THE SAHARA.
From the inquiries he had made, Yusuf learnt that the Sheik of the Woled
Abou Sebah was encamped on the borders of the Sahara, between the
provinces of Suse and Draha. He had, consequently, taken a course
through the mountains south of Marocco, where they begin to fall in
lower ranges, towards the sea-coast. The inhabitants of this country are
Berebbers, living in small villages, among whom he had been in the habit
of travelling on trade; and as they were under the Sultan's government,
there was little danger to be apprehended. After three days' travelling,
almost day and night, he found himself on the south of the mountains.
There were no more fixed villages. The few inhabitants of this
wilderness, in which vegetation was rapidly disappearing as he advanced,
were living in tents where wells of water were to be found. Resting at
one of these stations, he had to make up his mind as to his onward
course. The sum of his intelligence was, that the Sheik's camp was a day
and a half journey in the Desert to the south-east; and that a large
caravan from the north was hourly expected on its way across the Desert
to Timbuctoo. His object was to join this caravan, which he had hoped to
have fallen in with before; and as they usually pay blackmail to the
Arabs, when they are allowed to pass unharmed, he knew he should thus
have no difficulty in obtaining their guidance to their Sheik.
From these poor peasants he could not obtain a guide, and he dared not
offer them money, which he knew was a certain inducement for them to
strip and perhaps kill him. His mule, too, was showing signs of fatigue,
from the rapid and unaccustomed journey. At daylight, after taking the
most minute directions from his host for striking the track of the
caravan, he set off with a stout heart, his mule ambling from four to
five miles an hour; and while the sun was yet far from noon, he found
himself launched on that inland sea which stretches with little
interruption from the Atlas to the Niger. With some of the instinct of
the Arab, he guided himself by the aid of rising grounds, sand-hills,
and indications left by bleached bones, sun-dried manure, and some
rocks, keeping a straight course by the sun; but his heart sunk as the
afternoon wore on, and no signs appeared of the desired tracks. Had the
caravan not passed? or had it passed, and the wind swept the sand over
its track and effaced it? He could travel on, but what probability of
discovering the road, in such a waste? He might travel another day, and
be able to return with safety, if unsuccessful; but then to lose the
object of his journey, death were better.
He dismounted and sat down to think. The western sun threw the shadow of
his mule far from him, and despair began to creep over his spirits.
Hark! was that a shout? His heart bounded at a human voice in such a
place, whether of friend or foe; it was welcome. He sprang up, and
scanned the horizon. Another long, clear call, and at a distance of
three-quarters of a mile he perceived some large fragments of rock,
which he had not before noticed; on their highest point, and partly
relieved against the sky, stood a dark figure, waving a cloth with one
hand, with what seemed to be a gun in the other. If there had been
danger, there was no escape; but Yusuf, accustomed to place confidence
in these people, joyfully mounted his mule, and hastened to the spot.
The Desert Arabs, to whom I would now introduce the reader, are quite a
different race from the Moors, and have little in common with the Arab
population of the Maroqueen provinces. The latter have occupied these
countries, on occasions of depopulation from plague, have adopted a
settled life, and become partially identified in manners and dress with
the people who surround them. The Arabs of the Sahara retain their
distinguishing characteristics.
Their dress is a blue tunic of India long cloth confined at the waist by
a leather belt; besides swords and dirks, they carry double-barrelled
guns, which come to them from the French settlements in Senegal. The
complexions of the men are swarthy; their features are regular and
strongly marked; they wear their hair in short curls, and the beard is
usually short. They are decidedly a handsome race, and the beauty of the
women is proverbial in the adjoining countries, "Dim el Arb" (Arab
blood) being a common expression for female loveliness. They are
brunettes, but their dark eyes and resplendent teeth are unrivalled.
Their living is frugal--dates, barley-meal, milk, and cheese: flesh is
used sparingly, though a sheep is always killed when a guest is to be
entertained; the flesh of the gazelle and the ostrich, as well as that
of the camel and sheep, is cut in strips, and dried in the sun for
household supply.
When Yusuf came up, he found four Arabs sitting under the shadow of the
rock, regaling themselves on dates and barley-cakes, spread on a piece
of old garment on the sand, by the side of which was a small goat-skin
of water. They were on an ostrich-hunt. Their guns were leaning against
the rocks, and their horses picketed behind them. These horses were what
an Englishman would call "bags of bones;" but they had magnificent
points, were as hard as iron, and had eyes like lamps.
Yusuf immediately took his place in their circle with the salutation of
"Peace!" This at once enlisted their good-will.
"Peace: behold the Jew: he hath put trust in us; he hath no fear."
"The children of the Sahel do not injure their guests; I have travelled
since morning fasting; hunger will make the fawn brave."
"God's protection is over you," said another.
"Eat!--behold the food God provides is before you."
Yusuf looked round at them and at their slender store of provisions.
"You are four," he said; "your hunting may be prolonged; before the
setting of to-morrow's sun you may be in more want of it than I. Direct
me on my way; hunger can be borne."
"Art thou not an infidel?" said a third. "Hast thou no trust in God?
Cannot God, who has sent us to your assistance, likewise provide us with
food when we are in need of it? Eat. O Jew! eat. He who breaks not bread
with the Arab is not the Arab's friend."
"Bismillah!" said Yusuf, at this conclusive argument, joining at once in
their hard fare. He then asked, "Has the Soudan Cafila passed, or is it
expected? and am I far from its track?"
"We have just left the track," said the Arab, who had last spoken; "the
Cafila was to reach the last halting-place"--here he pointed
north--"last night. They will rest at mid-day, and should soon be here.
But, O Jew! have you goods in the Cafila? Behold, we have broken bread
together; take your camels and return, for danger is before you. The
Sheik of the Sebaïe is at war with the Sultan. Lo, you are warned; our
faith is clean."
"Your bread is sacred; hear the truth; I have no goods nor camels; I go
to seek the tents of the Sheik himself, and only accompany the Cafila
until I can procure a guide thither."
"If so, you have started in a fortunate hour. I will direct you; when
you come to the second well in the desert,--should nothing happen
before, for we know not what is written,--ask any Arab to guide you to
the Chief, for he is not far thence. Be cautious, though you have
nothing to lose--you travel with merchants. Remember the proverb, 'If
you put your head in bran, the fowls will peck it.' Lo! I see the Cafila
approaching."
Yusuf turned his eyes in the direction where the smooth desert was
broken into low sand-hills, among which the long train was seen slowly
winding onwards, and, although at a great distance, the loaded camels
and their drivers could be seen, magnified by the evening mirage, like
gaunt spectres against the horizon.
"May you be rewarded, friend," said Yusuf; "I am warned; but the infidel
puts his trust in God."
The Arabs smiled as Yusuf remounted, and with salutations of Peace, he
rode off; and before it was dark had joined the Cafila.
These caravans are composed of traders, who periodically assemble to
traverse the Desert in company for mutual protection. They sometimes
take guards, but their chief security is in the tribute they pay to the
Arab tribes through which they pass. They carry manufactured goods and
wares to Soudan and Timbuctoo, bringing back in exchange ivory,
gold-dust, ostrich feathers, gums, and slaves. They number from five
hundred to a thousand camels. These large caravans are called _Akaba_. I
use the word Cafila as a more familiar term, and as applied to a smaller
expedition. The persons composing the present one not having yet
experienced much of the hardship of Desert travelling, were in great
spirits. The camel-drivers and muleteers were singing and chanting
verses of Arabic songs, improvised or from memory, which were answered
by others more or less wittily, and drawing shouts of laughter from all
within hearing. The singing encourages the camels to quicken their pace,
and contributes to the gaiety, by the measured time of their bells.
About twenty horsemen had escorted the Cafila hitherto, but were to
leave them a couple of stages further, as it is only horses trained to
it from colts that can live on the Desert. Others were discussing the
rumours of war between the Sultan and the Chief of the Arab tribes,
which had excited in them the greatest alarm.
"By the tomb of Mulai Idris," said a little rotund fat Moor from Fez,
with a florid complexion and long white beard, which his fingers were
continually combing; and mounted on a tall ambling mule. "By the tomb of
Idris (may his sanctity be increased!) if I had heard this news before,
I would have sacrificed all the gain on these camel-loads before I would
have left my shop in the Kaisaria, and then, perhaps, to lose our life
also, by the hands of these blood-thirsty Arabs; who knows what is
written, Allaw Kereem?" and the little man's hands kept time with his
increased agitation.
"In the name of the Prophet, uncle Mohammed," exclaimed a Marocco
horseman, with a long gun across the pommel of his saddle, "you cry out
before you are hurt. You are rich; I am a beggar; but are we not strong
enough to send a whole tribe of these Arabs (the curse of Mohammed upon
them!) to their fathers' graves, if they can find them in this sea,
where you may lose sight of a camel for an hour, and not find him in a
month?" And laughing at his own bald wit, he turned to another horseman,
who, from his northern accent and striped djilabea, the hood of which
was drawn over his head, seemed to be from the neighbourhood of Tetuan;
he was mounted on a raw-boned horse, like those of the ostrich-hunters,
and was at the time loading his gun.
"What say you, friend? You seem prepared for work, but I trust there is
no cause for fear."
The other looked up sharply at the speaker from under his hood, and went
on with his occupation, saying,--
"He that despises his enemy is not wise; he that reviles a people in
their own country is not wise; for sands as well as walls may have ears.
I cannot talk,--when time serves, I may act. Danger there is, but as for
cause of fear,"--and he once more looked at his companion's face, which
had waxed paler--"it does not seem required in your case."
The horseman, whose name was Mohammed, galled by the reproof, but not
daring to resent it, drove his spurs into his horse, which plunged
forward and brought him in contact with the mule's load, a projecting
part of which caught the folds of his dress, causing a large rent, and
exposing a belt he wore next his person. This did not escape the other's
quick eye, though he appeared to take no notice. The moon was a few days
old, but the light of a clear, starry sky was sufficient on these white
plains, and they travelled on until midnight, when they arrived at some
wells, and halted. These wells were of a great depth, and the water was
drawn from them in small leathern buckets, and poured into a stone
trough, the exhausted camels biting, kicking, and pushing, in their
eagerness to reach the coveted fluid. As the camels were watered, their
fore knees were tied up, to prevent them straying, and they were turned
loose to graze, on what few thorny plants they could find, while the men
rolled themselves in their hayks, and were soon asleep, undisturbed by
the roaring of camels, the shouts of the drivers, and the confusion
which lasted for hours.
At daylight the march was resumed, but the party seemed to have lost
their spirits; the song was hushed, and nothing was heard but the
vociferations of the drivers, urging on their beasts, while the
merchants plodded on silently, their heads enveloped in burnooses and
large turbans, as a protection against the sun. About noon they came to
a firmer soil, and the guides gave notice that they were approaching the
halting-place, while the spirits of all were exhilarated by the prospect
of reaching rest and water. Yusuf remembered the warning of the Arab,
indicating these wells as the place of danger. About an hour's ride
ahead, they could see masses of rock and brushwood on the plain, and
when about a mile from this, the man on the spare horse rode forward to
borrow a flint to put in his gun; and, whether by accident or design, it
went off. A movement was now seen among the rocks, and spears and
shining gun-barrels protruding above them, showed the place to be
occupied.
"We are betrayed!" ran from mouth to mouth; "A signal!" "Down with the
Kafir!" and they surrounded the horseman who had fired the shot. He
remonstrated against their quarrelling amongst themselves, but was only
met with cries of "Down with him!" "Drag him off his horse!" when,
seeing they were determined on violence, he suddenly stripped off his
striped cloak and turban, hurling them, with the gun he had fired, far
away with his right hand, while his left held his bridle and a short
double gun; his blue frock showed him to be an Arab.
"Back, slaves!" he shouted, in a voice of thunder; "I am Ali the
Falcon!" and a smile of scorn was on his face, as the crowd recoiled
before him, "let wisdom be with you. You thought _me_ in _your_
power--you are in mine--resistance is useless, offer none, and I pledge
my word that you shall all return unharmed in person; the word of Ali el
Bezz is sacred. Resist, or draw blood,--and may the curse cleave to my
father's tents if every soul of this company shall not die this day!"
The crowd were panic-struck; some knew him, and all had heard of his
daring deeds and wonderful escapes. The majority, who had not much to
lose, were content to save their skins, but the rich merchants were loth
to lose their all without a struggle, but were feebly seconded by the
soldiers. At this critical moment, a band of thirty or forty horsemen,
breaking the silence of the Desert with their united war-cry, "Allaw hu
ackbaār!" their guns poised above their heads, rushed down at full
speed, through a cloud of dust, on the affrighted travellers, while Ali,
overlooked in the confusion, galloped out of the throng, and joined his
band, who, seeing no appearance of resistance, had come to a halt.
"You should be more cautious," said Ali to his lieutenant; "not show
your teeth before you can bite. You nearly sent me to heaven across the
edge of a knife."
"It was not a fortunate hour, and you have escaped the houris! To keep
these fellows quiet when plunder is in view, were to keep fire in a
goat-skin. But, by the Prophet, we may lose our prize yet."
The score of horsemen belonging to the Cafila had ranged themselves in
front, thinking, by a show of resistance, to intimidate the Arabs, and
make terms; but these, with Ali at their head, immediately dashed
forward, standing erect in their stirrups, ready to pour in a volley,
but the Moors, seeing their determination, at once turned their horses'
heads and fled.
"Shame upon them!" said Ali; "they are soldiers--they are Moslem--they
abandon their trust without a blow. Yes! slaves are cowards! Will they
not tremble when Sheik Hamed rides to the gates of Marocco? Now mark! my
word is passed for their safety, on submission. I have other game
afoot." And putting his horse to speed, he disappeared across the plain
in the direction of the flying horsemen.
The Arabs, meeting with no resistance, dismounted, and proceeded to
secure their plunder, stationing half-a-dozen pickets to prevent a
surprise. The Moors and camel-drivers were stripped of everything that
was of value, and the camels with merchandise were collected and made to
kneel down by themselves. The Arab left in command galloped about
superintending the disposal of the spoil, recommending submission and
promising protection.
The old Fez Moor, finding that no one was killed, consoled himself in
his fatalism, ejaculating as he was stripped,--
"It is written! God is great! It is written!"
Others, seeing the robbers were so forbearing, were less patient, but
for these a hand on the dagger was an unanswerable argument.
Yusuf had been a patient spectator of the scenes which had been enacted,
but it now came to his turn, and one of the robbers approached to strip
him.
"Friend," said he, "offer me no violence. I am under the protection of
your Sheik Sidi Hamed Ibn Ishem. My journey is to meet him. In his name,
forbear."
"Infidel dog!" said the robber, "this trick shall not save your gold;
you would give a drop of blood for every copper rather than part with
it. You know the reward of resistance;" and he seized the defenceless
Jew.
"Stop," said another, "we may repent, if the infidel speak truth. Jew,"
said he to Yusuf, "you come alone; have you no token?"
"I have," said he, "but it is as my life; take me to your leader."
They led the way to where the Arab was resting among the bales, with his
bridle in his hand.
"I have claimed the sanctuary of the great Sheik," said Yusuf; "it has
been refused me. A token has been demanded of me; lo, there it is."
He took the packet from his vest, and uncovering the velvet pouch, gave
it to the Arab; the man, seeing the cypher of the Sheik, immediately
kissed it, put it to his forehead, and returned it to Yusuf.
"It is enough," he said; "he is our brother; give him the best mule in
the Cafila, and whatever he desires. Behold! he is under the shadow of
the tent of Sidi Hamed."
The news ran from mouth to mouth, and there was nothing now they were
not anxious to do to serve the Sheik's guest, and his newly-acquired
influence was used to intercede for some of the merchants, when he saw
them too hardly used.
"Hast thou not bitten off thy tongue?" said the robber to the other who
had assaulted Yusuf, "better for thee, than to have reviled the Sheik's
guest--the unbeliever has a big heart, make your peace."
"I am in the hands of God, Astofer Allaw," said the other.