.*, Brustbein und Schultergürtel auf
entwickelungsgeschichtlicher Grundlage verglichen bei Amphibien und
Anurioten. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1877. Vol. XIV, p. 502.
*Howes, G. B.*, On some abnormalities of the Frog’s vertebral column.
Anat. Anz. 1886. Vol. I, Pt. II.
*Leydig, F.*, Ueber den Bau der Zehen bei Batrachiern und die Bedeutung
des Fersenhöckers. Morphol. Jahrb. 1876. Vol. II.
*Parker, W. K.*, A monograph on the structure and development of the
shoulder-girdle and sternum. Ray. Soc. 1867.
*Schneider, J. G.*, Historia amphibiorum. Jenae, 1799.
*Stöhr, P.*, Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Anurenschädels. Zeitschr.
f. wiss. Zool. 1881. Vol. XXXVI.
*Törok, A.*, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der ersten Anlagen der Sinnesorgane
und der primären Schädelformation bei den Batrachiern. Moleschott’s
Untersuchungen. 1870. Vol. X, p. 338.
2. THE MUSCLES.
*Albrecht, P.*, Beitrag zur Morphologie des M. omohyoides und der
ventralen inneren Interbranchial-Musculatur. Inaug. Dissert. Kiel,
1876.
*Ecker, A.*, Die Anatomie des Frosches. 2nd Edition. Braunschweig,
1888, pp. 65–139.
*Hoffmann, C. K.*, Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs.
Vol. VI. Amphibien. Leipzig, 1873–1878.
*Howes, G. B.*, An Atlas of Practical Elementary Biology. London, 1885.
3. NERVOUS SYSTEM.
*Engelmann, T. W.*, Ueber die Discontinuität des Axencylinders und
den fibrillären Bau der Nervenfasern. Pflüger’s Arch. f. d. ges.
Physiol. 1880. Vol. XXII, p. 1.
*Grandry*, Recherches sur la structure interne du cylindre de l’axe et
des cellules nerveuses. Bull. de l’Acad. Roy. du Belgique. 1868.
*Hodge, C. F.*, Some effects of stimulating ganglion-cells. (Some
anatomical details regarding the relations of nerve-fibres with
nerve-cells are given.) American Journ. of Phys. 1888.
*Owsjannikow, P.*, Ueber die Rinde des Grosshirns. Mémoires de l’acad.
impériale des sciences de St. Pétersbourg. 1879. Series VII,
Vol. XXVI, No. 11.
*Spiro*, Physiologisch-topographische Untersuchungen am Rückenmark
des Frosches. Mémoires de l’acad. impériale des sciences de St.
Pétersbourg. 1870. Series VII, Vol. XVI, No. 7.
*Waldeyer, W.*, Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und Verlauf des
Axencylinders. Henle u. Pfeuffer’s Zeitschr. 1864. Vol. XX,
pp. 193–257.
Consult also: *Gerlach, J.*, *Mayer, S.*, and *Schultze, M.*, in
Stricker’s Handbuch der Gewebelehre.
4. THE VASCULAR SYSTEM.
*Barthol, P.*, Sopra il sistema linfatico dei Rettili. Pavia, 1833.
*Blaschek, A.*, Untersuchungen über Herz, Pericard, Endocard, und
Pericardhöhle. Schenk’s Mitt. 1885. New Series, p. 32.
*Eberth, C. J.*, in Stricker’s Handbuch der Gewebelehre.
*Klein, E.*, On the peripheral distribution of non-medullated
nerve-fibres (nerves of the blood-vessels in the frog’s tongue).
Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. 1872. Vol. XII, p. 123.
*Mayer, S.*, Studien zur Histologie und Physiologie des
Blutgefässsystems. Wiener Sitzungsb. 1886. Vol. XCIII, Pt. III,
p. 45.
*v. Recklinghausen, F.*, (The lymphatics) in Stricker’s Handbuch der
Gewebelehre.
*Rollett, A.*, (The Blood) in Stricker’s Handbuch der Gewebelehre.
*Teichmann, L.*, Untersuchungen über das Saugadersystem. Leipzig, 1861.
5. THE ALIMENTARY CANAL.
*Heidenhain, R.*, Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Pancreas. Pflüger’s Arch.
f. d. ges. Physiol. 1875. Vol. X, p. 557.
*Krause, W.*, Anatomische Untersuchungen (Tongue). Hannover, 1861.
Consult also: *Klein, E.*, The Oral Cavity and the Oesophagus; *Müller,
W.*, The Spleen; *Eberth, C. J.*, The Liver, in Stricker’s Handbuch
der Gewebelehre.
6. THE LUNGS AND LARYNX.
*Holmgren, F.*, Methode zur Beobachtung des Kreislaufs in der
Froschlunge. Beitr. z. Anat. u. Physiol. Festgabe f. C. Ludwig.
Leipzig, 1874.
*Meckel, J. F.*, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Respirations-Systemes der
Amphibien. Meckel’s Arch. 1849. Vol. V.
*Schmidt, C.*, De l’épithelium pulmonaire. 1866.
*Williams*, Article Respiration, in Todd’s Cyclopaedia of Anat. and
Physiol. 1859. Vol. V.
7. THE URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM, THE ADRENALS, AND THE FAT-BODIES.
*Aeby, C.*, Ueber glatte Muskelfasern im Ovarium und Mesovarium von
Wirbelthieren. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1859, p. 675.
*Giles, A. E.*, The development of the fat-bodies in Rana temporaria.
Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. 1888. Vol. XXIX.
*Grohe, F.*, Ueber die Bewegung der Samenkörper. Virchow’s Arch. 1865.
Vol. XXXII, p. 416.
*Virchow, R.*, Ueber die Dotterplättchen bei den Fischen und Amphibien.
Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. 1849. Vol. IV.
Consult also: *Eberth, C. J.*; *v. La Valette St. George*; *Ludwig,
C.*; *Grünwald*; *Obersteiner, H.*; and *Stricker, S.*, in
Stricker’s Handbuch der Gewebelehre.
8. THE SKIN AND SENSE-ORGANS.
a. _The Skin._
*Busch, A.*, Phänomene aus dem Leben der Pigmentzellen. Arch. f. Anat.
u. Physiol. 1856, p. 415.
b. _Special Organs of Tactile Sensation._
*Mitrophanow, P.*, Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte und Innervation der
Nervenhügel der Urodelenlarven. Biologisches Centralb. 1887, p. 174.
c. _The Organs of Taste._
*Beale, L. S.*, New Observations upon the Minute Anatomy of the
Papillae of the Frog’s Tongue. Phil. Trans. 1865. Vol. CLV, p. 443.
*Engelmann, T. W.*, in Stricker’s Handbuch der Gewebelehre.
*Maddox, R. L.*, A Contribution to the Minute Anatomy of the Fungiform
Papillae and terminal arrangement of Nerve to striped Muscular
Tissue in the Tongue of the common Frog. Monthly Micros. Journ.
1869, p. 1.
d. _The Ear._
*Albrecht, P.*, Sur la valeur morphologique de la trompe d’Eustache.
Communication faite à la Société d’Anatomie Pathologique de
Bruxelles. 1884.
*v. Kölliker*, Handbuch der Gewebelehre. 5th Edit. Leipzig, 1867.
*Leydig, F.*, Handbuch der Histologie. Frankfurt a. M., 1857.
*Rüdinger*, in Stricker’s Handbuch der Gewebelehre.
e. _The Nose._
*Marshall, A. M.*, Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ. Quart.
Journ. Micros. Sci. 1879. Vol. XIX, p. 330.
f. _The Eye._
*Ciaccio, G. V.*, Beobachtungen über den inneren Bau des Glaskörpers im
Auge des Menschen und der Wirbelthiere im Allgemeinen. Moleschott’s
Untersuchungen, 1870. Vol. X, p. 383.
*Hannover* and *Finkbeiner*, Vergleichende Untersuchungen der Stärke
des Glaskörpers bei den Wirbelthieren. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.
1855. Vol. VI, p. 335.
*Hirschberg, J.*, Zur Dioptric und Ophthalmologie der Fish- und
Amphibienaugen. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1887, p. 493.
*Ranvier, L.*, Le mécanisme de la Sécrétion. Leçons faites au Collége
de France en 1886–1887. (Nictitating membrane.)
Consult also: *Rollett* and *Stieda*, in Stricker’s Handbuch der
Gewebelehre.
INDEX.
Abducens nerve, p. 171.
" nucleus, 146.
Acetabulum, 48.
Acromial, 39.
Adrenals, 348.
Ala magna, 25.
" temporalis, 25.
Alar cartilages, 28.
Alimentary canal, 258.
Ampulla anterior, 396.
" external, 398.
" posterior, 398.
Angulo-splenial, 34.
Ankle, 50.
Anterior ampulla, 396.
" brachial lymph-sac, 259.
" brachio-radial septum, 258.
" brachio-ulnar septum, 258.
" chamber, 409.
Aorta dorsal, 233.
Aponeurosis plantaris, 105.
Arachnoid, 162.
Arteria basillaris, 163.
" bulbi, 222.
" circumflexa genu. lat. sup., 238.
" " " " inf., 238.
" " " med. sup., 238.
" " " " inf., 238.
" comm. ant., 163.
" coraco-clavicularis, 231.
" costo-cervicalis, 231.
" cruris inf., 239.
" cut. calcanei, 239.
" cut. fem. med., 237.
" " " post., 237.
" " pectoris, 231.
" haemorrhoid. inf., 236.
" lobi hemisph. inf. ext., 163.
" " " sup. int., 163.
" " optici, 163.
" malleol. lat., 240,
" malleol. med., 240.
" pharyngo-maxill., 230.
" ramus auricularis, 228, 230.
" " maxillaris comm., 228.
" " " inf., 230.
" " " sup., 228.
" " orbito-nasalis, 228.
" scapularis post., 232.
" " sup., 232.
" spinalis ant., 163.
" subscapularis, 232.
" suralis, 239.
Arteries, 222.
" of brain, 162.
" of choroid, 411.
" of foot, 240.
" of hyaloid, 421.
" of iris, 413.
" of skin, 376.
" of vitreous body, 421.
Artery, ant. palatine, 224.
" " tibial, 239.
" brachial, 232.
" carotid, 224.
" ciliary, 226.
" coeliaco-mesenteric, 233.
" femoral, 236.
" gastric, 233.
" haemorrhoidal, 235.
" hepatic, 298.
" hyaloid, 226.
" iliac, 235.
" internal carotid, 225.
" laryngeal, 226.
" lingual, 224.
" lumbar, 235.
" mesenteric, 234.
" occipital, 228.
" occipito-vertebral, 226.
" oesophageal, 226.
" ophthalmic, 225, 411, 413.
" peroneal, 231.
" pharyngeal, 224.
" post. palatine, 224.
" radial, 232.
" renal, 333.
" sciatic, 236.
" spermatic, 236.
" subclavian, 231.
" tibial, 238.
" ulnar, 233.
" urino-genital, 235.
" vertebral, 226.
" vesico-epigastric, 235.
Articular processes, 17.
Articulations of vertebrae, 19.
" of atlas, 24.
Arytenoid cartilages, 313.
Astragalus, 50.
Atlas, 18.
Auditory nerve, 172.
Auditory nucleus, 144.
Auerbach’s plexus, 292.
Auricles, 214.
Auriculo-ventricular valves, 216.
Axillary septum, 258.
Axis-cylinder, 202.
Bidder’s ganglion, 220.
Bile-ducts, 298.
Bladder, gall-, 295, 299.
" urinary, 338.
Blood, 262.
Bones and joints, 13.
Bowman’s glands, 387.
Brachial nerve, 183.
Brachio-ulnar lymph-sac, 259.
" radial " , 259.
Brain, 141.
Calcaneum, 50.
Calcified cartilage, 15.
Canales coccygei, 21.
Canalis vertebralis, 20.
" rami ant. acustici, 393.
Capitulum radii, 43.
Capsule of labyrinth, 391.
" of lens, 413.
Carotid arch, 222.
" gland, 223.
Cartilage, calcified, 15.
" of shoulder-girdle, 40.
" of skull, 29.
Cartilages of larynx, 312.
" of nose, 27, 385.
Cauda equina, 135, 189.
Cava recto-vesicalis, 304.
Cavitas sigmoidea maj., 43.
Central canal of cord, 137.
" group of cells, 139.
Cerebellum, 148.
Cerebral hemispheres, 156.
Chamber, anterior, 409.
" posterior, 420.
Chiasma, optic, 153, 155, 167.
Chorda dorsalis, 20.
Chordae tendineae, 216.
Choroid coat, 409.
" plexus of fourth vent., 142, 164.
" " third " , 153, 164.
Ciliary nerves, 169.
" processes, 420.
Circulus iridis major, 413.
Clavicle, 39.
Cloaca, 347.
Columella auris, 25, 390.
Commissura anterior, 159.
" inferior, 140.
" posterior, 159.
" superior, 140.
" transversa, 154.
Common bile-duct, 296.
Cones, 418.
Conus medullaris, 135.
Coracoid, 39.
Coracoid foramen, 39.
Cornea, 406.
Corpora quadrigemina, 152.
Corpus callosum, 158, 159.
" striatum, 158, 159.
Corpuscles of blood, 263.
" of Hassall, 321.
Coverings of brain and cord, 162.
Cranial nerves, 141, 167.
Cranium, 23.
Cricoid cartilage, 312.
Crista acustica, 397.
" deltoidea, 41.
" medialis, 42.
Crusta, petrosa, 279.
Cupula terminalis, 398.
Cutaneous glands, 372.
Cuticula dentis, 279.
Cutis, 369.
Cystic duct, 295.
Dentale, 35.
Dentary, 34.
Dentine, 279.
Descemet’s membrane, 407.
Dorsal lymph-sac, 255.
" roots, 140.
" septum, 252.
Duct, common bile-, 296.
" cystic, 295.
Ductus choledocus, 296.
" endolymphaticus, 398.
" fenestra ovalis, 394.
" perilymphaticus, 395.
" Wirsungianus, 301.
Dura mater, 162.
Ear, 389.
Enamel, 279.
Enlargements of cord, 133, 137.
Epicoracoids, 37.
Epidermis, 367.
Epiglottis, 317.
Episternum, 36.
Epithelium of ventricles, etc., 160.
Exoccipitals, 23.
External limiting membrane, 420.
Extrastapedial, 26, 390.
Eye, 405.
Eyelids, 422.
Facial nerve, 171.
Fat-bodies, 348.
Femoral lymph-sac, 260.
Fibrae arcuatae cerebelli, 149.
Fibres of brain, 161.
Filiform papillae, 380.
Filum terminale, 135.
Foramen condyloideum, 24.
" magnum, 23.
" Monroi, 157.
" ovale, 24.
" parietale, 156.
" rotundum, 392.
Formatio reticularis, 140.
Fossa condyloidea, 24.
" tympanica, 24.
Fourth ventricle, 142.
Fronto-parietal bones, 26.
Fungiform papillae, 380.
Gall-bladder, 295, 299.
Ganglia of bladder, 340.
" of heart, 220.
" of spinal, 177.
Ganglion ciliare, 168.
" condyloideum, 173.
" Gasserii, 168.
" interpedunculare, 152.
" layer, 415.
" nervi vagi, 173.
Gasserian ganglion, 168.
Glands, Bowman’s, 387.
" cutaneous, 372.
" gastric, 285.
" Harder’s, 424.
" intermaxillary, 280.
" Lieberkühn’s, 288.
" nasal, 386.
" oesophageal, 283.
" of nictitating membrane, 423.
" periganglionic, 180.
" thymus, 320.
" thyroid, 322.
Glossopharyngeal nerve, 172.
Goblet-cells, 289.
Goll’s columns, 140.
Grey matter, 139.
Hair-cells of ear, 404.
" of nose, 388.
Harder’s glands, 424.
Hassall’s corpuscles, 321.
Heart, 213, 214.
" endothelium, 320.
" muscle, 216.
" nerves, 219.
" structure of, 216.
Hepatic arteries, 421.
" portal system, 248.
" veins, 297.
Hip-joint, 49.
Humerus, 41.
Hyaloid artery, 421.
" membrane, 421.
Hyoid, 35.
Hypoglossal nerve, 182.
Ilia, 47.
Iliac lymph-sac, 257.
" septum, 253.
Inferior femoral septum, 259.
" sinus, 383.
Infundibulum, 153.
Inguinal septum, 254.
Inner molecular layer, 415.
" nuclear " , 416.
Interfemoral lymph-sac, 260.
Intermaxillary glands, 280.
Intermediate fem. septum, 259.
Internal ear, 391.
" limiting membrane, 414, 420.
" muscles of eye, 413.
Interstapedial, 25, 391.
Intestine, 286.
Intumescentia ant. and post., 135.
Iris, 412.
Ischia, 48.
Kidney, 332.
Knee-joint, 50.
Labyrinth membranous, 395.
" osseous, 391.
" structure, 402.
Lachrymal duct, 387.
Lagena cochlea, 400.
Lamina fusca, 411.
" suprachoroidea, 411.
" terminalis, 153, 157.
Large intestine, 292.
Laryngeal nerve, 175.
Larynx, 311.
Lateral group of cells, 139.
" lymph-sac, 255.
" sense-organs, 379.
" sinus, 380.
Lens, 413.
Lieberkühn’s glands, 288, 293.
Ligament. calcanei, 19.
" coronarium, 303.
" gastro-duodenale, 305.
" hepato-duodenale, 287, 295, 305.
" intercruralia, 19.
" interspinalia, 19.
" pectinatum iridis, 409.
" suspensor. hepatis, 304.
" verteb. comm. ant., 19.
" " " post., 19.
Limiting membrane, external, 420.
" " internal, 414, 420.
Lips, 275.
Literature on adrenals, 330.
" " alimentary canal, 268.
" " blood, 211.
" " blood-vessels, 205.
" " bones and joints, 13.
" " cartilage, 431.
" " connective tissues, 432.
" " ear, 356.
" " embryology, 436–437.
" " eye, 360.
" " fat-bodies, 330.
" " gall-bladder, 272.
" " general, 435–436.
" " heart, 205.
" " intestine, 270.
" " larynx, 309.
" " liver, 272.
" " lungs, 309.
" " lymph, 211.
" " lymphatic system, 209.
" " mouth, 268.
" " muscle structure, 427.
" " muscles, 54.
" " nervous system, 122.
" " nose, 357.
" " pancreas, 272.
" " peritoneum, 274.
" " respiratory system, 309.
" " skin, 353.
" " spleen, 273.
" " taste-organs, 356.
" " thymus, 310.
" " thyroid, 310.
" " touch-organs, 356.
" " urino-genital system, 326.
Liver, 294.
" cells, 298.
" pigment of, 299.
" vessels of, 297.
Lower eyelid, 422.
" nasal glands, 386.
Lungs, 317.
Lymph, 264.
Lymph-hearts, 261, 264.
Lymph-sacs of ant. extremity, 258.
" " of hinder extremity, 259.
" " of trunk, 251, 255, 264.
Lymphatic system, 251.
Macula lutea, 419.
Malpighian bodies of kidney, 334.
" " of spleen, 303.
Mandible, 34.
Maxillary bones, 32.
" septum, 253.
Meckel’s cartilage, 35.
Mediostapedial, 25, 390.
Medulla oblongata, 142.
Medullary segments, 202.
" sheath, 201.
Medullated nerves, 201.
Meissner’s plexus, 291.
Membrana choriocapillaris, 411.
" limitans ext., 420.
" " int., 414, 420.
" nictitans, 58, 422.
" suprachoroidea, 411.
Membrane of Descemet, 407.
Membranous labyrinth, 395.
Mentomeckelian cartilage, 35.
Mesocephalic ganglion, 168.
Metacarpus, 46.
Metatarsus, 52.
Meynert’s fibres, 155.
Molecular layer, inner, 415.
" " outer, 419.
Motor-oculi, 167.
Mouth, 275.
Movements of hand, 46.
Mucous glands of skin, 375.
Müller’s fibres, 420.
Muscle, histology, 433.
Muscles, 53.
Muscles of abdomen, 67.
" " back, 71.
" " cloaca, 347.
" " eye, external, 55.
" " " internal, 413.
" " face, 59.
" " foot, 105.
" " forearm, 84.
" " forelimb, 75.
" " hand, 87.
" " hinder limb, 94.
" " hyoid, 64.
" " larynx, 315.
" " lower jaw, 60.
" " skin, 119.
Musc. abduct. dig. I brev., 114.
" " " II " , 92.
" " " " long., 91.
" " " V, 113.
" " " V brev., 116.
" " " I long., 110.
" " " II " , 86.
" " " V prim., 91.
" " " V secund., 91.
" " hallucis, 109.
" " pollicis, 87.
" " brev., 114.
" adduct. brev., 100.
" " dig. I long., 109.
" " " II, 89.
" " " V, 113.
" " longus, 99.
" " magnus, 99.
" " pollicis, 87.
" anconaei, 87.
" antibrachii lat., 85.
" " med., 85.
" " prof., 85.
" biceps fem., 96.
" coccygeo-cutaneus, 120.
" " -iliacus, 74.
" coccygeo-sacralis, 73.
" compressor cloacae, 348.
" constrictor aditus laryngis, 315.
" constrictor iridis, 413.
" coraco-humeralis, 82.
" cucullaris, 71.
" cutaneus dorsi, 119.
" " pectoris, 119.
" dilator aditus laryngis, 315.
" deltoideus, 82.
" depressor maxill. inf., 60.
" " palpebrae inf., 58.
" dilator iridis, 413.
" " narium, 59.
" extensor brevis, 106.
" " carpi ulnaris, 86.
" " cruris brevis, 104.
" " digit. I brev., 114.
" " " " long., 114.
" " " II brev., 114.
" " " " long., 114.
" " " " prop. brev., 92.
" " " " " long., 92.
" " " III brev., 115.
" " " " long., 115.
" " " " prop., 93.
" " " IV, 116.
" " " " brev., 116.
" " " " prop., 93.
" " " V brev., 115.
" " " " long., 115.
" " " " comm. brev., 91.
" " " " " long., 87.
" " dorsi com m., 73.
" flex. antibrach. lat. superf., 85.
" " " med., 85.
" " " prof., 85.
" " brev. digit. I, 100.
" " " " IV, 112.
" " " " V, 113.
" " carpi radialis, 84.
" " " ulnaris, 84.
" " digit. comm., 85, 87.
" " " I, II, 108.
" " " II brev., 89.
" " " II long., 88.
" " " II prop., 110.
" " " II tert., 89.
" " " III brev., 89.
" " " III long., 89.
" " " III prop., 111.
" " " III, IV, V, 107.
" " " IV brev., 90.
" " " " long., 90.
" " " " prop., 112.
" " " V brev., 90.
" " " " long., 90.
" " " " prop., 113.
" " metacarp. digit. III, 90.
" " " " IV, 90.
" " metatars. digit. II, 110.
" " " " III, 111.
" " metatars. digit. IV, 112.
" " phal. prop. dig. III, 112.
" " " " " IV, ant., 113.
" " " " " IV, post., 113.
" " " " " V, 90.
" " " " , 113.
" " tarsi ant., 104.
" " " post., 114.
" gastrocnemius, 102.
" genioglossus, 66, 281.
" geniohyoideus, 64.
" glutaeus, 94.
" hyo-arytenoideus anterior, 315.
" " posterior, 315.
" hyoglossus, 66, 281.
" ilio-fibularis, 96.
" ilio-lumbaris, 74.
" ilio-psoas, 101.
" infraspinatus, 79.
" intercrurales, 75.
" interossei, 93, 113.
" " dorsales, 116.
" interscapularis, 78.
" intertransversar. cap. sup., 75.
" " " " inf., 75.
" " " dorsi, 75.
" lateralis narium, 60.
" latissimus dorsi, 72.
" levator ang. scap., 76.
" " bulbi, 57.
" longissimus dorsi, 72.
" lumbricales, 108.
" masseter, 62.
" nasalis ext., 60.
" obliquus ext., 67
" " inf., 56.
" " int., 67.
" " sup., 56.
" obturat., 182.
" omohyoideus, 65.
" opponens dig. I, 110.
" " " II, 89.
" " " V, 90.
" palmaris brev., 87.
" pectineus, 100.
" pectoralis, 80.
" petrohyoideus ant., 65.
" petrohyoidei post., 66, 315.
" plantaris, 107.
" protrahens scap., 76.
" pterygoideus, 61.
" pyriformis, 95.
" quadratus fem., 112.
" rectus abdom., 67.
" " extern. bulbi, 55.
" " fem. ant., 95.
" " infer. ", 55.
" " inter. ", 55.
" " intern. major, 97.
" " super. ant., 56.
" " intern. minor, 98.
" retractor bulbi, 56.
" sartorius, 97.
" semimembranosus, 97.
" semitendinosus, 100.
" sphincter ani, 347.
" sternohyoideus, 64.
" sternomastoideus, 76.
" sternoradialis, 82.
" submaxillaris, 62.
" submentalis, 63.
" subscapularis, 78.
" temporalis, 61.
" tibialis ant., 104.
" " post., 103.
" transverso-scapularis major, 77.
" " " minor, 77.
" transversus metacarp., 93.
" " plant., 108.
" triceps femoris, 95.
" vastus ext., 96.
" " int., 96.
Nasal bones, 33.
" cartilages, 385.
" glands, 403.
Nephrostomes, 336.
Nerve, abducens, 171.
" auditory, 172.
" brachial, 183.
" facial, 171.
" fifth spinal, 187.
" fourth spinal, 188.
" glossopharyngeal, 172.
" hypoglossal, 182.
" laryngeal, 175.
" oculo-motor, 167.
" olfactory, 167.
" optic, 167, 405.
" pathetic, 142, 168.
" palatine, 169.
" peroneal, 195.
" pneumogastric, 173.
" radial, 186.
" sixth spinal, 188.
" spinal, 175.
" structure of, 201.
" sympathetic, 197.
" third spinal, 188.
" tibial trigeminal, 168.
" vagus, 173.
Nerves, 167.
" of Cornea, 408.
" " ear, 403.
" " heart, 219.
" " lungs, 319.
" " oesophagus, 286.
" " skin, 378.
" " stomach, 286.
Nervi ciliares, 169.
Nervus coccygeus, 189.
" coraco-clavicularis, 183.
" cruralis, 189.
" cut. antibrach. inf., 185.
" cut. antibrach. sup., 185.
" cut. dorsi pedis lat., 196.
" ileo-hypogastricus, 189.
" peroneus, 195.
" " comm. inf., 196.
" " lateralis, 196.
" " medialis, 196.
" ramus accessorius, 174.
" " anterior, 173.
" " auricularis, 172.
" " cardiacus, 175.
" " cut. axillaris, 183.
" " cutaneus dors., 174.
" " " cruris lat., 196.
" " " " med., 194.
" " " " post., 194.
" " " fem., 189.
" " " lat., 187.
" " " med., 186.
" " " sup., 186.
" " dorsalis, 185.
" " gastricus, 175.
" " hyoideus, 172.
" " hyomandibularis, 172.
" " laryngeus, 175.
" " lateralis, 185.
" " mandibularis, 170.
" " maxillaris, 170.
" " maxillo-mandibularis, 170.
" " muscularis, 187.
" " ophthalmicus, 169.
" " palatinus, 171.
" " pectoralis, 185.
" " posterior, 173.
" " pulmonalis, 175.
" " scapularis, 174.
" " subscapularis, 185.
" " ulnaris lat., 186.
" " " med., 185.
" tibialis, 194, 195.
Neurilemma, 201.
Nictitating membrane, 422.
Non-medullated fibres, 202.
Nose, 383.
" skeleton, 27, 383, 385.
Nuclear layer, inner, 416.
" " outer, 416.
Nucleus abducens, 146.
" auditory, 144.
" centralis, 144.
" magnus, 147, 152.
" medullae oblongatae, 144.
" pneumogastric, 146.
" trigeminal, 145.
Oculo-motor nerve, 167.
" nucleus, 151.
Oesophageal glands, 283.
Oesophagus, 282.
Olfactory nerve, 167.
Omosternum, 36.
Operculo-angulare, 35.
Operculum, 25.
Optic chiasma, 153, 155, 167.
" commissure, 154.
" fibre layer, 414.
" lobes, 149.
" nerve, 167, 405.
" tracts, 152.
Os articulare, 35.
" capitato-hamatum, 45.
" cuboideum, 51.
" cuneiformia, 52.
" en ceinture, 27.
" lunatum, 44.
" multangulum maius, 45.
" " minus, 45.
" naviculare of foot, 51.
" " of hand, 45.
" occipitale basilare, 23.
" " superius, 23.
" pyramidale, 44.
Ostium abdominale, 304, 345.
Outer nuclear layer, 416.
Ovaries, 344.
Oviducts, 304, 345.
Palatine artery, 224.
" bones, 33.
" nerves, 169.
Pancreas, 300.
Papilla acustica lagenae, 400.
Papillae of skin, 370.
" of tongue, 380.
Parasphenoid, 26.
Pars basilaris cochleae, 400.
" commissuralis, 147, 152.
" media, 135.
" neglecta, 400.
" peduncularis, 143, 152.
Partes condyloideae, 23.
Pathetic nerve, 142, 168.
Pectoral lymph-sac, 255.
" septum, 253.
Pelvis, 47.
Pericardium, 213.
Periganglionic glands, 180.
Perilymphatic space, 393.
Perineal septum, 253.
Peritoneum, 303.
Phalanges of foot, 52.
" " of hand, 47.
Pia mater, 162.
Pigment of cerebellum, 149.
" " cord, 141.
" " hemispheres, 160.
" " liver, 299.
" " medulla, 148.
" " optic lobes, 152.
" " thalamencephalon, 155.
" " skin, 369.
Pigment-layer, 419.
Pineal body, 155.
Pituitary body, 154, 156.
Plexus, Auerbach’s, 292.
" lateralis, 165.
" Meissner’s, 291.
Pneumogastric nerve, 146, 173.
" " nucleus, 146.
Pons Varolii, 149.
Portal systems, 247.
" vein, 297.
Posterior chamber, 420.
Pre-arytenoid cartilages, 314.
Precoracoid, 40.
Premaxillary bones, 33.
Processes, articular, 17.
" spinous, 17.
" transverse, 17.
Processus coracoideus, 40.
" coronoideus, mandible, 34.
" " " radio-ulnar, 43.
" mastoideus, 24.
" zygomaticus, 30.
Prootic bones, 24.
Pterygoid bones, 31.
Pubes, 49.
Pulmo-cutaneous arch, 230.
Pulp-cavity, 279.
Purkinge’s cells, 148.
Radio-ulnar, 43.
Rami communicantes, 181, 199.
Rana aquatica, 3.
" esculenta, 4.
" flaviventris, 7.
" gibbosa, 3.
" innoxia, 3.
" oxyrhinus, 7, 9.
" rubeta, 3.
" temporaria, 7.
Receptaculum seminis, 337.
Recessus utriculi, 396.
Remak’s ganglion, 220.
Renal arteries, 333.
" portal vein, 332.
" veins, 333.
Reproductive organs, 341.
Retina, 414.
Retinal pigment, 419.
Ritter’s fibres, 418.
Rods and cones, 416.
Roots of spinal nerves, 175.
Round bundle, 154, 159.
Saccus endolymphaticus, 395, 398.
" fenestra ovalis, 395.
" perilymphaticus, 395.
Sacrum, 19.
Scapula, 37.
Sciatic artery, 236.
" nerve, 192.
" plexus, 191.
Sclerotic coat, 405.
Semicircular canal, ant., 396.
" " ", ext., 398.
" " ", post., 398.
Septa, of lymph-sacs, 252.
Septum medium, 139.
Serous glands of skin, 372.
Shoulder-girdle, 37.
" -joint, 42.
Sinus, superior, 383.
Sinus venosus, 214.
Skeleton, 15.
" of nose, 27, 383, 385.
Skin, 367.
Skull, 21.
Small intestine, 286.
Sphenethmoid, 27.
Spinal cord, 135.
" ganglia, 177.
" nerves, 135, 175, 181.
" roots of, 175.
Spinous processes, 17.
Spleen, 302.
Squamosal bones, 30.
Sternum, 36.
Styloid cartilage, 25.
Submaxillary lymph-sac, 255.
Substantia reticulosa, 138.
Sulcus longitud. inf., 135.
" " sup., 135.
Superior sinus, 383.
Supplemental toe, 5, 47, 374.
Supra-femoral lymph-sac, 260.
" " septum, 259.
Suprascapula, 37.
Suprastapedial, 26, 390.
Suspensorium, 30.
Sylvian aqueduct, 150.
Sympathetic system, 197.
Symphysis pubis, 48.
Systemic arch, 226.
Tactile sensation, organs, 377.
Taste-organs, 380.
Teeth, 278.
Tegmentum vasculosum, 395, 402.
Temporary papillae, 370.
Testis, 341.
Thalamenoephalon, 153.
Thalamus-tubercinereum strand, 154, 155, 159.
Third ventricle, 153.
Thymus gland, 320.
Thyroid gland, 322.
Tibio-femoral septum, 260.
Tibio-fibula, 49.
Toes, 5, 47, 374.
Tongue, 280.
Tonsils, 323.
Touch-corpuscles, 379.
" -spots, 378.
Transverse processes, 17.
Trigeminal nerve, 168.
" nucleus, 145.
Trochlear nerve, 168.
Truncus arteriosus, 216.
Tuberculus maius, 42.
Tympanic membrane, 389.
" ring, 26.
Tympanum, 389, 390.
Upper nasal gland, 386.
Ureters, 337.
Urinary bladder, 338.
" organs, 332.
Uriniferous tubes, 334.
Urino-genital system, 330.
Urostyle, 21.
Utricle, 396.
Vagus, 173.
Valvula cerebelli, 148.
Vasa efferentia, 341.
" recta, 412, 413.
Vein, anterior abdominal, 248.
" " caval, 241.
" " orbital, 245.
" " tibial, 250.
" brachial, 246.
" cardiac, 249.
" caval anterior, 241.
" " posterior, 246.
" cutaneous, 244.
" dorso-lumbar, 248.
" external jugular, 241.
" facial, 245.
" femoral, 249.
" gastric, 249.
" haemorrhoidal, 249.
" hepatic, 247, 297.
" hepatic portal, 249.
" iliac, 247.
" innominate, 242.
" internal jugular, 243.
" intestinal, 249.
" jugular, external, 241.
" " internal, 243.
" lingual, 241.
" mandibular, 242.
" median orbital, 243.
" nasal, 245.
" ophthalmic, 412.
" orbital anterior, 245.
" " median, 243.
" " posterior, 245.
" ovarian, 247.
" oviducal, 248.
" portal, 297.
" posterior caval, 246.
" posterior orbital, 245.
" pulmonary, 241.
" radial, 246.
" renal, 247, 333.
" renal portal, 332.
" sciatic, 247, 250.
" spermatic, 247.
" splenic, 249.
" subclavian, 244.
" subscapular, 244.
" ulnar, 246.
" vertebral, 244.
Veins, 241.
Vena bulbi anterior, 222.
" " superior, 412.
" " posterior, 222.
" spinalis anterior, 164.
" " posterior, 165.
" " superior, 164.
Ventral lymph-sac, 255.
Ventral nucleus, 155.
" septum, 252.
Ventricle of heart, 215.
Ventricles of brain, 153.
" of larynx, 316.
Vertebrae, 16.
" structure of, 20.
Vertebral column, 16.
Vessels of brain, 162.
" of liver, 297.
Vitreous body, 420.
Vocal cords, 315.
" sacs, 320.
Vomerine teeth, 276.
Vomers, 34.
Webs, 5, 275.
Wrist-joint, 45.
THE END.
[Illustration:
The Anatomy of the Frog.
Plate I.
University Press Oxford.
]
[Illustration:
The Anatomy of the Frog.
Plate II.
University Press Oxford.
]
_TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN BIOLOGICAL MEMOIRS._
I.
*The Physiology of Nerve, of Muscle, and of the Electrical Organ.*
Edited by J. BURDON-SANDERSON, M.D., F.R.SS. L. & E., Waynflete
Professor of Physiology in the University of Oxford. Medium 8vo.,
cloth, price 21_s._
II.
*The Anatomy of the Frog.* By Dr. ALEXANDER ECKER, Professor in the
University of Freiburg. Translated, with numerous Annotations and
Additions, by GEORGE HASLAM, M.D.; and profusely Illustrated.
III.
*Contributions to the History of the Physiology of the Nervous System.*
By Professor CONRAD ECKHARD. Translated by Miss EDITH PRANCE. _In
Preparation._
IV.
*Essays upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems.* By Dr. AUGUST
WEISMANN, Professor in the University of Freiburg-in-Breisgau.
Authorised Translation edited by EDWARD B. POULTON, M.A., F.L.S.,
F.G.S., Tutor of Keble College, Lecturer in Natural Science,
Jesus College, Oxford; SELMAR SCHÖNLAND, PH.D., Sub-Curator of
the Fielding Herbarium in the University of Oxford; and ARTHUR E.
SHIPLEY, M.A., F.L.S., Fellow and Lecturer of Christ’s College, and
Demonstrator of Comparative Anatomy in the University of Cambridge.
Medium 8vo., cloth, price 16_s._
Oxford
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
LONDON: HENRY FROWDE
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, AMEN CORNER. E.C.
*Spelling corrections*:
brev → brevis
deltoides → deltoideus
Duges → Dugès
entricles → ventricles
evator → levator
Labratoire → Laboratoire
longitudina → longitudinal
Ponicaré → Poincaré
resistent → resistant
respectiveyl → respectively
Thanoffer → Thanhoffer
Tranverse → Transverse
Trevianus → Treviranus
*Spelling inconsistencies*:
Darmkanal/Darmcanal
maior/major
maius/majus
Monro/Monroe/Monroi
Entwickelung & Entwicklungsgeschichte (with and
without initial capitals)