Republic_; ----, _History of Mexico_; Fortier and Ficklen,
_Central America and Mexico_; Bancroft, _History of Mexico_;
Rives, _Relations of Mexico and the United States_; Bancroft,
_Porfirio Diaz_; Pinchon and de Lara, _Mexico_; Stevenson,
_Maximilian in Mexico_; Martin, _Maximilian_; ----, _Mexico
of the XXth Century_; Prida, _From Despotism to Anarchy_;
Fornaro, _Carranza and Mexico_; Trowbridge, _Mexico Today and
Tomorrow_.
Additional Readings: Alaman, _Historia de Mexico_; Esquivel,
_Democracia y personalismo_; Estrada, _La Revolution y
Francisco I. Madero_; Gonzalez, _La Revolucion y sus heroes_;
Zamacois, _Historia de Mexico_; Planchet, _La Cuestion
religiosa en Mexico_.
6. The Central American States:
First Class: Costa Rica and Guatemala.
Second Class: Honduras, Salvador, and Nicaragua.
1. Race distribution.
2. Projects of union: 1824-1838; 1842; 1848; 1852; 1862;
1872; 1876; 1887; 1889; 1895; 1897.
3. The peace conference of 1907; the court.
4. Political and economic conditions.
5. Foreign relations.
Readings: Villafranca, _Costa Rica_; Winter, _Guatemala_;
Guardia, _Costa Rica_; Squier, _States of Central America_;
Palmer, _Central America_; Fortier and Ficklen, _Central
America and Mexico_; Martin, _Salvador_; Koebel, _Central
America_; Munro, _The Five Central American Republics_;
Shepherd, _Central and South America_.
7. The Insular Republics.
A. Cuba.
1. Cuba in the early part of the 19th century.
2. Plans made in South America for the revolutionizing of
Cuba.
3. Cuba in diplomacy; attitude of the United States and
Europe.
4. Slavery in Cuba.
5. Filibusters.
6. The ten year war; the problem of reform.
7. The Spanish-American War; status of Cuba after the
peace.
8. American occupation; the Platt Amendment.
9. Republican government in Cuba; interventions by the
United States; diplomatic and economic relations with the
United States.
Readings: Callahan, _Cuba and International Relations_;
Leroy-Beaulieu, 251-268; Cabrera, _Cuba and the Cubans_;
Porter, _Industrial Cuba_; Lindsay, _Cuba and her People of
Today_; Quesada, _The War in Cuba_; Guiteras, _Historia de la
Isla de Cuba_; Ramon de la Sagra, _Historia de la Isla de Cuba_
(13t); Canini, _Four Centuries of Spanish Rule in Cuba_;
Johnson, _The History of Cuba_ (5v); Hill, _Cuba and Porto
Rico_.
B. Haiti and Santo Domingo:
1. Monarchy and republicanism in Haiti and Santo Domingo.
2. Social and racial problems.
3. Political disorders.
4. International relations:
a. Financial conditions; foreign claims.
b. Interventions.
c. Relations of Santo Domingo and the United States.
d. Haiti and the United States.
5. Attitude toward the United States.
6. Contemporary government and politics.
Readings: Fiske, _West Indies_; Eves, _West Indies_; St. John,
_Haiti, the Black Republic_; Schoenrich, _Santo Domingo_;
Hazard, _Santo Domingo, Past and Present_; Hollander, _Report
on the Debt of Santo Domingo_ (Sen. Ex. Document, 59th Cong.);
Garcia, _Compendio de la Historia de Santo Domingo_.
8. Panama:
a. Secessionist tendencies in Panama.
b. The revolution.
c. The republic.
d. Relations with Colombia and the United States.
Required Readings: Bishop, _Panama, Past and Present_; Gause
and Carr, _The Story of Panama_; Bunau-Varilla, _Panama; the
Creation, Destruction and Resurrection_; Villegas, _The
Republic of Panama_.
Readings in general for political history: Dawson, _The South
American Republics_; Akers, _History of South America_; Dodd,
_Modern Constitutions_; Rodriguez, _American Constitutions_;
Sweet, _History of Latin America_; Koebel, _South America_;
Garcia Calderon, _Latin-America_, 86-231; _Cambridge Modern
History_, XII, 672-689; Domville-Fife, _Great States of South
America_; Enock, _The Republics of Central and South America_;
Porter, _The Ten Republics_; Colmo, _Los paises de la America
latina_; Amunategui, _Ensayos biographicos_ (4v); Shepherd,
_Hispanic Nations of the New World_.
=Chapter IX. Relations with One Another and with Europe.=
1. Boundary disputes and commissions; the principle of _uti
possedetis_.
2. Filibustering expeditions and reprisals.
3. The status of Uruguay.
4. The war against Paraguay.
5. The Chile-Peru-Bolivia war; the Tacna-Arica question.
6. International standing of Latin America.
7. The problem of unity:
a. Proposals for a league of states of Spanish origin.
b. Proposals for inclusion of Brazil in this league.
c. Congresses of Hispanic-American countries: Panama
(1826), Lima (1848, 1864, 1897), Santiago de Chile (1856).
d. Programmes of arbitration; proposals for codification of
international law for the Americas.
e. Congresses for health and sanitations conventions: Rio
de Janiero (1887, 1906), Lima (1888), Washington (1902,
1905), Mexico City (1907), San Jose de Costa Rica (1909).
f. Scientific congresses: Buenos Aires (1898), Montevideo,
(1901), Rio de Janiero (1905), Santiago de Chile, (1908),
Washington, (1916).
g. Control of river commerce; the international rivers.
8. Central American affairs; arbitration agreement.
9. The so-called A. B. C. Alliance.
10. Relations with Europe:
Diplomatic; economic; cultural.
11. European interventions in Latin American affairs:
Examples of European intervention: France and Great Britain
at Buenos Aires and Montevideo; Spain and France in Mexico;
France, Great Britain and Spain in Mexico; Spain in Santo
Domingo and Peru; Great Britain at Corinto; Germany, Great
Britain and Italy in Venezuela.
Readings: Shepherd, 96-106; Koebel, _The South Americans_,
41-63; Garcia Calderon, 335-350; _Cambridge Modern History_,
Vol. XII, 689-702; Moore, _Brazil and Peru Boundary Question_;
Posada, _En America una compaña_; Helio Lobo, _O Tribunal
Arbitral Brasiliero-Boliviano_; Alvarez, _Le Droit
international Americain_; Quesada, _La Evolution del
Panamericanismo_.
=Chapter X. Later Diplomatic and Political Relations with the United
States.=
1. Development and extension of the Monroe Doctrine:
a. The Jackson-Van Buren attitude.
b. Polk's revival, interpretation, and restriction.
c. Monroe Doctrine in the fifties:
1. Connection with slavery issue.
2. Paraguay, 1857-59.
d. The Maximilian episode.
e. The United States and the Chilean war with Spain.
f. Grant and the nationalization of the doctrine.
g. The Santos claim in Ecuador; Alsop claim in Chile.
h. Cleveland-Olney extension.
i. Monroe Doctrine and imperialism.
j. Roosevelt-Taft period.
k. Wilson Doctrine.
l. Monroe Doctrine and claims against Hispanic-American
countries:
1. Contractual,--Alsop, Cerutti, Landreau.
2. Tortuous,--Case of Moreno; Benton Case; Renton Case.
m. The Monroe Doctrine and the World War.
Readings: Appropriate sections of Edgington, Bingham, Hart,
Bigelow; Reddaway, _Monroe Doctrine_; American State Papers;
Moore, _A Digest of International Law_, Vol. VI, 368-604;
714-715; ----, _Principles of American Diplomacy_, 246-269;
Minister Dudley's report, U. S. For. Rel., 1899; Vicuña
Mackenna, _Historia de la Administracion Montt_; ----,
_Historia de Chile_; New International Encyclopedia; Bonilla,
_Wilson Doctrine_; Barrett, _Latin-America of Today and its
Relation to the United States_; Helio Lobo, _De Monroe a
Rio-Branco_; Saenz Peña, _Derecho publico Americano_.
2. Hispanic-American attitude toward the United States.
a. In politics and diplomacy.
b. In commerce.
Readings: Ugarte, _El porvenir de la America latina_;
Sotolongo, _El Imperialismo Norte Americano_; Merlos, _America
latina ante el peligro_; Weyl, _American World Policies_,
Chapter XV; Gondra, _Los Estados Unidos y las Naciones
Americanas_.
3. Efforts at coöperation and friendship:
a. Evolution of Pan Americanism.
b. The Pan American Union:
1. Organization and purposes.
2. Control and accomplishments.
c. Pan American congresses: Washington, (1889); Mexico
City,(1902); Rio de Janiero, (1906); Buenos Aires, (1910).
d. Inter-American financial congresses: Washington, (1915);
Buenos Aires, (1916).
e. The peace and arbitration treaties.
f. Cultural inter-relations; scientific conferences,
increase of trade and travel; exchange of teachers and
college professors.
g. Proposals of an inter-American league of nations.
4. The Drago Doctrine and the Porter Doctrine.
5. Latin America at the second Hague Conference.
Readings: Hull, _The United States and Latin America at the
Hague_; Quesada, _La Doctrina Drago_ (Rev. de la Univ., B.A.,
1919).
6. The Platt Amendment:
a. Relations with Cuba; interventions.
7. Caribbean Interests of the United States:
1. Political and economic conditions in the Caribbean area;
effects and influences of the Spanish-American War.
2. Strategic importance; United States as a Caribbean
power.
a. Porto Rico as a dependency.
b. Territorial government; the insular cases; the
question of citizenship.
c. The Virgin Islands.
3. Dominant position of the United States:
a. In commerce.
b. Financial agreements with Santo Domingo, Haiti,
Nicaragua.
c. The Panama Canal as a factor in the problem; status
of the Republic of Panama with respect to the United
States.
d. Naval bases of the United States; lease of the Corn
Islands.
e. Interventions of the United States.
4. Relations of the United States and Venezuela, Colombia,
Central America.
5. Attitude of Caribbean peoples toward the United States;
problem of self-determination.
6. Contemporary tendencies.
Readings: Jones, _Caribbean Interests of the United States_;
Bonsal, _The American Mediterranean_; Westergaard, _The Danish
West Indies_, 1671-1917; De Booy and Faris, _The Virgin
Islands_.
8. The Panama Canal:
a. Treaties and plans for construction.
b. The French enterprise.
c. Relations of Columbia and the United States.
d. Secession and independence of Panama.
e. Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty.
f. Construction of Canal.
g. Possible economic and political effects.
h. The Columbian grievance against the United States;
diplomatic developments.
9. Wilson Administration:
a. Hispanic-American policy.
b. Relations with Mexico.
c. Achievements and criticism.
Required Readings: Senate Doc., No. 744, 61st Cong., 3rd
Session; _Annals of American Academy of Pol. Science_, July,
1914; Bryce, 484-520; Garcia Calderon, 298-312; Latane,
_America as a World Power_, 255-285; ----, _Diplomatic
Relations of the United States with Spanish America_; Williams,
_Anglo-American Isthmian Diplomacy_; _The New Pan Americanism_,
Parts I, II and III (World Peace Foundation).
Additional Readings: Flack, _Spanish American Diplomatic
Relations Preceding the War of 1898_; Chandler, _Inter-American
Acquaintances_; Moore, _Principles of American Diplomacy_,
365-419; Maurtua, _La Idea Pan Americana y la cuestion del
arbitraje_; Usher, _Pan-Americanism_; Gause and Carr, _The
Story of Panama_; Bishop, _Panama, Past and Present_.
=Chapter XI. Trade Relations of Hispanic America and the United States.=
1. Origins of trade.
2. Development of trade during the 19th century:
a. Comparative predominance of United States to about 1850.
b. Disruption of trade during War of Secession.
c. Increased European competition after Franco-Prussian
war.
3. History of trade in the 20th century.
4. Volume of contemporary trade, export and import, with United
States; with Europe.
5. Character of the trade:
a. Standard articles imported and exported.
b. Non-competitive goods and raw products.
c. Competitive goods.
6. Purchasing power of Hispanic American countries.
7. Misconceptions, current in United States, as to
Hispanic-American habits of business.
8. Obstacles in the way of trade:
a. Lack of merchant marine.
b. Established habits and traditions of trade.
c. Ignorance of market and the accepted methods of trade:
1. Market demands.
2. Transportation problems.
3. Tariff administrations.
d. Long term credits.
e. Lack of organization to secure the trade.
9. Methods for improvement.
10. The Webb-Pomerene Act.
11. Effects of the European war of 1914; construction of the
Panama Canal.
12. Increase of American business interests in Hispanic
America.
Readings: _Atlas America Latina_; Verrill, _South and Central
American Trade Conditions of Today_, 168-179; U. S. Sen. Doc.
No. 737, 60th Cong., 2d Sess., (Fisher, _Ethnography and
Commercial Importance of Latin America and the West Indies_);
House Doc., No. 154, 59 Cong., 2d Sess.; Aughinbaugh, _Selling
Latin America_; Babson, _The Future of South America_; Bonsal,
_The American Mediterranean_; Chandler, _Inter-American
Acquaintances_; Hough, _Practical Exporting_; Shepherd,
168-179; ----, _Our South American Trade_ (Pol. Science
Quart., Dec., 1909); Filsinger, _Exporting to Latin America_;
Savay, _The Science of Foreign Trade_; Pepper, _American
Foreign Trade_; Cooper, _Understanding South America_; Wilson,
_South America as an Export Field_, (Sp. Agt. Ser. No. 81,
1914, Dept. of Com.); South American Supplement, London
_Times_; U. S. consular reports; reports of the Department of
Commerce and Labor (now Department of Commerce).
=Chapter XII. Hispanic America and the World War.=
1. Economic and political influences of the war.
2. Hispanic-American products necessary in the prosecution of
the war.
3. Efforts to secure sympathy for one or the other group of
belligerents; policies of neutrality; cultural factors in the
situation: Germany as a menace.
4. Improvement in the financial situation; development of Pan
Americanism: the financial congresses.
5. Growth of anti-German sentiment in certain countries; Ruy
Barbosa's indictment of Germany; the Luxburg and Zimmermann
dispatches.
6. Effect of the entrance of the United States into the war.
7. Hispanic America in the war:
a. Nations which declared war: Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba,
Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.
b. Nations which severed relations with Germany: Bolivia,
Ecuador, Peru, Santo Domingo, Uruguay.
c. The neutral countries: Argentina, Chile, Colombia,
Mexico, Salvador, Venezuela, Paraguay.
d. Services of Brazil and Cuba.
8. Hispanic America and the Peace Conference; the prominent
part played by Brazil.
9. The Tacna-Arica question in a new phase.
10. Attitude toward the League of Nations; Brazil as a member
of the Supreme Council; the states which joined the league.
11. The Monroe Doctrine during the war; projects for an
inter-American league of states.
12. Economic results of the war upon Hispanic America.
Readings: Martin, _Latin America and the War_, (League of
Nations, II, No. 4); Kirkpatrick, _South America and the War_;
Rowe, _Early Effects of the War upon Finance, Commerce, and
Industry of Peru_; Ferrara, _La doctrine de Monroe y la liga de
las naciones_; Galliard, _Amerique latine et Europe
occidentale_; Wagner, _L'Allemagne et l'Amerique Latine_;
Quesada, El "peligro Aleman" en sud America; Yearbooks and
periodicals.
=Chapter XIII. Contemporary History, Problems, and Achievements of
Hispanic America.=
1. Political:
a. Political and governmental stability.
b. Politics in practice and principle.
c. Modern conventions, platforms, and elections.
d. Restrictions of the ballot.
e. Professional men in politics.
f. Absence of political experience by the masses.
g. Necessity of developing public interest in politics and
political philosophy.
h. Appearance of new political issues.
i. Electoral reform: Argentina.
j. Civil Service in Hispanic America.
k. State or Church control over education.
l. Municipal government:
1. History of progress.
2. Public utilities; fire departments; police system;
water works; public sanitation; municipal ownership.
m. Social legislation.
n. Passing of the South American type of revolution.
Readings: Garcia Calderon, 222-248, 365-677; Shepherd, 141-150;
Scruggs, _The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics; Vera y
Gonzalez, Elementos de historia contemporanea de America_;
Heredia, _Memorias sobre las revoluciones de Venezuela_; books
on individual countries.
2. Social and Religious:
A. Social:
1. Population:
a. Census statistics available.
b. Population and resources.
2. Social types: Spanish; immigrant; Indian, savage and
civilized; mixed races; negro.
3. Laboring classes and types: _"vaquero;" "gaucho;"
"llanero;"_ industrial laborers.
4. Labor system and laws.
a. Peonage:
1. Feudal status of labor in colonies.
2. Origin of peonage; inheritance of debt.
3. The "inquilino" and "colono"; "cholo."
4. Ignorance, wages, and living conditions.
5. Peon in government and politics.
6. Peonage in Mexico; in South America.
b. Labor regulations in general.
c. Labor organizations.
d. Dearth of labor in certain countries.
e. Strikes; radicalism; labor conditions in
Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.
5. Aristocratic and professional society.
6. Language.
7. Position of woman:
a. In society.
b. Family life.
c. The matter of divorce.
8. Amusements and social customs:
a. Sports and games.
b. Carnivals and festivals.
c. Dress and etiquette.
d. Gambling and lotteries.
e. Social customs in business.
9. Influence of the Basques in Latin America.
Readings: Shepherd, 121-141; ----, _Psychology of the Latin
American_ (Jour. of Race Devel. 1919); Garcia Calderon,
283-290; Bryce, 432, 528-530; Romero, _Mexico and the United
States_; Bingham, _Across South America_; books on individual
countries and on travel; Bunge, _Nuestra America_; Colmo,
_America Latina_.
B. Religious:
1. Prevalence of Roman Catholic Church.
2. Church and State; tendency toward separation.
3. Clericalism in politics.
4. The work of the Church.
5. Toleration in Hispanic America.
6. Protestant missionary activities.
7. Foreign opinion of Hispanic-American morality.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 139; Koebel, _The South Americans_
41-44, 91-108, 152-169.
Additional Readings: Speer, _South American Problems_; Brown,
_Latin America_; Neely, _South America: Its Missionary
Problem_; Planchet, _La Cuestion religiosa en Mexico_.
3. Immigration:
a. History of immigration in the 19th century:
1. Causes of scarcity before 1857; colonial exclusion;
revolutions; greater inducements of the United States;
economic reasons.
2. Increase since 1857.
Ideas of Alberdi and Sarmiento on immigration.
3. Drift toward the Southern republics.
4. Immigration in the North American republics.
b. Political and economic effects of immigration.
c. Effects on society.
d. Spanish, Italian, German, Russian and Polish, English,
French, Portuguese, Oriental, Turkish and Assyrian
immigration.
e. Favorite occupations of aliens.
f. The question of assimilation and citizenship.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 81-84, 126-129, 169; Koebel, _The
South Americans_, 152-169; Garcia Calderon, 290-298, 323-335.
Additional Readings: _Atlas America Latina_; Koebel, _British
Exploits_, 481-551; Mulhall, _The English in South America_;
Wintzer, _Die Deutschen im tropischen Amerika_.
4. Financial:
a. Monetary systems in Hispanic America.
1. Standards and values.
2. Paper currency.
3. Fluctuations.
b. Capital and Banking:
1. Number of banks.
2. Domestic and foreign control of banking.
3. Branch banks:
a. European.
b. United States.
4. Scarcity of capital.
c. Hispanic-American finance.
1. Credits, exchange, solvency.
2. Stock exchanges.
3. Bond issues.
4. Public debts.
5. Sinking funds.
6. Insurance.
7. Trusts and corporations.
d. Foreign influences upon financial policies.
e. Business enterprises:
1. Habits of business.
2. Buying and selling; advertising.
f. Tariff systems:
1. Tariff for revenue.
2. Rates: specific rather than _ad valorem_.
3. Variations and complexity.
g. Taxation:
1. On personal property.
2. On lands and real estate.
3. On industries.
4. Licenses and concessions.
h. Internal improvements and public works.
1. History of internal improvements in Latin
America.
2. Public works; postal service; parcel post.
i. Movement for single, Pan-American monetary standard.
j. Movement for a Pan-American, standardized tariff
system.
Readings: Shepherd, 43, 48, 150-153, 173; Wolfe, _Foreign
Credits_, (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 62, 1913, Department of
Commerce); Hurley, _Banking and Credit in Argentina, Brazil,
Chile, and Peru_, (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 90, 1914, ibid.);
Verrill, Aughinbaugh, and Babson; Crosby, _Latin American
Monetary System and Exchange Conditions_; The South American
Year-Book; Consular reports; Reports of the Board of Trade
(Eng.); books on individual countries; Roper, _The Postal
Service and the Latin American Trade_.
5. Industrial:
A. The most important industries:
1. Mining:
a. Areas of ore fields.
b. Facilities.
c. Acquisition of mining properties.
d. Labor supply.
e. Gold, silver, diamonds, copper, tin, nitrate,
coal, and other mines.
2. Stock-raising:
a. Areas adapted.
b. Cattle, horse, sheep ranches.
c. Stock-yards and slaughter-houses.
d. Wool and hides.
Readings: Whelpley, _Trade Development in Argentina_, (Sp.
Agts. Ser. No. 43, 1911, Dept. of Commerce and Labor); _Atlas
America Latina_.
3. Rubber:
a. Areas of growth.
b. Processes employed.
c. Labor supply; labor scandals; "black gold."
4. Agriculture:
a. Arable lands and climatic conditions.
b. Agriculture in connection with stock-raising.
c. Ownership of land.
d. The agrarian situation in Hispanic America.
e. The "haciendas," "fazendas;" the "chacras" and
"potreros."
f. Agricultural products: Coffee, cacao yerba,
foodstuffs.
5. Manufacturing:
a. General characteristics: domestic and factory
methods.
b. Connection with other industries.
c. Obstacles in the way.
d. Products: foodstuffs, textiles, machinery.
B. European and American capital invested in industries.
C. Occupations of foreigners in Hispanic America.
Readings: Koebel, _The South Americans_, 132-151, 193-204;
books on individual countries; Pearson, _The Rubber Country of
the Amazon_; Gemmingen, _Die entwickelung der fabrikindustrie
im lateinischen Amerika_.
6. Commercial:
a. History of Hispanic-American commerce.
b. Exports and imports:
1. Character and value.
2. Destination.
c. Commercial enterprises.
d. Trade marks and their use.
e. Customs regulations.
f. Modern transportation and communication.
1. Development of transportation facilities.
2. Survival of colonial methods in certain areas.
3. Pack-trains, stage routes, llama trains.
4. Roads and highways.
5. Land transportation:
a. Railroads: trunk lines; short lines.
b. International and transcontinental lines.
c. Projected lines.
d. Horse cars and trolleys; subways.
e. Mileage and rates.
f. Freight rates.
g. Capital and ownership.
6. Water transportation:
a. River steamers and barges.
b. Oceanic lines.
c. Harbor facilities.
d. Rates.
g. Communication:
1. Telegraph lines.
2. Cable lines.
3. Postal service; international service.
h. The metric system of weights and measures.
i. Concessions and monopolies:
1. Procedure in obtaining them.
2. Policies of various countries in relation
thereto.
3. Attitude of the United States toward them.
Readings: Shepherd, 168-191; Koebel, _The South Americans_,
304-358; Domville-Fife, _Great States of South America; Atlas
America Latina; Sheridan, Transportation Rates to the West
Coast of South America_ (Sp. Agts. report, Ser. 72, 1913. Bur.
of For. and Dom. Commerce); Gueydan, _Transportation Facilities
of Colombia and Venezuela_ (_ibid._); _Trade mark registration
in Latin America_ (Tariff series, No. 31, _ibid._); Verrill,
Aughinbaugh, and Babson; Reports of Bureau of Trade Relations
of the State Department; Report of the Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce of the Commerce Department; U. S. Federal
Trade Com. Rep. on Trade and Tariffs in Brazil, Uruguay,
Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, and Peru; _Tariff Systems of South
American countries_. (Bur. of For and Dom. Com.)
7. Educational and Cultural:
A. Educational:
1. General characteristics.
2. Percentages of illiterates in various countries.
3. Educational progress.
4. Obstacles to popular education.
5. Foreign influences in education.
a. European teachers in Hispanic-America.