Drinking habits in the early days--Distilleries and mills--Treating
prevalent--Drinking carousals--Delirium
tremens--“One-Thousand-and-One Society”--Two gallon limit--Bibulous
landlords--Whiskey fights--Typical Canadian pioneers--Clearing the
farm--Sons and daughters married--Peaceful old age--Asleep in
death--Conclusion.
“Great God! we thank Thee for this home--
This bounteous birth-land of the free;
Where wanderers from afar may come
And breathe the air of liberty.”
In early days the great majority of the men in Upper Canada partook more
or less--usually more--of ardent spirits or beer. Fifty years ago there
were three distilleries in Oshawa, and they continued to do a
flourishing and paying business, as most distilleries did in those days
throughout the country generally. The operative who could extract the
most alcohol from a given amount of grain was then the great man, one
whose services were most sought in that business, and who likewise
commanded the largest pay.
[Illustration: MORMON’S ATTEMPT TO RAISE THE DEAD.]
Connected with or near to the distilleries in this part of Ontario a
custom milling was generally done. Sometimes the farmer brought his
grain to the mill, and sold it out there; but this was not the usual
course, for ordinarily then the miller could not pay for much grain. The
usual course was for the farmer to bring his grain to the mill, and get
it ground or chopped on the tolling system.
After cleaning up a load of wheat, there would ordinarily be a bag of
tailings remaining. These tailings would consist mostly of small grain,
which the farmer generally traded for whiskey, usually getting in
exchange his ten-gallon can pretty nearly filled--whiskey then being
considered a necessary of life as much as ordinary food was. To buy it
for cash cost fivepence per gallon. This style of doing things went on
until the Government began to put a tax on it. Then when the big
distillery of Gooderham & Worts, Toronto, got better machinery, enabling
them to extract more alcohol from the grain, the small distilleries
could not compete, and one by one closed up, until now there are none
about the country.
“Tuppence” per glass was the price for whiskey at the hotel bars in
those days, and one could fill the tumbler quite full or take only a
sip, at will, for this price.
Treating in those days was far more common than now, and the man who
would not treat was generally considered “mean,” as they expressed it
then. So freely did the people at large at that time partake, that the
individual who did not indulge was made the subject of curious comment.
Drinking bouts for the whole night were then very common. Usually a
party of boon companions--say eight or ten of them--would assemble in
the sitting-room of the hotel, next the bar, and someone would at once
“stand treat” all round. This having been partaken of, one of the number
would sing a song, and then someone else would provide a drink all
round. Probably a story would follow, succeeded by another drink; then
another song and another treat, as a matter of course, and so the song,
story and glass passed around, until everyone had treated, and if, like
Robert Burns,
“They were na’ fou’,
But juist had plenty,”
they were by no means disposed to stop.
Midnight has come, and though one or two of the weaker ones have already
succumbed, and are lying prone upon the floor, still the song goes
bravely on. And now is the landlord’s time to make his money. As a
matter of business form or semblance, change must be returned after
every treat has been paid for, and they are now all so “fou’” that not
one of them can count straight. Perhaps out of a one-pound note ($4)
given the landlord for a treat, only three shillings or so are returned;
or out of three or four shillings handed him for the next treat, only a
few pence are returned for change; and so the landlord dilutes his
whiskey and keeps the cash, until daylight comes upon the bouters, when
they disperse, with sore heads and stomachs, while the landlord has the
money.
This is a fair representation of an ordinary drinking bout of fifty
years ago, as told me by those who then participated in them. And they
were so common that one was usually going on at one of the hotels every
night of the week--but, let us hope, excepting the Sabbath night. During
the day these men were about their ordinary avocations, for even if they
did drink, they worked. Were this fact not so, our country would not be
what it is to-day, for downright hard work alone has made it.
Those drinkers and midnight revellers were young, or not more than
middle-aged men, and often lived fast lives. The consequence was that
not one in a hundred of them lived to be sixty, and hardly one to any
advanced age.
It is usually supposed that delirium tremens can only be produced by
long years of constant and excessive drinking; but authentic information
comes to me of a widow woman who, about the period of which I write,
began keeping hotel near the village of ----, and who had two or more
sons, young men. These young men, strong and burly up to that time, now
spent most of their time drinking. As soon as the effects of one glass
of whiskey had in a measure passed off, they would ask their mother for
more.
“Indeed, you shall have all you want to drink, for you are your mammy’s
own boys.” And this was said in the spirit of the greatest kindness. So
the boys drank, and drank again, keeping themselves stupid from day to
day. In six months those two boys, who had never before drank to any
excess, had the delirium tremens and died. All this in six months!
Allow me to here describe one of my most vivid boyish impressions of
thirty-five years or so ago:--
At the rear of a hotel in Oshawa was a garden enclosed by a high
tight-board fence, in which black currant bushes mostly were planted. A
young Englishman had been boarding about two months at the hotel,
drinking constantly and spending money freely. It is only fair to add
that this young man had been drinking just as heavily, apparently,
before he came to this hotel; and it is more than probable that a fond
father and loving mother had sent him out from England in the vain hope
of reforming him, for from his dress and manner he had evidently
belonged to a good family. It was noticed that he had the “blues”
slightly, and got to spending considerable of his time in the stable.
From the stable he finally made his way into the garden enclosure, and
somehow possessed himself of a club.
It was summer time, and I remember most vividly, as a little urchin,
looking through a knot-hole of the fence, and seeing this poor fellow,
after remaining quiet for a moment, with his eyes fixed, make a sudden
bound and strike with his club with all his might, killing imaginary
snakes among the currant bushes. A period of rest would follow, when he
would sit or stand in a contemplative mood for a few minutes, and as
suddenly almost as gunpowder explodes, strike behind him with his club
at some snake which would persist in stealthily approaching him from the
rear. Perhaps it is superfluous to add that all this was fun for us
boys, with the stout board fence between us and the man with the club.
It was known in the hotel what the trouble was with him, and it was also
generally recognized that nothing could be done for him. For four days
he ran his course, killing snakes, demons and hobgoblins in that garden,
and finally died, literally while engaged in the imaginary battle with
the enemy out in the garden. To-day he fills a nameless grave.
Indeed, so common were cases of delirium tremens in those days that I
might go on and multiply instances--tell, indeed, of a man climbing up
into a hayloft in the dark, catching the teamster who came for hay,
frightening him into a fit of sickness, and dying there before morning,
curled up on the hay like a dog. Again, I might instance the case of
another unfortunate, who started and ran from the “Corners,” then
constituting Oshawa, directly in the course of the mill-ponds, with the
whole village chasing him, making past the ponds and into the woods a
mile and a half away, before being caught--like a man running amuck. But
perhaps I have said enough on so unpleasant a feature of early life in
Ontario.
The “One-Thousand-and-One Society” of those days was an organization
formed among those who habitually drank and spent nights at bouts, and
was a recognized order among them. Probably there never was any written
constitution or by-laws to govern them; still the rules of the society
were as well known and as fully recognized as if there were such. The
fundamental rule which they were to observe in their drinking was that
no one must drink more than two gallons at one sitting without rising
and reporting the matter to the recognized chiefs of the order.
We must, in all charity, believe that the liquid in this case would be
beer--in any case it could hardly be spirits; still I am led to believe,
in many instances, before the great goal of the two gallons was reached,
the beer would be frequently mixed with spirits.
The landlord in those bouts of the Thousand-and-One Society never forgot
to make his quota, not only in the matter of change, as before enlarged
upon, but some of them used to boast that a landlord ought to be worth
$5 per day to his own house by his own drinking--that is to say, he
would take all the treats the company would offer him, and thus imbibe
his own liquor and keep the pay therefor at twopence per glass to the
amount of $5 per day.
Those were the days of pugilistic Ontario. Let there be a ploughing
match, for instance, a fight was sure to take place at it. Indeed, a
“raising” or a bee of any kind was never complete without a fight. It
would appear that persons would take that plan of settling old feuds or
grudges, and whiskey-fights were considered as much a matter of course
as it was for men to assemble.
Annually during one day in June all the able-bodied men of military age
had to assemble for drill in Toronto, and I have it from some old men
who used to go from these parts, that at every such training there were
fights in the morning before they commenced and likewise in the evening
when they were dismissed from drill. They tell of a big bully at one
training in Toronto who boldly dared any one to fight, and who finally
succeeded in arousing a small but plucky man to stand before him. A ring
was formed, and the bully punished his small opponent shamefully. There
was a man from this locality who had his feelings irritated by the
unequal and harrowing spectacle. He happened to remark, “I wish he’d
serve me so,” and the bully took him up. It is needless to add that they
had all been drinking more or less. Our man quickly pulled off his coat
and stepped before his big antagonist. This time the bully had aroused
the wrong man, for our hero possessed the strongest arm and hand anyone
was known to have in the locality, and in a few blows he thrashed the
bully clean and fair, felling him to the ground, and giving the
prostrate man a vigorous kick as a parting salute. But this was a fair
fight, whereas generally in those days they did not scruple to “strike
below the belt,” while gouging, biting and kicking were common
accompaniments.
But the picture is not a pleasant one, and I shall not further dwell
upon it. Surely we should be thankful that our Province has improved in
its ideas of temperance and conduct, as the world at large has in the
great march of reform ideas.
[Illustration: AWKWARD SQUAD. FENIAN RAID, 1865.]
In this fast nineteenth century, in these days of divorces and of free
love, it is really a pleasing spectacle to be able to point to one of
our elderly Canadian couples, who had been companions, one and
inseparable, for sixty years. They were married at twenty-two, and at
once began clearing a Canadian forest farm. During the previous fall the
expectant bridegroom alone had chopped and cleared some five or six
acres out of the dense forest, and erected a log-house in the clearing.
In due time he brings his bride to his home--a home as yet in embryo;
but there are four willing hands to work together, hard but contentedly,
to make it a home in reality.
The wife has got as her portion the usual Canadian portion of that day,
and, for that matter, very much of this day as well. A feather bed, some
chairs, a table, some bedding and a cow made her simple dowry. Alone and
almost unaided they work honestly and faithfully day after day, subduing
the “forest primeval.” Crops are gathered annually, and they are on the
high road to prosperity. Children have come to grace the household, and
the loneliness is broken. As the roads become improved around the
settlement, Sunday morning finds them both arrayed in their best, and,
with their span of horses hitched to the waggon, on their way to the
nearest church. With all their eagerness to get on they do not at any
time forget to worship God, and their place at the little church is
seldom vacant unless it be exceptionally stormy or the roads exceedingly
bad, as is frequently the case in the spring and fall.
The farm is cleared and a new house built, and he is now among the
well-to-do of the locality. Another farm has been added to the
homestead, but the good pair never so much as think casually that they
might cease their arduous labors. No family jars occur to disturb their
serenity, but day succeeds day in right good fellowship, and each
performs his and her individual part faithfully and earnestly. Divorce
forsooth! The thought of such has never entered their minds in the most
remote degree.
Time steals imperceptibly but surely along, and the eldest girl has
arrived at marriageable age. Neighbors’ sons call in occasionally, and
it takes many such calls before the good parents really get it into
their heads that the daughter has suitors. A few months roll around, and
there is a rural wedding. The minister from the near village has been
called in. He comes before dinner, and after partaking of it, chats
gaily with the neighbors who begin to assemble. Four o’clock has
arrived, and it is time for the ceremony to proceed. The young couple
join hands, a few words are spoken, the assent is given, and they are
man and wife. As the mother got her dowry, so she (the daughter) gets
hers. And the household goes on again in the ordinary way; only one
member less sits around the family board and assists at the daily tasks.
The eldest son has taken a fashion of being out at nights a good deal of
late. Not content with this, he must have a smart buggy, and his horse
must be well groomed, as he goes away with his rig solitary and alone.
But if he goes away solitary and alone, his lonesomeness is soon broken
and dispelled by the presence of a neighbor’s daughter. For a few months
this process goes on, when the youth announces to father and mother that
he is about to marry. The good couple can scarcely realize that they
have a son old enough to wed. Their lives are spent in downright
usefulness and whole-souled earnestness; time has literally stolen a
march upon them, and it almost dazes them to think that their son is to
marry and leave them. This time something more than ordinary is expected
and given. An outlying farm must be given to the son, and horses to work
it with, as well as stock and some seed-grain. Thereupon the son and his
young bride begin their life’s journey in rural Canada; but whether they
will accomplish as much as the father and mother, or whether they will
imbibe the roving notions of many of our younger people, is a question
that remains to be solved.
At last, and not until now, the old couple, who have never yet had a
thought separate and apart from the other, realize they are growing old
and must soon cease from hard work. To their honor, and to the credit of
our country, be it said, in order that their other children may contract
good marriage alliances, the family gathering is still kept up, the
family board is ever open, and a place always is ready for the worthy
neighbors. To the utmost of their physical abilities they perform all
the manual labor they can about the farm and homestead. The dollars have
accumulated, and there are sundry loans here and there in the
neighborhood, both on mortgage security and notes of hand as well. Their
money-making has been by no speculative risk in any sense, but, like the
even tenor of their united lives, has simply flowed along, gradually
accumulating, and not being made by any lucky stroke.
A few years more and the scene shifts--shifts materially--for the family
are all married and gone, and once more the old couple are where they
commenced years and years ago, in the first days of their young manhood
and womanhood--alone again in the world, but still faithful to each
other, and still doing their duties daily and faithfully. But the old
farm is yet on their hands, while their strength is not equal to the
task of attending to it. Reluctantly they consider it best to rent the
home farm and purchase a neat and commodious cottage in the adjacent
town. It was a “corners” not many years since; some time later it became
a village, and some four or five years ago it grew ambitious and took
upon itself the name of a town. Here they purchase a little home in
which to quietly spend the last years of their lives. They are free from
worry, free from anxiety, and, as during the years long past, they have
no thought that is not shared in common. Old neighbors, as they come to
town, call upon them, and their lives are diversified and enlivened two
or three times a week by such visits. Their children, most of whom
reside within driving distance of their parents, drop in upon them at
any time, and thus in perfect happiness and serenity they pass down the
sunset slope of life. Their lives and individual characters are towers
of strength in the neighborhood for rectitude and uprightness, and the
community without a dissent recognizes their true worth. One is almost
tempted to wish that their already long lives might be yet prolonged for
many years, that they may continue to be as bright and shining lights in
the community. But the dreaded day comes at last. The good wife and
mother has fallen ill. Daily the town doctor visits her and does all
that medical skill can do in such a case, but no resource of science is
able to renovate the worn-out human body. Perhaps the most affecting
sight one could view in these days would be to see the old husband and
partner of sixty long years sit hourly and daily by the bedside,
disconsolate and lost, as he sadly views the daily emaciating face of
her whom he had chosen in the bloom of youth.
The inevitable comes at last, and the spirit forsakes its worn house of
clay. At the funeral gather the whole country-side about the former
home. The carriages fill the road and the yard, and the cottage is
packed to the doors. From the town church the minister has come. He
stands in the hall, reads from Sacred Writ, admonishes, gives a few
words of solemn warning; the procession moves on, and in a few minutes
all is over. Back to the cottage home comes the aged man, alone in this
world--literally alone, for no one but persons of such advanced age can
so keenly feel the absolute loneliness. Forty years ago he might have
thrown off his grief and faced the world again, but for him now the day
is gone beyond recovery. His eyes have suddenly dimmed, his one-time
firm lower jaw relaxes, his step grows feeble. Evidently his days are
numbered, and the reader must allow me to kindly draw the veil over him
and leave him, as we see him, tottering down to join his companion of
the past sixty years, who has preceded him but a few months.
But is there in our country any more pleasing example of success than
this old couple present? Successful they have been in a most eminent
degree. They may not have accumulated any great store of wealth, but
they have raised to Canada a family of sons and daughters who are a
credit to our beloved country--sons and daughters whose families are
working their farms and fields and helping to make our Province what it
is to-day.
* * * * *
Before closing these somewhat random sketches of life in the early
settlements and country districts of Upper Canada, I would wish to thank
my readers for the courtesy of perusing these pages. May I also indulge
the hope that they have given them some pleasure and profit in the
reading, and add that it is my most earnest desire--may it also be
yours--that our country, which we all love, may be guarded and led by
the great Omniscient in the future as it has been in the past.