[1190] Epiphany Collect.
[1191] Cp. _Life_, § 47 (p. 88).
[1192] Isa. xxvii. 6, combined with Hos. xiv. 5, and Ecclus. xxxix.
14.
[1193] Ecclus. xlv. 1.
[1194] Ecclus. xxiv. 2, 12 (vg.). The clauses containing the word
assembly (_plenitudo_) are omitted in R.V.
[1195] Ps. cxxxvi. 7.
[1196] John i. 4.
[1197] Ps. xlvi. 4.
[1198] Ecclus. l. 6.
[1199] 1 John i. 7, combined with 1 Thess. v. 5.
[1200] Isa. xviii. 4 (vg.).
ADDITIONAL NOTES
A.--St. Bernard's Description of the State of the Irish Church.
_Life_, §§ 7, 16, 17.
In two passages of the _Life_ serious charges are made against the Irish
Church of the early years of the twelfth century. These charges refer
primarily to the dioceses of Armagh and Connor; but it is probable that
those dioceses were typical of many other districts throughout the
country. If St. Bernard's statements are true of them, they may be
applied with little reserve to the greater part of Ireland. Indeed he
himself gives us more than a hint that the abuses which he condemns were
by no means confined to eastern Ulster (§ 19). It may be well,
therefore, to bring them together and to discuss them.
1. There was no such thing as chanting at the canonical hours. In the
whole bishopric of Armagh "there was none who could or would sing" (§
7). "In the churches [of Connor] there was not heard the voice either of
preacher or singer" (§ 16). We may suspect that there is some
exaggeration here; for if church song was absolutely unknown, how could
Malachy have "learnt singing in his youth" (§ 7)? But that St. Bernard's
remarks are substantially correct need not be questioned. He is not
speaking of the Irish Church as it was in its earlier period, but of its
state at the time when it had probably fallen to its lowest depth. His
assertion, therefore, is not disposed of by references to the chanting
at the funerals of Brian Boroimhe in 1014 and Maelsechlainn in 1022
(O'Hanlon, p. 34). Indeed in the notices of those events in _A.F.M._
there is no express mention of ecclesiastical song.
2. At Armagh Confession was not practised (§ 7); in the diocese of
Connor "nowhere could be found any who would either seek penance or
impose it" (§ 16). It may be true that Confession had been much
neglected among some classes of the people: Malachy on one occasion met
a woman who had never confessed (§ 54), and the very fact that he put
the question to her "whether she had ever confessed her sins" suggests
that she was not singular in this respect. But it is remarkable that the
_anmchara_ (soul-friend), or Confessor, is frequently mentioned in Irish
literature. The obits of several persons to whom that title is given are
recorded in the Annals in the twelfth century. And penance is often
alluded to in the obituary notices of distinguished persons, clerical
and lay. In his sweeping statement St. Bernard may have had in mind some
differences of method in penitential discipline between the Roman and
Irish Churches.
3. The sacrament of Confirmation was not celebrated, at any rate in
Armagh (§ 7). This rite has always been used in the Irish Church, though
possibly neglected locally at some periods. St. Patrick tells us that he
"confirmed in Christ" those whom he had "begotten to God" (_Epistle_, 2;
cp. _Confession_, 38, 51)--thus giving us one of the earliest instances
in literature of the application to the rite of its present familiar
name. But in his practice (_Epistle_, § 3), as in the Stowe Missal,
about A.D. 800 (ed. Sir G. F. Warner, vol. ii. p. 31), it seems to have
consisted of an anointing with chrism without laying on, or raising, of
hand, or a direct prayer for the Holy Spirit. According to the Stowe
Missal it was administered by a presbyter. It is improbable that St.
Bernard or his romanizing friends would recognize the rite so performed
as true Confirmation.
4. One of the things which was neglected at Armagh was "the marriage
contract" (§ 7). In the diocese of Connor there was "no entry into
lawful marriages" (§ 16). By the labours of Malachy this abuse
disappeared. In Armagh he "instituted anew" the marriage contract; in
Connor it came to pass that "the celebration of marriage" was revived (§
17). Putting these statements together we may conclude that St.
Bernard's meaning is that marriages had ceased to be celebrated in the
face of the Church, and that in consequence the vow of a life-long union
was often evaded. Now contemporary writers charge the Irish of this
period with loose sexual morality, especially in regard of arbitrary
divorce, matrimony within the prohibited degrees, exchange of wives, and
other breaches of the law of marriage. Such accusations are made, for
example, by Pope Gregory VII. (Haddan and Stubbs, _Eccl. Docs._ ii.
160), Lanfranc (Ussher, 490; _P.L._ cl. 535, 536), Anselm (Ussher 521,
523; _P.L._ clix. 173, 178) and Giraldus Cambrensis (_Gest._ ii. 14;
_Top._ iii. 19). Their evidence is the more worthy of credence because
the usages to which they refer were characteristic of the Irish at an
earlier period (_Encycl. of Religion and Ethics_, v. 456, 460), and
might be expected to recur in an age of spiritual decline. But both
Lanfranc and Anselm testify to the existence of marriage as an
institution among the Irish. The former speaks of the divorce of a wife
"lawfully joined to her husband," and the latter uses terms of similar
import. So also does St. Bernard himself. His praise of Malachy's mother
(_Life_, § 1) is inconceivable if she did not live in wedlock; and he
expressly states that eight "metropolitans" of Armagh were "married men"
(§ 19). But if there was nevertheless a revival among large sections of
the people of pagan ideas of marriage, which tolerated polygamy,
concubinage, incest and easy termination of unions, it can be understood
that marriage in the face of the Church, which included a vow absolutely
prohibitive of all these things, would be commonly avoided. Malachy's
anxiety to restore the marriage ceremony was no doubt due to a desire
to purge the nation of immoral customs of which St. Bernard makes no
express mention. But, however that may be, we have contemporary native
evidence that the rite of marriage had fallen into desuetude, and that
Malachy was successful in his effort to restore it. For in the document
quoted on p. 170, we are told that in a district which was part of the
diocese of Armagh when he was Cellach's vicar (_L.A.J._ iv. 37), and
under the rule of his patron, Donough O'Carroll, "marriage was assented
to."
5. "There was no giving of tithes or firstfruits," writes St. Bernard (§
16). He is speaking of the diocese of Connor. But there is no doubt that
the remark might have been made of other districts. There was no such
custom as the payment of tithes in Ireland before the twelfth century.
They are first mentioned by Gilbert of Limerick, about 1108, in his _De
Statu Ecclesiae_ (Ussher, 507); and they were enjoined at the Synods of
Kells in 1152 (Keating, iii. 315) and Cashel in 1172 (Can. 3, Giraldus,
_Expug._, i. 35). From the document quoted above we learn that in Oriel,
under Donough O'Carroll, "tithes were received"--evidently a new impost.
6. "Ministers of the altar were exceeding few" in the diocese of Connor
(§ 16); and accordingly it is observed that Malachy provided his new
churches with clergy (§ 17). This is not proved, nor is it in any great
degree corroborated by the statement of _A.F.M._ (1148) that Malachy
"ordained bishops and priests and men of every order"; but the parallel
is perhaps worth noting.
7. The voice of the preacher was not heard in the churches (§ 16). This
statement cannot, so far as I know, be checked.
8. The same remark must be made about the statements that the people
would not come to church (§ 16), and that Malachy's exertions at length
induced them to do so (§ 17), though they are sufficiently probable.
9. That "churches were rebuilt" (§ 17) cannot be questioned. No doubt
the monasteries of Bangor and Saul would be counted among the number. We
have explicit and independent evidence of the fact. The foundation of
churches and re-edifying of monasteries were a conspicuous feature of
the reign of Donough O'Carroll (see p. 170). And _A.F.M._ (1148) lay
great stress on Malachy's activities in this direction. He "consecrated
many churches and cemeteries," and "founded churches and monasteries,
for by him was repaired every church in Ireland which had been consigned
to decay and neglect, and they had been neglected from time remote."
On the whole it appears that St. Bernard's strictures are at least not
without foundation in fact, in so far as they can be tested. But he can
scarcely be acquitted of some measure of exaggeration in the rhetorical
passages in which they occur.
B.--The Hereditary Succession of the Coarbs Of Patrick.
_Life_, §§ 19. 20, 30.
The assertions of St. Bernard in _Life_, § 19, concerning the coarbs of
Patrick are controlled by _A.U._ The ninth predecessor of Cellach,
Cathasach II. (+957) is described in them (_s.a._ 956) as
"coarb of Patrick, learned bishop of the Goidhil." None of the following
eight is said to have been a bishop, though all are called coarbs of
Patrick. Moreover Cellach himself was appointed abbot before he
"received holy orders," and the record of his ordination on St.
Adamnan's Day (September 23) 1105, several weeks after his
"institution," seems to indicate that it was unusual for the abbots to
be ordained. All this corroborates the statement that his eight
predecessors were "without orders." It is true, indeed, that according
to _A.F.M._ Amalgaid, one of the eight, anointed Maelsechlainn king of
Ireland, on his deathbed in 1022. But it does not follow from this that
he was a priest. In early times, as is well known, unction was
administered to the sick by laymen; and there appears to be no evidence
that this office was confined to the priesthood till well on in the
ninth century (_Dict. of Christ. Antiquities_, ii. 2004). It is at least
possible that the older usage lingered on in Ireland to a much later
date than on the Continent. But the statement of _A.F.M._ as to the
anointing of Maelsechlainn is not confirmed by the more reliable
authority of _A.U._
That at least five of the eight were, as St. Bernard says, "married men"
is shown by the following table, compiled from _A.U._ and MacFirbis
(_R.I.A._, MS. 23 P. 1, p. 308). The persons whose names are printed in
italics were coarbs of Patrick.
Cellach
|-------------|
| |
Eochaid _Dubdalethe II_ +998
|
_Mael Muire_ +1020
|
|--------------------------------------------------|
| | |
_Amalgaid_ +1049 _Dubdalethe III_ +1064 Aed +1042
| |
| Aed +1108
|
|----------------------------------------------------------|
| | | |
_Mael Isa_ +1091 _Domnall_ +1105 Dubesa +1078 Eochaid(?) +1038
| |
|-------------| _Muirchertach_ (§ 20) +1134
| |
Aed +1095 Flannacan +1113
|
|----------------------|
| |
_Cellach_ +1129 _Niall_ (§ 22) +1139
This table also confirms the statement that the abbots all belonged to
the same family, and so obtained office by a sort of hereditary right.
St. Bernard gives no hint which would enable us to identify this family.
But the genealogy given by MacFirbis enumerates the ancestors of Cellach
in a direct line up to Fiachrach, son of Colla fo Crich, and is headed
"Genealogy of Ui Sinaich, _i.e._ the coarbs of Patrick." The Bodleian
MS., Rawl. B. 502,[1201] has the same genealogy, and entitles it
"Genealogy of Clann Sinaich." The family then from which the abbots of
Armagh were taken was the principal branch of that sept. From the
genealogy it appears that the sept was derived from Sinach, from whom
the fifth in descent was the Cellach whose name appears at the head of
foregoing table.
St. Bernard represents Malachy to have said in 1132, when he was induced
to oppose Murtough, that the system of hereditary succession had already
lasted nearly two centuries (§ 20). This statement is in accord with
known facts. The genealogical table gives sufficient evidence that it
began not earlier than the accession of Dubdalethe II. (965), and
continued to the accession of Murtough. If there is no evidence that the
three predecessors of Dubdalethe were of the Clann Sinaich, neither is
there anything to disprove it. But their immediate predecessor, Joseph,
was certainly not of that sept; for _A.U._ (MS. A, 935) tells us that he
was of the Clann Gairb-gaela, and the list of coarbs in the Book of
Leinster notes in addition that he came from Dalriada (_R.I.A._ xxxv.
327, 359). Thus the succession cannot have been established before the
death of Joseph (936). Hence it lasted for a period of between 167 and
196 years. A period of 167 years, or a period of 196 years, might be
described as "well-nigh two hundred years" (_annos ferme ducentos_),
though the latter suits St. Bernard's language better than the former.
But how can this be harmonized with the statement that "fifteen
quasi-generations had passed in this wickedness" (§ 19)? Obviously a
"quasi-generation" is not a generation of human life: apart from the
facts just mentioned, the very word _quasi_ forbids the supposition.
Colgan (_Trias_, p. 301) suggested that the word indicates the period of
office of a coarb; and this is very probable. The figure of generations,
so applied, is in line with St. Bernard's conception of a bishop as "the
seed" of his predecessor (§ 34). But the first of a series of coarbs, of
which Murtough was the fifteenth, was Maelcoba, the second predecessor
of Joseph. So that, even on Colgan's hypothesis, St. Bernard's two
statements are irreconcilable. Yet it is difficult to believe that an
error so manifest was in his source. I suggest that he wrote "fifteen"
in error for "twelve": in other words his document had _xii_, and he
misread it _xu_. The confusion of _u_ with _ii_ is very common in
manuscripts. If this explanation is accepted, St. Bernard's authority
implied that the hereditary succession was upheld without interruption
from the death of Joseph to the accession of Murtough, which is
"well-nigh two hundred years."
This investigation may convince us that St. Bernard depended on an
excellent document for his knowledge of the history of Armagh. But he
certainly went astray in the interpretation of the document when he
styled the predecessors of Cellach metropolitans (see p. 45, n. 1). And
he goes further when he asserts that none were allowed to be bishops who
were not of their family (§ 19); thus leaving the impression that under
the rule of the eight lay abbots--that is, for a century and a
half--Armagh was deprived of episcopal ministrations. But this is wholly
unhistorical. The Ulster Annals mention six bishops of Armagh,
contemporary with the lay abbots. They seem to have followed one another
in regular succession, and there is no indication that any one of them
belonged to the Clann Sinaich. They were no doubt monastic bishops, such
as are found in the Irish Church from the sixth century onwards, who
exercised the functions of their order at the bidding of the abbots.
They were probably not referred to in St. Bernard's document; and if
they were, one who had been trained in an entirely different
ecclesiastical system would have been at a loss to understand their
position.
Thus we conclude that St. Bernard, in the passage which we are
considering, used good material with conscientious care, but that he was
misled by lack of knowledge of Irish ecclesiastical methods. This result
is important because it may apparently be applied to the whole of his
memoir of St. Malachy. His statements, as a rule, stand well the test of
comparison with the native records; and when he is at fault we can
usually explain his errors as misunderstandings, due to ignorance of
conditions of which he had no experience.
St. Bernard has been charged with gross exaggeration in another passage.
"A great miracle to-day," he writes (§ 30), "is the extinction of that
generation, so quickly wrought, especially for those who knew their
pride and power." It is an extravagant hyperbole to say that either the
O'Neills, or the great tribe of the Oirgialla, represented to this day
by the Maguires, the O'Hanlons and the MacMahons, was blotted out when
the _Life of St. Malachy_ was written. So argued some in the time of
Colgan (_Trias_, p. 302). But they misrepresented St. Bernard. The word
"generation" obviously means in the sentence before us what it meant in
§ 19 ("adulterous generation")--not an extensive tribe, nor even the
Clann Sinaich as a whole, but the branch of that sept which provided
abbots for Armagh. The speedy extinction of a single family is not a
thing incredible. And it is worthy of remark that neither the Clann
Sinaich, nor any person described as ua Sinaich or mac Sinaich is
mentioned in the Annals after 1135 (see p. 58, n. 9).
For a more detailed treatment of the subjects discussed in this note
reference may be made to _R.I.A._ xxxv. 232-238, 340-353.
C.--Malachy's Contest with Niall.
_Life_, §§ 22-31.
The narrative of the series of events between the death of Murtough and
the consecration of Gelasius, both in St. Bernard's _Life_ and in
_A.F.M._, is obscure, and our two main authorities contradict each other
in some particulars. In this note, I propose to attempt a reconstruction
of the story.
1. Among the native authorities _A.F.M._ stand alone in giving what
approximates to a full account of the struggle between the rival abbots.
_A.T._ record only three incidents; the _Chronicon Scotorum_ also
records three incidents belonging to the year 1134, and then breaks off,
to be resumed in 1142; in _A.U._ and _A.I._ there are hiatus which cover
the whole period; the other Annals ignore the events with which we are
concerned. The information supplied by _A.F.M._ runs as follows:
[Sidenote: 1134.]
(1) Malachy O'Morgair made a visitation of Munster and obtained his
tribute.
* * * * *
(2) A chapel, which was erected by Cormac Mac Carthy, king of Cashel,
was consecrated by a synod of clergy assembled at that place.
(3) Murtough died 17 September.
(4) Niall was installed in the coarbate of Patrick.
(5) A change of abbots at Armagh, _i.e._ Malachy O'Morgair in place of
Niall.
(6) Malachy afterwards made a visitation of Munster and received his
tribute.
* * * * *
[Sidenote: 1135.]
(7) Flann Ua Sinaich, keeper of the Staff of Jesus, died after good
penance.
* * * * *
(8) Malachy O'Morgair purchased the Staff of Jesus, and took it from its
cave 7 July.
* * * * *
[Sidenote: 1136.]
(9) A visitation of Munster was made by Malachy O'Morgair, coarb of
Patrick.
(10) A change of abbots at Armagh, _i.e._ Niall in place of Malachy.
* * * * *
(11) Malachy O'Morgair resigned the coarbate of Patrick for the sake of
God.
* * * * *
[Sidenote: 1137.]
(12) A change of abbots at Armagh, _i.e._ the erenach (_recte_ abbot) of
Derry in place of Niall.
* * * * *
[Sidenote: 1138.]
(13) Christian O'Morgair died.
_A.T._ record the second and fifth of the above events, and subjoin to
the latter notice the passage quoted p. 51, n. 4. The _Chronicon
Scotorum_ records, the second, third and fifth.
There is obvious confusion in the narrative of the Masters. They put the
death of Christian O'Morgair under 1138, which is a year too early (see
p. 66, n. 1), and they credit Malachy with having made three visitations
of Munster within three years, which he is very unlikely to have done.
But it is to be observed that the notices of the visitations are not
mere repetitions, for they differ from each other verbally. Thus we may
suspect that the Masters copied those entries from three different
sources, and that they refer to the same visitation, which, in at least
one of the sources, appeared under the wrong year. Now the consecutive
sentences 9, 10 are probably connected with each other: the absence of
Malachy in Munster would give his opponents opportunity to reinstate his
rival. In like manner entries 1, 2 (not consecutive) may be connected.
It would not be surprising if Malachy, even at some risk to the security
of his tenure of the abbacy at Armagh, took part in the consecration of
his patron's church at Cashel. And it may be added that he would not
improbably make this visit to the south the occasion of a circuit in
Munster. The visitation, on that hypothesis, must have taken place in
1134 or early in 1135. Again, the note of time in entry 6 implies that
it was made not very long after the appointment of Malachy, recorded in
the immediately preceding entry 5. Finally, entry 8 mentions an event
which must have greatly strengthened his hands. Having possessed himself
of the more important and revered of the abbatial insignia he was at
length more than a match for his antagonist. Probably, therefore, the
restoration of Niall (10) should be placed rather before than after it.
For these reasons we seem to be justified in placing the recorded
incidents in the following order. When Malachy secured possession of the
see (5) he remained long enough in Armagh to establish himself in the
abbacy. During this time may have occurred the abortive conspiracy
against him related in _A.T._, but not alluded to in _A.F.M._ He then
went to Cashel for the consecration of the Chapel (2), and held his
visitation of Munster (1, 6, 9). When he returned he found that Niall
had once more entered Armagh (10). By July 1135 the power of his rival
had considerably decreased, and Malachy got possession of the Staff of
Jesus (8). Finally he resigned his office (11) and Gelasius was
appointed to it (12). If this is a true account of the course of events,
one statement of the Annals needs correction. They tell us that Gelasius
succeeded Niall; on our hypothesis he succeeded Malachy. But that the
Masters should have substituted the former for the latter was to be
expected; for according to their previous (as I believe misplaced)
statement Niall, not Malachy, was in possession in the latter part of
1136.
2. We now turn to St. Bernard's narrative of these transactions.
Sections 22 and 23 present no difficulty. They are simply an
amplification, with differences in detail, of what we learn from _A.T._
In the early part of § 24 it is stated that Malachy remained in Armagh
after the king, with whose aid he had "ascended the chair of Patrick,"
had returned home; and in the succeeding narrative it is implied that he
never left it till he went to Down. That is to say, the visitation of
Munster is ignored. This need cause no surprise. It is quite possible
that St. Bernard had never heard of it. Again, there is no explicit
mention of the reinstatement of Niall. But it seems to be implied in §
24 (see p. 53, n. 9). The whole story becomes more intelligible if we
assume that Niall was in possession for a short time, and then fled, but
continued to exercise his functions outside the city, as Malachy himself
had done in a previous period (§ 21). If we suppose that the visit to
Munster took place shortly after the episode of § 23 we can explain the
only difficulty in the narrative, the return of Niall after he had been
driven out. The latter part of § 24 seems to intimate a lessening of
opposition to Malachy's rule. The whole passage, §§ 24-27, with the
exception of the last two sentences of § 27, must relate to the period
before July 1135, inasmuch as Niall is represented as carrying about
with him the Staff of Jesus as well as the Book of Armagh.
Up to this point St. Bernard's narrative harmonizes admirably with the
story as it has been reconstructed above from the Annals. But we must
carry our comparison of the two accounts a little further. They agree in
giving 1137 as the date of the appointment of Gelasius as coarb of
Patrick; but while St. Bernard puts the resignation of Malachy in the
same year the Masters record it under 1136 (p. 61, n. 7). Now their
phrase (11), that he "resigned for the sake of God," in its present
context (10) can have only one meaning. Malachy, seeing that his contest
with Niall was hopeless, determined to retire rather than continue the
strife, and left Niall in possession. But apart from entry 10, which
seems to have been misplaced, the words have no such implication, and
are in harmony with the reason given by St. Bernard for Malachy's return
to his former diocese (§§ 20, 21). Since the dates of the Masters for
this period are already suspect we need not hesitate to follow St.
Bernard's guidance here. But we may go further. The annalists were
compelled, if they would be consistent, to suppose that there was a
considerable interval between the retirement of Malachy and the
accession of Gelasius. How was it possible that when Niall had finally
routed his formidable rival, who was in possession of the Staff of
Jesus, another should at once step in and, apparently without any
difficulty, deprive him of the fruits of his victory? The difficulty is
increased if we accept the statement of St. Bernard--not contradicted by
the Annals, and not easy to dispute--that Gelasius was nominated by
Malachy himself, and was therefore presumably favourable to his cause.
Thus we perceive that there was good reason that the annalists should
separate the two events as far as possible, by antedating Malachy's
resignation, and by connecting it rather with Niall's restoration than
with the appointment of Gelasius.
3. In weighing the respective claims of St. Bernard and the annalists to
credence in this part of Malachy's life it is well to remember that of
it St. Bernard may be assumed to have had full and first-hand
information. The main facts were probably communicated to him by
Malachy himself, though some particulars were no doubt added by other
Irish informants. It is true, we must also allow for bias on St.
Bernard's part in favour of his friend. Such bias in fact displays
itself in §§ 25, 26. But bias, apart from sheer dishonesty, could not
distort the whole narrative, as it certainly must have been distorted in
the _Life_, if the narrative of _A.F.M._ is to be accepted as it stands.
4. It is important to observe that in the earlier stages of Malachy's
conflict with Niall the lord of Oriel was Conor O'Loughlin, who was
apparently not friendly to the reformers of the Irish Church (cp. §§ 18,
20, p. 40, n. 2, and p. 46, n. 5). No doubt his defeat by O'Brien and
Mac Carthy in 1134 (p. 43, n. 5) made him a less ardent supporter of
Niall than he had been of Murtough; but it is not likely that he
entirely discouraged his attempts to seize the abbacy. The ultimate
success of Malachy was in fact probably due to O'Loughlin's murder at
the end of May 1136 and the rise to power of Donough O'Carroll (see p.
58, n. 11), his successor in the kingdom of Oriel. St. Bernard never
mentions O'Carroll by name, though he possibly alludes to him in one
passage (§ 28: see note there). But we may infer from other sources that
he was a zealous friend and helper of Malachy. The most important of
these is a contemporary document, part of which has been copied on a
blank page of a fourteenth-century Antiphonary of Armagh (T.C.D. ms. B.
1. 1.) opposite the first page of the Calendar. Unfortunately the scribe
laid down his pen at the end of a line and in the middle of a sentence.
The document was first published by Petrie (p. 389) with a translation.
As it is referred to several times in the notes to the _Life_ it may be
well to print here, with a few slight alterations, Dr. Whitley Stokes'
revised rendering (Gorman, p. xx.).
"_Kalend. Januar. v feria, lun. x. Anno Domini mclxx._ A prayer for
Donnchad Ua Cerbhaill, supreme King of Oirgialla, by whom were made the
book of Cnoc na nApstal at Louth and the chief books of the order of the
year, and the chief books of the Mass. It is this illustrious king who
founded the entire monastery both [as to] stone and wood, and gave
territory and land to it for the prosperity of his soul in honour of
Paul and Peter. By him the church throughout the land of Oirgialla was
reformed, and a regular bishopric was made, and the church was placed
under the jurisdiction of the bishop. In his time tithes were received
and marriage was assented to, and churches were founded and temples and
bell-houses [round towers] were made, and monasteries of monks and
canons and nuns were re-edified, and _nemheds_ were made. These are
especially the works which he performed for the prosperity [of his soul]
and reign in the land of Oirgialla, namely, the monastery of monks on
the banks of the Boyne [as to] stone and wood, implements and books, and
territory and land, in which there are one hundred monks and three
hundred conventuals, and the monastery of canons of Termann Feichin, and
the monastery of nuns, and the great church of Termann Feichin, and the
church of Lepadh Feichin, and the church of...."
O'Carroll, then, was an ardent supporter of Malachy. Is it likely that
after his long struggle to secure the Chair of Patrick, and when he was
in actual possession of it, Malachy should voluntarily surrender his
claim to Niall at the very moment when the new king of Oriel had come to
his aid? Yet, unless we are prepared to place his resignation before
June 1136, that is the assumption we must make if we adhere to the
statements of _A.F.M._
5. There are other documents of high authority which must be taken into
account: the contemporary record of the succession of coarbs of Patrick
in the Book of Leinster, and the copy of a similar record in the Yellow
Book of Lecan. The former of these seems to have been written by a
partizan of Malachy, since it ignores Murtough. The latter assigns to
that abbot a rule of three years, in agreement with St. Bernard (§§ 20,
21). But neither of them so much as mentions Niall; and both make
Gelasius the successor of Malachy. Thus they contradict _A.F.M._ and
corroborate the narrative of St. Bernard. See _R.I.A._ xxxv. 355 f.
FOOTNOTES:
[1201] See Kuno Meyer's Facsimile edition, p. 146, e. The genealogy
there begins with Amalgaid, not with Cellach.
APPENDIX.
The Portion of § 41 of the Life omitted in Translation.
Alia quaedam ibidem _pernoctabat in oratione_,[1202] quam forte
reperiens solam homo barbarus, accensus libidine et sui minime compos,
irruit rabiosus in eam. Conuersa illa et tremefacta, suspiciens aduertit
hominem plenum diabolico spiritu. "Heu," inquit, "miser, quid agis?
Considera ubi es, reuerere haec sancta, defer Deo, defer seruo eius
Malachiæ, parce et tibi ipsi." Non destitit ille, furiis agitatus
iniquis.[1203] Et ecce (quod horribile dictu est) uenenatum et tumidum
animal quod bufonem uocant uisum est reptans exire de inter femora
mulieris. Quid plura? Terrefactus resiliit homo, et datis saltibus
festinus oratorio exsilit. Ille confusus abscessit, et illa intacta
remansit, magno quidem et Dei miraculo et merito Malachiae. Et pulchre
operi foedo et abominando foedum interuenit et abominabile monstrum. Non
prorsus aliter decuit bestialem extingui libidinem quam per
frigidissimum uermem, nec aliter temerarium frenari ausum frustrari
conatum quam per uilem inutilemque bestiolam.
FOOTNOTES:
[1202] Luke vi. 12.
[1203] In hexameter rhythm. Cp. Virg., _Aen._ iii. 331; Ov., _Art.
Am._ ii. 27.
INDEX
Abélard, 101
Acoemetae, 30
Adeline, 69
Age for ordination, 15 f.
Agnew, Sir Andrew, 78
Aidan, St., liv
Ailech, 40
Aleth, mother of St. Bernard, 7, 71
Alexander I., King of Scots, 76
Alps, 72
passes of, when closed, 142
Alternative sees, xlvii, 19
Amalgaid, coarb of Patrick, 164, 165
Anacletus II., anti-pope, 72
Anastasius, St., monastery of, at Rome, 118
_Anmchara_, 161
Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, xv, xxii, xxiv, xxvi, xxxvi, 47, 162
letters of, xxiv, xxix, xlvi, 47
Antiphonary of Armagh, 170
---- of Bangor, 28
Antrim, 88
Applecross, 29
Arch-priests, xxvii
Ardnurcher, diocese of, li
Ardpatrick, 14
Ards, The, 40
Ardstraw, diocese of, xli
Argyll, diocese of, 28
Armagh, xvi, xvii, lvii, 8, 11, 26, 36
abbots of, 164:
_see also_ Amalgaid, Cathasach, Donnell, Dubdalethe, Joseph,
Mael Brigte, Maelcoba, Maelisa, Murtough, Niall
antiphonary of, 170
archbishops of: _see_ Cellach, Gelasius, Malachy
bishops of, xxxiv, xxxv, 164, 166
Book of, 53 f., 58, 169
cemetery of St. Patrick at, 115
diocese of, xli, lvi, lviii, 161-163
insignia of abbots of, 53-5, 58, 168, 169
monastery of SS. Paul and Peter at, 11, 18
pestilence at, 60
Aube, river, 71
Augustine, St., archbishop of Canterbury, xxxix
Augustinian canons, lx, 11, 63, 64, 67, 69, 113, 121
Baltinglas, 76
Bangor, liii, liv, lv, lvii, lviii, lx, 26, 27, 36, 67, 80, 118
abbey church at, 109
abbots of, liv, 28, 31:
_see also_ Tanaidhe
ancient glory of, 27-30, 74
antiphonary of, 28
called _Vallis Angelorum_, 27
community of, lv, 41
convent of regular clerics at, 63 f.
etymology of, 27
headquarters of St. Malachy, liv, lviii, 33, 35, 64, 113
monastery of, 28, 91 f., 96, 104, 163
canons of, formed the bishop's chapter, 64
destroyed, 30, 40
oratory of, 30, 32, 109-113
possessions of, 26, 30 f., 108, 111
remains of, 109
site of, 28
Bann, river, xli, xliv
Bar-sur-Aube, 71
Barre, St., lxi, 92
Barrenness of soul, 98
Beatitudine, De, 76
Bective, 76
Bede's _History_, xxiii, xxxix f.
Bedell, Bishop William, xvii
Benedictione Dei, De, 76
Berengarius, 101
Bernard, St., xv, xxxv, lx, lxii, lxv, 7, 16, 71, 72, 117
at St. Malachy's funeral, 129
bias of, 170
errors of, 19, 31, 35, 36 f., 40, 45, 46, 50, 53, 62, 63, 76, 92, 118,
122, 124, 165, 166, 169
frailty of, 122
kisses St. Malachy's feet, 129, 144
omissions of, 53, 87, 169, 170
used good materials, 166
Bernard, Great St., mountain, 71, 72
---- Little St., mountain, 72
Bishop of a diocese abbot of regular canons, 64
"Bishop-King," 44
Bishops in Ireland, number of, xliii, lxii, 46
status of, xiii f., xxxiii, 166
Bobbio, 29
Book of Armagh, 53 f., 58, 169
Book of Kells, xxv
Book of Leinster, 171
Borromeo, St. Charles, favourite story of, 96
Boyle, 76
Boyne river, 75, 170
Bregha, 40
Breifne, xlix
Brian Boroimhe, xxiii, 161
Brigit, St., 100
Brothers left at Clairvaux by St. Malachy, 4, 68, 74, 132
---- sent from Ireland to Clairvaux, 75, 131
---- sent from Clairvaux to Ireland, 75, 133, 135
Brude, king of the Picts, 29
Brus, Robert de, 121
Burial of the poor, 14
Cairngarroch, 67, 78
Canice, St., 29
Canon of Patrick, 54
Canonical hours, chanting of, 17 f., 37, 161
Canterbury, xxxix, 70
archbishops of: _see_ Anselm, Augustine, Lanfranc, Ralph, Sigeric,
Theobald
suffragans of, xxi, xxii, xxxvi, xlv, lxiv
Carlisle, 64, 67, 76
Carntougher mountains, xli, xliii
Carthach, St., 19
Cashel, 65, 91
archbishop of: _see_ Malchus
archbishopric of, xxxv f., xlvii, lxi, lxiii, 65, 73
assembly at, xxxv
synod of, 62, 75, 163
_Cathair_, 40
Cathasach, abbot and bishop of Armagh, 164
Catholicus, a brother, 119
Ceadd, lv
Cedd, lv
Cellach, archbishop of Armagh, xxii, xxxiv-xxxvii, xxxviii, xlvi, lii,
lv, lvi, lvii, lx, 14, 15, 16, 20, 26, 36, 40, 43, 45, 46, 49, 65,
89, 164
not married, 49
"wife" of, 49
will of, lvi, 43, 47
Cenél Conaill, xliii
Cenél Eoghain, xliii, 59
of the Island, xliii
Christian (Gilla Crist Ua Condoirche), abbot of Mellifont, bishop of
Lismore, papal legate, lxii, lxv, 34, 75, 95, 134, 136
---- bishop of Clogher; _see_ O'Morgair
Church of Ireland, constitution of, xiii-xv
Church Island, 40 f.
Churches founded, 170
Ciaran, St., xlix
Cistercian Order, lx, 4, 69, 71, 76, 114, 120, 136
churches of, 109
Citeaux, 71
"City," 35, 37, 40, 85, 88
Clairvaux, lx, lxii, 71, 73, 74, 75, 118
brothers left at, by St. Malachy, 4, 68, 74, 132
brothers of, return to, 75, 135, 136
brothers sent to, from Ireland, 75, 131
brothers sent from, to Ireland, 75, 133, 135
monks of, unwilling to leave it, 136
oratory at, 128, 129
St. Malachy's wish to die at, 72, 117, 121, 124, 128, 143
second monastery of, 71, 143
Clann Gairb-gaela, 165
---- Sinaich, 46, 165, 166
Clergy, dearth of, 37, 39, 163
Clogher, diocese of, lviii, lx
barony of, lix
bishops of: _see_ O'Boyle, O'Morgair
church of, 54
Clonard, bishops of: _see_ Eugenius, O'Dunan, Rochfort
diocese and see of, xxv, xxvii, xxix, xlix, l
Clonenagh, annals of, xxxvii f., lxii, lxiii
Clonmacnoise, xvi
diocese of, xxviii, xxix, xlix, li
Clontarf, battle of, xvi, xix
Clova, 28
Cloyne, 88
diocese of, lxi
_Cluain uama_, 88
Coarb, meaning of, xiii
authority of, derived from founder of his church, 44
Coarbs of Patrick, 106, 164-6:
_see also_ Armagh, abbots, archbishops
married and without orders, 45, 164
Coleraine, 85
Columba, St., 29
Columbanus, St., 29
Comgall, St., 28, 29, 74
coarb of, 27: _see also_ O'Gorman, O'Hanratty
relics of, 30
Communities founded by St. Malachy, 31, 75, 83, 113, 137
Conall Gulban, 7
Confession, 18, 37, 39, 88, 98, 161
Confessors, 161
Confirmation, 18, 19, 162
Congan, abbot of Inislounaght, 4, 114
Connaught, 44, 93
Connor, 35, 37, 40, 62, 63
diocese of, xli, lvii, lviii, lxii
Connor or Down, diocese of, xli, xliv, xlvii, liv, lvii, lviii, lxii,
36, 48, 49, 62 f., 161-3
division of, lvii f., 62 f.
see of, liv, 35
_Conuama_, 88
Conversion, 11, 82
_Conversus_, 34
Cork, 21, 92
abbey of St. John Evangelist at, 93
bishop of: _see_ Ua Muidhin
diocese of, lxi, 92
election of bishop of, 92-4
Cormac: _see_ Mac Carthy
Cormac's chapel, 44, 53, 167, 168
Cruggleton, 76 f., 78
Cuthbert, St., 69
Daimliac mór at Armagh, 11
_Dairtheach_, 32
Dál Araide, lvii f., 40
Dalriada, 165
Danes in Ireland, xiv ff.
Danish colonies in Ireland, xix
---- dioceses, xxvi, lxiv
ruled by Irish bishops, xx, xxi
Dates discussed:
appointment of St. Malachy as vicar of Cellach, 16
birth of St. Malachy, 130
building of stone oratory at Bangor, 109
composition of _Life of St. Malachy_, lxv
condemnation of heretic at Lismore, 102
death of Christian O'Morgair, 66
departure of St. Malachy from England (1148), 123
election of bishop of Cork, 93
foundation of Inislounaght, 114
journeys of St. Malachy, 71, 73
letters of St. Bernard, 131, 133, 134, 137
ordination of St. Malachy, 16
proposal of St. Malachy to visit Rome, 72
resignation of Gilbert, bishop of Limerick, 73
resignation of see of Armagh by St. Malachy, 61, 169
St. Malachy's instruction under Imar, 11
St. Malachy's visits to Lismore, 20 f.
sermons of St. Bernard, 141, 152
visit of St. Malachy to York, 70
visitation of Munster by St. Malachy, 168
David I., king of Scots, 76 f., 120, 121
Dermot, the count: _see_ Mac Murrough
---- father of Gelasius, 62
---- father of St. Malachy, 6
Derry, diocese of, xli, xliv, lviii
Erenach (abbot) of: _see_ Gelasius
---- or Raphoe, diocese of, xli, xlvii
Desmond, 21, 43; _see also_ Mac Carthy
_De Statu Ecclesiae_, xxx-xxxiii
Dijon, 30, 71
Dioceses of Scotland, 76
Domnach Airgid, 54
Donnell, abbot of Armagh, xxxiv
---- bishop, xxiii, xxiv
Dove enters church, 115
Dove-like eyes, 63
Dover, 70
Down, diocese of, xli, lviii, lxii
see of, lviii, 64
Downpatrick (Down), 36, 44, 62, 63
dispute between prior and monks of, and abbot and canons of Bangor, 64
monastery of Irish at, 63
Dromore, diocese of, xxii, xli
Dubdalethe, II., coarb of Patrick, 164, 165
Dublin, xix, xlvi
archbishopric of, lxiii f.
archbishops of: _see_ Gregory, O'Toole
bishops of, xx, xxiii: _see also_ Dunan, Gregory, O'Hanley, Patrick
burgesses of, xxii, xlvi
church of Holy Trinity (Christ Church) in, xix, 54, 64
diocese of xix, xlv
hostility of, to Irish Church, xxii, xlv f., lxiii f.
king of: _see_ Gothric, Sitric
_Duevania_, 88
Duleek, xlix
diocese of, l
Dunan, bishop of Dublin, xix, xx
Dunshaughlin, diocese of, xxvii, l
_Ecclesia_, 4
Edgar the Atheling, 76
Emly, diocese of, lxi
Eporedia, 72
Erming Street, 70
Erne waterway, lix
Erolbh, bishop of Limerick, xxi
Errew, 93
Espec, Walter, 69
Eucharist called "sacraments," 114
heresy concerning, 101-3
Eugenius III., Pope, lxii, lxv, 3, 38, 117 f., 122
---- bishop of Clonard, l
Eusebius, a deacon, 14
Family of coarbs of Patrick, 165
extinction of, 61, 166
"Fasting on," 106, 107
Faughart, 100
Fearnmaigh (Farney), 59
Felix, bishop of Lismore, 75
Ferdomnach, 53
Fergus, lord of Galloway, 77, 120
_Fer légind_, xvi
Fermanagh, lix
_Ferta martair_, 115
Fiachrach, son of Colla fo Crich, 165
Fiadh meic Oengusa, council of, xxxvii, 46
Fingal, 59
Finnian, St., xlix
Fir Li, xliv
Fontaines, 71
Fore, diocese of, li
_Forma_, 11, 56
Four Masters, confusion of, 168
Gall, St., 86
Gelasius, archbishop of Armagh, lvii, lx, lxiii, 59, 62, 167, 168,
169, 171
"Generation," 45, 166
_Gentes_, 74, 80
Geoffrey, St. Bernard's secretary, 47, 81
prayer of, 130
Gerlatus, 81
Geswalt, 78
Gibeonites, 50
Gilbert, bishop of Limerick, papal legate, xxi, xxii, xxvi, xxix-xxxiii,
xxxiv, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii, xliii, xliv f., xlviii, lvi,
lx, lxi, 17, 47 f., 73, 163;
not a suffragan of Canterbury, xxi f., 47
----, St., of Sempringham, 123
Gill Abbey, Cork, 93
Giraldus Cambrensis, xv, 162
Gisburn, 67, 121
monastery of, 120 f.
Glendalough, bishop of, xlvi, lxiv
diocese of, xlv, lxiv
Godscalcus, 81
Gothric, king of Dublin, xxiii
Gougaud, Dom L., xxi, 76
Gregory, archbishop of Dublin, xx, xxii, lxiii, 20
---- I., Pope, xxxix, xl
---- VII., Pope, 162
Greenogue, xlv
Grenan Ely, 40
_Gyrovagus_, 55
Harding, Stephen, 71
Henry I., king of England, 47
---- II., king of England, 62
----, son of David I., king of Scots, 77
Hereditary succession of abbots, xv, lvi f., 45 f., 48, 148, 165
Heresy regarding the Eucharist, 101-103
Hinba, 29
Holy Island, liv
---- Trinity, church of: _see_ Dublin
Honorius II., Pope, 72
Hook, simile of a, applied to Death of Christ, 145
Horse presented to St. Malachy, 69 f.
Humbert of Igny, 136
Ignatius, St., epistles of, 37
Igny, Humbert of, 136
Imar: _see_ O'Hagan
Indrechtach, abbot of Bangor, 31
Inishowen, xli, xlii f.
Inislounaght, 76, 114
Inispatrick, synod of, lxi, 118
Innocent II., Pope, lx f., 71, 72 f., 117, 118
Irish Church, state of, described, 16-18, 37 f., 45 f., 161-3
Isaac, 133 f.
Ithael, xvii
Iveagh, 40
Iveragh, lv, 40, 43
site of S. Malachy's monastery in, 40 f.
Ivrea, 71, 72
John Evangelist, St., Abbey of, at Cork, 93
----, son of Sulien, xvii
manuscript written by, xviii
verses, of, xviii
Jonas, 30
Joseph, coarb of Patrick, 165 f.
Judas Maccabæus, 23
Kells, xvii
archdeacon of: _see_ Petit
archdeaconry of, xxviii
bishop of, xxviii, lxiii
Book of, xxv
diocese of, xxvii, xxviii, li
synod of, xxvii, lxii-lxiv, 75, 93, 163
Kilcurry River, 100
Kildare, xvii
Killeshin, 4
Kilmore, diocese of, xlix, li, lxii
Kingarth, 29
Kirkham Abbey, 69
Kirk Mochrum, 78
Knock, monastery of SS. Paul and Peter at, 67, 118, 170
Krusch, Bruno, 30
Lambay Island, xlv
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, xv, xxi, xxiii, xxiv, xxvi, 162;
letters of, xxiii
Lapasperi, Portus, 78 f.
Larne, lviii
Laurence, St.: _see_ O'Toole
Learning in Ireland, xiv, xvi-xviii, xxvi
Leath Chuinn, xxv, xl
---- Mogha, xl
Lecan, Yellow Book of, 171
Leinster, xxxviii, xl, 86
Book of, 171
Lepadh Feichin, 170
_Lía na rígh_, 51
Limerick, bishops of: _see_ Erolbh, Gilbert, Patrick, Turgesius
church of St. Mary in, xxx, xliv
diocese of, xix, xxi, xxx, xliv
Lismore, xlvii, liii, lv, 19, 36, 46, 69, 86, 87, 101
assemblies at, 101 f.
bishops of: _see_ Christian, Felix, Malchus
---- or Waterford, diocese of, xlvii
---- in Scotland, 28
Llanbadarn Fawr, school of, xvii
London, 70
Louth, see of diocese of Oriel, lix, 66
county of, lix f.
diocese of, lix, 64
bishops of: _see_ O'Kelly, O'Morgair
monastery of St. Mary at, 67
Loxewdy, diocese of, li
Lucius II., Pope, 118
Lugaid, 28, 29
Lugidus, 28
Luxeuil (Luxovium) 29 f.
Mabillon, J., lxv
Mac Cairthinn, St., 54
Mac Carthy, Cormac, king of Desmond, liii, lvi f., 43 f., 51, 53, 93,
167, 170
assists St. Malachy at Iveragh, lv, 40, 41
called Bishop-King, 44
character of, 22, 23 f., 44
crozier of, 44
expelled from kingdom and restored, lv, 21-4, 41, 43
Mac Carthy, Dermot, 93
Mac Carthy, Donough, lv, 21, 23
Mac Carthy, Teague, king of Desmond, 21, 43
Mac Firbis, 7, 164, 165
Mac Mahon, 166
Mac Murrough, Dermot, king of Leinster, 90
Mac Sinaich, 166
Mael Brigte (Marianus Scotus), xviii
---- ----, son of Tornan, coarb of Patrick, 7
Maelcoba, coarb of Patrick, 165
Maelisa, abbot of Armagh, 14
Maelsechlainn, king of Ireland, 161, 164
Magh Cobha, 40
Maghera, 44, 64
Magheramorne, 28
Mainz, xviii
Malachy, St., early life of, lii, 6-18
part taken by, in Reformation, lii-lxiv
vicar of Cellach, lii, 16-18, 20, 163
at Lismore, liii, lv, 18-26, 40, 86, 87, 101-3
bishop of Connor, liv, 36-9, 128
abbot of Bangor, 27, 41, 43, 80, 112
at Iveragh, lv, 40-2
archbishop of Armagh, lvi f., lix, 53-61
bishop of Down, lvii f., lxi, 62 ff., 82
journey of, to Rome, lx f., 64-80
at Clairvaux, lx, 70-2, 74, 122-30
at Rome, 72-4
papal legate, lxi, 73, 80 f., 93, 102, 132
last journey of, lxi f., 118-22, 142
death of, lxii, 4, 117, 122, 123-8, 139, 141, 143
burial of, 3, 128-30, 139, 142, 144
a canon of St. Augustine, 11
age of, 128
called an ape, 111
character of, 3, 7-10, 47, 81-4, 153-7
coarb of Patrick, 82, 106
compared to Ananias of Damascus, 108
to Elijah, 52, 151, 159
to Elisha, 60, 95, 129
to Moses, 159
to St. John Baptist, 89
consecrated bishop, 36, 43
conspiracy against, by men of Tullaghoge, 51, 57, 168
contest of, for the abbacy of Armagh, 46-61, 167-71
convent of regular clerics founded by, 63 f.
father of, 6
in Paradise, 89
last sayings of, 123, 124, 126, 127, 143, 147
letters of, to St. Bernard, 131, 135
made deacon, 14, 15, 16, 43
meaning of name of, 27, 157
miracles of, 32, 34, 52, 72, 77, 78, 79, 81, 85-108, 111, 116, 119,
121, 129, 154, 158, 171
monastery of, 18, 104
mother of, 7, 8, 27, 162
not allowed to cross channel, 121, 142
ordained priest, 15, 16, 43
parents of, 6
plot against, by a prince at Armagh, 55-7
reason of retirement of, from archbishopric, 169
rebuilds churches, 39, 163
reforms of, 17 f., 39, 58, 61, 81, 163
relics of, 73, 130
sister of, 14, 15, 25 f.
uncle of, 27
visions of, 25, 49, 113
voluntary poverty of, 49, 82, 149
where buried, 130
Malchus (Mael Isa Ua hAinmire), bishop of Waterford, archbishop of
Cashel, xxi, xxii, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, xxxiv, xxxvi, xxxviii, xlvi,
xlvii, liii, lv, lx, 18 f., 21, 23, 47 f., 65;
miracles of, 19 f.
----, brother of Christian, abbot of Mellifont, 33 f., 95
Malcolm IV., king of Scots, 77
---- Canmore, king of Scots, 76
Marcus, author of _Tundale's Vision_, 88
Margaret, St., 76
Marianus Scotus: _see_ Mael Brigte, Muiredach.
Marriage, 18, 37, 39, 162, 170
Married abbots of Armagh, 45, 164
Mary, St., church of, at Clairvaux, 128, 129, 130
at Limerick, xxx, xliv
at Mellifont, 75 f.
at Melrose, 69
monastery of, at Louth, 67
Matilda, empress, 76, 121
----, wife of David I., 69, 76
----, wife of Henry I., 76
----, wife of Stephen, 76
Mattock, stream, 75
Maurice, St., in Valois, 30
Maxwell, Sir Herbert, 78
Meath, xl, 40
bishops of: _see_ O'Dunan, Rochfort, Tachmon
deaneries of, xxvii, li
dioceses of, xxvii-xxix, xxxiii, xlviii-lii
Mellifont Abbey, 75, 170
choice of site of, 75, 132
consecration of church of, 59, 75
daughters of, 76
progress of, 75, 135
Melrose, 69
_Membra_ (_memrae_), 60
_Memoria Sanctorum_, 60
"Metropolitan," 36, 45, 166
Michael, abbot at Soulseat, 34, 120
Michael's Church, St., 78
Mitre of St. Malachy, 73
Mochrum, 78
Mochuta, St., xlvii, 19
Molua, 28
Monaghan, county of, xli, lix
Monasteries rebuilt, 170
Monasternenagh, 76
Monenna, St., Life of, 32
Monk, nations which have not seen a, 74
Moore, Sir Edward, 75 f.
Moriarty, Nehemiah, bishop of Cloyne, lxi, 89
Mortlach, 28
Muiredach Mac Robartaigh (Marianus Scotus), xviii
Mullingar, diocese of, li
Mungret, 6
Munster, xl, 46, 91
visitations of, xxxiv, xxxvi, 14, 16, 53, 167, 168, 169
Murtough, coarb of Patrick, 43, 46, 50, 51, 164, 165 f., 167, 170
"Nations," 74
Nehemiah, bishop of Cloyne, lxi, 89
_Nemheds_, 170
Newbald, 68
Newtown,
near Trim, xxvii, li
synod at, xxvii, xxviii
Newtown Stewart, xli
Niall, coarb of Patrick, 43, 50, 53, 58, 167, 168, 170, 171
Nostal, priory of St. Oswald at, 69
O'Boyle, Caincomrac, bishop of Armagh, xxxiv
Cinaeth, bishop of Clogher, lix, 66
O'Brien, xxvi
Conor, king of Thomond, lv, lvi f., 21, 23, 43 f., 51, 170
Dermot, xxiv, 43
Murtough, king of Munster, xxiv, xxx, xxxv, xxxviii, lv, 43
Teague, 106
Turlough, xxiii, xxiv
O'Carroll, Donough, king of Oriel, lvii, lix, 58 f., 66, 67, 75,
163, 170 f.
O'Conor, Cathal, 106
Rory, 106
Turlough, king of Connaught, lv, 21, 23, 43, 106
O'Dunan, Mael Muire, "bishop of Meath," bishop of Clonard (?), xxiv,
xxv, xxvi, xxix, xxxv, xxxvii, xxxviii, xlix
O'Flaherty, Donnell, 106
O'Gormon, Oengus, coarb of Comgall, 27
O'Hagan, sept of, 51 f.
Imar, abbot of SS. Paul and Peter, Armagh, lii, liii, 11, 13, 15,
20, 26, 31, 33, 36
O'Hanley, Donough, bishop of Dublin, xx, xxi, xxiv
Samuel, bishop of Dublin, xx, xxi, xxiv, xlvi, 20
O'Hanlon, sept of, 166
Rev. J., 78
O'Hanratty, family of, 7, 27
Murtough, coarb of Comgall, 27
O'Heney, Donnell, xxiii, xxiv
Oirgialla, the, 59, 166
O'Kane, xliv
O'Kelly, Edan, bishop of Louth, lix f., lxii, 66
Old Melrose, 69
O'Loughlin, Conor, king of north of Ireland, lv, 40, 46, 55, 59, 170
Donnell, 40
O'Morgair, sometimes written O'Mongair, 6
family of, known as O'Dogherty, 7
Christian, bishop of Clogher and Louth, lix, 66, 67, 89, 167
Dermot, 6
Mughron, _fer légind_ at Armagh, 6
_See also_ Malachy, St.
O'Neills, 51, 166
Oratories, materials of, 32 f., 109
Oratory at Bangor, 30, 32, 109-113
at Cairngarroch, 79, 171
at Clairvaux, 128, 129
at Saul, 113
Oriel, lviii, 59, 163, 170
cathedral of, 67
diocese of, lviii-lx, 67, 170
kings of: _see_ O'Carroll, O'Loughlin
see of, lix f.
O'Rorke, Tighernan, 59
Oswald, St., priory of, 69
O'Toole, St. Laurence, archbishop of Dublin, xxi
Paisley, 29
Pall, xxxii, lx f., lxii-lxiv, 65, 73, 117, 118
Papal schism, 66, 72
Paparo, John, cardinal priest of St. Laurence, xxvii, xlv, lxii-lxiv
"Parish," meaning of, xxviii
Pastoral staves, 44, 49, 50, 123
Patrick, St., 27, 89, 117, 148, 162
authority of coarbs of, 44
burial place of, 44, 115, 117
canon of, 54
coarbs of: _see_ Armagh, abbots of, archbishops of
gospels of, 53, 54
Patrick, bishop of Dublin, xx, xxi, xxiii, xlvi
----, bishop of Limerick, xxi, 73
Paul and Peter, SS., monastery of, at Armagh, 11, 18
at Knock, 67, 118, 170
Penance, 37, 97, 98, 115, 161, 167
Peter, St., coarb of, 118
Petit, Adam, archdeacon of Kells, xxviii
Petrie on stone churches, 32
Philip of Clairvaux, 13
Pilgrims from Connaught, 93
"Poor man," 93
Popes: _see_ Eugenius, Gregory, Honorius, Innocent, Lucius
Portus Lapasperi, 78 f.
Primate of Ireland, xxxvii f.
_Princeps_, 27
"Quasi-generations," 45, 65
Ralph, archbishop of Canterbury, xxii, xlvi
Raphoe, diocese of, xli, xlii, lviii
Rathbreasail, synod of, xxxvii-lii, lvi, lviii, lix, 14, 18, 36, 47,
62, 65;
canons of, violated, lii, lviii, lx, lxi, lxii
Rathbrennan, 106
Rathluraigh, 44
Ratisbon, monastery of St. Peter at, xviii
Rebekah, 133 f.
Reformation of Irish Church, took place in twelfth century, xii
causes of, xvi-xx, xxvi
scope of, xiii
"Returning to his own country," 127
Rheims, council of, 121
Ribble, river, 67, 121
Ribchester, 121
Ricemarch, son of Sulien, life of St. David by, xviii
psalter of, xvii f.
verses of, xviii
Richard, abbot of Melrose, 69
Rievaulx, 69
Rivulet becomes a river, 105 f., 154
Robert, architect of Mellifont, 75, 136
Rochfort, Simon, bishop of Meath, xxvii, xxviii, l
Roe Valley, xliv
Rosemarkie, 28
Rouen, 47
"Rouncy," 69
Round Towers, 170
Route of St. Malachy's journeys, 67, 70, 121
Roxburgh, 76
Rufinus, 145
Rummun, 33
_Runcinus_, 69
Sacraments, 18, 25 f., 39, 96, 97, 101, 114, 117
"Sacraments" meaning the Eucharist, 114
St. Liz, Simon de, Earl of Northampton, 69, 76
Saul, 44, 87
monastery of, 113, 163
_Scotia_, 20
Scotic, 32
Scotland, 34, 67, 69, 72, 76, 120
boundaries of, 67
Scotland, Further, 125
Scots, 20, 69, 110
"Seed" of a bishop, 67, 165
Senior, xxv, 48
Sexual morality, xxiv, 162 f.
Shalvey, Donnell, erenach of Cork, 93
Sheelan, Lough, 59
Shrule, 76
Sigeric, archbishop of Canterbury, 70
Sighere, 68
Silence, rule of, 13
Sinach, 165
Singing, 17 f., 37, 125, 127, 143, 161
Sitric, king of Dublin, xix
Skerries, lxi, 118
Skreen, diocese of, xxvii, l
_Sollemnitas_, 126
Song, Church, 17 f., 37, 125, 127, 143, 161
Soulseat, monastery founded at, by St. Malachy, 34, 120
Premonstratensian monastery at, 120
Slane, diocese of, xxvii, l
Staff of Jesus, 53 f., 58, 167, 168, 169
keeper of, 58, 167
Staff sent by St. Malachy to St. Bernard, 131
Standard, Battle of the, 77
State of Continental Church described, 1-3
State of the Irish Church described, 16-18, 37 f., 45 f., 161-3
Stephen, king of England, lxii, 121, 142
Stone churches, 11, 32 f., 109
Stoneykirk, 78
Stowe Missal, 162
Students, in Irish schools, xiv, xvii f., xxvi
Suffragan, meaning of, xxii
Sulien the Wise, bishop of St. David's, xvii, xviii
Surio, De (Suir, monastery of the; Suriense monasterium), 4, 76, 114
Sweden, 74
Sycarus (Sighere), 68
Tachmon, Hugh de, bishop of Meath, li
Tanaidhe, coarb of Comgall, 30
Tees, River, 67
Termann Feichin, 170
Tescelin, father of St. Bernard, 71
Thaddaeus, bishop of Kells, xxviii
Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, 73, 121
Thomas, St., monastery of, in Dublin, l
Thomond, kingdom of, 43
Tír Conaill, lviii
Tiree, island of, 29
Tír Eoghain, lviii
diocese of, 64
visitation of, xxxiv, 50
Tithes, xxxiii, 37, 84, 163, 170
Tobit, 15
Tostius, bishop of Waterford, xxi
Translation of bodies to new cemetery at Clairvaux, 125, 143
Travellers from Ireland, xviii f., xxi, xxvi
Treasure found, 112
Tribal territories, xlii-xliv
Trim, diocese of, xxvii, l
Tuam, archbishopric of, lxiii
Tullaghoge, 51, 167 f., 169
Turgesius, bishop of Limerick, xxi
Ua Condoirche: _see_ Christian
Ua hAinmire: _see_ Malchus
Ua Maelsechlainn Murrough, king of Meath, 106
Ua Muidhin, Gilla Aedha, bishop of Cork, lxi, 93
Ua Sinaich, 166
Flann, 58, 167
Uhtred, bishop of Llandaff, 73
Ui Méith, 27
Ui Neill, 40
Ui Sinaich, 165
Ulaid, lviii, 28, 40, 87
count of, 89
diocese of, lviii, 64
duke and magnates of, 111
Ulster, xl f., xlii, lviii, 46
Unction of sick, 88, 96 f., 124
not confined to priests, 164
Usnagh, synod of, xxviii, xlix, l f.
Valerian, persecution of, 14
Valle Salutis, De, 76
_Vallis Angelorum_, 27
Victor IV., anti-pope, 72
Viride Stagnum, 120
Voice of the turtle, 3
Waltheof (Waldeve, Wallenus, Wallevus), St., abbot of Melrose, 69, 121
----, Earl of Northumberland, 69
Wardon, 69
Waterford, xix
bishops of: _see_ Malchus, Tostius
diocese of, xix, xlvi
Watling Street, 121
Wexford, xix
----, diocese of, xix
---- or Ferns, diocese of, xlvii
William the Conqueror, 47
---- I., king of Scots, 77
----, prior of Kirkham, 69
Winchester, 18, 19
Wissant, 70, 123
Wooden churches, 32 f.
Wormwood, Valley of, 71
Yellow Book of Lecan, 171
York, xxii, xxxix, 67, 68, 70
Zacchaeus, 14