THE URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM, THE ADRENALS, AND THE FAT-BODIES.
THE URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM, ETC.
LITERATURE.
THE URINO-GENITAL ORGANS.
*Adami, J. G.*, On the nature of glomerular activity in the kidney.
Journ. of Physiol. 1886. Vol. VI, p. 382.
*Ankermann*, De moturo et evolutione filorum spermaticorum.
Regimonti, 1854.
*Ankermann*, Einiges über die Bewegung und Entwicklung der Samenfäden
des Frosches. Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. 1857. Vol. VIII, p. 129.
*Beale, L. S.*, On very fine nerve-fibres ramifying in certain
fibrous tissues, and of trunks and plexuses consisting entirely of
fine nerve-fibres in the bladder of the frog. Beale’s Archives of
Med. 1864. Vol. IV, pp. 19–251.
*Bergmann, C. G.*, De glandulis suprarenalis. Dissert. Göttingae,
1839.
*Bidder*, Vergleichende Anat. und histol. Untersuchungen über die
männlichen Geschlechts- und Harnwerkzeuge der nackten Amphibien.
Dorpat, 1846.
*Biondi, D.*, Die Entwicklung der Spermatozoiden. Arch. f. mik. Anat.
1885. Vol. XXV, p. 594.
*Bloomfield, J. E.*, The development of the Spermatozoa. Quart.
Journ. Micros. Sci. 1881. New Series. Vol. XXI, p. 415.
*Böttcher, A.*, Ueber den Bau und die Quellungsfähigkeit der
Froscheileiter. Virchow’s Arch. 1866. Vol. XXXVII, p. 174.
*Bouillot, J.*, Sur l’épithélium sécréteur du rein des Batrachiens.
Compt. rend. 1882. Vol. XCV, No. 14, pp. 603–604.
*Bourne, A. Gibbs*, On certain abnormalities in the common frog,
Rana temporaria. Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. 1884. New Series.
Vol. XXIV, pp. 83–86.
*Bowman, W.*, Sur la structure et fonctions des glandules des reins
ou corpuscules de Malpighi. Annal. des Sci. Zool. 1843. Series II.
Vol. XIX, pp. 108–145.
*Bowman, W.*, On the structure of the Malpighian bodies of the
kidney, etc. Phil. Trans. 1842. Pt. I, pp. 57–80.
*Bowman, W.*, Ueber die Structur und den Nutzen der Malpighischen
Körper in den Nieren. Froriep’s Notizen, 1842. Vol. XXII, No. 21,
coll. 321–324.
*Bowman, W.*, Ueber die Structur und Functionen der Malpighischen
Körper in den Nieren. Froriep’s Notizen, 1843. Vol. XXV, No. 12,
col. 177.
*Brandt, A.*, Fragmentarische Bemerkungen über das Ovarium des
Frosches. Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. 1877. Vol. XXVIII, p. 575.
*Budge*, Harnreservoir der Wirbelthiere. Mittheil. aus d. naturw. V.
v. Neu-Pommern und Rügen. 1875, p. 103.
*Carus, C. G.*, and *Otto, A. W.*, Erläuterungstafeln zur
vergleichenden Anatomie. Leipzig, 1840.
*Crivelli e Maggi*, Alcuni cenni sovra lo studio dei corpi piangiati
delle Rane. Rendiconti del Reale Istituto Lombardo de scienze e
lettere. 1869. Second Series. Vol. II, p. 716.
*Della Chiaje*, Esistenza della glandule renala ne Batruci et ne
Pisci. Napoli, 1837.
*Drasch, O.*, Ueber das Vorkommen zweierlei verschiedener
Gefässknäuel in der Niere. Wiener Sitzungsb. 1878. Vol. LXXVI,
Part III, p. 79.
*Duncan, J.*, Ueber die Malpighischen Knäuel in der Froschniere.
Sitzungsb. d. Acad. zu Wien, 1867. Vol. LVI, Pt. II, p. 6.
*Duval, M.*, and *Wiet*, Ueber die Wanderung der Eier in die
Bauchhöhle beim Frosche. Gaz. de Paris, 1880. No. 17, p. 219.
*Duval, M.*, Recherches sur la Spermatogénèse chez la grenouille.
Revue Sci. nat. Montpellier, 1880. Vol. II, pp. 121–143.
*Ecker*, Der feinere Bau der Nebennieren, etc. 1846.
*Eimer, T.*, Untersuchungen über den Bau und die Bewegung der
Samenfäden. Verhandl. d. phys.-med. Gesell. in Würzburg, 1874.
Vol. VI, New Series, p. 93.
*Engelmann*, Zur Physiologie des Ureter. Pflüger’s Arch. f. d. ges.
Physiol. 1869. Vol. II p. 243.
*Fürbringer, M.*, Zur vergleichenden Anat. und Entwicklungsgesch. d.
Excretionsorgane der Vertebraten. Morph. Jahrb. Vol. IV.
*Fürbringer, M.*, Zur Entwicklung der Amphibienniere. Heidelberg,
1877.
*Gerlach, J.*, Beiträge zur Structurlehre der Niere. Arch. f. Anat.
u. Physiol. 1845, p. 378.
*Gibbes, H.*, On the structure of the Spermatozoon. Quart. Journ.
Micros. Sci. 1880. Vol. XX, p. 318.
*Goette, A.*, Entwicklungsgeschichte der Unke. Leipzig, 1875.
*Goette, A.*, Kurze Mittheilungen aus der Entwicklungsgeschichte der
Unke. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1873. Vol. IX, p. 396.
*Grunau, H.*, Ueber das Flimmerepithel auf dem Bauchfell des
weiblichen Frosches und über den Eileiterbau desselben. Dissert.
Königsberg, 1875.
*Grünhagen, A.*, Untersuchungen über Samenentwickelung. Centralbl. f.
d. med. Wiss. 1885. Vol. XXIII, p. 481.
*Grünhagen, A.*, Ueber die Spermatogenese bei Rana fusca
(temporaria). Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1885. Vol. XXIII, p. 737.
*Gscheidlen, R.*, Zur Lehre v. d. Nervenendigung in den glatten
Muskelfasern. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1877. Vol. XIV, p. 321.
*Heidenhain, R.*, Mikroskopische Beiträge zur Anatomie und
Physiologie der Nieren. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1874. Vol. X, p. 1.
*Helmann*, Ueber die Entwicklung der Spermatozoen der Wirbelthiere.
Dissert. Dorpat, 1879.
*Henle, J.*, Zur Anatomie der Niere. Nachrichten v. d. k. Gesell.
d. Wissensch. z. Göttingen, 1862. Vol. X, pp. 4–12; and in
Abhandlungen, 1861–62, Vol. X, p. 223.
*Hoffmann, C. K.*, in Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs.
Leipzig and Heidelberg, 1873–1879. Vol. VI.
*Hüfner*, Zur vergleichenden Anatomie und Physiologie der
Harncanälchen. Diss. Leipzig, 1866.
*Hyrtl*, Ueber die Injection der Wirbelthierniere, etc. Wiener Acad.
Sitzungsb. 1863. Vol. XLVII, Pt. I, p. 172.
*Jensen, O. S.*, Recherches sur la spermatogénèse. Archives de
Biologie, 1883. Vol. IV.
*Jensen, O. S.*, Ueber die Struktur der Samenkörper bei Säugethieren,
Vögeln, und Amphibien. Anat. Anzeiger. 1886.
*Knappe, E.*, Das Biddersche Organ. Morph. Jahrb. 1886. Vol. XI,
pp. 489–548.
*Kolessnikow, N.*, Ueber die Eierentwicklung bei Batrachiern und
Knochenfischen. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1878. Vol. XV, p. 382.
*v. Kölliker, A.*, Gewebelehre. Fifth Edition.
*Langer, C.*, Ueber das Lymphgefässsystem des Frosches. Wiener Acad.
Sitzungsb. 1867. Vol. LV, Pt. I, p. 621.
*Lavdowsky, M.*, Ueber die Endigung der Nerven in der Harnblase des
Frosches. Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1871, p. 33.
*Lavdowsky, M.*, Die feinere Structur und die Nervenendigungen der
Froschharnblase. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1872, p. 55.
*Lereboullet, A.*, Recherches sur l’anatomie des organes génitaux des
animaux vertébrés. Nov. acta Acad. Leop. Car. 1851. Vol. XXIII,
pp. 1–226.
*Leydig, F.*, Anatom.-histol. Untersuchungen über Fische und
Reptilien.
*Leydig, F.*, Lehrbuch der Histologie des Menschen und der Thiere.
Frankfurt, 1857, p. 508.
*Leydig, F.*, Untersuchungen zur Anatomie und Histologie der Thiere.
Bonn, 1883.
*List, J. H.*, Ueber Becherzellen im Blasenepithel des Frosches.
Wiener Sitzungsb. 1884, Vol. LXXXIX, Pt. III, pp. 186–210; also in
Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1887, Vol. XXIX, p. 147.
*List, J. H.*, Ueber Becherzellen im Blasenepithel des Frosches.
Zool. Anzeiger, 1884. No. 169, p. 328.
*List, J. H.*, Ueber einzellige Drüsen im Blasenepithele der
Amphibien. Biol. Centralbl. 1885. Vol. V, p. 499.
*Loos, P. A.*, Die Eiweissdrüsen d. Amphibien und Vögel. Zeitsch. f.
wiss. Zool. 1881. Vol. XXXV, pp. 478–504.
*Maier, R.*, Die Ganglien in den harnabführenden Wegen des Menschen
und einiger Thiere. Virchow’s Arch. 1881. Vol. LXXXV, pp. 49–71.
*Marcussen, J.*, Ueber die Cloake und Harnblase der Frösche. Bull.
der phys.-math. Acad. de St. Pétersbourg, 1853. Vol. XI.
*Marshall, A. M.*, On certain abnormal conditions of the reproductive
organs in the frog. Journ. of Anat. and Physiol. 1884. Vol. XVIII,
p. 121.
*Marshall, A. M.*, The frog. Manchester and London. 2nd Edit. 1885.
*Mecznikow, E.*, Zur vergleichenden Histologie der Niere. Göttinger
Nachrichten, 1866, p. 61.
*Meyer, F.*, Beitrag zur Anatomie des Urogenitalsystems der Selachier
und Amphibien. Sitzungsb. d. nat. Gesellsch. Leipzig. 1874, p. 38;
published 1875.
*Moleschott*, Ein histochemischer und ein histologischer Beitrag zur
Kenntniss der Nieren.
*Miescher*, Die Spermatozoen einiger Wirbelthiere. Verhandl. d.
naturf. Gesell. in Basel. 1878. Vol. VI.
*Neumann, E.*, Untersuchungen über die Entwickelung der
Spermatozoiden. Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1868. No. 24.
*Neumann, E.*, Untersuchungen über die Entwickelung der
Spermatozoiden. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1875. Vol. XI, p. 292.
*Neumann* and *Grunau*, Drüsen der Froscheileiter. Arch. f. mik.
Anat. 1875. Vol. XI, p. 372.
*Nussbaum, N.*, Ueber die Niere der Wirbelthiere. Sitzungsber. Bonn,
1870.
*Nussbaum, N.*, Ueber die Endigung der Wimpertrichter in der
Anurenniere. Sitzungsb. d. niederrheinischen Gesell. in Bonn,
1877. Vol. XXXIV, p. 122.
*Nussbaum, N.*, Ueber den Bau und die Thätigkeit der Drüsen. Arch. f.
mik. Anat. 1886. Vol. XXVII, p. 442.
*Nussbaum, N.*, Ueber die Secretion der Niere und über die Verbindung
der Samen und harnbereitenden Drüsenschläuche in den Nieren der
Batrachier. Sitzungsb. d. niederrheinischen naturf. Gesell. in
Bonn, 1877. Vol. XXXIV, p. 277.
*Nussbaum, N.*, Fortgesetzte Untersuchungen über die Secretion d.
Niere. Pflüger’s Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 1878. Vol. XVII, p. 580.
*Nussbaum, N.*, Ueber die Endigung der Wimpertrichter der Niere der
Anuren. Zool. Anzeiger, 1880. No. 67, pp. 514–517.
*Nussbaum, N.*, Zur Differenzirung des Geschlechts im Thierreich.
Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1880. Vol. XVIII, p. 73.
*Peltier*, Sur les zoospermes de la grenouille. L’Institut. 1838.
Vol. VI.
*Perrault, C.*, De generatione ranarum fusca et bona dissertatio, in
Actis Eruditorum, 1687.
*Prévost*, Note sur les animalcules spermatiques de la grenouille et
de la Salamandre. Mémoires de la société phys. et d’hist. nat. de
Genève. Geneva and Paris, 1841–1842. Vol. IX, p. 289.
*Rathke, H.*, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Thierwelt, III Abth.; and
Neueste Schr. d. naturf. Gesell. in Danzig. 1825. Vol. I.
*Reger, R.*, Ueber die Malpighischen Knäuel der Nieren und ihre
sogenannten Capseln. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1864, P. 537.
*Reichert*, On kidney. Jahresbericht über Anatomie in Arch. f. Anat.
u. Physiol. 1843, p. 220, etc.
*Remak*, Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung d. Wirbelthiere, p. 128.
*Retzius, G.*, Zur Kenntniss der Spermatozoen. Biol. Untersuchungen.
1881.
*Rideward, W. G.*, On an abnormal genital system in a male of the
common frog. Anat. Anz. 1888. Vol. III, p. 333.
*Robinson, C.*, Ueber die Lymphgefasse der abdominal Eingeweide des
Frosches. Froriep’s Notizen, 1846. No. 807, col. 225.
*Rösel, A. J.*, Historia naturalis ranarum nostralium. 1758, p. 28.
*Roth*, Untersuchungen über die Drüsensubstanz der Niere. Bern, 1864;
and Schweiz. Gesellsch. f. Heilkunde, 1864. Vol. III, pp. 1–34.
*Schiefferdecker*, Ueber einzellige Drüsen in der Blase der
Amphibien. Bericht. d. naturf. Ges. in Rostock, 1883.
*Schultze, F. E.*, Das Drüsenepithel der schlauchförmigen Drüsen
des Dünn- und Dickdarms und die Becherzellen (Cloaca of frog).
Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1866, p. 161.
*Schultze, M.*, Observationes nonnullae de ovorum ranarum
segmentatione. Bonn, 1863.
*Schultze, O.*, Untersuchungen über die Reifung und Befruchtung des
Amphibieneies. Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. 1887. Vol. XLV, pp. 177–226.
*Schweigger-Seidel, F.*, Ueber die Samenkörperchen und ihre
Entwicklung. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1865. Vol. I, p. 309.
*Solger, B.*, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Nieren und besonders der
Nierenpigmente der niederen Wirbelthiere. Abhandl. d. naturf. Ges.
zu Halle, 1882. Vol. XV.
*Spengel, J. W.*, Die Segmentalorgane der Amphibien. Verhandl. d.
phys.-med. Gesells. Würzburg. Vol. X, pp. 89–92.
*Spengel, J. W.*, Das Urogenitalsystem der Amphibien. Arbeiten aus d.
Zool. Inst. in Würzburg, 1876. Vol. III, pp. 1–114.
*Spengel, J. W.*, Wimpertrichter in der Amphibienniere. Centralbl. f.
d. med. Wiss. 1875, p. 369.
*Swammerdam, J.*, Bibblia naturae. Leydae, 1738. Vol. II, p. 796.
*Thompson, A.*, Article ‘Ovum’ in Todd’s Cyclopædia of Anatomy and
Physiology, London, 1879. Vol. V, p. 91.
*Tolotschinoff*, Ueber das Verhalten der Nerven zu den glatten
Muskelfasern der Froschharnblase. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1869.
Vol. V, p. 509.
*Tornier, O.*, Ueber Bürstenbesätze am Drüsenepithel. Arch. f. mik.
Anat. 1886. Vol. XXVII, p. 181.
*v. la Valette St. George*, Spermatologische Beiträge. Arch. f. mik.
Anat. 1886, Vol. XXVII, p. 385; and in Stricker’s Gewebelehre,
Article ‘Hoden.’
*Valentin*, On kidney. Repertitorium, 1845. Vol. VIII, p. 92.
*Waldeyer, W.*, Eierstock und Ei. Ein Beitrag zur Anatomie und
Entwicklungsgesch. der Sexualorgane. Leipzig, 1870.
*Weldon, W. F. R.*, On the suprarenal bodies of vertebrata. Quart.
Journ. Micros. Sci. 1885. Vol. XXV, p. 137.
*v. Wittich, W.*, Beiträge zur morphologischen und histologischen
Entwicklung der Harn- und Geschlechtswerkzeuge der nackten
Amphibien. Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. 1853. Vol. IV, p. 152.
*Wolff, W.*, Die Innervation der glatten Muskulatur. Arch. f. mik.
Anat. 1882. Vol. XX, p. 361.
THE ADRENALS.
*Bergmann*, De glandulis suprarenalibus. Dissert. Göttingen, 1839.
*Ecker, A.*, Der feinere Bau der Nebennieren beim Menschen und den
vier Wirbel-thierklassen. Braunschweig, 1846.
*Frey, H.*, On the suprarenal capsules, in Todd’s Cyclopædia. London,
1849, p. 827.
*Giles, A. E.*, On the development of the fat-bodies in the frog.
Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci.
*Hoffmann, C. K.*, Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs.
Heidelberg und Leipzig, 1873–1878. Vol. VI, p. 506.
*v. Kölliker, A.*, Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie. Leipzig,
1854. Vol. II, p. 386.
*Leydig*, Lehrbuch der Histologie. Frankfurt a. M. 1857.
*Moers*, Ueber den feineren Bau der Nebennieren. Virchow’s Arch.
1864. Vol. XXIX, p. 336.
*Nagel*, Ueber die Structur der Nebennieren. Arch. f. Anat. u.
Physiol. 1830, p. 377.
THE FAT-BODIES.
*Carus*, Lehrbuch der Zootomie. Leipzig, 1818 (describes the
fat-bodies as suprarenals).
*Hoffmann, C. K.*, Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs.
Heidelberg und Leipzig, 1873–1878. Vol. VI.
*Marshall, A. Milnes*, The frog. Manchester and London, 1884.
*v. Wittich, W.*, Beiträge zur morphologischen und histologischen
Entwicklung der Harn- und Geschlechtswerkzeuge der nackten
Amphibien. Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. 1853. Vol. IV, p. 152.
THE URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM, THE ADRENALS, ETC.
THE URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM.
By cutting through the meso-rectum the posterior caval vein is seen,
as a large vessel, arising by numerous transverse branches from the
ventral surfaces of the kidneys and testes (Fig. 214 _Cv_), lying in
the median line between the kidneys; by drawing it to one side the
dorsal aorta is brought into view (Fig. 214 _Ao_). The testes are
placed on the ventral surface of the kidneys, and together with the
fat-bodies conceal the anterior portions of these organs. The posterior
portions of the kidneys are covered by peritoneum only, and may by seen
without further dissection. The kidneys lie dorsal to the peritoneum,
and have this membrane on their ventral surfaces only; their dorsal
surfaces are in contact with the lumbo-sacral plexus.
The ureters extend from the anterior border of the eighth vertebra to
the middle of the urostyle, where they terminate by two orifices in the
dorsal wall of the cloaca (Fig. 184).
The testes are entirely surrounded by peritoneum, except a small part
(_Hilus_) of the inner surface, where the vessels and ducts enter.
[Illustration: Fig. 214.
The male urino-genital organs.
_Ao_ Aorta.
_Cl_ Cloaca.
_Cv_ Inferior vena cava.
_FK_ Fat-body.
_H_ Testis.
_N_ Kidney.
_S_, _S^1_ Openings of ureters.
_Ur_ Ureter.
_Vr_ Renal veins.
† Appearance of ureters on the ventral
surfaces of kidneys.
]
The urino-genital organs are arranged in the same manner in the
two sexes; the ovaries corresponding in position with the testes
(Fig. 214), that is, they are bilaterally symmetrical, and placed on
the ventral surfaces of the kidneys.
The oviducts (Fig. 224 _Ov_) lie externally to the kidneys and ovaries,
and course through the whole length of the trunk from the roots of the
lungs to the cloaca. The size of the ovaries and oviducts varies very
greatly according to the season of the year; at times, the kidneys may
be entirely hidden by them.
I. THE URINARY ORGANS.
A. The *kidneys*.
*a.* *General description.* Each kidney (Fig. 215) is a reddish-brown,
elongated organ, almost semilunar in shape; the inner border being
straight and the outer convex. The organ is flattened from above
downwards, and decreases in thickness towards either end. In animals
of average size the kidney is about 16 mm. long, and from 6 to 7 mm.
broad. The kidneys lie parallel to the vertebrae.
[Illustration: Fig. 215.
The right kidney, seen from the ventral surface.]
The outer border is smooth and even, except at its posterior third,
where a slight depression for the ureter exists; the inner border has
usually two or three well-marked notches, the hindermost of which is
the deepest (Fig. 215). Each notch is continued outwards as a groove,
traversing the whole breadth of the ventral surface and containing a
branch of the renal portal vein. The ventral surface is, as a whole,
slightly concave, grooved, and lobulated; the dorsal surface is smooth
and slightly convex.
*b.* [*Minute structure.* The kidney is enclosed in a thin capsule
of fibrous tissue (Fig. 220 _Bg_), which sends in fine trabeculae to
support the glandular structures and the blood-vessels.]
(1) The *blood-vessels* of the kidney are the renal veins, the renal
arteries, and the renal portal vein.
α. The renal portal vein (p. 247) courses along the outer border of
the posterior part of the kidney, and then along the outer margin of
the dorsal surface; in this course it gives off large branches, which
course inwards and forwards and supply numerous lateral twigs. These
anastomose to form a network of vessels on the dorsal surface of the
organ, from which very numerous large branches course downwards and
somewhat inwards to join corresponding branches of the renal veins
(Fig. 216 I).
[Illustration: Fig. 216.
The blood-vessels and lymphatics of the kidney.--G. H.
I. Transverse vertical section through kidney. Venous system blue;
arteries red (Hartnack, Oc. I, Syst. 3).
II. Part of a horizontal section through kidney. Venous system blue;
arteries red (Hartnack, Oc. I, Syst. 3).
III. Part of a transverse vertical section through kidney; lymphatics
blue (Hartnack, Oc. I, Syst. 7).
_A_ Ventral surface.
_B_ Dorsal surface.
_C_ Two arterial twigs uniting before
entering the Malpighian body.
]
β. The renal veins (p. 247) form a coarse plexus on the ventral surface
of the kidney, from this numerous large branches (Fig. 216 I) course
upwards and outwards.
The venous system between the renal portal veins on the dorsal surface,
and the renal veins on the ventral surface, are so large that they can
scarcely be named capillaries (Hyrtl).
γ. The renal arteries (p. 233) are distributed to the ventral surface
of the kidney; their mode of distribution varies in different parts of
the organ. A simple arrangement is that shown in Fig. 216 I, where a
branch traverses the breadth of the kidney and gives off branches to
the Malpighian corpuscles; in one case (_C_) I have seen two twigs
passing to the same corpuscle; as a rule, however, each Malpighian
corpuscle receives only one twig. A more general arrangement is that
the artery courses nearer the ventral surface and in a more winding
course, several twigs are then given off close together, from the
convex surface of one of the curves, and these course to their
respective corpuscles.
In the Malpighian corpuscle the arterial twig forms a series of loops
and then passes out to open abruptly into one of the branches of the
neighbouring venous anastomosis (Hyrtl).
(2) [The *Malpighian corpuscles* and their *capsules* (Figs. 216 I, 218
III). The corpuscles lie nearer the ventral than the dorsal surface.
They are rounded oval bodies, formed of loops of an arterial twig, held
together by a small amount of connective-tissue. Each corpuscle is
enclosed in a capsule, which it incompletely fills (Fig. 217)[78].
[Footnote 78: See Plate II.
Portions of two transverse vertical sections through the kidney.--G. H.
I. Kidney of _Rana esculenta_, partial injection of the
uriniferous tubes with silver nitrate (Hartnack, Oc. I, Syst. 7).
II. Kidney of _Rana temporaria_, stained with borax-carmine
(Hartnack, Oc. I, Syst. 7).
]
The capsules are formed of connective-tissue and lined with a
flattened epithelium (Fig. 218 III): according to Duncan the fibrous
coat is arranged in two layers (III _a_). Towards the opening of the
uriniferous tube the epithelium increases in thickness.
According to Hyrtl, the corpuscles are arranged in two layers, a more
superficial one and a deeper one; and are of two sizes, the larger
being as a rule the more superficial (ventral).]
(3) [The *uriniferous tubes* (Figs. 217 and 218). Each tube originates
at a narrow opening on the dorsal surface of a Malpighian capsule. The
tube gradually widens and is lined with a short rounded or cubical
epithelium (Roth), (Fig. 218 III); each epithelial cell bearing a small
number of extremely small cilia (Bowman, Kölliker, Duncan, and others).
The cilia of the cells nearest the capsule are directed towards
it (Heidenhain), those of the cells further away have an opposite
direction (Spengel). This portion of the tube is known as the neck; it
courses dorsalwards.
The second portion of the tube (_Tubulus contortus_), (Fig. 218 III,
IX, and XII) has a very tortuous course in the dorsal part of the
kidney, and then winds towards the ventral surface. This portion is
lined with columnar epithelium, which has granular contents, and
possesses large distinct nuclei. The cells of this part of the
kidney are usually more or less coloured with a golden-yellow pigment.
According to Tornier it bears short cilia (Fig. 218 XIV).
[Illustration: Fig. 218.
Various preparations to show the structure of the uriniferous tubes,
etc.
I. Three portions of the uriniferous tubes from _Rana esculenta_, from
a natural injection with sulphindigotate of sodium (Hartnack, Oc. I,
Syst. 3).--G. H.
II. From the third part of a uriniferous tube; short ciliated
epithelium, borax-carmine (Hartnack, Oc. I, Syst. 7).--G. H.
III. A Malpighian corpuscle and capsule; shows the capsule of two
layers at _a_. After Duncan.
IV. Part of uriniferous tube after natural injection with
sulphindigotate of sodium (Hartnack, Oc. I, Syst. 3).--G. H.
V. Transverse section of one of the larger branches of the ureter, from
_Rana esculenta_ (Hartnack, Oc. I, Syst. 7).--G. H.
VI. Epithelial lining of the ureter itself while still in the kidney
(Hartnack, Oc. I, Syst. 7).--G. H.
VII. Portion of a uriniferous collecting-tube from section in Fig. 217
I, stained with silver (Hartnack, Oc. I, Syst. 7).--G. H.
VIII. Renal epithelium; _a_ to _b_, tubulus contortus; _b_ to _c_,
third portion of uriniferous tube; _c_ to _d_, fourth portion of tube.
After Heidenhain (enlarged 210 times).
IX. Ciliated cells of the neck, after Duncan.
X. Isolated rod-cells of _Triton taeniatus_, after Heidenhain.
XI. Isolated rod-cells, after Heidenhain (enlarged 300 times).
XII. Isolated cells of the neck, after Heidenhain (enlarged 210 times).
XIII. Portion of the fourth part of a uriniferous tube, after
Heidenhain (enlarged 300 times).
XIV. Ciliated epithelium of tubulus contortus, after Tornier (magnified
550 times).
XV. From kidney of _Rana temporaria_, after Spengel.
_a_ Uriniferous tube opening into seminiferous duct.
_b_ Dilated seminiferous duct cut longitudinally.
_c_ Vas efferens cut transversely.
]
The third portion corresponds with the narrow limb of Henle’s loop; it
is lined with ciliated epithelium (Fig. 218 VIII, _b_ to _c_), similar
to that in the neck of the tube.
The fourth portion (Fig. 218 VIII, _c_ to _d_, and XIII) represents
the wider limb of Henle’s loop. It has a winding course in the
ventral part of the kidney, and then ascends dorsally to open into a
collecting-tube. The fourth part of the tube is lined with a short,
columnar epithelium (Fig. 218 VIII, _c_ to _d_), which has a clear,
cuticular, free border, large nucleus, and a peculiar arrangement of
the protoplasm, which shows a rod-like structure (Fig. 218 XI).
The collecting-tubes course transversely near the dorsal surface of the
kidney (Fig. 217), and the uriniferous tubes meet them at right-angles.
They are lined with a short polygonal epithelium (Fig. 218 VII).
The *peritoneal funnels* of the kidney (nephrostomes). Spengel,
Meyer, and Hoffmann describe these funnels as existing in the
frog; according to them they open on the ventral surface by
narrow apertures, and each is connected, by a vertical tubule,
with the fourth part of the uriniferous tube (Spengel), but
according to Nussbaum, with the neck of the tube. According to
Spengel and Meyer the number of these funnels is in Rana from 250
to 360.
According to Wiedersheim the funnels hang free from the ventral
surface like so many parasites attached by fine filaments, and do
_not_ open on the surface.
Heidenhain (Arch. f. mik. Anat., Vol. X) was unable to find these
organs.
Being unable to find any trace of these organs in the kidneys of
either R. temporaria or R. esculenta, in microscopic sections
or in teased preparations, I inserted canulae into the ureters
of both male and female specimens of both species, and injected
the uriniferous tubes with a solution of Berlin blue. Although
the tubules were, in some cases, completely injected, in no
case could I find any trace of a peritoneal funnel, nor was
there any escape of the solution from the kidney as would be the
case if the funnels were open and communicated with any part of
the uriniferous tubes. Even when the pressure was increased to
the extent of a column of 25 cm. high of the injection-mass,
no escape took place from the surface of the kidney, though
in numerous cases the uriniferous tubes were ruptured by the
abnormally high pressure.
Properly dissected frogs were placed in 0.6% sodium chloride
solution, in which finely divided gamboge was suspended. No trace
of ciliary action was, in any case, found on either surface of
the kidneys.
One may therefore conclude that if the peritoneal funnels exist
in the adult frog (1) they are very difficult to find; (2) they
do not form a free communicating path between any part of the
uriniferous tubes and the abdominal cavity; (3) their superficial
terminations have no free cilia. As before stated I have found no
trace of any such organs.
The *lobules* of the kidney. When treated with proper reagents the
kidney shows a marked tendency to separate into lobules (Fig. 219 I).
The *lymphatics* of the kidney (Fig. 216 III[79]) form an irregular
network of fine canals with elongated meshes. They run chiefly in the
direction of the blood-vessels. The large vessels, which supply the
kidney, are surrounded by large lymphatics.]
[Footnote 79: See Plate II.
Two portions from a gold preparation of the kidney of _Rana
esculenta_.--G. H.
I. Showing the tendency to split into lobules.
II. Nerve-fibres accompanying the blood-vessels.
_a_ Blood-vessels.
_b_ Nerves.
]
The *nerves* of the kidney (Fig. 219 II)[79]. Little is known of these.
Nerve-fibres have been traced alongside the larger blood-vessel through
the greater part of the kidney.
B. The *ureters*.
*a.* *General description.* In the males the ureters are, at the same
time, the seminiferous ducts. Each ureter commences on the dorsal
surface of the kidney by bifurcating branches, which are continuous
with the collecting-tubes of the kidney. In the anterior two-thirds of
the kidney the ureter is wholly on the dorsal surface; at the junction
of the middle and posterior thirds it winds round to the outer border
of the kidney (Fig. 214 _Ur_), and there lies in a groove accompanied
by the renal portal vein (Fig. 220 _Ur_ and _Va_), the two organs being
intimately attached to the kidney substance and enclosed by the fibrous
capsule (_Bg_).
This portion of the ureter possesses a spindle-shaped enlargement,
which represents the _Receptaculum seminis_. In _Rana temporaria_ the
_Receptaculum seminis_ forms a large saccular dilatation.
In its further course the ureter runs backwards and slightly inwards,
converging with its fellow of the opposite side; the ureters lie free
in the abdominal cavity, and terminate by two openings placed side by
side in a groove on the dorsal wall of the cloaca (Fig. 214 _S_, _S^1_).
In females the ureters are intimately attached to the dilated oviduct,
immediately after leaving the kidney; they pursue a similar course to
those of the males, but are attached to the oviduct in the whole of
their course to the cloaca.
*b. Minute structure.* The ureter is a tube composed of
connective-tissue and involuntary muscular fibre, and lined with a
mucous membrane. The mucous membrane is thrown into longitudinal folds,
and consists, in the larger tubes, of two or three layers of epithelium
(Fig. 218 V), that on the free surface is columnar; the deeper cells
being rounded or polygonal. The larger branches of the ureter are lined
with columnar epithelium (Fig. 218 VI), with small intervening cells.
In some parts of the branches the columnar epithelium bears short cilia.
No glands have been found in the ureter or _Receptaculum seminis_; in
_Rana temporaria_, however, the _Receptaculum seminis_ possesses large,
branching mucous glands (Wiedersheim).
[Illustration: Fig. 220.
Transverse section of the kidney, enlarged.
_Bg_ Connective-tissue capsule.
_D_ Dorsal surface.
_NC_ Renal parenchyma.
_Ur_ Ureter.
_V_ Ventral surface.
_Va_ Renal portal vein.
]
C. The *bladder*.
*a.* *General description.* The urinary bladder (Fig. 185 _HB_) is
closely attached to the ventral wall of the cloaca and is easily
distended from that organ. In relation to the animal it is of very
large size; in consequence of its being contracted in the middle it
has two lobes, which may be of unequal size. The organ is somewhat
heart-shaped (Figs. 184 and 185), with the narrow neck attached to
the cloaca, into which it opens by a smaller aperture on the ventral
surface. The aperture is surrounded by a small fold of mucous membrane.
*b.* [*Minute structure.* The urinary bladder is bounded by a thin,
transparent wall, lined internally with mucous membrane, and covered
externally by peritoneum.
(1) The muscular coat is formed of a network of fine bands of
unstriated muscular fibre (Fig. 221); it is supported and completed by
a connective-tissue layer, rich in connective-tissue corpuscles and
yellow elastic fibres.
(2) The peritoneal coat is a single layer of endothelial cells derived
from the peritoneum and resting on a very thin layer of subperitoneal
tissue.
[Illustration: Fig. 221.
Various preparations from the bladder.
I. Silver preparation of the mucous membrane; seen from the surface.
After List (enlarged 400 times).
_a_ Cells of the surface.
_d_ Goblet-cells.
_e_ Young cells.
II. Vertical section of the mucous membrane; after List (enlarged 600
times).
_a_ Cells of upper layer.
_b_ Cells of middle layer.
_c_ Cells of lower layer.
III. Large multicellular ganglion; after Wolff.
IV. Vertical section from a silver preparation of the mucous membrane;
after List (enlarged 600 times).
_a_ Upper layer.
_b_ Middle layer.
_c_ Lower layer.
_d_ Goblet-cells.
V. Small ganglion of bladder; after Wolff.
_a_ Non-medullated nerve-fibre leading to ganglion.
_b_ Process of a ganglion cell.
]
(3) The mucous coat is formed of epithelium resting on a layer of
loose, areolar tissue. The epithelium (Fig. 221 I, II, and IV) is
arranged in three layers: the cells of the uppermost (II and IV, _a_)
always present a flat or convex border to the cavity of the organ; seen
from their free surfaces (I) they have polygonal outlines intermixed
with round apertures belonging to goblet-cells, the remaining surfaces
of these cells are serrated. The cells of the middle layer (II and IV,
_b_) are polygonal in outline, they are not so tall as the cells of the
layer above; all their borders are serrated. The cells of the deepest
layer (II and IV, _c_) are more or less pointed above where they
project between the cells of the second layer; their lowest surfaces
are flattened towards the subepithelial tissue, and all their surfaces
are serrated.
The cells of all three layers possess a cell-wall, and finely granular
contents, and each cell has a large oval nucleus (List).
The goblet-cells (Fig. 221 I and IV, _d_) vary very much in shape;
they are always more or less rounded in outline: they vary greatly
in size (from 190 µ to 54 µ in length); some possess ‘feet’ or basal
prolongations, in others these are absent. They usually open freely
by rounded apertures on the surface of the mucous membrane, but are
sometimes closed. The nucleus is placed towards the base of the cell
and surrounded by a smaller or larger amount of protoplasm. These
cells usually extend into the middle layer of the epithelium, and they
probably constitute unicellular mucous glands (List).
(4) The *blood-vessels* of the urinary bladder (p. 235) are very
numerous and run in very tortuous courses; they are accompanied by
large lymphatics and by nerves.
(5) The *nerves* of the urinary bladder (p. 191) are of both medullated
and non-medullated fibres, which course together towards their points
of distribution; the non-medullated fibres are, however, much more
frequent than the medullated fibres (Wolff).
The non-medullated nerve-fibres stand in close relation with the
nerve-ganglia of the bladder. These ganglia may be unicellular, or
composed of groups of nerve-cells; the cells vary considerably in
shape, round, oval, triangular, and other forms being equally frequent
in their occurrence; to some extent the form appears to depend upon the
number and position of the processes of the cells. The diameter of the
cells varies from 0.05 mm. to 0.1 mm.; the nucleus has a diameter of
0.025 mm., that of the nucleolus measures 0.005 mm. (Wolff).
The cells may be unipolar or multipolar; the former are however rare.
The processes of these cells supply the muscle-fibres (Fig. 221 V,
_a_), and other non-medullated processes connect the cells with the
nerves (V, _b_ (Wolff)).
The number of muscular fibres is far in excess of the number of the
fibres of distribution of the ganglia; Wolff hence concludes that the
nervous impulse may pass from one muscle-fibre to another.]
II. THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS.
A. The *male reproductive organs* are the testes and their ducts.
*a.* *General description.* The relations of the testes have already
been given (p. 234); the organs vary much in shape and size in
different individuals and with the different seasons; when greatest
they are spherical, or of a rounded oval form, occasionally cone-shaped
or pear-shaped. The surface of the testes is not smooth, but presents a
series of convexities, each corresponding to a lobule of the gland. At
the _hilus_ on the inner border the vessels pass to and from the organ,
and the _Vasa efferentia_ leave the testis.
[Illustration: Fig. 222.
The male reproductive organs (enlarged).
_CC_ Vasa efferentia within the kidney.
_H_ Testis.
_LL_ Collecting-tube at inner border of kidney.
_N_ Kidney.
_Ne_ Vasa efferentia within the mesorchium.
_Ur_ Ureter.
† Vasa efferentia ending blindly.
]
The number of _Vasa efferentia_ (Fig. 222 I and II) is subject to
considerable variation, not only in different animals, but on the two
sides of the same animal. In some cases these ducts form a network (I),
in other cases this is absent (II); usually the ducts
[Illustration: Fig. 223.
Various preparations from the testis.
I. Various stages of the spermatozoa; from testis of _Rana temporaria_.
After Neumann.
II. Section from testis of _Rana esculenta_ (Hartnack, Oc. I, Syst.
7).--G. H.
_a_ Thin connective-tissue capsule.
_b_ Trabeculae.
_c_ and _d_ Seminiferous tubes.
III. From testis of _Rana temporaria_. After Neumann.
_x_ Rounded epithelium of seminiferous tubes.
_y_ Spermatoblasts.
IV. Surface view of seminiferous tube of _Rana temporaria_. After
Neumann.
_a_ Granular protoplasmic feet of spermatoblasts.
_b_ Rounded epithelium.
]
bifurcate at acute angles, just before entering the kidney. Most of
the tubes so formed open into the collecting-tube; a few, however,
end blindly in the mesorchium (I, †). The course of the _Vasa
efferentia_ from the testis is first inwards, within the mesorchium;
on reaching the kidney they curve dorsalwards between that organ
and the corresponding testis: the ducts then travel in the ventral
surface of the kidney towards its inner border, where they open into
a longitudinal canal (Bidder), (Fig. 222 I, _L_). Just before their
terminations each duct has an enlargement (I, _C_), the exact import of
which is unknown (see also Fig. 218 XV).
The collecting-tubes open into the ureter at the hinder extremity of
the kidney.
*b.* [*Minute structure.* The testis possesses a thin connective-tissue
capsule underneath its peritoneal covering (Fig. 223 II, _a_); this
sends in trabeculae (_b_) towards the centre of the organ, and so
encloses the separate lobules. Each seminiferous tube arises from an
elongated irregular sinus placed towards the middle of the organ;
the tubes (_c_) are slightly convoluted in their course towards the
periphery, near which they branch (Spengel). The tubes are from
0.16 mm. to 0.12 mm. in diameter (Kölliker), and are lined with two
kinds of cells (Fig. 222 III); the cells (_x_) nearer the periphery are
rounded and have large rounded nuclei, the diameters of which vary from
0.013 to 0.02 mm.; these again possess large and distinct nucleoli. The
other cells (_y_) are of elongated, spindle-shaped form; and have oval
nuclei, with an average length of 0.016 mm. and an average breadth of
0.005 mm. (Neumann).
The rounded cells lie in groups which vary in thickness and
arrangement, and are often compressed so as to have polygonal outlines.
The spindle cells are arranged so as to radiate from the lumen of the
tube to the periphery, at an angle which varies from 45 to 90 degrees;
these are the spermatoblasts.
The various changes which the spermatoblasts undergo in the formation
of spermatozoa will easily be understood by reference to Fig. 223
I, _a_ to _k_, where _i_ and _k_ represent the fully developed
spermatozoa. These have three parts, head, middle part, and tail,
the respective lengths of which in the two species are, according to
Neumann, the following:--
Head. Middle part. Tail.
Rana esculenta 0.0140 mm. 0.0025 mm. 0.040 mm.
Rana temporaria 0.0066 " 0.0330 " 0.045 "
At the hilus of the testis the rounded cells of the seminiferous tubes
are gradually modified to form short cylindrical cells (0.01 mm. long
and 0.006 mm. broad), the spindle cells being absent (Neumann). The
_Vasa efferentia_ are also lined with a similar columnar epithelium
(Spengel).]
B. The *female reproductive organs*.
The position of these organs has already been given (p. 335).
I. The *ovaries*.
*a.* *General description.*
Each sac-like ovary (Fig. 224) is subdivided by thin-walled septa into
numerous complete chambers, to the inner walls of which the ova are
attached. The walls of adjacent sacs are intimately attached to each
other, and the subdivision corresponds with the external lobulated
appearance of the organ. According to Spengel the number of lobules
is about fifteen (Rathke nine to thirteen, Brandt nine). Whether this
segmentation of the ovary corresponds with the segmentation of the body
has not been determined (Spengel). No part corresponding with Bidder’s
organ has been found in _Rana esculenta_.
During the breeding season the ovaries undergo an extraordinary
increase in size so as to occupy the greater part of the body-cavity
and to displace the other viscera. The ovaries are entirely surrounded
by peritoneum.
[Illustration: Fig. 224.
The female reproductive organs; the ovary of the right side has been
removed.
_N_ Kidney.
_O.T._ Opening of the oviduct into pleuro-peritoneal cavity.
_Ov_ Oviduct.
_Ova_ Ovary.
_P_ Opening of oviduct into the cloaca.
_S_, _S^1_ Openings of the ureters.
_Ut_ Dilated hinder portion of the oviduct.
† Groove in which ureters lie.
* Fold in groove separating the openings of the ureters.
]
*b.* *Minute structure.* [The layer of peritoneum covering the
ovary possesses cilia (Thiry), the ciliated cells being arranged in
isolated patches (Schweigger-Seidel, Waldeyer) on the ventral surface
of the organ, and on the mesovarium; these patches are sometimes
united by very fine connecting lines of ciliated epithelium;
the ciliated epithelium is always sharply marked off from that
surrounding it (Kolessnikow). Under the peritoneum is a thin layer
of connective-tissue, which is prolonged inwards to form the septa
above-described. To these septa are attached the ova.
Between the connective-tissue layer and the peritoneum are isolated
patches of germinal epithelium (Fig. 225 IV); these are easily
distinguished, by the rounded outlines of their cells, from the
surrounding epithelial cells (Waldeyer, Kolessnikow). These patches
of germinal epithelium measure from 0.093–0.186 mm. in diameter; the
germinal cells average 0.0139–0.0232 mm. in diameter (Kolessnikow).
The patches are most numerous on the outer surface of the ovary, and
particularly so near the mesovarium.
The follicles contained in the ovary have a connective-tissue coat
developed in a manner similar to that of higher animals; the primordial
ova which they contain have large nuclei (0.0325 mm.). The epithelium
of the follicles has an average diameter of 0.0232–0.0325 mm.
(Kolessnikow).
Schultze’s description of the ovaries (_l. c._) varies considerably
from that of Waldeyer and Kolessnikow. Briefly he describes the ovaries
as a series of sacs separated by and lined externally and internally by
endothelium; between these two layers are found the germinal epithelium
and follicles: the structures being held together by an extremely
minute quantity of connective-tissue.]
II. The *oviducts*.
*a.* *General description.* In young animals the oviducts are quite
straight, thin-walled, and of small calibre. During the breeding
season, however, they undergo an immense increase in size, and become
much convoluted; in this state they are forced in between the other
abdominal viscera, and usually cover the whole of the kidneys, and
sometimes even part of the ovaries (Fig. 224 _Ov_).
The openings of the oviducts into the pleuro-peritoneal cavity
(p. 304) are semilunar slits, directed inwards and lined with ciliated
epithelium (p. 306).
Immediately behind this opening (_Ostium abdominale_) the oviduct is
contracted, and is there narrower than in the rest of its length;
beyond this it expands, and then retains an even size nearly to its
hinder extremity, where it suddenly expands (Fig. 224 _Ut_). This
dilatation gradually diminishes in size as it proceeds backwards
towards the cloaca, into which each tube opens on a small papilla.
The dilated portions of the tubes lie close together, but do not
communicate with each other; the opening of the right tube is always
slightly behind that of the left side (Fig. 224 _P_). From the
papillae, into which the oviducts open, a fold of mucous membrane
extends backwards on the dorsal surface of the cloaca to meet its
fellow of the opposite side at an acute angle (Fig. 224 *). The
orifices of the ureters are placed within these folds.
[Illustration: Fig. 225.
Preparations from ovary and oviduct.
I. Ciliated epithelium and goblet-cells of the oviduct; after Neumann.
II. Isolated goblet-cells and secretory cells from oviduct; after
Neumann.
_a_, _b_, _c_ Goblet-cells.
_d_, _e_, _f_ Secretory cells after treatment with Müller’s fluid.
_x_ Stoma of secretory cells.
III. Surface view of the ovary; after Kolessnikow.
_a_ Peritoneal endothelium.
_b_ Germinal epithelium.
]
*b.* *Minute structure.*
(1) The *tubular portion* of the oviduct has three walls: a peritoneal
covering with sub-peritoneal tissue (_a_); a glandular layer (_b_); and
an epithelial lining (_c_). Of these the glandular layer forms by far
the thickest layer, especially during the breeding season, when it is
much increased in thickness. It consists of long cylindrical glands,
often bifurcated at their blind, peritoneal ends. The epithelial cells,
with which they are lined, have the power of absorbing more than a
hundred times their own weight of water (Boettcher). This layer is
absent at the anterior opening of the oviduct.
The cells have an average diameter of 0.012 mm., the lumen of the
individual glands 0.1 mm. (in spirit-hardened specimens, Neumann).
The cells contain small rounded bodies of very varying size, which
may exist singly, grouped, or even arranged in rows; they swell on
the addition of water. Each cell possesses, in addition, an oval,
granular, distinct nucleus. When treated with Müller’s fluid many of
the secretory cells have the appearances shown in Fig. 225 II, _d_,
_e_, _f_; they each possess an opening (_x_), (Neumann).
According to Neumann the great power of absorbing water, which the
oviducts possess, is due to the presence of these bodies, which he
names ‘colloid granules.’ The mucous secretion of these glands passes
into the oviduct and surrounds the eggs on their passage towards the
cloaca: it is due to this secretion that the egg-spawn is so extremely
slippery and difficult to handle.
The inner surface of the oviducts is lined with a ciliated, columnar
epithelium (Fig. 225 I), containing numerous goblet-cells (I and II).
(2) The *dilated portion* of the oviduct has much thinner walls than
the anterior, narrower portion; the glands cease abruptly at the
junction of the two parts. The outer coat also contains unstriated
muscular fibre; the inner surface is lined with ciliated epithelium
similar to that of the anterior portion.
The *lymphatics* of the oviducts form a net with polygonal meshes on
their outer surfaces; from this branches pass inwards in the spaces
between adjacent glands to the inner surface, where a network with
elongated meshes is formed (Langer).
C. [The *Cloaca*.
*a.* *General description.* The cloaca is a short tube lying beneath
the urostyle; anteriorly it receives the openings of the ureters,
rectum, and bladder; and in the female the openings of the oviducts, in
addition: posteriorly it terminates at the anus.
*b.* *Minute structure.* The cloaca is lined internally with a mucous
membrane resembling that of the rectum, _e.g._ a simple layer of
columnar epithelium, which rests on a submucous, areolar layer.
The outer walls consist of a thick superficial, longitudinal muscular
layer, and a deeper, ill-developed, transverse muscular layer.
*c.* *Special muscles of the cloaca.*
(1) The _M. sphincter ani_ surrounds the end of the cloaca from the
anus to the tip of the urostyle. It consists of striated muscle.
(2) The _M. compressor cloacae_ arises from the tip of the urostyle,
and is inserted into the hinder end of the rectum; it is also attached
to the symphysis of the iliac bones; from this point a few fibres pass
to the anus (Hoffmann).]
III. THE ADRENALS.
*a.* *General description.* The adrenals are small yellow bodies
attached to the renal veins on the ventral surface of the kidney,
towards its outer border.
*b.* [*Minute structure.* The superficial layer of the adrenals
consists of solid, rounded, or elongated groups of polygonal cells,
containing numerous fat-granules; these represent the cortical
substance of the corresponding organs of higher animals. The medullary
part is present only in small quantity; it consists of small groups of
polygonal cells, placed between trabeculae of connective-tissue; both
trabeculae and cell-groups are covered with an endothelium. The whole
organ is surrounded by a connective-tissue capsule, which sends in
trabeculae to support the parenchyma (Hoffmann).
No nerves have been traced into these organs (Eberth).]
[Illustration: Fig. 226.
The male urino-genital organs.
_Ao_ Aorta.
_Cl_ Cloaca.
_Cv_ Inferior vena cava.
_FK_ Fat-body.
_N_ Kidney.
_S, S1_ Openings of ureters.
_T_ Testis.
_Ur_ Ureter.
_Vr_ Renal veins.
† Appearance of ureters on the ventral
surfaces of kidneys.
]
IV. THE FAT-BODIES.
*a.* *General description.* The fat-bodies (Fig. 226) are bright
yellow, lobulated bodies, placed in front of the testes and ovaries
respectively. The greater portion of each organ lies parallel to
the long axis of the body, and from its anterior, posterior, and
external borders are given off finger-like processes; these may divide
dichotomously either near the base or more peripherally. The external
processes are much the longest, and in the male often conceal the
greater part of the testis (Fig. 226 _FK_). The organs vary greatly in
size with the season of the year.
[Illustration: Fig. 227.
Two preparations from the fat-body of _Rana esculenta_[80].--G. H.
[Footnote 80: From specimens collected in November.]
I. Section of fat-body, stained with borax-carmine (Hartnack, Oc. I,
Syst. 7).
_b_ Fat-cells.
_c_ Adenoid tissue.
II. Three lobes of fat-body of _Rana esculenta_; coarsely injected
(Hartnack, Oc. I, Syst. 3).
Arteries striped. Veins shaded.
]
*b.* [*Minute structure.* Each organ is completely surrounded by
peritoneum, under which is a very fine layer of connective-tissue. The
interior of the organ (Fig. 227 I) consists of large fat-cells with
small patches of adenoid tissue interspersed. The organs are extremely
vascular; each lobe has a main artery which gives off lateral branches:
each of these immediately divides to form two vessels, which run in
opposite directions and almost parallel with the main stem; the vessels
then break up into a fine network of capillaries.]
SECTION VIII.
THE SKIN AND THE SENSE-ORGANS.
THE SKIN AND THE SENSE-ORGANS.
LITERATURE.
I. THE SKIN.
*Ascherson*, Ueber die Hautdrüsen der Frösche. Arch. f. Anat. u.
Physiol. 1810, p. 15.
*Axmann*, Beiträge zur mikroskopischen Anatomie und Physiologie des
Ganglien-nervensystems. 1853.
*de Betta*, Erpétologia delle provincie Venete e del Tirolo
meridionale. 1857.
*Biesiadecki*, Ueber Basenbildung und Epithelregeneration an
der Schwimmhaut des Frosches. Untersuchungen aus d. Krakauer
path.-anatom. Institut. 1872, pp. 60–84. Abstract in Centralbl. f.
d. med. Wiss. 1873, No. 7, p. 106.
*Bimmermann, E. H.*, Ueber den Einfluss der Nerven auf die
Pigmentzellen des Frosches. Dissert. Strasburg, 1878.
*Bimmermann, E. H.*, Ueber den Einfluss der Nerven auf die
Pigmentzellen des Frosches. Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1879,
p. 545.
*de Blainville, M. H. M. Ducrotay*, De l’Organisation des animaux.
Paris, 1822, pp. 142, 225.
*Bolaw*, Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Amphibienhaut. Göttingen, 1866.
*Bruch*, Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte und Classification der nackten
Amphibien. Würzburger naturwiss. Zeitsch. 1864. Vol. III.
*Brücke*, Untersuchungen über den Farbenwechsel des afrikanischen
Chamaeleon. Sitzungsb. der Wiener Acad. 1852. Vol. IV, p. 196.
*Bugnion*, Recherches sur les organes sensitifs qui se trouvent dans
l’épiderme du Protée et de l’Axolotl. Dissert. Zürich.
*Canini, A.*, Die Endigungen der Nerven in der Haut des
Froschlarvenschwanzes. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1880,
pp. 143–153.
*Ciaccio, J. V.*, Intorno alla minuta fabbrica della pella della
Rana esculenta. Palermo, 1866. Giornale di Scienze naturali ed
economiche. Vol. II, pp. 103–158.
*Ciaccio, J. V.*, On the distribution of the nerves to the skin of
the frog, with physiological remarks on the ganglia connected
with the cerebro-spinal nerves. Trans. Micros. Soc. London, 1864.
Vol. XII, pp. 15–31.
*Czermak, J. N.*, Ueber die Hautnerven des Frosches. Arch. f. Anat.
u. Physiol. 1849, p. 252.
*Da Collin*, Danemarks Froer og Tudser. Naturhist. Tidsskrift. 1870.
*Dewitz*, Ueber das verschiedene Aussehen der gereizten und ruhenden
Drüsen im Sehenballe des Laubfrosches. Biol. Centralbl. 1883,
p. 558.
*Dogiel*, Neue Untersuchungen über den pupillenerweiterden Muskel,
etc. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1886. Vol. XXVII, p. 403.
*Duméril* et *Bibron*, Erpétologie générale. 1841. Vol. VIII.
*Eberth, C. J.*, Untersuchungen zur normalen und path. Anatomie der
Froschhaut. Leipzig, 1869.
*Eberth, C. J.*, Zur Entwickelung der Gewebe im Schwanze der
Froschlarven. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1866. Vol. II, pp. 490–503.
*Eckhard*, Ueber den Bau der Hautdrüsen der Kröten und die
Abhängigkeit der Entleerung ihres Secretes vom centralen
Nervensystem. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1849.
*Ehrmann, S.*, Ueber Nervenendigungen in den Pigmentzellen der
Froschhaut. Sitzungsb. der Wiener Acad. 1882. Vol. LXXXIV,
Pt. III, pp. 165–170.
*Engelmann, T. W.*, Pflüger’s Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 1871,
Vol. IV, p. 321, and 1872, Vol. V, pp. 500–513. (Contractile
glands in skin of frog.)
*Harless, E.*, Ueber die Chromatophoren des Frosches. Zeitsch. f.
wiss. Zool. 1854, Vol. V, p. 372; also in Münchener Gelehrten
Anzeiger, 1853, No. 35.
*Harley, G.*, On the organs of cutaneous respiration; principally
on those of Rana temporaria. Trans. Micros. Soc. London, 1857.
Vol. V, p. 148.
*Hensche, A.*, Ueber die Drüsen und glatten Muskeln in der äusseren
Haut von Rana temporaria. Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. 1856. Vol. VII,
p. 273.
*Henslow*, Way in which toads shed their skin. Annals of Nat.
History, 1850, p. 69.
*Hoffmann, C. K.*, Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs.
Leipzig und Heidelberg, 1873–1878. Vol. VI.
*Huber, O.*, Ueber Brustwarzen bei Rana temporaria, L. Zeitsch. f.
wiss. Zool. 1887. Vol. XLV, p. 664.
*Huizinga, D.*, Untersuchungen über die Innervation der Gefäsze in
der Schwimmhaut des Frosches. Pflüger’s Arch. 1875. Vol. XI,
p. 207.
*Huxley, T. H.*, Tegumentary organs. Todd and Bowman’s Cyclopædia of
Anat. and Physiol. p. 500.
*Klein, E.*, On the lymphatic system of the skin and mucous
membranes. Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. 1881. Vol. XXI, pp. 379–406.
*Kölliker, A.*, Stiftchenzellen in der Epidermis von Froschlarven.
Zoolog. Anzeiger. 1885.
*Krause*, Handbuch der Gewebelehre. 1862.
*Krukenberg, C. F. W.*, Die Hautfarbstoffe der Amphibien, in
Vergleich. Physiol. Studien, by same author, 1882, pp. 43–49.
*Kutschenko, N.*, Ueber die Krappfärbung der Froschgewebe. Arch. f.
mik. Anat. 1882. Vol. XXVIII, pp. 360–364.
*Langer*, Ueber das Lymphgefässsystem des Frosches. Wiener
Sitzungsberichte. 1867. Vol. LV, pp. 593–636.
*Langerhans*, Anat.-hist. Untersuchungen über Fische und Reptilien.
Berlin, 1853. Journal de Medicine. Vol. XI.
*Leboucq, H.*, Recherches sur le développement et la terminaison des
nerfs chez les larves des Batraciens. Bull. de l’acad. roy. de
Belgique. 1876. Vol. XLI, p. 4.
*Leydig, F.*, Histologisch-anatomische Untersuchungen über Fische und
Reptilien. 1853.
*Leydig, F.*, Tastkörperchen und Muskelstruktur. Arch. f. Anat. u.
Physiol. 1856, pp. 150–159.
*Leydig, F.*, Lehrbuch der Histologie. 1857.
*Leydig, F.*, Ueber die Nervenendigung in den sogenannten
Schleimkanälen der Fische und über entsprechende Organe der durch
Kiemen athmenden Amphibien. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1861.
*Leydig, F.*, Ueber die Organe eines sechsten Sinnes. Nov. act. acad.
Leop. Carol. 1868. Vol. XXXIV, pp. 1–102.
*Leydig, F.*, Ueber die allgemeinen Bedeckungen der Amphibien. Arch.
f. mik. Anat. 1876. Vol. XII, p. 119.
*Leydig, F.*, Ueber die Schleichenlurche. Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool.
Vol. XVIII.
*Leydig, F.*, Ueber die Schwanzflosse, Tastkörperchen und Endorgane
der Nerven bei Batrachiern. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1876. Vol. XII,
pp. 513–527.
*Leydig, F.*, Die anuren Batrachier der deutschen Fauna. Bonn, 1877,
p. 123.
*Lister, J.*, On the cutaneous pigmentary system of the frog. Phil.
Trans. 1857. Vol. CXLVIII, p. 627.
*Macallum, A. B.*, The nerve terminations in the cutaneous epithelium
of the tadpole. Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. 1886. Vol. XXVI, p. 53.
*Mayer, A.*, Ueber das Epithelium bei den Amphibien. Froriep’s
Notizen, 1839. Vol. IX, coll. 49–51.
*Menke*, Rana rubita, Linn. Zeitschr. Isis von Oken. 1827. Vol. XX,
p. 172.
*Merkel*, Ueber die Endigungen der sensiblen Nerven in der Haut der
Wirbelthiere. Rostock, 1880.
*Meyer*, Ueber die Abhängigkeit der Gefässe und Pigmentzellen beim
Frosch von dem Nerveneinfluss. Virchow’s Arch. 1854. Vol. VI,
p. 581.
*Openchowski, T.*, Histologisches zur Innervation der Drüsen.
Pflüger’s Arch. 1882. Vol. XXVII, pp. 223–232.
*Pfitzner, W.*, Die Epidermis der Amphibien. Morph. Jahrb. 1880.
Vol. VI, p. 469.
*Rainey*, On the structure of the cutaneous follicles of the toad.
Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. Vol. III, p. 257.
*Roesel*, Historia natur. rana. nostrat. Nürnberg, 1758, p. 3, etc.
*Rudneff*, Ueber die epidermiodale Schicht der Froschhaut. Arch. f.
mik. Anat. 1865. Vol. I, p. 295.
*Sattler, E. E.*, Die Verwendung des Lapisstiftes zur Untersuchung
der Epithelien. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1882. Vol. XXI, p. 672.
*Schneider*, Historia amphibiorum. 1739.
*Schultze, F. E.*, Epithel und Drüsenzellen. Arch. f. mik. Anat.
1867. Vol. III, p. 145.
*Schultze, F. E.*, Ueber cuticulare Bildungen und Verhornung von
Epithelzellen bei den Wirbelthieren. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1869.
Vol. V, p. 295.
*Schultze, M.*, Ueber die Nervenendigung in der Netzhaut des Auges
bei Menschen und Thieren. Centralbl. f. med. Wiss. 1869, p. 885.
*Stieda, L.*, Ueber den Bau der Haut des Frosches. Arch. f. Anat. u.
Physiol. 1865, pp. 52–66.
*Stricker, S.*, and *Spina, A.*, Untersuchungen über die mechan.
Leistungen d. acinösen Drüsen. Wiener med. Jahrb. 1880, p. 355;
und Wiener Sitzungsb. 1880. (Skin and Membrana nictitans.)
*Swammerdam, J.*, Biblia naturae. Vol. II, p. 808.
*Szcesny*, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Textur der Froschhaut. Dissert.
inaug. Dorpat, 1867.
*Turner*, Way in which toads shed their skins. Annals of Nat.
History, 1850, p. 430.
*Wagner, R.*, Handwörterbuch der Physiologie. Vol. III, p. 389.
*Walter*, Ueber die Drüsen des Daumenballens des Froschmännchens.
Verhandl. d. naturf. Vereins der pr. Rheinlande und Westphalen.
1851, p. 351.
*v. Wittich*, Die grüne Farbe der Haut unserer Frösche, etc. Arch. f.
Anat. u. Physiol. 1854, p. 41.
*v. Wittich*, Entgegnung auf Herm. Harless’s über die Chromatophoren
des Frosches. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1854, p. 264.
II. SPECIAL ORGANS OF TACTILE SENSATION.
_a. The lateral sense-organs._
*Beard, J.*, On the segmental sense-organs of the lateral line and on
the morphology of the vertebrate auditory organs. Zool. Anz. 1884.
Vol. VII, p. 162.
*Bugnion, E.*, Recherches sur les organes sensitifs qui se trouvent
dans l’épiderme du Protée et de l’Axolotl. Dissert. inaug.
Zürich. Tire du Boll. No. 7, de la société vaucloise des Sc. nat.
Vol. XII. Lausanne, 1873. Verhandl. d. schweiz. naturforsch.
Gesells. Zürich, 1873. Vol. LVI, p. 49.
*Froriep, A.*, Ueber Anlagen von Sinnesorganen am Facialis,
Glossopharyngeus und Vagus. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1885.
*Hoffmann, C. K.*, Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs.
Leipzig and Heidelberg, 1873–1878.
*v. Kölliker, A.*, Ueber neue Sinnesorgane von Froschlarven.
Sitzungsb. Würzburg. 1885, p. 79.
*Krause, W.*, Die Nervenendigung innerhalb der terminal Körperchen.
Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1880. Vol. XIX, pp. 53–137.
*Leydig, F.*, Ueber die Organe eines sechsten Sinnes. Nova acta Acad.
Leopold. Carol. Dresden, 1868. Vol. XXXIV, pp. 1–102.
*Leydig, F.*, Ueber die allgemeinen Bedeckungen der Amphibien. Arch.
f. mik. Anat. 1875. Vol. XII, pp. 513–527.
*Leydig, F.*, Ueber Tastkörperchen und Muskelstructur. Arch. f. Anat.
u. Physiol. 1856, p. 150.
*Malbranc, M.*, Bemerkung betreffend die Sinnesorgane der Seitenlinie
der Amphibien. Centralbl. f. med. Wiss. 1875, p. 5.
*Malbranc, M.*, Von der Seitenlinie und ihren Sinnesorganen bei
Amphibien. Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. 1876. Vol. XXVI, pp. 24–86.
*Schultze, F. E.*, Ueber die Nervenendigung in den sogenannten
Schleimkanälen der Fische und über entsprechende Organe der durch
Kiemen athmenden Amphibien. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1861,
p. 759.
*Schultze, F. E.*, Ueber die Sinnesorgane der Seitenlinie bei Fischen
und Amphibien. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1870. Vol. VI, p. 62.
_b. The touch-corpuscles of Golgi._
*Golgi, C.*, Della terminazione dei nervi nei tendini e di un
nuovo apparato nervoso terminale musculo-tendineo. Atti della
Società Italiana di scienze naturali. Milan, 1879. Vol. XXI; and
abstracted in Centralbl. f. med. Wiss. 1879, p. 725.
*Golgi, C.*, Intorno alla distribuzione e terminazione dei nervi nei
tendini dell’ uomo e di altri vertebrali. Estratto dai Rendiconti
del R. Istituto Lombardo. Serie II. Vol. XI. Fasc. IX. Milan,
1878. Abstract in Centralbl. f. med. Wiss. 1879. Vol. 41, p. 725.
*Löwe, L.*, Ueber eine eigenthümliche Art von Gelenknervenkörperchen
beim Frosch. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1880. Vol. XVI, p. 613.
III. THE ORGANS OF TASTE.
*Beale, L. S.*, New observations upon the minute anatomy of the
frog’s tongue. Phil. Trans. 1865, p. 443.
*Biedermann, W.*, Ueber morphologische Veränderungen der Zungendrüsen
des Frosches, etc. Wiener acad. Sitzungsb. 1882. Vol. LXXXVI,
Pt. III, p. 67.
*Billroth, T.*, Ueber die Epithelzellen der Froschzunge, etc. Arch.
f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1858, p. 159.
*Engelmann, T. W.*, Ueber die Endigungsweise der Geschmacksnerven des
Frosches. Centralbl. f. med. Wiss. 1867, p. 785.
*Engelmann, T. W.*, Ueber die Endigungen der Geschmacksnerven in der
Zunge des Frosches. Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. 1868. Vol. XVIII,
p. 142.
*Engelmann, T. W.*, Die Geschmacksorgane. Stricker’s Handbuch der
Gewebelehre. 1872.
*Fixsen, C.*, De linguae raninae structura. Dorpat, 1857.
*Gottschau, M.*, Ueber Geschmacksorgane der Wirbelthiere. Biol.
Centralbl. 1882, pp. 240–248.
*Hartmann, R.*, Ueber die Endigungsweise der Nerven in den Papillae
fungiformes der Froschzunge. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1863,
p. 634.
*Hoyer*, Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Zunge des Frosches.
Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1859, p. 481.
*Hoyer*, Ueber die Epithelzellen der Froschzunge, etc. Arch. f. Anat.
u. Physiol. 1858, p. 163; also in Deutscher Klinik, 1857. No. 21.
*Hyrtl*, Ueber abwickelbare Gefässknäuel in der Zunge der Batrachier.
Wiener Acad. Sitzungsb. 1863. Vol. XLVIII, Pt. I, p. 437.
*Key, E. A.*, Ueber die Endigungsweise des Geschmacksnerven in der
Zunge des Frosches. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1861, p. 329.
*Lépine* (On the nerve supply of the glands of the tongue). Arbeiten
aus d. physiol. Anstalt zu Leipzig, 1870, p. 113.
*Molin, R.*, Ueber die Theilung der Nervenprimitivröhren in den
Papillae fungiformes der Froschzunge. Wiener acad. Sitzungsb.
1849. Vol. III, p. 183.
*Schultze, F. E.*, Die Geschmacksorgane der Froschlarven. Arch. f.
mik. Anat. 1870. Vol. VI, p. 407.
*Waller, A.*, Minute structure of the organ of taste in vertebrate
animals. Proc. Roy. Soc. 1848. Vol. V, p. 751.
*Waller, A.*, Minute structure of the papillae and nerves of the
tongue of the frog and toad. Phil. Trans. 1848. Pt. I, p. 139.
*Waller, A.*, Microscopic examination of some of the principal
tissues of the tongue, etc. Phil. Mag. 1847. Vol. XXX, p. 277.
IV. THE NOSE.
*Babuchin*, Das Geruchsorgan, in Stricker’s Handbuch der Gewebelehre.
1872, p. 964.
*de Blainville, M. H. M. Ducrotay*, L’Organisation des animaux.
Paris, 1822, p. 328.
*Blaue, J.*, Untersuchungen über den Bau der Nasenschleimhaut bei
Fischen und Amphibien, namentlich über Endknorpel als Endapparate
des Nervus olfactorius. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1884. Vol. XXX,
pp. 231–309. Zool. Anzeiger. Vol. V, pp. 657–680.
*Born, G.*, Ueber die Nasenhöhlen und den Thränennasengang der
Amphibien. Morph. Jahrb. 1875. Vol. II, p. 4.
*Born, G.*, Ueber die Nasenhöhlen und den Thränennasengang der
Amphibien. Breslau. Habilit.-Schrift. 1877.
*Born, G.*, Die Nasenhöhlen und der Thränennasengang der amnioten
Wirbelthiere. Morph. Jahrb. 1879. Vol. V, p. 62. 1882. Vol. VIII,
pp. 188–232.
*v. Brunn*, Die Membrana limitans olfactoria. Centralbl. f. med.
Wiss. 1874, p. 709.
*v. Brunn*, Untersuchungen über das Riechepithel. Arch. f. mik. Anat.
1875. Vol. XI, pp. 468–478.
*v. Brunn*, Weitere Untersuchungen über das Riechepithel u. sein
Verhalten zum N. olfactorius. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1880. Vol. XVII,
p. 141.
*Cisoff*, Zur Kenntniss der Regio olfactoria. Centralbl. f. med.
Wiss. 1874, pp. 689–691.
*Cisoff*, Zur Frage über die Endigung der Riechnerven beim Frosche.
Arbeiten der naturf. Gesells. an der Universität Kassan. 1879.
Vol. VIII (in Russian).
*Clarke, J. Lockhart*, Ueber den Bau des Bulbus olfactorius und der
Geruchsschleimhaut. Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. 1862. Vol. XI, p. 31.
*Colossanti*, Untersuchungen über die Durchschneidung des N.
olfactorius bei Fröschen. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1875.
*Dirkinck-Holmfield-Christmas, J.*, Experimentalle Undersögelen
Bijgningen. Nordiskt medicinskt Arkiv., 1883. Vol. XXVI, pp. 50–60.
*Dogiel, A.*, Ueber die Drüsen der Nasenschleimhaut, besonders die
Bowmanschen Drüsen. Arch. f. mik. Anat.
*Dogiel, A.*, Ueber den Bau des Geruchsorgans bei Garroirren,
Knochenfischen, und Amphibien. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1887.
Vol. XXIX, p. 74.
*Dogiel, A.*, Ueber den Bau des Geruchsorgans bei Fischen und
Amphibien. Biol. Centralbl. Vol. I, pp. 428–431.
*Dogiel, A.*, Ueber die Drüsen d. Regio olfactoria. Arch. f. mik.
Anat. 1885. Vol. XXVI, p. 50.
*Ecker, E.*, Bericht über die Verhandl. der Gesellschaft für Beförd.
der Naturw. zu Freiburg, 1855, p. 199; and in Zeitsch. f. wiss.
Zool. 1856, Vol. VIII, p. 303.
*Eckhard, C.*, Beiträge zur Anatomie und Physiologie. Pt. I, 1855,
p. 77.
*Eckhard, C.*, Ueber die Endigungsweise der Geruchsnerven. Beiträge
zur Anat. u. Physiol. Giessen, 1882. Vol. I, p. 77.
*Erichsen, J.*, De textura nervi olfactorii ejusque ramorum. Dissert.
inaug. 1857.
*Exner, S.*, Untersuchungen über die Riechschleimhaut des Frosches.
Sitzungsb. der Wiener Acad. 1871. Vol. LXIII, Pt. II, p. 44.
*Exner, S.*, Weitere Studien über die Structur der Riechschleimhaut
bei Wirbelthieren. Sitzungsb. der Wiener Acad. 1872. Vol. LXV,
Pt. III, p. 7.
*Exner, S.*, Fortgesetzte Studien über die Endigungsweise des
Geruchsnerven. Sitzungsb. der Wiener Acad. 1878. Vol. LXXVI,
Pt. III, p. 171.
*Gastaldi*, Nuove Ricerche sovra la terminazione del nervo olfatt.
Mem. della reale Acad. della scienze di Torino. 1858. Vol. XVII,
Series II, p. 369.
*Hoffmann*, Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Sinnesorgane.
*Hoffmann, C. K.*, Ondersockingen over den anat. bouw van de membrana
olfactoria en het periph. uitiende van den Nervus olfactorius.
Dissert. inaug. 1866.
*Hoffmann, C. K.*, Amphibia in Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen
des Thierreichs. Leipzig und Heidelberg, 1873–1878. Vol. VI,
pp. 335–347.
*Horn, H.*, Ueber die Endschlingen des Geruchsnerven (nervus
olfactorius) der Rana temporaria. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1850.
*Hoyer, H.*, De tunica mucosa narium textura. Dissert. inaug. Berol.,
1857.
*Hoyer, H.*, Ueber die mikroskopischen Verhältnisse der
Nasenschleimhaut, etc. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1860, p. 50.
*Langer, C.*, Ueber das Lymphgefässsystem des Frosches. Wiener Acad.
Sitzungsb. 1867. Vol. LV, Pt. I, p. 615.
*Legal, E.*, Die Nasenhöhlen und der Thränennasengang der amnioten
Wirbelthiere. Morph. Jahrb. 1882. Vol. VIII, p. 353.
*Martin*, Studies from the physiological laboratory in the University
of Cambridge. Pt. I. 1873.
*Paschutin, V.*, Ueber den Bau der Schleimhaut der Regio olfactorio
beim Frosch. Medicinisky Wjestnik. 1872. Nos. 38–40.
*Paschutin, V.*, Ueber den Bau der Schleimhaut der Regio olfactoria
des Frosches. Arbeiten aus d. phys. Laborat. Leipzig, 1873.
*Paulsen, E.*, Ueber die Drüsen der Nasenschleimhaut besonders
die Bowman’schen Drüsen. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1886. Vol. XXVI,
pp. 307–321.
*Piersol, G. A.*, Beiträge zur Histologie der Harderschen Drüsen der
Amphibien. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1887. Vol. XXIX, p. 594.
*Reichert, B.*, Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1857, p. 39. Bericht.
*Schultze, M.*, Ueber die Endigungsweise des Geruchsnerven und die
Epithelial-gebilde der Nasenschleimhaut. Monatsb. Acad. z. Berlin.
1856, p. 504.
*Schultze, M.*, Untersuchungen über den Bau der Nasenschleimhaut,
namentlich die Structur und Endigungsweise der Geruchsnerven
bei dem Menschen und den Wirbelthieren. Halle, 1862. Vol. VII,
pp. 32–41; also published in Berlin, 1875. Abstract in Centralbl.
f. med. Wiss. 1863, p. 97.
*Seeberg*, Disq. microsc. de textura membr. pitnit. nasi. Dorpat,
1855. Dissert. inaug.
*Stirling, W.*, and *Macdonald*, The minute structure of the palatine
nerves of the frog and the termination of nerves in blood-vessels
and glands. Journ. of Anat. and Physiol. 1884. Vol. XVII, p. 293.
*Wiedersheim, R.*, Ueber die Kopfdrüsen der Amphibien. Sitzungsb. d.
phys.-med. Gesell. in Würzburg, 1876. Febr. 5.
*Wiedersheim, R.*, Die Kopfdrüsen der geschwänzten Amphibien und die
Glandula intermaxillaris der Anuren. Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. 1876.
Vol. XXVII, pp. 1–50.
*Wiedersheim, R.*, Lehrbuch der vergl. Anatomie der Wirbelthiere.
Pt. I. Jena, 1882.
V. THE EAR.
*Chatin, J.*, Recherches pour servir a l’histoire du noyau dans
l’épithelin auditif des batrachiens. Annales des sciences nat.
Zool. 1883. Vol. XVI, Series VI, Art. No. 2.
*Comparetti, A.*, in gymnasio patavino observationes anatomicae de
aure interna comparatae. Patavii, 1789.
*Crombie, J. M.*, On the membrana tympani. Journ. of Anat. and
Physiol. 1883, pp. 523–536.
*Cuvier, G.*, Leçons d’anatomie comparée. Paris, 1800. Vol. II.
*Deiters, O.*, Ueber das innere Gehörorgan der Amphibien. Arch. f.
Anat. u. Physiol. 1862, p. 277.
*Eberth, C. J.*, Zur Kenntniss der Verbreitung der glatten
Muskelfasern (Tympanic membrane). Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. 1863.
Vol. XII, p. 364.
*Ferré*, Étude sur la crête auditive chez les vertébrés. Ann. Sci.
Nat. Bordeaux. Vol. I, No. III.
*Hasse, C.*, Die Histologie des Bogenapparates und des Steinsacks der
Frösche. Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. 1868. Vol. XVIII, p. 71.
*Hasse, C.*, Das Gehörorgan der Frösche. Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool.
1868. Vol. XVIII, p. 359.
*Hasse, C.*, Das knöcherne Labyrinth der Frösche. Anatomische
Studien, 2nd Pt. 1872, p. 377.
*Hasse, C.*, Die vergleichende Morphologie und Histologie des
häutigen Gehörorgans der Wirbelthiere. Supplement to the
Anatomische Studien. Vol. I, 1873.
*Hasse, C.*, Die Lymphbahnen des inneren Ohres der Wirbelthiere. In
the Anatomische Studien of Hasse, 1873. No. XIX.
*Hasse, C.*, Das Gehörorgan der Wirbelthiere von Gustav Retzius.
Arch. f. Ohrenheilk. 1884. Vol. XXI, pp. 314–324.
*Hoffmann*, Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Sinnesorgane.
*Hoffmann*, Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs. Leipzig
and Heidelberg, 1873–1878. Vol. VI, pp. 304–335.
*Ibsen, J.*, Anatomiske Undersögelser over orets Labyrinth. Udgivet
vet P. L. Panum. Kjöbenhawn, 1846 (abstract in Virchow and
Hirsch’s Jahresb. 1881, p. 88).
*Kuhn*, Ueber das häutige Labyrinth der Amphibien. Arch. f. mik.
Anat. 1880. Vol. XVII, pp. 479–550.
*Kuhn*, Zur Anatomie des inneren Ohres der Wirbelthiere. Compt. rend.
du III Congrès internat. d’Otologie à Bàle, 1884, pp. 228–238.
*Leydig, F.*, Lehrbuch der Histologie des Menschen und der Thiere.
Frankfurt a. M. 1857.
*Leydig, F.*, Ueber neuere den Aquaeductus vestibuli des Menschen
und der Thiere betreffende Forschungen. Sitzungsb. d.
Niederrheinischen naturf. Gesellsch. in Bonn, 1874. Vol. XXXIV,
p. 124.
*Moldenhauer*, Vergleichende Histologie des Trommelfells. Arch. f.
Ohrenheilk. 1878, p. 1.
*Pappenheim, S.*, Ueber Verbreitung der Flimmerbewegung. Arch. f.
Anat. u. Physiol. 1840, p. 533.
*Retzius, G.*, On hörselnervens ändningssätt i maculae och cristae
acusticae. Nordiskt medicinskt arkiv. 1871. Vol. III.
*Retzius, G.*, Zur Kenntniss der Morphologie des inneren Ohres bei
Wirbelthieren. Nord. Med. Ark. 1880. Vol. XII, No. 12.
*Retzius, G.*, Zur Kenntniss des Gehörorgans der Wirbelthiere. Arch.
f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1880, pp. 235–244.
*Retzius, G.*, Das Gehörorgan der Wirbelthiere. Pts. I and II, 1881.
Stockholm.
*Retzius, G.*, Das Gehörorgan der Wirbelthiere. Congr. internat. de
Copenhagen. Anatomy, p. 29.
*Retzius, G.*, Das Gehörorgan der Fische und Amphibien. Pt. I, 1881.
Stockholm.
*Retzius, G.*, Zur Kenntniss der Morphologie des inneren Ohres bei
Wirbelthieren. Nord. Med. Ark. 1880. Vol. XII, p. 6.
*Retzius, G.*, Ueber die peripherische Endigungsweise der
Gehörnerven. Biol. Untersuch. Stockholm and Leipzig, pp. 51–61.
*Schultze, F. E.*, Zur Kenntniss der Endigungsweise der Hörnerven bei
Fischen und Amphibien. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1862, p. 381.
*Stannius, H.*, Handbuch der Zootomie von v. Siebold und Stannius.
Berlin, 1856. 2nd Edit., Pt. II.
*Tafani, A.*, L’organo dell’ udito. Firenze, 1885.
*Waldeyer, W.*, Hörnerv und Schnecke. Stricker’s Handbuch der
Gewebelehre, pp. 915–963.
*Weber, E.*, Amtlicher Bericht über die neunzehnte Versammlung
deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte in Braunschweig im Sept. 1841.
Printed Braunschweig, 1842.
*Windischmann*, De penitiori auris in amphibiis structura Lipsiae,
1831.
VI. THE EYE.
_a. The cornea and sclerotic._
*Angelucci, A.*, Ueber den Bau u. die Entwickelung des vorderen
Uvealtractus der Vertebraten. Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1879.
No. 24, p. 417.
*Altmann, R.*, Ueber die Verwerthbarkeit der Corrosion in der
mikroskopischen Anatomie. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1879. Vol. XVI,
p. 471 (Corneal corpuscles).
*Arnold, J.*, Die Vorgänge bei der Regeneration epithelialer Gebilde.
Virchow’s Arch. 1869. Vol. XLVI, p. 168.
*Arnold, J.*, Experimentale Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung der
Blutcapillaren. Virchow’s Arch. 1871. Vol. LIII, p. 70. 1872.
Vol. LIV, p. 1.
*Boddaert*, Zur Histologie der Cornea. Centralbl. f. med. Wiss. 1871,
p. 337.
*Ciaccio, J. V.*, On the nerves of the cornea and of their
distribution in the corneal tissue of man and animals. Trans.
Micros. Soc. London, 1863. Vol. XI, p. 77.
*Clasow, E.*, Om corneal epithel. Upsala läkareförenings
förhandlingar. 1869. Vol. IV, p. 411.
*Cohnheim, J.*, Ueber die Endigung der sensiblen Nerven in der
Hornhaut. Virchow’s Arch. 1867. Vol. XXXVIII, p. 343.
*Durante, F.*, Sulla terminazione dei nervi della cornea. Richerche
fatte nel laborat. di anat. normal. Roma, pubbl. dal dott. F.
Tocharo. 1873, pp. 81–87.
*Engelmann, T. V.*, Ueber die Hornhaut des Auges. Leipzig, 1867.
*v. Ewetsky*, Ueber das Endothel der Membrana Descemeti. Untersuch.
aus d. pathol. Institut. Zürich, 1875. Vol. III.
*Frey, H.*, Handbuch der Histologie und Histochemie.
*Generisch*, Zur Lehre von den Saftkanälchen in der Cornea. Med.
Jahrb. der Gesellsch. d. Aerzte in Wien. 1871, p. 1.
*Guye, A. G.*, Over bekercellen en in het byzonder over de
bekercellen in de membrana nictitans van den Kïkvonch. Nederl.
Tydschrift v. Gewesh. 1868. Vol. II, p. 135.
*Hansen, A.*, Untersuchungen über die entzündlichen Veränderungen der
Hornhautkörper. Wiener Med. Jahrb. 1871, p. 210.
*Harpeck, C.*, Ueber die Bedeutung der nach Silberimprägnation
auftretenden weissen lücken- und spaltähnlichen Figuren in der
Cornea. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1864, p. 222.
*Hartmann, R.*, Ueber die durch den Gebrauch der Höllensteinlösung
künstlich dargestellten Lymphgefässanhänge, Saftcanälchen und
epithelähnlichen Bildungen. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1864,
p. 235.
*Heiberg, H.*, Ueber die Neubildung des Hornhaut-Epithels. Wiener
Med. Jahrb. 1871.
*Heisrath, F.*, Ueber d. Zusammenhang d. vordern Augenkammer mit d.
vord. Ciliarvenen. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1878. Vol. XV, p. 209.
*Helfreich*, Ueber die Nerven der Conjunctiva und Sclera. Würzburg,
1870.
*Henle, J.*, Handbuch der systematischen Anatomie, 1866. Vol. II.
*His, W.*, Untersuchungen über der Bau der Hornhaut, in Verhandlungen
der phys.-med. Gesellschaft in Würzburg. 1856. Vol. IV, p. 90.
*His, W.*, Ueber die Einwirkung des salpetersauren Silberoxydes auf
die Hornhaut. Schweizerische Zeitsch. f. Heilkunde. 1864. Vol. II,
p. 1.
*Hoffmann, F. A.*, Ueber Contractilitätsvorgänge im vorderen Epithel
der Froschhornhaut. Diss. Berlin, 1868.
*Hoffmann, F. A.*, Epithelneubildung auf der Cornea. Virchow’s Arch.
1870. Vol. LI, P. 373.
*Hosch, F.*, Ueber die angebliche Contractilität der Knorpelzellen
und Hornhaut-körperchen. Pflüger’s Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 1873.
Vol. VII, p. 515.
*Hoyer, H.*, Ueber den Austritt von Nervenfasern in das Epithel der
Hornhaut. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1866, pp. 180–195.
*Hoyer, H.*, Ueber die Nerven der Hornhaut. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1873.
Vol. IX, p. 220.
*Klebs, E.*, Das Epithel der hintern Hornhautfläche. Centralbl. f. d.
med. Wiss. 1864, p. 513.
*Klein, E.*, Some remarks on the finer nerves of the cornea. Monthly
Journ. Micros. Sci. 1872. Vol. VII, pp. 156–164.
*Klein, E.*, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der peripherischen Verzweigung
markloser Nervenfasern. Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1871, p. 594.
*Klemensiewicz, R.*, Karyokinese in den fixen Hornhautzellen bei
Entzündung. Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1884, p. 163.
*v. Kölliker, A.*, Ueber die Nerven der Hornhaut. Mittheilungen der
naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich. 1849.
*v. Kölliker, A.*, Ueber die Nervenendigungen in der Hornhaut. Würzb.
naturw. Zeitschr. 1866. Vol. VI, p. 121.
*Königstein, L.*, Histologische Notizen. Arch. f. Ophthalmologie.
1881. Vol. XXVII, p. 56.
*Königstein, L.*, Beobachtungen über die Nerven der Cornea und ihre
Gefässe. Wiener Sitzungsber. 1877. Vol. LXXVI, Pt. III, p. 17.
*Königstein, L.*, Beobachtungen über die Nerven der Cornea und ihre
Gefässe. Wiener Sitzungsber. 1877. Vol. LXXVI, Pt. III, p. 37.
*Krause, W.*, Ueber das vordere Epithel der Cornea. Göttinger
Nachrichten, 1870. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1870.
*Krause, W.*, Anatomischer Jahresbericht für 1871 in Prager
Vierteljahrsschrift.
*Kühne, W.*, Untersuchungen über Protoplasma und die Contractilität.
1864.
*Lavdowsky, M.*, Das Saugadersystem und die Nerven der Cornea. Arch.
f. mik. Anat. 1872. Vol. VIII, p. 538.
*Leber, T.*, Zur Kenntniss der Imprägnationsmethoden der Hornhaut und
ähnlicher Gewebe. Arch. f. Ophthalmologie. 1867. Vol. XIV, p. 300.
*Leydig, F.*, Lehrbuch der Histologie. 1857.
*Lightbody, W. H.*, Observations on the comparative anatomy of the
cornea of vertebrates. Journ. of Anat. and Phys. 1867. Vol. I,
p. 15.
*Lipmann, H.*, Ueber die Endigung der Nerven im eigentlichen Gewebe
und im hinteren Epithel der Hornhaut des Frosches. Virchow’s Arch.
1869. Vol. XLVIII, p. 218.
*Lott, G.*, Ueber den feineren Bau und die physiologische
Regeneration der Epithelien, insbesondere des Cornea-Epithels.
Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1871.
*Moseley, H. N.*, Some remarks on the nerves of the cornea of the
rabbit and frog. Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. 1871. Vol. XI, p. 261.
*Müller, C. F.*, Histologische Untersuchungen über die Cornea.
Virchow’s Arch. 1867. Vol. XLI, p. 110.
*v. Recklinghausen, F.*, Notiz über Silberimprägnation. Virchow’s
Arch. 1860. Vol. XIX, p. 451.
*v. Recklinghausen, F.*, Die Lymphgefässe und ihre Bedeutung zum
Bindegewebe. Berlin, 1862.
*Robinski*, Die Kittsubstanz auf Reaction des Argentum nitricum.
Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1871, p. 184.
*Rollett, A.*, Ueber das Gefüge der Substantia propria corneae.
Sitzungsb. Wiener Akad. 1859. Vol. XXXIII, p. 516.
*Rollett, A.*, Ueber die Contractilität der Hornhautkörper und die
Hornhauthöhlen. Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1871, p. 193.
*Rollett, A.*, Ueber die Hornhaut. Stricker’s Gewebelehre. 1872,
p. 1091.
*Saemisch, T.*, Beiträge zur normalen und pathologischen Anatomie des
Auges (Nerves of Cornea). Leipzig, 1862.
*Sattler, E. E.*, Die Verwendung des Lapisstiftes sur Untersuchung
der Epithelien. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1882. Vol. XXI, p. 672.
*Schalygen, C.*, Ueber Hornhautepithel und besonders über Vermehrung
der Zellen desselben. Arch. f. Ophthalmol. 1866. Vol. XII, p. 83.
*Schneider, A.*, Ueber die Vermehrung der Epithelzellen der Hornhaut.
Würzb. naturw. Zeitsch. 1862. Vol. III, p. 105.
*Schwalbe, G.*, Ueber ein mit Endothel bekleidetes Höhlensystem
zwischen Choroidea und Sclerotica. Central. f. d. med. Wiss.
Berlin, 1868. No. 54.
*Schweigger*, Ueber den Bau der Hornhaut. Allg. med. Centralzeitung.
Berlin, 1862. No. 4.
*Schweigger-Seidel, F.*, Ueber die Grundsubstanz und die Zellen der
Hornhaut des Auges. Berichte d. math.-physik. Classe der Königl.
Sächs. Gesellsch. d. Wissenschaft. 1869. Vol. XXI, pp. 305–359.
*Stricker, S.*, Conjunctiva und Sclerotica im Handb. der Lehre von
den Geweben des Menschen und der Thiere. 1872, p. 1142.
*Swaen, M. A.*, Des éléments cellulaires et des canaux plastiques
dans la cornée de la grenouille. Bulletin de l’Acad. roy. de
Belgique. 1876. 2nd Series, Vol. XLII, pp. 144–183.
*Tamamscheff, T.*, Ueber die Membrana Demoursiana. Centralbl. f. d.
med. Wiss. Berlin, 1869.
*Waldeyer, W.*, Microscopische Anatomie der Cornea, Sclera, Lider und
Conjunctiva, in Handbuch der gesammten Augenheilkunde. 1874.
*Wolff, W.*, Die Nerven der Cornea. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1882.
Vol. XX, p. 373.
*Zielonko, J.*, Ueber die Entwicklung und Proliferation von
Epithelien und Endothelien. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1874. Vol. X,
p. 351.
_b. The lens, choroid, iris, appendages, anterior and posterior
chambers._
*Altmann, R.*, Ueber Corrosion in der Histologie. Centralbl. f. d.
med. Wiss. 1878, p. 245.
*Altmann, R.*, Ueber die Verwerthbarkeit der Corrosion in der
mikroskopischen Anatomie. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1879. Vol. XVI,
p. 471 (Blood-vessels of the choroid).
*Angelucci, A.*, Ueber den Bau und die Entwickelung des vorderen
Uveatractus der Vertebraten. Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1879,
p. 417.
*Arnold*, Die Linse. Handbuch der gesammten Augenheilkunde. 1874.
*Barkau, A.*, Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Auges der
Batrachier. Wiener Sitzungsber. 1866. Vol. LIV, Pt. I, pp. 70–75.
*Becker*, Untersuchungen über den Bau der Linse bei dem Menschen und
den Wirbelthieren. Arch. f. Ophthalmologie. 1863. Vol. IX, Pt. II,
pp. 1–42.
*Biedermann, W.*, Zur Histologie und Physiologie der Schleimsekretion
(Membrana nictitans). Wiener Sitzungsber. 1886. Vol. XCIV.
*Born, G.*, Ueber die Nasenhöhlen und den Thränennasengang der
Amphibien. Morph. Jahrb. 1875. Vol. II, p. 4.
*Bubuchin*, Die Linse. In Stricker’s Handb. der Gewebelehre. 1872.
*Burow*, De vasis sanguif. ran. Diss. Regiomonti, 1838.
*Ciaccio, C. V.*, Beobachtungen über den inneren Bau des Glaskörpers
im Auge des Menschen und der Wirbelthiere im Allgemeinen.
Moleschott’s Untersuchungen. 1870. Vol. X, p. 385.
*Faber, C.*, Der Bau der Iris des Menschen und der Wirbelthiere.
Leipzig, 1876.
*Frey*, Handbuch der Histologie und Histochemie des Menschen. 1874.
*Fubini, S.*, Beiträge zum Studium der Krystalllinse. Moleschott’s
Untersuchungen. 1876. Vol. XI, p. 291.
*Golubew*, Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Baues und der
Entwicklungsgeschichte der Capillargefässe des Frosches. Arch. f.
mik. Anat. 1869. Vol. V, p. 49.
*Grünhagen*, Ueber das Vorkommen eines Dilatator pupillae in der
Iris. Zeitsch. f. rat. Med. Vol. XXVIII, pp. 178, 186.
*Heisrath, F.*, Ueber den Zusammenhang der vorderen Augenkammer mit
den vorderen Ciliarvenen. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1878. Vol. XV,
p. 209.
*Henle, J.*, Zur Anatomie der Crystalllinse. Abhandl. Gesells. d.
Wiss. zu Göttingen. 1878. Vol. XXIII.
*Henle, J.*, Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Krystalllinse und zur
Theilung des Zellkerns. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1882. Vol. XX, p. 413.
*Hirschberg*, Zur Dioptric und Ophthalmologie der Amphibienaugen.
Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1887, p. 493.
*Iwanoff*, Beiträge zur normalen und pathologischen Anatomie des
Froschglaskorpers. Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1868, p. 129.
*Klein, E.*, On the peripheral distribution of non-medullated
nerve-fibres (Nerves of the nictitating membrane). Quart. Journ.
Micros. Sci. 1872. Vol. XII, pp. 21–32.
*Koganeï, J.*, Untersuchungen über den Bau der Iris des Menschen und
der Wirbelthiere. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1885. Vol. XXV, p. 1.
*Koganeï, J.*, Untersuchungen über den Bau der Iris. Sitzungsber. d.
Acad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1885, p. 105.
*v. Kölliker, A.*, Handbuch der Gewebelehre. 1867.
*Langer, C.*, Ueber das Lymphgefässsystem des Frosches. Wiener Acad.
Sitzungsb. 1867. Vol. LV, Pt. I, p. 603.
*Leydig, F.*, Anatomisch-histologische Untersuchungen über Fische und
Reptilien, 1853.
*Leydig, F.*, Lehrbuch der Histologie des Menschen und der Thiere.
1857.
*Manz, W.*, Ueber den Mechanismus der Nickhautbewegung beim Frosche.
Berichte über d. Verhandl. d. naturforsch. Gesell. Freiburg, 1862.
Vol. II, p. 391.
*Moriggia, A.*, Ueber die beste Darstellungsweise und die Entwicklung
der Röhrchen der Krystalllinse. Moleschott’s Untersuchungen. 1870.
Vol. X, p. 658.
*Openchowski, T.*, Histologisches zur Innervation der Drüsen.
Pflüger’s Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 1882. Vol. XXVII, pp. 223–232.
*Petit*, Sur l’œil de la grenouille. Mém. de l’académie d. Sciences,
1737; see also Lehrbuch d. vergleich. Anatomie, Stannius, Berlin,
1846, p. 198.
*Robinski, S.*, Zur Anatomie, Physiologie und Pathologie der
Augenlinse des Menschen und der Wirbelthiere. Arch. f. Anat. u.
Physiol. 1872, p. 178.
*Robinsky, S.*, Die Augenlinsensterne des Menschen und der
Wirbelthiere. Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1877, p. 51.
*Sattler, E. E.*, Die Verwendung des Lapisstiftes zu Untersuchungen
der Epithelien. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1882. Vol. XXI, p. 672.
*Stricker, S.*, Untersuchungen über die capillaren Blutgefässe in
der Nickhaut des Frosches. Wiener Sitzungsb. 1865, Vol. LI,
Pt. II, pp. 16–27; and Moleschott’s Untersuchungen, 1866, Vol. X,
pp. 168–180.
*Stricker, S.*, Untersuchungen über die mechan. Leistungen d.
acirrösen Drüsen. Wiener med. Jahrb. 1880, p. 355; also
Wiener Sitzungsb. 1880 (Membrana nictitans and skin); also in
Moleschott’s Untersuchungen. 1870. Vol. X, p. 237.
*Stricker, S.*, Studien über den Bau und das Leben der capillaren
Blutgefässe. Wiener Sitzungsb. 1866. Vol. LII, Pt. II, p. 379.
*Stricker, S.*, Untersuchungen über die capillaren Blutgefässe in der
Nickhaut des Frosches. Moleschott’s Untersuchungen. 1870. Vol. X,
p. 168.
*Thin, G.*, Contribution to the anatomy of the lens. Journ. of Anat.
and Physiol. 1876. Vol. X, p. 223.
*Valentin*, Handbuch der Physiologie v. Wagner. 1842.
*Virchow, H.*, Ueber die Gefässe im Auge und in der Umgebung des
Auges beim Frosche. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. 1881. Vol. XXXV,
pp. 247–281.
*Virchow, H.*, Ueber die Gefässe des Kopfes und des Auges des
Frosches. Verhandl. Würzburg. 1881. Vol. XV, p. xxxiv.
*Virchow, H.*, Mittheilungen zur vergleichenden Anatomie des
Wirbelthierauges. Versamml. deutsch. Naturf. und Aerzte.
Strassburg. 1885, pp. 409, 410.
*Virchow, H.*, Ueber den ciliaren Muskel des Frosches. Verhandl. d.
physiol. Gesell. zu Berlin. 1885, p. 571.
*Virchow, H.*, Ueber die verschiedenen Formen des Ligamentum
pectinatum iridis. Versamml. d. Naturf. und Aerzte. 1885, p. 409.
*Zimmermann, W.*, Ueber circumvasale Safträume der Glaskörpergefässe
von Rana esculenta. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1886. Vol. XXVII, p. 410.
_c. The retina._
*Babuchin*, Vergleichende histologische Studien. Würzburger
naturwissensch. Zeitsch. 1864. Vol. V, p. 127.
*Beauregard, M. H.*, Contribution à l’étude du rouge rétinien. Journ.
de l’anat. et de la physiol. 1879. Vol. XV, p. 161.
*Boll, F.*, Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Retina. Berlin. Acad.
Monatsber. 1876, p. 783.
*Dennissenko, G.*, Vorläufige Bemerkungen zur Lehre über den Bau
der Netzhaut. Mitt. aus dem embryolog. Institut. d. Wiener
Universität, 1880, Vol. II, p. 1; Abstract in Centralbl. f. d.
med. Wiss. 1880, P. 739.
*Dennissenko, G.*, Ueber den Bau der äusseren Körnerschicht der
Netzhaut bei den Wirbelthieren. Arch. f. mik. Anat. 1881.
Vol. XIX, p. 395.
*Dietl, M. J.*, Beitrag zur Kenntniss des feineren Baues der
Stäbchenaussenglieder in der Netzhaut des Frosches. Arch. f.
Augen- u. Ohrenheilkunde. 1878. Vol. VII, pp. 17–24.
*Dobrowolsky*, Die Doppelzapfen. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 1871.
*Dobrowolsky*, Zur Anatomie der Retina. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol.
1871.
*Ewart, J. C.*, Notes on the minute structure of the retina and
vitreous humour. Journ. of Anat. and Physiol. 1875. Vol. IX.
*Ewart, J. C.*, and *Thin, G.*, On the structure of the retina.
Journ. of Anat. and Physiol. 1876. Vol. IX, p. 166.
*Frisch*, Gestalten des Choroidalpigments. Wiener Sitzungsber. 1868.
Vol. LVIII, pp. 316–320.
*Heinemann, C.*, Beiträge zur Anatomie der Retina. Arch. f. mik.
Anat. 1877. Vol. XIV, p. 409.
*Helfreich*, Ophthalmoscopische Mittheilungen über den Purpur der
Retina. Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1877, p. 113.
*Henle* and *Merkel*, Ueber die sogenannte Bindesubstanz der
Centralorgane des Nervensystems. Zeitsch. f. rat. Med. 3rd Series,
1869. Vol. XXXIV.
*Hensen*, Ueber das Sehen in der Fovea centralis. Virchow’s Arch.
1867. Vol. XXXIX, p. 75.
*Hoffmann*, Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Sinnesorgane.
*Hoffmann*, Bronn’s Thierbuch. Leipzig and Heidelberg, 1873–1878.
Vol. VI, pp. 274–297.
*Hulke, J. W.*, A contribution to the anatomy of the amphibian and
reptilian retina. Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. 1864, Vol. IV,
p. 236; and London Ophthalmic Hospital Reports, 1864.
*Hulke, J. W.*, On the retina of amphibia and reptiles. Journ. of
Anat. and Physiol. 1867. Vol. I, p. 94.
*Kühne, W.*, Ueber den Sehpurpur. Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1877,
p. 193.
*Kühne, W.*, Fortgesetzte Untersuchungen über die Retina und die
Pigmente des Auges. Heidelberger physiol. Untersuch. 1878,
Vol. II, p. 89; Abstract in Centralbl. f. d. med. Wiss. 1879,
p. 276.
*v. Kölliker, A.*, Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Retina. Verhandl.
d. phys.-med. Gesellsch. Würzburg, 1852. Vol. III, p. 316.
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