The French in Upper Canada--Sir Wilfrid Laurier--Voyageurs and
their songs--“A la Claire Fontaine”--Money-lenders--Educational
matters--Expatriated Canadians--Successful railway speculation--A
shrewd banker.
“Such is the patriot’s boast, where’er we roam,
His first, best country ever is at home.”
--GOLDSMITH, “_The Traveller_.”
Although Upper Canada is essentially an English-speaking province, there
are many settlements throughout its wide area composed of other
nationalities, emigrants from European nations, who have founded
colonies within its borders. Quebec is more French, it being the old
Canada, or New France, and in it the two languages are equally spoken.
Still, although there are not noticeably many French in the Upper
Province, there are small groups of them here and there, chiefly among
the laboring classes.
The most picturesque figure in Canada to-day is Sir Wilfrid Laurier, and
as Premier of the Dominion we may claim him as belonging to us in
Ontario as well as to his native Province of Quebec. The son of a
provincial land surveyor, he is a man of finished culture and education,
whose eloquence is as fluently expressed in one language as in the
other. After taking a full classical course at L’Assomption College, he
studied law, took the degree of B.C.L. at McGill College, Montreal, was
for a time editor of a prominent and influential Lower Canadian journal,
later became well known as a powerful and skilful counsel in both civil
and criminal cases, and was created a Q.C. in 1880.
He came into politics as an associate of Dorion, Laflamme and others of
the old Liberal school in Lower Canada; later has called himself a
Liberal of the English school, a pupil of Charles Fox and Daniel
O’Connell. His débût in the Legislature of Lower Canada created a
sensation, “not more by the finished grace of his oratorical abilities
than by the boldness and authority with which he handled the deepest
political problems.” The effect of his “fluent, cultured and charming
discourse” is described by the poet Frechette as “magical.” The
brilliant Frenchman, who is yet so proud of his country and of being a
British subject, who has been honored and received by Her Imperial
Majesty the Queen, decorated with the ribbon of the Legion of Honor by
France, and given audience in the Vatican by the Pope, has taken a stand
in Canada and wielded an influence for good government, broad
statesmanship and a wide-reaching Imperial policy that falls to the lot
of few men to have the opportunity given them, and to still fewer the
ability to grasp when the opportunity arrives.
The denunciation of the treaties between Great Britain and Germany and
Belgium are the result of his efforts to clear the way to securing
preferential trade between the mother-country and her colonies. “For
this and the marvellous goal to which it leads,” said the London
_Times_, “Laurier’s name must live in the annals of the British Empire.”
Both the French and English languages are spoken by the ministers of the
Crown, and it is to be regretted that Upper Canadians are not more
sensible of the value of possessing a knowledge of two languages. Many
are, of course, taught the French as an accomplishment, but few can
speak it fluently. In Lower Canada, where both languages are spoken and
required in business, the knowledge is more appreciated.
The French habitants or peasants are a merry, contented,
laughter-loving, light-hearted people. The men spend the winters in the
woods or timber limits, felling the timber, hewing the great logs or
drawing them by the aid of horses or oxen to the surface of the frozen
rivers, and the summers in “driving” the logs, enclosing them in the
booms (logs with ends fastened together by chains to form a barrier or
enclosure for the loose floating logs), and in taking the great rafts
down the St. Lawrence to Quebec. Many a river shore in Upper Canada
re-echoes the songs of the French-Canadian lumberman or voyageur in the
twilight of a summer evening. They are men of fine physique and many
have strong sweet musical voices. The songs, with the accompaniment of
the lap of the water, the rhythmic sound of oar or paddle, the soft
breeze swaying the trees, and the murmur of the distant rapid or
waterfall, are among the things to be enjoyed.
“La Claire Fontaine” is one of the favorite songs of these men. I append
here a translation, which robs it to some extent of its lightsome
character. The repetition of the last two lines in the verse as the
first two of the following is characteristic of several of the best
known of these _chansons_, and adds much to their popularity.
A LA CLAIRE FONTAINE.
Unto the crystal fountain
For pleasure did I stray;
So fair I found the waters,
My limbs in them I lay.
Long is it I have loved thee,
Thee shall I love alway,
My dearest.
So fair I found the waters,
My limbs in them I lay;
Beneath an oak tree resting,
I heard a roundelay.
Long is it, etc.
Beneath an oak tree resting,
I heard a roundelay;
The nightingale was singing
On the oak tree’s topmost spray.
Long is it, etc.
The nightingale was singing
On the oak tree’s topmost spray--
Sing, nightingale, keep singing,
Thou who hast heart so gay!
Long is it, etc.
Sing, nightingale, keep singing,
Thou hast a heart so gay!
Thou hast a heart so merry,
While mine is sorrow’s prey.
Long is it, etc.
Thou hast a heart so merry
While mine is sorrow’s prey,
For I have lost my mistress,
Flown from her love away.
Long is it, etc.
For I have lost my mistress,
Flown from her love away;
All for a bunch of roses,
Whereof I said her nay.
Long is it, etc.
All for a bunch of roses,
Whereof I said her nay;
I would those luckless roses
Were on their bush to-day.
Long is it, etc.
I would those luckless roses
Were on their bush to-day,
And that itself, the rosebush,
Were plunged in ocean’s spray;
Long is it I have loved thee,
Thee shall I love alway.
My dearest.
There were many money-lenders in Upper Canada. When I say money-lenders,
I mean the men who will do no business, own scarcely any real estate,
and make no improvements in the land, but simply sit still and lend
their money at interest. I will sketch one who, while young, came to a
certain township in Ontario. He is now an old man, and still a resident
of the same locality. He brought from England with him about $1,000, and
with it bought fifty acres of good land. These acres he farmed and
resided on for some years, and succeeded well as a farmer. During the
Russian war times and the building of the Grand Trunk Railway, inflation
pervaded almost every walk of life. Then he sold his small farm for $120
per acre, or $6,000, and lived in a small rented house.
[Illustration: CANADIAN REBELLION, 1837-8. REFUGEE CROSSES LAKE ONTARIO
IN A CANOE, WITH THE PROW ROTTED AWAY.
BARCLAY, CLARK & CO. LITHO. TORONTO]
This money and the accumulated earnings of years he lent to his
neighbors at a maximum rate of twelve per cent., with discounts and
drawbacks and many other dark and mysterious ways of figuring--so
mysterious, indeed, that in many instances the loans netted him twenty
to twenty-five per cent. per annum. Thus year by year he added to his
capital, eventually becoming a very rich man; and though the rates for
loans have now dropped down to five per cent., his money has kept on
drawing big pay--never stopped. Floods, disasters, deaths,
fires--nothing seemed to stand in the way of the steady tick of interest
and accumulated wealth. To-day he is a very old man, worth his hundreds
of thousands. Pleasures of social intercourse, books, papers, travel,
and the little elegances which go to make up life, have always been
absent, but the gold has been hoarded. He is only a type of many of the
money-lenders of our Province. Such men do not buy estates, nor make
homes, nor do anything to improve our country.
An anecdote to illustrate: My father said just after the close of the
Canadian rebellion of 1837-38 he had built a new ship and launched her
upon Lake Ontario. And now rigging, shrouds, sails, anchors, cables, and
outfit generally must be had before she could sail. Ready money after
that domestic, or rather civil, disturbance was difficult to obtain.
The outfit, however, must be had, for freights were high, and there was
money to be made. To J--H--, he went, living not far from Whitby, and
told him what he wanted. H--readily accompanied my father to Toronto,
went with him to Rice Lewis, who kept such vessel outfits, and asked him
to give my father what he might need on his account. My father got £150
(Halifax) worth, and gave his note to H--, at six months, for £200
(Halifax) for the loan. You will readily see what money-lenders demanded
and obtained for their capital. It is only fair to complete the story
and say that my father found no fault with J--H--, for although then
himself abundantly able to raise any reasonable sum, he could not wait
to do so. Two trips of the ship, when once rigged out, paid the loan,
principal and interest, and all parties were satisfied.
The question has often occurred to me, why, as a rule, the wealth
secured by money-lending has not been long retained. As I cast my eye
over the country to-day, I find very few money-lenders’ families who
have much of their parents’ funds. I am not a fatalist, but I freely say
that it does not seem to be the case that money-lending, pursued as a
business at extortionate rates, does beget prosperity for those who
follow. I am sorry to say that a like remark would apply to the families
of many of our pioneers. Very few of the farms left by the pioneers to
their sons are to-day in their hands. That they got a living too easily
would be the apparent cause, but not because of anything derogatory (as
in the case of the money-lenders) in their father’s business.
* * * * *
We have gone from one extreme to the opposite, and very far opposite, in
educational matters. To-day our school tax hangs heaviest about our
necks, so very many of our young men and women are learning Latin, Greek
and French. John Quincy Adams said over a century ago, “When a boy gets
to conjugating Latin verbs he will not dig any more ditches.” We do not
know why it should be so, but it would appear generally to be true.
Again, there is a tendency among our young women not to entertain
matrimonial ideas, but to try to be wholly independent of the sterner
sex.
Our young women go off to some training hospital, get a diploma after
three years’ voluntary service, and set up as trained nurses. As such,
when they get employment, they make from ten to twenty-five dollars per
week, with their board and lodging. There is no manner of doubt but
these nurses are exceedingly useful in the sick chamber. More of our
young women, too, become telegraph operators, type-writers, ticket
sellers and stenographers, all very much detrimental to woman’s proper
sphere as the “queen of the home” and the wife of a faithful husband.
Chicago, Ill., alone contains one hundred thousand Canadians. In our
very, very free schools and colleges we educate young men and women by
the tens of thousands, very many of whom, as in the case of those in
Chicago, leave us for the United States. Such expatriated young men and
women are lost to us forever after, much to our sorrow.
* * * * *
In a former chapter it is said that our two great railways in
Canada--the Grand Trunk and the Canadian Pacific--were built by
capitalists. While that remark is quite true, let us look about a moment
and see how some of these large fortunes have been made at a stroke.
Here is an instance: A manager of a Canadian bank, which commands many
millions of dollars of capital, was once a Hudson’s Bay Company factor.
Well, one day a brother Hudson’s Bay factor, happening to be in St.
Paul, Minnesota, discovered that the St. Paul and Manitoba Railway,
which ran from St. Paul to the boundary line, was at low ebb--that is,
its stock was selling at exceedingly low prices. On arriving in Montreal
he reported this to the bank manager. They then borrowed some five
millions of dollars from the bank, and the ex-Hudson’s Bay factor made
his way to New York. On the open stock market he and his brokers bought
all the St. Paul and Manitoba railway stock in sight, at an almost
ridiculously low figure. Back to Montreal he came, and then a railway
from Winnipeg to the boundary line, to meet the St. Paul and Manitoba
railway, was proposed and arranged. Such news naturally quickly spread,
and the St. Paul and Manitoba railway stock became in immediate demand.
The quotation went up higher, began to boom, got to par, and soon went
away beyond, netting some millions of dollars for both the factor and
the bank manager. To repay the bank loan was a very easy matter, and
everybody was happy. Such cases are, however, rare in Canada. Canadians
are a slower, surer-going people, without the “slap-dash” of their
American cousins, though now and again they will take some chances. An
incident will serve to show this:
At one time when gold in New York was at a premium, the manager of a
wealthy Canadian bank went to New York and bought all the gold that was
offered. A steamer was about sailing for Europe. Publicly this gold in
kegs, as is the usual manner, was carted from the banks to the steamer.
Gold went up and up, for there was none in sight. It was apparently all
gone. Next morning the astute banker began to sell gold in small lots,
and gradually allowed himself to be cleaned out. How did he get the
gold? Why, easily enough. Not a keg went on board the out-going steamer.
Every one was returned by unfrequented streets, and safely lodged in the
vaults. New York was tricked and mad. But the manager made his
money--away up in the hundreds of thousands. There was no risk, in fact,
for the bank was and is still one of the soundest and strongest
financial institutions in this country. So much for the speculative side
of Canadians.
[Illustration: ASSASSINATION OF AUTHOR’S GRANDFATHER. CANADIAN
REBELLION, 1837-8.]