DUBNER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH DUNFERMLINE, JAMES ABERCROMBY
DUBOIS, FRANCOIS THEODORE DUNFERMLINE (burgh of Scotland)
DUBOIS, GUILLAUME DUNGANNON
DUBOIS, JEAN ANTOINE DUNGARPUR
DUBOIS, PAUL DUNGARVAN
DUBOIS, PIERRE DUNGENESS
DUBOIS (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.) DUNGEON
DUBOIS-CRANCE, EDMOND ALEXIS DUNKELD
DU BOIS-REYMOND, EMIL DUNKIRK (France)
DUBOS, JEAN-BAPTISTE DUNKIRK (New York, U.S.A.)
DUBUQUE DUNLOP, JOHN COLIN
DU CAMP, MAXIME DUNMORE
DU CANGE, CHARLES DU FRESNE DUNMOW
DUCANGE, VICTOR HENRI BRAHAIN DUNNE, FINLEY PETER
DUCAS (Byzantine family) DUNNOTTAR CASTLE
DUCAS (Byzantine historian) DUNOIS, JEAN
DUCASSE, PIERRE EMMANUEL ALBERT DUNOON
DUCAT DUNROBIN CASTLE
DU CHAILLU, PAUL BELLONI DUNS
DUCHENNE, GUILLAUME AMAND DUNSINANE
DU CHESNE, ANDRE DUNS SCOTUS, JOHN
DUCHESNE, LOUIS MARIE OLIVIER DUNSTABLE
DUCIS, JEAN FRANCOIS DUNSTAFFNAGE
DUCK DUNSTAN, SAINT
DUCKING and CUCKING STOOLS DUNSTER
DUCKWEED DUNTOCHER
DUCKWORTH, SIR JOHN THOMAS DUNTON, JOHN
DUCLAUX, AGNES MARY F. DUNTZER, JOHANN HEINRICH JOSEPH
DUCLOS, CHARLES PINOT DUNWICH
DUCOS, PIERRE ROGER DUOVIRI
DUCTLESS GLANDS DUPANLOUP, FELIX ANTOINE PHILIBERT
DUDERSTADT DUPERRON, JACQUES DAVY
DUDLEY, BARONS AND EARLS OF DUPIN, ANDRE MARIE JEAN JACQUES
DUDLEY, EDMUND DU PIN, LOUIS ELLIES
DUDLEY, SIR ROBERT DUPLEIX, JOSEPH FRANCOIS
DUDLEY, THOMAS DUPONT, PIERRE
DUDLEY (English county & town) DUPONT DE L'ETANG, PIERRE ANTOINE
DUDO DUPONT DE L'EURE, JACQUES CHARLES
DUDWEILER DU PONT DE NEMOURS, PIERRE SAMUEL
DUEL DUPORT, ADRIEN
DUENNA DUPORT, JAMES
DUET DUPPEL
DUFAURE, JULES ARMAND STANISLAS DU PRAT, ANTOINE
DUFF, ALEXANDER DUPRE, JULES
DUFFERIN AND AVA, FREDERICK DUPUIS, CHARLES FRANCOIS
DUFF-GORDON, LUCIE DUPUY, CHARLES ALEXANDRE
DUFFTOWN DUPUY, PIERRE
DUFFY, SIR CHARLES GAVAN DUPUY DE LOME, STANISLAS LAURENT
DUFOUR, WILHELM HEINRICH DUPUYTREN, GUILLAUME
DUFRENOY, OURS PIERRE ARMAND DUQUE DE ESTRADA, DIEGO
DUFRESNY, CHARLES DUQUESNE, ARRAHAM
DUGAZON DUQUESNE (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.)
DUGDALE, SIR WILLIAM DURAMEN
DUGONG DURAN
DUGUAY-TROUIN, RENE DURAN, AGUSTIN
DU GUESCLIN, BERTRAND DURANCE
DUHAMEL, JEAN BAPTISTE DURAND, ASHER BROWN
DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU, HENRI LOUIS DURAND, GUILLAUME
DUHRING, EUGEN KARL DURAND, GUILLAUME
DUIGENAN, PATRICK DURANDO, GIACOMO
DUIKER DURANGO (state of Mexico)
DUILIUS, GAIUS DURANGO (city of Mexico)
DUISBURG DURANI
DUK-DUK DURANTE, FRANCESCO
DUKE DURAO, JOSE DE SANTA RITA
DUKE OF EXETER'S DAUGHTER DURAZZO
DUKER, CARL ANDREAS D'URBAN, SIR BENJAMIN
DUKERIES, THE DURBAN
DUKES, LEOPOLD DURBAR
DUKINFIELD DUREN
DULCIGNO DURENE
DULCIMER DURER, ALBRECHT
DULKEN DURESS
DULONG, PIERRE LOUIS D'URFEY, THOMAS
DULSE DURFORT
DULUTH DURGA
DULWICH DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON
DUMAGUETE DURHAM (county of England)
DUMANJUG DURHAM (city of England)
DU MARSAIS, CESAR CHESNEAU DURHAM (North Carolina, U.S.A.)
DUMAS, ALEXANDRE DURIAN
DUMAS, ALEXANDRE (Fils) DURIS
DUMAS, GUILLAUME MATHIEU DURKHEIM
DUMAS, JEAN BAPTISTE ANDRE DURLACH
DU MAURIER, GEORGE BUSSON DUROC, GERAUD CHRISTOPHE MICHEL
DUMBARTON DUROCHER, JOSEPH MARIE ELISABETH
DUMBARTONSHIRE DURRA
DUMB WAITER DURUY, JEAN VICTOR
DUM-DUM DU RYER, PIERRE
DUMESNIL, MARIE FRANCOISE DUSE, ELEANORA
DUMFRIES DUSSEK, JOHANN LUDWIG
DUMFRIESSHIRE DUSSELDORF
DUMICHEN, JOHANNES DUSSERAH
DUMMLER, ERNST LUDWIG DUST
DUMONT DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY, THE
DUMONT, ANDRE HUBERT DUTCH LANGUAGE
DUMONT, FRANCOIS DUTCH LITERATURE
DUMONT, JEAN DUTCH WARS
DUMONT, PIERRE ETIENNE LOUIS DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY, THE
DUMONT D'URVILLE, JULES DUTENS, LOUIS
DUMORTIERITE DUTROCHET, RENE JOACHIM HENRI
DUMOULIN, CHARLES DUTT, MICHAEL MADHU SUDAN
DUMOURIEZ, CHARLES FRANCOIS DUTY
DUMP DU VAIR, GUILLAUME
DUNASH DUVAL, ALEXANDRE VINCENT PINEUX
DUNBAR, GEORGE DUVAL, CLAUDE
DUNBAR, PAUL LAURENCE DUVENECK, FRANK
DUNBAR, WILLIAM DU VERGIER DE HAURANNE, JEAN
DUNBAR (seaport of Scotland) DUVEYRIER, HENRI
DUNBLANE DUX
DUNCAN (Scottish kings) DUXBURY
DUNCAN, ADAM DUNCAN DVINA
DUNCAN, PETER MARTIN DVINSK
DUNCAN, THOMAS DVORAK, ANTON
DUNCE DWARAKA
DUNCKER, MAXIMILIAN WOLFGANG DWARF
DUNCKLEY, HENRY DWARS
DUNCOMBE, SIR CHARLES DWIGHT, JOHN
DUNDALK DWIGHT, JOHN SULLIVAN
DUNDEE, JOHN OF CLAVERHOUSE DWIGHT, THEODORE WILLIAM
DUNDEE (city of Scotland) DWIGHT, TIMOTHY
DUNDERLANDSDAL DYAKS
DUNDONALD, THOMAS COCHRANE DYCE, ALEXANDER
DUNEDIN DYCE, WILLIAM
DUNES DYEING
DUNFERMLINE, ALEXANDER SETON
DUBNER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1802-1867), German classical scholar
(naturalized a Frenchman), was born in Hor selgau, near Gotha, on the
20th of December 1802. After studying at the university of Gottingen he
returned to Gotha, where from 1827-1832 he held a post (_inspector
coenobii_) in connexion with the gymnasium. During this period he made
his name known by editions of Justin and Persius (after Casaubon). In
1832 he was invited by the brothers Didot to Paris, to co-operate in a
new edition of H. Etienne's Greek _Thesaurus_. He also contributed
largely to the _Bibliotheca Graeca_ published by the same firm, a series
of Greek classics with Latin translation, critical notes and valuable
indexes. One of Dubner's most important works was an edition of Caesar
undertaken by command of Napoleon III., which obtained him the cross of
the Legion of Honour. His editions are considered to be models of
literary and philological criticism, and did much to raise the standard
of classical scholarship in France. He violently attacked Burnouf's
method of teaching Greek, but without result. Dubner may have gone too
far in his zeal for reform, and his opinions may have been too harshly
expressed, but time has shown him to be right. The old text-books have
been discarded, and a great improvement in classical teaching has taken
place in recent years. Dubner died at Montreuil-sous-Bois, near Paris,
on the 13th of December 1867.
See F. Godefroy, _Notice sur J.F. Dubner_ (1867); Sainte-Beuve,
_Discours a la memoire de Dubner_ (1868); article in _Allgemeine
deutsche Biographic_.
DUBOIS, FRANCOIS CLEMENT THEODORE (1837- ), French musical composer,
was born at Rosney (Marne) on the 24th of August 1837. He studied at the
Conservatoire under Ambroise Thomas, and won the Grand Prix de Rome in
1861 with his cantata _Atala_. After the customary sojourn in Rome,
Dubois returned to Paris and devoted himself to teaching. He was
appointed "maitre de Chapelle" at the church of Ste Clotilde, where
Cesar Franck was organist, in 1863, and remained at this post for five
years, during which time he composed a quantity of sacred music, notably
_Les Sept Paroles du Christ_ (1867), a work which has become well known
in France. In 1868 he became "maitre de Chapelle" at the church of the
Madeleine, and nine years later succeeded Camille Saint-Saens there as
organist. He became professor of harmony at the Conservatoire in 1871,
and was appointed professor of composition in succession to Leo Delibes
in 1891. At the death of Ambroise Thomas in 1896 he became director of
the Conservatoire. Dubois is an extremely prolific composer and has
written in a variety of forms. His sacred works include four masses, a
requiem, _Les Sept Paroles du Christ_, a large number of motets and
pieces for organ. For the theatre he has composed _La Guzla de l'Emir_,
an opera comique in one act, played at the Theatre Lyrique de l'Athenee
in 1873; _Le Pain bis_, an opera comique in one act, given at the Opera
Comique in 1879; _La Farandole_, a ballet in three acts, produced at the
Grand Opera in 1883; _Aben-Hamet_, a four-act opera, heard at the
Theatre Italien in 1884; _Xaviere_, a dramatic idyll in three acts,
played at the Opera Comique in 1895. His orchestral works include two
concert overtures, the overture to _Frithioff_ (1880), several suites,
_Marche heroique de Jeanne d'Arc_ (1888), &c. He is also the author of
_Le Paradis perdu_, an oratorio which gained for him the prize offered
by the city of Paris in 1878; _L'Enlevement de Proserpine_ (1879), a
_scene lyrique_; _Delivrance_ (1887), a cantata; _Hylas_ (1890), a
_scene lyrique_ for soli, chorus and orchestra; _Notre Dame de la mer_,
a symphonic poem (1897); and a musical setting of a Latin ode on the
baptism of Clovis (1899). In addition, he composed much for the piano
and voice.
DUBOIS, GUILLAUME (1656-1723), French cardinal and statesman, was born
at Brive, in Limousin, on the 6th of September 1656. He was, according
to his enemies, the son of an apothecary, his father being in fact a
doctor of medicine of respectable family, who kept a small drug store as
part of the necessary outfit of a country practitioner. He was educated
at the school of the Brothers of the Christian Doctrine at Brive, where
he received the tonsure at the age of thirteen. In 1672, having finished
his philosophy course, he was given a scholarship at the college of St
Michel at Paris by Jean, marquis de Pompadour, lieutenant-general of the
Limousin. The head of the college, the abbe Antoine Faure, who was from
the same part of the country as himself, befriended the lad, and
continued to do so for many years after he had finished his course,
finding him pupils and ultimately obtaining for him the post of tutor to
the young duke of Chartres, afterwards the regent duke of Orleans.
Astute, ambitious and unrestrained by conscience, Dubois ingratiated
himself with his pupil, and, while he gave him formal school lessons, at
the same time pandered to his evil passions and encouraged him in their
indulgence. He gained the favour of Louis XIV. by bringing about the
marriage of his pupil with Mademoiselle de Blois, a natural but
legitimated daughter of the king; and for this service he was rewarded
with the gift of the abbey of St Just in Picardy. He was present with
his pupil at the battle of Steinkirk, and "faced fire," says Marshal
Luxembourg, "like a grenadier." Sent to join the French embassy in
London, he made himself so active that he was recalled by the request of
the ambassador, who feared his intrigues. This, however, tended to raise
his credit with the king. When the duke of Orleans became regent (1715)
Dubois, who had for some years acted as his secretary, was made
councillor of state, and the chief power passed gradually into his
hands.
His policy was steadily directed towards maintaining the peace of
Utrecht, and this made him the main opponent of the schemes of Cardinal
Alberoni for the aggrandizement of Spain. To counteract Alberoni's
intrigues, he suggested an alliance with England, and in the face of
great difficulties succeeded in negotiating the Triple Alliance (1717).
In 1719 he sent an army into Spain, and forced Philip V. to dismiss
Alberoni. Otherwise his policy remained that of peace. Dubois's success
strengthened him against the bitter opposition of a large section of the
court. Political honours did not satisfy him, however. The church
offered the richest field for exploitation, and in spite of his
dissolute life he impudently prayed the regent to give him the
archbishopric of Cambray, the richest in France. His demand was
supported by George I., and the regent yielded. In one day all the
usual orders were conferred on him, and even the great preacher
Massillon consented to take part in the ceremonies. His next aim was the
cardinalate, and, after long and most profitable negotiations on the
part of Pope Clement XI., the red hat was given to him by Innocent XIII.
(1721), whose election was largely due to the bribes of Dubois. It is
estimated that this cardinalate cost France about eight million francs.
In the following year he was named first minister of France (August). He
was soon after received at the French Academy; and, to the disgrace of
the French clergy, he was named president of their assembly.
When Louis XV. attained his majority in 1723 Dubois remained chief
minister. He had accumulated an immense private fortune, possessing in
addition to his see the revenues of seven abbeys. He was, however, a
prey to the most terrible pains of body and agony of mind. His health
was ruined by his debaucheries, and a surgical operation became
necessary. This was almost immediately followed by his death, at
Versailles, on the 10th of August 1723. His portrait was thus drawn by
the duc de St Simon:--"He was a little, pitiful, wizened, herring-gutted
man, in a flaxen wig, with a weasel's face, brightened by some
intellect. All the vices--perfidy, avarice, debauchery, ambition,
flattery--fought within him for the mastery. He was so consummate a liar
that, when taken in the fact, he could brazenly deny it. Even his wit
and knowledge of the world were spoiled, and his affected gaiety was
touched with sadness, by the odour of falsehood which escaped through
every pore of his body." This famous picture is certainly biassed.
Dubois was unscrupulous, but so were his contemporaries, and whatever
vices he had, he gave France peace after the disastrous wars of Louis
XIV.
In 1789 appeared _Vie privee du Cardinal Dubois_, attributed to one of
his secretaries, Mongez; and in 1815 his _Memoires secrets et
correspondance inedite_, edited by L. de Sevelinges. See also A.
Cheruel, _Saint-Simon et l'abbe Dubois_; L. Wiesener, _Le Regent,
l'abbe Dubois et les Anglais_ (1891); and memoirs of the time.
DUBOIS, JEAN ANTOINE (1765-1848), French Catholic missionary in India,
was ordained in the diocese of Viviers in 1792, and sailed for India in
the same year under the direction of the Missions Etrangeres. He was at
first attached to the Pondicherry mission, and worked in the southern
districts of the present Madras Presidency. On the fall of Seringapatam
in 1799 he went to Mysore to reorganize the Christian community that had
been shattered by Tipu Sultan. Among the benefits which he conferred
upon his impoverished flock were the founding of agricultural colonies
and the introduction of vaccination as a preventive of smallpox. But his
great work was his record of _Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies_.
Immediately on his arrival in India he saw that the work of a Christian
missionary should be based on a thorough acquaintance with the innermost
life and character of the native population. Accordingly he abjured
European society, adopted the native style of clothing, and made himself
in habit and costume as much like a Hindu as he could. He gained an
extraordinary welcome amongst people of all castes and conditions, and
is still spoken of in many parts of South India with affection and
esteem as "the prince's son, the noblest of Europeans." Although Dubois
modestly disclaimed the rank of an author, his collections were not so
much drawn from the Hindu sacred books as from his own careful and vivid
observations, and it is this, united to a remarkable prescience, that
makes his work so valuable. It is divided into three parts: (1) a
general view of society in India, and especially of the caste system;
(2) the four states of Brahminical life; (3) religion--feasts, temples,
objects of worship. Not only does the abbe give a shrewd, clear-sighted,
candid account of the manners and customs of the Hindus, but he provides
a very sound estimate of the British position in India, and makes some
eminently just observations on the difficulties of administering the
Empire according to Western notions of civilization and progress with
the limited resources that are available. Dubois's French MS. was
purchased for eight thousand rupees by Lord William Bentinck for the
East India Company in 1807; in 1816 an English translation was
published, and of this edition about 1864 a curtailed reprint was
issued. The abbe, however, largely recast his work, and of this revised
text (now in the India Office) an edition with notes was published in
1897 by H.K. Beauchamp. Dubois left India in January 1823, with a
special pension conferred on him by the East India Company, and on
reaching Paris was appointed director of the Missions Etrangeres, of
which he afterwards became superior (1836-1839). He translated into
French the famous book of Hindu fables called _Panchatantra_, and also a
work called _The Exploits of the Guru Paramarta_. Of more interest were
his _Letters on the State of Christianity in India_, in which he
asserted his opinion that under existing circumstances there was no
human possibility of so overcoming the invincible barrier of Brahminical
prejudice as to convert the Hindus as a nation to any sect of
Christianity. He acknowledged that low castes and outcastes might be
converted in large numbers, but of the higher castes he wrote: "Should
the intercourse between individuals of both nations, by becoming more
intimate and more friendly, produce a change in the religion and usages
of the country, it will not be to turn Christians that they will forsake
their own religion, but rather ... to become mere atheists." He died in
1848.
DUBOIS, PAUL (1829-1905), French sculptor and painter, was born at
Nogent-sur-Seine on the 18th of July 1829. He studied law to please his
family, and art to please himself, and finally adopted the latter, and
placed himself under Toussaint. After studying at the Ecole des
Beaux-Arts, Dubois went to Rome. His first contributions to the Paris
Salon (1860) were busts of "The Countess de B." and "A Child." For his
first statues, "St John the Baptist" and "Narcissus at the Bath" (1863),
he was awarded a medal of the second class. The statue of "The Infant St
John," which had been modelled in Florence in 1860, was exhibited in
Paris in bronze, and was acquired by the Luxemburg. "A Florentine Singer
of the Fifteenth Century," one of the most popular statuettes in Europe,
was shown in 1865; "The Virgin and Child" appeared in the Paris
Universal Exhibition in 1867; "The Birth of Eve" was produced in 1873,
and was followed by striking busts of Henner, Dr Parrot, Paul Baudry,
Pasteur, Gounod and Bonnat, remarkable alike for life, vivacity,
likeness, refinement and subtle handling. The chief work of Paul Dubois
was "The Tomb of General Lamoriciere" in the cathedral of Nantes, a
brilliant masterpiece conceived in the Renaissance spirit, with
allegorical figures and groups representing Warlike Courage, Charity,
Faith and Meditation, as well as bas-reliefs and enrichments; the two
first-named works were separately exhibited in the Salon of 1877. The
medallions represent Wisdom, Hope, Justice, Force, Rhetoric, Prudence
and Religion. The statue of the "Constable Anne de Montmorency" was
executed for Chantilly, and that of "Joan of Arc" (1889) for the town of
Reims. The Italian influence which characterized the earlier work of
Dubois disappeared as his own individuality became clearly asserted. As
a painter he restricted himself mainly to portraiture. "My Children"
(1876) being probably his most noteworthy achievement. His drawings and
copies after the Old Masters are of peculiar excellence: they include
"The Dead Christ" (after Sebastian del Piombo) and "Adam and Eve" (after
Raphael). In 1873 Dubois was appointed keeper of the Luxemburg Museum.
He succeeded Guillaume as director of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, 1878,
and Perraud as member of the Academie des Beaux-Arts. Twice at the Salon
he obtained the medal of honour (1865 and 1876), and once at the
Universal Exhibition (1878). He also won numerous other distinctions,
and was appointed grand cross of the Legion of Honour. He was made a
member of several European orders, and in 1895 was elected an honorary
foreign academician of the Royal Academy of London. He died at Paris in
1905.
DUBOIS, PIERRE (c. 1250-c. 1312), French publicist in the reign of
Philip the Fair, was the author of a series of political pamphlets
embodying original and daring views. He was known to Jean du Tillet in
the 16th, and to Pierre Dupuy in the 17th century, but remained
practically forgotten until the middle of the 19th century, when his
history was reconstructed from his works. He was a Norman by birth,
probably a native of Coutances, where he exercised the functions of
royal advocate of the bailliage and procurator of the university. He was
educated at the university of Paris, where he heard St Thomas Aquinas
and Siger of Brabant. He was, nevertheless, no adherent of the
scholastic philosophy, and appears to have been conversant with the
works of Roger Bacon. Although he never held any important political
office, he must have been in the confidence of the court when, in 1300,
he wrote his anonymous _Summaria, brevis et compendiosa doctrina felicis
expedicionis et abbreviationis guerrarum et litium regni Francorum_,
which is extant in a unique MS., but is analysed by N. de Wailly in the
_Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Chartes_ (2nd series, vol. iii.). In the
contest between Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII. Dubois identified
himself completely with the secularizing policy of Philip, and poured
forth a series of anti-clerical pamphlets, which did not cease even with
the death of Boniface. His _Supplication du pueble de France au roy
contre le pape Boniface le VIII^e_, printed in 1614 in _Acta inter
Bonifacium VIII. et Philippum Pulchrum_, dates from 1304, and is a
heated indictment of the temporal power. He represented Coutances in the
states-general of 1302, but in 1306 he was serving Edward I. as an
advocate in Guienne, without apparently abandoning his Norman practice
by which he had become a rich man. The most important of his works, his
treatise _De recuperatione terrae sanctae_,[1] was written in 1306, and
dedicated in its extant form to Edward I., though it is certainly
addressed to Philip. Dubois outlines the conditions necessary to a
successful crusade--the establishment and enforcement of a state of
peace among the Christian nations of the West by a council of the
church; the reform of the monastic, and especially of the military,
orders; the reduction of their revenues; the instruction of a number of
young men and women in oriental languages and the natural sciences with
a view to the government of Eastern peoples; and the establishment of
Philip of Valois as emperor of the East. The king of France was in fact,
when once the pope was deprived of the temporal power, to become the
suzerain of the Western nations, and in a later and separate memoir
Dubois proposed that he should cause himself to be made emperor by
Clement V. His zeal for the crusade was probably subordinate to the
desire to secure the wealth of the monastic orders for the royal
treasury, and to transfer the ecclesiastical jurisdiction to the crown.
His ideas on education, on the celibacy of the clergy, and his schemes
for the codification of French law, were far in advance of his time. He
was an early and violent "Gallican," and the first of the great French
lawyers who occupied themselves with high politics. In 1308 he attended
the states-general at Tours. He is generally credited with _Quaedam
proposita papae a rege super facto Templariorum_, a draft epistle
supposed to be addressed to Clement by Philip. This was followed by
other pamphlets in the same tone, in one of which he proposed that a
kingdom founded on the property of the Templars in the East should be
established on behalf of Philip the Tall.
See an article by E. Renan in _Hist. litt. de la France_, vol. xxvi.
pp. 471-536; P. Dupuy _Hist. de la condamnation ... des Templiers_
(Brussels, 1713), and _Hist. du differend entre le pape Boniface VIII
et Philippe le Bel_ (Paris 1655); and _Notices et extraits de
manuscrits_, vol. xx.