CONCLUSION
The leading Socialists claim that Socialism is at the same time a
scientific doctrine and a practical policy. A perusal of this book
should suffice to prove that it is neither the one nor the other. On
its scientific side it consists of twenty catch-phrases which are very
effective for propaganda purposes, but which are contrary to general
experience and to common-sense. On its practical side it consists of a
number of fantastic proposals which are likewise contrary to general
experience and to common-sense.
Socialism has two faces. The one which is turned towards the cultured
and towards the non-Socialists of the middle class constantly asserts
that Socialism is a scientific and perfect system of well-ordered
government and co-operation, which will evolve order and harmony out
of the chaos of individualism and of competition, and which will raise
men to the highest level of perfection. The other, which is turned
towards the masses, and which is by far the more important, is purely
predatory in character. It appeals to all the passions of the
multitude. It denounces law, religion, charity, thrift, temperance,
and all existing institutions. It preaches envy, hatred, greed,
selfishness, violence, civil war, and general plunder. It sets class
against class, and creates among its supporters a frame of mind which
makes not for harmony, order, and co-operation, but for disorder,
revolution, and anarchy.
The followers of Socialism do not see in it a science. "With the
speculative side of Socialism the average man has but a small concern;
it is its common-sense which appeals to him. By inherited instinct we
are all communists at heart."[1274] The attraction of Socialism to the
masses lies in its promise of the spoliation of the rich and of the
general division of their wealth. It is true that Socialists
habitually and very emphatically protest that Socialism is not a
system of robbery and of general division. It is true that Socialists
merely propose that all private property should be transferred to the
State by expropriation--which is a euphemism for confiscation--and
that the State should manage it for the general good of the masses.
However, that is a distinction without a difference. Property is
valuable because of the income which it yields. Therefore it comes for
all practicable purposes to the same, whether the Socialist leaders
propose dividing all the private property or all the income derived
from that property. A prominent Socialist writer has asked: "Is not
honesty--the sense of right of possession in the fruits of our
labour--the very basis of Socialism?"[1275] Regretfully one must
answer that question with a very emphatic "No."
Socialism is not a system of organisation and of national
co-operation, but merely a plan of spoliation and of general division.
That may clearly be seen from the fact that the Socialist leaders have
not the slightest desire to create a Socialistic model commonwealth,
and thus demonstrate the practical value of their highly speculative
doctrines, in a new country where Socialism could be introduced
peacefully, easily, and without a revolution, where co-operation and
exchange would be comparatively simple because wants are simple, the
commodities produced are few, and the opposition of vested interests
would be _nil_. In spite of all these great advantages, the Socialist
leaders prefer introducing Socialism into old countries where the
confiscation of the existing property seems a shorter way to wealth
than work, and where confiscation will have the most satisfactory
results to the despoilers.
We have seen that the various Socialistic organisations agree on
hardly one point in their constructive policy. However, they
absolutely agree in their main purpose--spoliation. On that point
there is absolute unanimity among all the British Socialists, and they
condemn State Socialism (see Chapter XXXII.) because State Socialism
would not mean confiscation and general division. Besides, it would
not enable the Socialist leaders to overturn the State and to seize
the reins of Government. British Socialism is purely destructive in
character, and if Socialism should ever be established in Great
Britain it would lead not to national co-operation, but to civil war
among the various Socialistic sections for the spoils, and to a series
of sanguinary _coups d'etat_ similar to those which arose out of the
great French Revolution.
The "scientific" proposal of transferring all private property to the
State, and of using that property for the common good, merely
circumscribes the word and act of confiscation and of general
division. Therefore we may say that Socialism has no scientific basis,
unless we choose to call science a collection of fallacies expressed
in involved terms so as to deceive the simple. Karl Marx was not a
scientist but a professional demagogue and revolutionist, and his
merit from the Socialists' point of view consists only in this, that
he elaborated a formula of roundabout spoliation and general division,
which he took from his Anarchist predecessors, and gave it a much
needed, though rather transparent, cloak of scientific respectability.
Socialism is, in the first place, a business proposition. Therefore,
if it were practical, it should appeal particularly to business men.
However, it is noteworthy that the loudest champions of British
Socialism are not business men, of whom but few are to be found in the
Socialist ranks, but pushing writers in search of self-advertisement,
whose special domain is the highly spiced and the sensational, writers
who, knowing that many people mistake eccentricity for genius and
paradoxical absurdity for brilliancy, have discarded common-sense, let
their imaginations run riot, and outbid one another for notoriety.
The complaints of the Socialists about the unequal distribution of
wealth are as old as is humanity itself. Since the earliest times
demagogues have endeavoured to obtain a following by working upon the
misery, envy, short-sightedness, and passions of the poor, by
promising them equality and boundless wealth to be obtained by the
simple process of seizing and dividing up the property of the
well-to-do. The identical arguments and proposals which are now put
forward in the name of Marx, and of modern "scientific" Socialism, as
something new and original may be found throughout literature since
the very dawn of history.[1276] However, history teaches us that,
although countless Socialistic experiments have been made, all
attempts at enriching the poor by spoliation and at creating an
artificial equality among men have proved a failure. They have
invariably ended in national ruin, and have left the masses poorer and
more miserable than ever. The reason of this universal failure is
obvious. Man cannot reconstruct Nature. He may violate, but cannot
alter, the laws of Nature. Inequality rules throughout Nature, and it
seems as little possible to equalise the fortunes, as it is to
equalise the bodily and mental powers, of men. We all are the slaves
of Nature. The inequality of natural gifts and the division of labour
are the principal causes of the division of men into classes and of
the unequal distribution of wealth. Nature is only governed by obeying
her. We can certainly diminish poverty, but we cannot, for any length
of time, maintain an artificial equality among naturally unequal men.
The first duty of the State, as of the individual, is
self-preservation. British Socialism, being by those teachings which
it addresses to its supporters a revolutionary doctrine in the worst
sense of the term, and therefore a purely destructive factor, must
unconditionally be resisted and combated. However, at the same time
all that can be done must be done to alleviate the distress of the
British masses, which is undoubtedly very great, and which makes them
exceedingly receptive to the revolutionary doctrines of Socialism. As
it would require too much space to deal with the social problem in
Great Britain in its entirety, only a few of the most important points
can be touched upon.
The greatest scourge of the British worker is no doubt irregular and
ill-paid employment. The first step to improve his position is
therefore to improve employment. Hence the most urgent reform is the
revision of Great Britain's economic policy. Great Britain's present
economic policy, Free Trade, was based upon the supposition that Great
Britain, as Cobden prophesied, was, and always would remain, the
workshop of the world; that other countries were compelled to buy
British manufactures because British manufactures were as necessary to
them as foreign foodstuffs are now to Great Britain. In 1846, when
Free Trade was introduced, there was some reason for that supposition.
Before the advent of electricity manufacturing was based exclusively
upon coal. Great Britain's absolute predominance in manufacturing for
the markets of the whole world immediately before the introduction of
Free Trade may therefore best be seen from the following table:
PRODUCTION OF COAL IN 1845[1277]
Quantity produced. Percentage of
Tons world's production
Great Britain 31,500,000 64.2
Belgium 4,960,077 10.1
United States 4,400,000 8.9
France 4,141,617 8.4
Prussian States 3,500,000 7.0
Austrian States 659,340 1.4
---------- ----
49,161,034 100
The above table shows that Great Britain produced two-thirds of the
world's coal, and the coal of most other countries was supposed to be
unsuitable for manufacturing purposes. However, Great Britain produced
not only two-thirds of the world's coal, but she produced likewise
two-thirds of the world's iron, she consumed two-thirds of the world's
cotton, and she possessed two-thirds of the world's shipping. Her
railway mileage was greater than that of the whole Continent of
Europe.[1278]
Times have changed. Great Britain is no longer the workshop of the
world. British manufactures are no longer indispensable to foreign
countries. In the present age of steel, the production of steel is the
best index of a nation's manufacturing eminence, and how greatly
conditions have changed, and are still changing, to England's
disadvantage may be seen from the following figures:
OUTPUT OF STEEL
United States. Germany. Great Britain.
Tons Tons Tons
1890 4,277,000 2,127,000 3,679,000
1906 23,246,000 11,135,000 6,462,000
Great Britain, which formerly produced nine-tenths of the world's
steel, produces now little more than one-tenth of the world's steel.
As Great Britain has to buy vast quantities of food and raw material
from foreign countries, she must sell to foreign countries vast
quantities of manufactured goods. However, market after market is
being closed to her industries by ever-rising tariff walls, and the
profits from her exports have been greatly diminished through foreign
competition. Her home market has been reduced through the decay of her
agriculture and the shrinkage of her agricultural population, and it
is systematically spoiled by combinations of foreign manufacturers.
Foreign syndicates determine not only the price of British wheat and
meat, but of British iron and other manufactures too, and they
endeavour to ruin the British industries completely. Great Britain,
far from being the world's manufacturer, has become the world's
dumping ground. From the richest country in the world she is rapidly
becoming one of the poorer countries of the world. Her industries are
suffering, and the result is bad times, low wages, irregular
employment, unemployment, poverty, and distress. It is noteworthy
that, on an average, unemployment among the skilled workers in
free-trade Great Britain is always five times greater than it is in
protectionist Germany;[1279] that British emigration per million is
eleven times larger than German emigration; that German savings-banks
deposits are four times larger than British savings-banks deposits,
and that the former increase ten times faster than the latter.[1280]
What can be done to improve the position of the British workers?
Emigration on the largest scale has proved a palliative, but no
remedy. During the last twenty years almost five million people have
left Great Britain. Yet the labour market is as over-stocked, and
unemployment and poverty are as great, as ever. Besides, the United
States and the British colonies may not always be able to absorb the
vast and ever-growing numbers of British unemployed workers.
Employment and wages depend upon the prosperity of industries, and the
prosperity of industries depends on a sufficiency of markets. The
British industries have not a sufficiency of markets. Therefore the
British population suffers from irregular employment, unemployment,
and consequent want and misery; and want and misery among the British
masses are likely to continue increasing and ever increasing until
Great Britain adapts her economic policy to the altered circumstances
of the time, protects the industries by which her workers live, and
secures a sufficient outlet for their productions by preferential
arrangements with the self-governing Dominions. Under the shelter of
Protection at home and with the aid of preferential arrangements
throughout the empire, Great Britain will be able vastly to extend her
manufacturing industries. Great Britain has unrivalled facilities for
manufacturing. Whilst the manufacturing centres of the United States,
Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Italy, and other countries
lie far inland near their coalfields, Great Britain has the unique
advantage of being able to manufacture on the seashore, where coal,
iron, great manufacturing towns, and excellent harbours lie in close
proximity. The potentialities of the British industries under fair
conditions and under the wise care of a fostering Government are
boundless.
Under the shelter of Protection the rural industries of Great Britain
may be revived, especially if the British peasantry be re-created. A
hundred years ago the great agricultural authority, Arthur Young,
wrote: "The magic of property turns sand into gold. Give a man a bleak
rock, and he will turn it into a garden. Give him a nine years' lease
of a garden, and he will convert it into a desert." Since the time
when these words were written most European countries have created a
freehold peasantry by buying out the landed proprietors and settling
the rural labourers on the land, and Great Britain will be wise in
following their example.
The tripartite question of Fiscal Protection for the home market, of
an Imperial Customs Union, and of Imperial Federation is not a party
question. It is a question of life or death for Great Britain. It may
soon become a question of prosperity or starvation for the masses.
Great Britain stands at the parting of the ways. She must either
protect and re-create her industries, federate with her colonies, and
make the British Empire a reality, or sink into insignificance, and
history knows no instance of a great nation becoming a small one
without the most intense suffering to the masses of the people. Great
Britain must either adopt that constructive and protective national
policy which the greatest statesmen and Empire builders of modern
times--Richelieu, Cromwell, Colbert, Lord Chatham, George Washington,
Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, Stein, and Bismarck--have
pursued, or she will share the fate of the great commercial world
empires of the past, from Phoenicia to the Netherlands. She must
either follow the policy of Mr. Chamberlain, build up the Empire and
make it strong and prosperous, or that of revolutionary demagogues,
who will wreck the Empire and drag Great Britain through plunder and
ruin to destruction and anarchy.
The experience of other industrial nations allows us to conclude that
a wisely framed protective tariff will save the British industries and
improve employment and wages. But better wages alone will not improve
the position of the workers. A large part of the British working class
must alter their personal habits, and especially their drinking
habits. At present every rise in wages leads immediately to a great
increase in the Drink Bill, and therefore benefits rather the brewer
than the worker. "The strongest answer to the theory that poverty
causes drink is the statistical fact that as wages rise general
drunkenness follows, insanity increases, and criminal disorders due to
drink keep pace with all three. Wherever one seeks for information
dispassionately, one sees that drink does cause poverty to a greater
extent, overwhelmingly so, than that poverty causes drink. Poverty is
due to intemperance in varying degrees from twenty-five to fifty-one
per cent, of cases and areas investigated."[1281] "The Committee on
Physical Deterioration in 1904 declared that if the drink question
were removed three-fourths of the difficulty with regard to poverty
and deterioration would disappear with it."[1282] The drinking section
of the working class spends _18l. 15s. 4d._ per family on drink,[1283]
a sum much larger than that spent on rent. "There are two great causes
of physical deterioration--these are dirt and drink. The former is
responsible for nearly every form of disease. The latter is the direct
cause of the vast number of defects."[1284] "The most urgently needed
public health reform of the present day is not so much one of
environment as one of personal life."[1285]
Many British workmen are incredibly wasteful. When one visits
public-houses and working-men's clubs, when one goes to racecourses,
football or other matches, and music-halls, the British workers seem
to be the richest in the world. When one looks at their homes, their
clothes, and especially their savings, they seem to be the poorest in
the world. British working men drink, waste, and gamble to a much
greater extent than foreign working men. Therefore not only the higher
paid American workers, but also the lower paid French, German, and
Swiss workers, are better housed, better clothed, and better fed--and
are therefore better off and healthier--than British workers.[1286]
Besides, as their savings are much larger they are better able to
stand a short spell of ill-luck or of bad times. Whether a working man
is prosperous or poor, happy or unhappy, depends--under fair
conditions of employment, which Protection should create--perhaps more
on his personal habits and on those of his wife than on the actual
amount he receives in wages. Social reform, to be effective, must be
assisted in the home. The worker must aid the social reformer. Outside
assistance alone will little benefit wasteful and improvident men who
refuse to help themselves.
FOOTNOTES:
[1274] Keir Hardie, _From Serfdom to Socialism_, pp. 33, 34.
[1275] Leatham, _Socialism and Character_, p. 96.
[1276] See Mencius' Works in Legge's _Chinese Classics_; Euripides,
_The Suppliants_; Aristotle, _Politics_, vii. 5; Aristophanes,
_Ecclesiazusae_ and _Plutus_; Plutarch, _Tiberius Gracchus_, 9;
Livius, ii. 32; Sallust, _Catiline's Conspiracy_, 20, 23, 37-39;
Virgil, _Georgics_, i. 125; Tibullus, i. 3, 35 Propertius, ii. 13,
iii. 5, 11; Seneca, _Epistles_, 90, &c.
[1277] Taylor, _Statistics of Coal_, p. xxi.
[1278] See _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, 8th edition, 1853-1860,
articles: Cotton, Iron, Railways; Meyer, _Konversations Lexikon_,
1839-1855, article: Grossbritannien; Porter, _Progress of the Nation_,
1847; MacCulloch, _British Empire_, 1846; MacCulloch, _Dictionary of
Commerce_, 1847; Macgregor, _Commercial Statistics_, 1844-1850, &c.
[1279] See _Board of Trade Labour Gazette_ and _Reichs Arbeitsblatt_.
[1280] Ellis Barker, _Modern Germany_, 546 ff.
[1281] Burns, _Labour and Drink_, pp. 15, 18.
[1282] Newman, _The Health of the State_, p. 189.
[1283] Whittaker, _Drink Problem_, p. 10.
[1284] McMillan, _The Child and the State_, p. 4.
[1285] Newman, _Health of the State_, p. 194.
[1286] See _Reports of the Mosely Industrial Commission to the United
States_; _The Brassworkers of Berlin and of Birmingham_; _The
Gainsborough Commission, Life and Labour in Germany_; Horsfall, _The
Improvement of the Dwellings--The Example of Germany_; Marr, _Housing
Conditions in Manchester_; _City of Birmingham, Report of the Housing
Committee_; Steele, _The Working Classes in France_; Rowntree and
Sherwell, _The Temperance Problem_; Rowntree, _Poverty_; the
publication of Charles Booth, &c.
APPENDIX
OFFICIAL PROGRAMMES OF THE SOCIALISTIC ORGANISATIONS
SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION
_Programme and Rules as revised previous to the Annual
Conference held at the Labour Institute, Bradford, Easter
1906_
_Object._--The Social-Democratic Federation is a part of the
International Social-Democracy. It believes:--
1. That the emancipation of the working class can only be achieved
through the socialisation of the means of production, distribution,
and exchange, and their subsequent control by the organised community
in the interests of the whole people.
2. That, as the proletariat is the last class to achieve freedom, its
emancipation will mean the emancipation of the whole of mankind,
without distinction of race, nationality, creed, or sex.
3. That this emancipation can only be the work of the working class
itself,[1287] organised nationally and internationally into a distinct
political party, consciously striving after the realisation of its
ideals: and, finally,
4. That, in order to ensure greater material and moral facilities for
the working class to organise itself and to carry on the class war,
the following reforms must immediately be carried through:--
IMMEDIATE REFORMS
_Political._--Abolition of the Monarchy.
Democratisation of the Governmental machinery, viz. Abolition of the
House of Lords, Payment of Members of Legislative and Administrative
bodies. Payment of Official Expenses of Elections out of the Public
Funds, Adult Suffrage, Proportional Representation, Triennial
Parliaments, Second Ballot, Initiative, and Referendum. Foreigners to
be granted rights of citizenship after two years' residence in the
country, without any fees. Canvassing to be made illegal. All
elections to take place on one day, such day to be made a legal
holiday and all premises licensed for the sale of intoxicating liquors
to be closed.
Legislation by the people in such wise that no legislative proposal
shall become law until ratified by the majority of the people.
Legislative and Administrative independence for all parts of the
Empire.
_Financial and Fiscal._--Repudiation of the National Debt.
Abolition of all indirect taxation and the institution of a cumulative
tax on all incomes and inheritances exceeding _300l._
_Administrative._--Extension of the principle of Local
Self-Government.
Systematisation and co-ordination of the local administrative bodies.
Election of all administrators and administrative bodies by Equal
Direct Adult Suffrage.
_Educational._--Elementary education to be free, secular, industrial,
and compulsory for all classes. The age of obligatory school
attendance to be raised to 16.
Unification and systematisation of intermediate and higher education,
both general and technical, and all such education to be free.
State Maintenance for all attending State schools.
Abolition of school rates; the cost of education in all State schools
to be borne by the National Exchequer.
_Public Monopolies and Services._--Nationalisation of the land and the
organisation of labour in agriculture and industry under public
ownership and control on co-operative principles.
Nationalisation of the Trusts.
Nationalisation of Railways, Docks, and Canals, and all great means of
transit.
Public ownership and control of Gas, Electric Light, and Water
supplies, as well as of Tramway, Omnibus, and other locomotive
services.
Public ownership and control of the food and coal supply.
The establishment of State and municipal banks and pawnshops and
public restaurants.
Public ownership and control of the lifeboat service.
Public ownership and control of hospitals, dispensaries, cemeteries,
and crematoria.
Public ownership and control of the drink traffic.
_Labour._--A legislative eight-hour working day, or 48 hours per week,
to be the maximum for all trades and industries. Imprisonment to be
inflicted on employers for any infringement of the law.
Absolute freedom of combination for all workers, with legal guarantee
against any action, private or public, which tends to curtail or
infringe it.
No child to be employed in any trade or occupation until 16 years of
age, and imprisonment to be inflicted on employers, parents, and
guardians who infringe this law.
Public provision of useful work at not less than trade union rates of
wages for the unemployed.
Free State Insurance against sickness and accident, and free and
adequate State pensions or provision for aged and disabled workers.
Public assistance not to entail any forfeiture of political rights.
The legislative enactment of a minimum wage of _30s._ for all workers.
Equal pay for both sexes for the performance of equal work.
_Social._--Abolition of the present workhouse system, and reformed
administration of the Poor Law on a basis of national co-operation.
Compulsory construction by public bodies of healthy dwellings for the
people; such dwellings to be let at rents to cover the cost of
construction and maintenance alone, and not to cover the cost of the
land.
The administration of justice and legal advice to be free to all;
justice to be administered by judges chosen by the people; appeal in
criminal cases; compensation for those innocently accused, condemned,
and imprisoned; abolition of imprisonment for contempt of court in
relation to non-payment of debt in the case of workers earning less
than _2l._ per week; abolition of capital punishment.
_Miscellaneous._--The disestablishment and disendowment of all State
Churches.
The abolition of standing armies, and the establishment of national
citizen forces. The people to decide on peace and war.
The establishment of international courts of arbitration.
The abolition of courts-martial; all offences against discipline to be
transferred to the jurisdiction of civil courts.
INDEPENDENT LABOUR PARTY
_Constitution and Rules. 1907-8_
_Object._--An Industrial Commonwealth founded upon the Socialisation
of Land and Capital.
_Methods._--The education of the community in the principles of
Socialism.
The Industrial and Political Organisation of the Workers.
The Independent Representation of Socialist Principles on all elective
bodies.
_Programme._--The true object of industry being the production of the
requirements of life, the responsibility should rest with the
community collectively, therefore:
The land, being the storehouse of all the necessaries of life, should
be declared and treated as public property.
The capital necessary for industrial operations should be owned and
used collectively.
Work, and wealth resulting therefrom, should be equitably distributed
over the population.
As a means to this end, we demand the enactment of the following
measures:
1. A maximum of 48 hours working week, with the retention of all
existing holidays, and Labour Day, May 1, secured by law.
2. The provision of work to all capable adult applicants at recognised
trade union rates, with a statutory minimum of sixpence per hour.
In order to remuneratively employ the applicants, Parish, District,
Borough, and County Councils to be invested with powers to:
(_a_) Organise and undertake such industries as they may
consider desirable.
(_b_) Compulsorily acquire land; purchase, erect, or
manufacture buildings, stock, or other articles for
carrying on such industries.
(_c_) Levy rates on the rental values of the district, and
borrow money on the security of such rates for any of the
above purposes.
3. State pensions for every person over 50 years of age, and adequate
provision for all widows, orphans, sick, and disabled workers.
4. Free secular, moral, primary, secondary, and university education,
with free maintenance while at school or university.
5. The raising of the age of child labour, with a view to its ultimate
extinction.
6. Municipalisation and public control of the drink traffic.
7. Municipalisation and public control of all Hospitals and
Infirmaries.
8. Abolition of indirect taxation and the gradual transference of all
public burdens on to unearned incomes with a view to their ultimate
extinction.
The Independent Labour Party is in favour of adult suffrage, with full
political rights and privileges for women, and the immediate extension
of the franchise to women on the same terms as granted to men; also
triennial Parliaments and second ballot.
THE LABOUR PARTY
has no official programme. A semi-official programme, contained in a
statement of its Secretary, Mr. Ramsay Macdonald, M.P., will be found
on page 425 of this book.
THE FABIAN SOCIETY
_Basis._--The Fabian Society consists of Socialists.
It therefore aims at the reorganisation of Society by the emancipation
of Land and Industrial Capital from individual and class ownership,
and the vesting of them in the community for the general benefit. In
this way only can the natural and acquired advantages of the country
be equitably shared by the whole people.
The Society accordingly works for the extinction of private property
in Land and of the consequent individual appropriation, in the form of
Rent, of the price paid for permission to use the earth, as well as
for the advantages of superior soils and sites.
The Society, further, works for the transfer to the community of the
administration of such industrial Capital as can conveniently be
managed socially. For, owing to the monopoly of the means of
production in the past, industrial inventions and the transformation
of surplus income into Capital have mainly enriched the proprietary
class, the worker being now dependent on that class for leave to earn
a living.
If these measures be carried out, without compensation (though not
without such relief to expropriated individuals as may seem fit to the
community), Rent and Interest will be added to the reward of labour,
the idle class now living on the labour of others will necessarily
disappear, and practical equality of opportunity will be maintained by
the spontaneous action of economic forces with much less interference
with personal liberty than the present system entails.
For the attainment of these ends the Fabian Society looks to the
spread of Socialist opinions, and the social and political changes
consequent thereon, including the establishment of equal citizenship
for men and women. It seeks to achieve these ends by the general
dissemination of knowledge as to the relation between the individual
and Society in its economic, ethical, and political aspects.
THE SOCIALIST PARTY OF GREAT BRITAIN
_Object._--The establishment of a system of society based upon the
common ownership and democratic control of the means and instruments
for producing and distributing wealth by and in the interest of the
whole community.
DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES
The Socialist Party of Great Britain holds that society as at present
constituted is based upon the ownership of the means of living (_i.e._
land, factories, railways, &c.) by the capitalist or master class, and
the consequent enslavement of the working class, by whose labour alone
wealth is produced.
That in society, therefore, there is an antagonism of interests,
manifesting itself as a class struggle, between those who possess but
do not produce, and those who produce but do not possess.
That this antagonism can be abolished only by the emancipation of the
working class from the domination of the master class, by the
conversion into the common property of society of the means of
production and distribution, and their democratic control by the whole
people.
That as in the order of social evolution the working class is the last
class to achieve its freedom, the emancipation of the working class
will involve the emancipation of all mankind, without distinction of
race or sex.
That this emancipation must be the work of the working class itself.
That as the machinery of government, including the armed forces of the
nation, exists only to conserve the monopoly by the capitalist class
of the wealth taken from the workers, the working class must organise
consciously and politically for the conquest of the powers of
government, national and local, in order that this machinery,
including these forces, may be converted from an instrument of
oppression into the agent of emancipation, and the overthrow of
privilege, aristocratic and plutocratic.
That as all political parties are but the expression of class
interests, and as the interest of the working class is diametrically
opposed to the interests of all sections of the master class, the
party seeking working-class emancipation must be hostile to every
other party.
The Socialist Party of Great Britain, therefore, enters the field of
political action determined to wage war against all other political
parties, whether alleged labour or avowedly capitalist, and calls upon
the members of the working class of this country to muster under its
banner to the end that a speedy termination may be wrought to the
system which deprives them of the fruits of their labour, and that
poverty may give place to comfort, privilege to equality, and slavery
to freedom.
PLATFORM OF THE SOCIALIST LABOUR PARTY
The Socialist Labour Party is a political organisation seeking to
establish political and social freedom for all, and seeing in the
conquest by the Socialist Working Class of all the governmental and
administrative powers of the nation the means to the attainment of
that end.
It affirms its belief that political and social freedom are not two
separate and unrelated ideas, but are two sides of the one great
principle, each being incomplete without the other.
The course of society politically has been from warring but democratic
tribes within each nation to a united government under an absolutely
undemocratic monarchy. Within this monarchy again developed revolts
against its power, revolts at first seeking to limit its prerogatives
only, then demanding the inclusion of certain classes in the
governing power, then demanding the right of the subject to criticise
and control the power of the monarch, and finally, in the most
advanced countries this movement culminated in the total abolition of
the monarchical institution, and the transformation of the subject
into the citizen.
In industry a corresponding development has taken place. The
independent producer, owning his own tools and knowing no master, has
given way before the more effective productive powers of huge capital,
concentrated in the hands of the great capitalist. The latter,
recognising no rights in his workers, ruled as an absolute monarch in
his factory. But within the realm of capital developed a revolt
against the power of the capitalist. This revolt, taking the form of
trade unionism, has pursued in the industrial field the same line of
development as the movement for political freedom has pursued in the
sphere of national government. It first contented itself with protests
against excessive exactions, against all undue stretchings of the
power of the capitalist; then its efforts broadened out to demands for
restrictions upon the absolute character of such power, _i.e._, by
claiming for trade unions the right to make rules for the workers in
the workshop; then it sought to still further curb the capitalist's
power by shortening the working day, and so limiting the period during
which the toiler may be exploited. Finally, it seeks by Boards of
Arbitration to establish an equivalent in the industrial world for
that compromise in the political world by which, in constitutional
countries, the monarch retains his position by granting a parliament
to divide with him the duties of governing, and so hides while
securing his power. And as in the political history of the race the
logical development of progress was found in the abolition of the
institution of monarchy, and not in its mere restriction, so in
industrial history the culminating point to which all efforts must at
last converge lies in the abolition of the capitalist class, and not
in the mere restriction of its powers.
The Socialist Labour Party, recognising these two phases of human
development, unites them in its programme, and seeks to give them a
concrete embodiment by its demand for a Socialist Republic.
It recognises in all past history a preparation for this achievement,
and in the industrial tendencies of to-day it hails the workings out
of those laws of human progress which bring that object within our
reach.
The concentration of capital in the form of trusts at the same time as
it simplifies the task we propose that society shall undertake, viz.
the dispossession of the capitalist class, and the administration of
all land and instruments of industry as social property, of which all
shah be co-heirs and owners.
As to-day the organised power of the State theoretically guarantees to
every individual his political rights, so in the Socialist Republic
the power and productive forces of organised society will stand
between every individual and want, guaranteeing that right to life
without which all other rights are but mockery.
Short of the complete dispossession of the capitalist class which this
implies there is no hope for the workers.
SPEED THE DAY.
THE CHRISTIAN SOCIAL UNION
The Union consists of members of the Church of England who have the
following objects at heart:--
1. To claim for the Christian law the ultimate authority to rule
social practice.
2. To study in common how to apply the moral truths and principles of
Christianity to the social and economic difficulties of the present
time.
3. To present Christ in practical life as the living Master and King,
the enemy of wrong and selfishness, the power of righteousness and
love.
THE CHURCH SOCIALIST LEAGUE
_Principles._--The Church has a mission to the whole of human life,
Social and Individual, Material and Spiritual.
2. The Church can best fulfil its social mission by acting together in
its corporate capacity.
3. To this end the members of the League accept the principles of
Socialism.
_Object._--To secure the corporate action of the Church on these
principles.
_Method._--1. To cultivate by the regular use of prayer and sacraments
the life of brotherhood.
2. Members undertake to help each other in fulfilling the object of
the League by speaking and lecturing and in other ways.
3. Members shall co-operate as far as possible to secure the
consideration of social questions at their various Ruridecanal and
Diocesan Conferences and the election of Socialists on these and other
representative bodies.
4. Members shall work for the disestablishment of the patron and the
substitution of the Church in each parish in conjunction with the
Church in the diocese in the patron's place.
5. To secure the representation of the wage-earning classes upon all
the representative bodies of the Church.
GUILD OF ST. MATTHEW
_Objects._--1. To get rid, by every possible means, of the existing
prejudices, especially on the part of "Secularists," against the
Church, her sacraments and her doctrines: and to endeavour to "justify
God to the people."
2. To promote frequent and reverent worship in the Holy Communion, and
a better observance of the teaching of the Church of England as set
forth in the Book of Common Prayer.
3. To promote the study of social and political questions in the light
of the Incarnation.
FOOTNOTES:
[1287] This paragraph is not to be understood as debarring individual
members of the possessing classes from participating in the work of the
movement.
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ANALYTICAL INDEX
NOTE.--_The abbreviation "f." following a page number
signifies "and following page"; "ff." "and following pages."_
ABSOLUTISM, Socialism makes for, 460 ff.
ABSTINENCE, Co-operation, and Thrift denounced by Socialists, 131 ff.,
311 ff.
ADMINISTRATION, Imperial, Socialist views regarding, 179 f.
National, Socialist views regarding, 213 f.
ADULT suffrage demanded, 213
ADULTERATION, cause of, 84 f.
AGITATORS, Socialistic, appeal to passions, 10, 446, 470
Socialist wish to govern themselves, 411
AGRICULTURE, Socialist views on, 261 ff., 288 ff.
AIMS and policy of Socialists, 92 ff.
ALCOHOLIC DRINK, expenditure of British workers on, 166, 319, 479
ALLOTMENTS, 262 ff.
ANANIAS, the story of, 385
ANARCHISM and Socialism, similarity of views and aims of, and connection
between them, 81, 90, 118, 328, 381 f., 394 ff.
ANARCHISTS, Chicago, and Socialists, 401 f.
ANGLO-FRENCH agreements, views of Socialists on, 188
ANTWERP DOCK strike, 295
APPROPRIATION without adequate compensation is theft, 102
ARBITRATION, international, Socialists on, 188, 190 f.
ARMED nation, why many Socialists are in favour of, 193 ff.
ARMIES, standing, are to be dissolved, 194 ff.
ARMY reform of Mr. Haldane, condemned by Socialists, 197 ff.
Socialist propaganda to undermine discipline and cause revolt in, 200 ff.
Socialist proposals regarding the, 192 ff.
ASSIGNATS, history of the, 283 f.
ATHEISM, Socialism and, 354 ff.
BANKS and banking, Socialist views on, 258 f., 278 ff.
BARRICADES, Socialist views on, 258 f., 278 ff.
BARTER, international, proposed by Socialists, 279
BENEFICENCE, sense of, relied on by Socialists as principal motive in
men, 458 f.
BETTING, expenditure of working men on, 166
BLACKLEGS, British, in Antwerp and Hamburg, 295 f.
BREMEN, Socialism in, 440
BRITISH EMPIRE--_see_ Empire, British
BROTHERHOOD OF MAN promised and proclaimed by Socialists, 25 f.,
185 ff., 370, 382, 444
BUDGET, national, Socialist proposals regarding, 160 ff.
CADE, JACK, 326 f.
CAPITAL is theft, 81 f., 102, 370
national growth of, owing to savings of capitalists, 64 f.
private, cannot leave the country, 153 f.
is immoral, 80 ff.
is not to be tolerated, 152 ff.
why its constant increase is necessary, 45
CAPITALISTS and landowners are thieves, 38, 102, 370 f.
and workers, division of national income between, 40 ff., 75 ff.
relations between, 30 ff., 75 ff.
are the managers and trustees of the national wealth, 35
employ labour only at a profit, 33
exploit the poor, 31, 75 ff.
greatest, were originally working men, 60
live in idleness, 30, 75 ff.
maintain the workers, not the workers the capitalists, 168
private, are responsible for commercial crises, 67 ff.
are responsible for unemployment, 65 ff., 125 f.
useless and unnecessary, 155, 168
benefit from unemployment, 69 f.
have no rights and no claims to consideration, 154
their disappearance would be a blessing, 155, 168
usefulness of, 64 f., 168, 315
CARNEGIE, ANDREW, on drink, 321 f.
CATECHISM for the mob, 367
the Red, 372 ff.
CHEAPNESS, Socialist views on, 290 ff.
CHICAGO Anarchists and Socialists, 401 f.
CHILDREN, free maintenance of, demanded, 138
free meals for--_see_ Free Maintenance
production of, to be regulated by the State, 347 f.
will belong not to parents but to society, 345 f.
will belong to parents, 348
CHRIST, name of, used for electioneering purposes, 363
CHRISTIAN Socialism, 375 ff.
programmes of, 490 f.
CHRISTIANITY and religion, Socialist attitude towards, 354 ff.
CIVILISATION, Socialist views on, 11 ff.
"CLARION," circulation of, 437
CLASS war doctrine, the, 72 ff.
disproved, 79
CLASSES of society, are there only two? 72 ff.
CLERGY, Socialist views on the, 13
COAL, production of, in 1845, 475
COBDEN, Socialists on, 287
CODE NAPOLEON, 329, 344
COIN--_see_ Money
COMMANDMENTS, the capitalists' ten, 368
the Socialist ten, 371 f.
COMMONS, House of, Socialist views on the, 209 ff.
COMMUNE of Paris, Socialists and the insurrection of the, 407 ff.
COMMUNISM and Socialism, 381 ff.
early Christian, 386
in Sparta, 389
of Fourier, 392 f.
Socialist recommendations of, 21, 381 ff.
why it is impossible, 393
COMMUNIST manifesto quoted, 77 f., 92, 103, 107, 112, 183 f., 332 f., 405
COMMUNITY of women, 331 ff.
COMPENSATION has no place in Socialist ethics, 100 f.
or no compensation in expropriating private property? 95 ff., 149 f.
COMPETITION and co-operation, 82 ff., 312 ff., 444 ff., 470
COMPLAINTS, the, of Socialists, 30 ff.
COMPULSORY labour, necessity of, in Socialist commonwealth, 455 ff.
CONFISCATION, plans of, 95 ff.
probable result of, 168 f., 251 f., 254
CONTRACT, freedom of, useless to workers, 33
CO-OPERATION and competition, 82 ff., 312 ff., 444 ff., 470
cannot benefit British worker, 31
greatly benefits British worker, 315 ff.
is opposed by Socialists, 84, 131 ff., 311 ff.
thrift and abstinence denounced by Socialists, 131 ff., 311 ff.
CO-OPERATIVE societies, record and statistics of the British, 315 ff.
COURTS-MARTIAL, Socialist agitation against, 201 f.
CRIME--_see_ Justice, Theft
CRIMES, sexual, Socialist views on, 340 ff.
CRISES caused by private capitalists, 67 ff.
could they be prevented by Socialists? 70 f., 124 f.
CROWN, the--_see_ also Monarchy
is unfit to administer the Empire, 179
CURRENCY--_see_ Money
DEBT, Local, huge increase and danger of, 246 ff.
Local, will it be repudiated? 248
National, repudiation of, 110, 156 ff.
DEMONETISATION of gold and silver--see Money
DESERTION of family, frequency of, 307
DISARMAMENT, Socialists and, 189 ff.
DISTRIBUTION, alteration of, will abolish misery, 65 ff.
is more important than production, 65 ff.
disproved, 70 f.
DIVISION, general, of existing property disclaimed, 93
is the principal aim of Socialists, 471 f.
DOCTRINES, fundamental, of Socialism, 50 ff.
DOWNING STREET, Socialist views regarding government from, 179 f.
DRINK, expenditure of workers on, 166, 319, 479
DRUNKENNESS, condemned and combated by foreign Socialists, 322 ff.
excused and encouraged by British Socialists, 319 ff.
DUTIES--_see_ Budget
ECONOMIC policy of Great Britain, 474 ff.
EDUCATION, Socialist views and proposals on, 302 ff.
EMIGRATION, 476 f.
EMPIRE, British, federation of, opposed by Socialists, 173 f.
federation of, is necessary, 478
German Socialists' views on the, 181 f.
has been a failure, 179
Socialists and the, 170 ff.
EMPLOYERS and capitalists benefit from unemployment, 69 f.
and workers' interests are opposed, 77
identical, 79
are useless, 168
ENGLAND--_see_ Great Britain
ENTERPRISE, Governmental and municipal, inefficiency and wastefulness
of, 85 ff., 251 ff.
municipal, 240 ff.
is undertaken regardless of cost and profit, 252 ff.
EQUALITY of all races proclaimed by Socialists, 185 ff.
ESPERANTO, why studied by Socialists, 188
ESTATE Duty--_see_ Budget
EXPENDITURE, local, 246
EXPROPRIATION of private property without compensation, 95 ff., 149 f.
FABIAN SOCIETY, details regarding, 94, 418 ff.
programme of, 486 f.
FAMILY, desertion of, very frequent, 307
Karl Marx on, 332
Socialism and the, 330 ff.
FATALISM of Socialists, 327 f., 360 f.
FEDERATION, Imperial, opposed by Socialists, 173 f.
why necessary, 478
FEEDING of school-children--_see_ Free Maintenance
FISCAL policy, Socialist views on, 285 ff.
reform, why it is necessary, 474 ff.
FOOD--_see_ Agriculture and Protection
FORCED labour, necessity of, in Socialist Commonwealth, 455 ff.
FOREIGN policy, Socialist views on, 183 ff.
FOURIER, Communism of, 392 f.
FRANCE, aspect of, before the Revolution, 433
FRANCHISE and suffrage in Great Britain and other countries, 213
FREEDOM of contract useless to workers, 33
FREE love, 330 ff.
maintenance for children, 138, 303 ff.
trade and protection, Karl Marx on, 300
Socialist views on, 285 ff.
why it must be abandoned, 474 ff.
FRONTIERS are to be abolished, 184 ff.
GAMBLING spirit in Englishmen, 459
GERMAN and British Socialism compared, 88, 236, 432 f.
Socialists' patriotic and imperial attitude, 181 f., 190 f., 205, 433
views on colonial policy, 181 f, 190 f.
Great Britain, 181 f., 190 f.
GERMANY, composition of electorate in, 440
GLASGOW, vast Socialist plans regarding, 252
GOD--_see_ Religion
GOLD and silver money are to be abolished, 21, 258 f., 278 ff.
GOVERNMENT--_see also_ Administration
complaints about, 11 f., 394 ff., 411 ff.
of Socialist State, 463 ff.
GREAT BRITAIN, aspect of, resembles pre-Revolution France, 433
changed economic position of, 475 ff.
dangerous position of, 484 f.
German Socialists' views on, 181 f., 190 f.
GRIEVANCES of Socialists, 30 ff.
GRONLAND advises Socialists to appeal to the passions, 10
HALDANE, Mr., and Woolwich Arsenal dismissals, 296
HAMBURG DOCK strike, 295
HISTORY, all, is untrue, 91
HOME--_see_ Family
HOME RULE, Socialists and, 180
HOUSE OF COMMONS, Socialist views on the, 209 ff.
HOUSE OF LORDS, Socialist views on the, 211
to be abolished, 109, 110, 216 i.
HUMAN nature and Socialism, 444 ff.
HUNGRY children--_see_ Free Maintenance
IDLING, how it is to be prevented, 457 ff.
IMMORALITY, sexual, Socialist views regarding, 336 ff.
IMPERIAL federation opposed by Socialists, 173 f.
INCOME, national, how divided between capitalists and workers, 40 ff.,
75 ff.
of workers and capitalists compared, 40 ff, 75 ff.
INCOME-TAX--_see_ Budget
INCREASING misery, law of, 56 ff.
disproved, 57 f.
INDEBTEDNES, local, 246 ff.
INDEPENDENT LABOUR PARTY, details regarding, 417 f., 435 f.
programme of, 485 f.
INDIA, Socialist views and aims regarding, 174 ff.
INHERITANCE, right of, 103 ff., 108
INTEMPERANCE--_see_ Drink, Drunkenness, Temperance
INTEREST, profit and rent are theft, 38, 80 ff., 102, 371, 374
Socialist objections to, 38, 80, 258 f., 280 f.
INTERNATIONAL Arbitration, Socialists on, 188, 190 f.
relations, Socialist views on, 183 ff., 469
INTOXICATING drink--_see_ Drink, Drunkenness, Temperance
IRON law of wages, 53 ff., 245, 312 f., 319 f.
disproved, 54 ff., 313 f., 320
JUDGES, English, Socialists on, 325 f.
JUSTICE and Law, Socialist Views regarding, 100 f., 114, 325 ff., 396 f.
KEIR HARDIE resembles John the Baptist, 28
LABOUR CHURCH, the, and its teaching, 369
fewer hours of, promised by Socialists, 117 f.
forced, would be necessary in Socialist commonwealth, 455 ff.
is the only source of wealth, 50 ff.
disproved, 52
organisation of, in Socialist commonwealth, 455 ff.
Party, details regarding, 424 ff.
informal programme of, 425 f.
representation committee, details regarding, 424
remuneration of, in Socialist commonwealth, 450 ff.
sweated, proposals regarding, 461
time theory, 450 f.
LABOURER is entitled to entire product of labour, 38, 61, 451
absurdity of demand, 62 ff., 451 ff.
receives only from one-third to one-fifth of his rightful wage, 30,
43, 48 f.
LABOURERS, rural, 266 f.
LAND--_see_ also Agriculture
and Landlords and Socialists, 145 ff.
belongs to all, 102 f., 145 ff.
individual men have no right to, 102 f., 145 ff.
is to be had rent free from Socialist State, 146
is not to be had rent free from Socialist State, 146 f.
is to be seized without compensation to owners, 95 ff., 149 f., 486
property in, is robbery, 38, 102, 145 ff., 370
LAND settlement policy of Socialists, 262 ff.
LAND Tax--_see_ Budget
LANDOWNERS and capitalists are thieves, 38, 102
LAW and Justice, Socialist views regarding, 100 f., 114, 325 ff., 396 f.
iron, of wages, 53 ff., 245, 312 f., 319 f.
disproved, 54 ff., 313 t, 320
of increasing misery, 56 ff.
disproved, 57 f.
LAZINESS, how it is to be prevented, 457 ff.
LIBERAL PARTY, Socialist dissatisfaction with, 233 ff.
views of and attitude towards the, 226 ff.
LITERATURE, Socialist, increase of sales of, 435 ff.
LOAFERS and tramps, ideal conditions for, to be created by Socialists, 254
LOCAL expenditure, 245 f.
Government, Socialist views and proposals regarding, 166, 240 ff.
indebtedness, 246 ff.
LONDON, fantastic schemes regarding, 249 ff.
LORDS, abolition of the House of, demanded, 109, 110, 216 f.
House of, views of Socialists on the, 211
LOVE, free, 330 ff.
MAGDEBURG, Socialism in, 440
MAINTENANCE, free, for children, demanded, 138, 303 ff.
why demanded, 138, 308
MAN, brotherhood of, promised and proclaimed by Socialists, 25 f.,
185 ff., 370, 382, 444
has no right to himself, 102
is not responsible for his actions, 327 f.
MAN, nature of, and Socialism, 444 ff.
MARRIAGE--_see also_ Family, Women
is akin to prostitution, 335 f.
MARX and Engels, Communists' manifesto quoted, 77 f., 92, 103, 107 f.,
112, 183 f., 332 f., 405
MARX, KARL, appreciation of, 89
on Christianity and religion, 359, 366
on Free Trade and Protection, 300
on women and the family, 332 f.
political programme of, 107 f.
unmerited praise of, 88 f.
was not a scientist, but a demagogue and a revolutionary, 472
MEALS, free, for school children--_see_ Free Maintenance
MEMBERS of Parliament, payment of, advocated, 213, 216
MIDDLE CLASS, importance of strengthening the, 441 ff.
Socialistic attempt to permeate the, 442 f.
MIDDLEMAN, promised suppression of, by Socialists is illusory, 241 f.
MILITARY LAW, Socialist agitation against, 201 f.
MILLIONAIRES are criminals, 81
MINES and minerals to be taken over without compensation, 149
MIR, the, 388
MIRABEAU on paper money, 283 f.
MISERY, law of, increasing, 56 ff.
disproved, 57 f.
MONARCHY, abolition of, 109, 110, 207 f.
Socialism and the, 207 f.
MONEY, abolition of gold and silver proposed, 21, 258, 278 ff.
consequences of, 279 f.
banks and banking, Socialist views on, 258 f., 278 ff.
MORALITY, sexual. Socialist views regarding, 336 ff.
MUNICIPAL and national enterprise, inefficiency and wastefulness of,
85 ff., 251 ff.
enterprise, 240 ff.
enterprises are undertaken regardless of cost and profit, 252 ff.
Socialism, 240 ff.
NATIONAL budget, Socialist views regarding, 160 ff.
debt, repudiation of, 110, 156 ff.
enterprise, inefficiency and wastefulness of, 85 ff., 251 ff.
income, how divided between capitalists and workers, 40 ff., 75 ff.
NATIONALISATION of land--_see_ Land
NATURE, human, and Socialism, 444 ff.
OFFENCES, sexual, Socialist views on, 340 ff.
OLD-AGE pensions, Socialist plans regarding, 19, 122 f.
OPINION, public, under Socialism, 466 f.
ORGANISATION of work proposed by Socialists, 17, 70 f., 124 I, 455 ff,
fallacies regarding, 70 f., 85 ff., 124 f., 241 f.
ORGANISATIONS, Socialist, and their policy, 415 ff.
OVER-PRODUCTION, complaints as to, 66 f.
are not justified, 70 f.
can it be prevented by Socialists? 70 f., 124 f.
is not the cause of crises and unemployment, but ill-balanced
production, 70 f.
OVERWORK, complaints of, 16
PAPER money, unlimited issues of, proposed, 258 f., 278 ff.
consequences of, 279 f.
PARIS Commune, Socialists and the insurrection of the, 407 ff.
PARLIAMENT, Socialism and, 209 ff.
Socialist spirit in, 437 f.
unofficial Socialists in, 438
PARLIAMENTARY Government to be abolished, 218 ff.
PARTIES, Socialist attitude towards the, 225 ff.
the Socialist and their policy, 415 ff.
PASSIONS, Socialists appeal to the, 10, 446, 470
PATRIOTISM, Socialism is destructive of, 114, 186 f., 202 ff.
PAUPERISM and distress, growth of, under Socialist regime, 242 f.
PAYMENT of Members of Parliament advocated, 213, 216
PEACE conference, 189 ff.
PEASANT proprietors are everywhere hostile to Socialism, 263
Socialists object to, 262 ff.
PEASANTRY, importance of re-creating the, 443
PENSIONS to workers, 19, 122
POLICY, agricultural, of Socialists--_see_ Agriculture
and aims of Socialists, 92 ff.
fiscal, of Socialists--_see_ Free Trade and Protection
foreign, of Socialists--_see_ Foreign Policy
POPLAR, 243
POSTAGE, Socialist proposals regarding, 166 f.
POST OFFICE, British, praised by Socialists, 21
condemned by Socialists, 411, 413
fallacies regarding business aptitude of, 85 ff.
servants, Socialist proposals regarding, 166 f.
POVERTY and drink and gambling, 166, 319, 479 f.
extravagant Socialist estimates of, 165, 242, 302 f.
complaints about, 16, 33, 165
of the poor is caused by wealth of the rich, 30, 34 ff., 161
disproved, 35, 159
PRESS, the, under Socialism, 466 f.
PRIVATE trader to be abolished, 242 ff.
PRODUCTION, ill-balanced, causes crises and unemployment, 70 f.
is carried on for the profit of a class, 36
is less important than distribution, 65 ff.
is more important than distribution, 71
PROFIT, what it is and why it is necessary, 39, 45
interest and rent are theft, 38, 80 ff., 102, 371, 374
the working at a, objected to, 33, 38 ff., 252 ff.
sharing in Socialist commonwealth, 459
PROGRAMME, political, of Karl Marx, 107 f.
PROGRAMMES of Socialism, 92, 107 ff., 481 ff.
PROPERTY--_see also_ Capital, Land, Mines
instinct of, is as old as humanity, 444
"PROPERTY is theft," 81 f., 102, 370 f.
PROPERTY, private, general division of, disclaimed, 93
is the real object of Socialism, 471 ff.
private, is immoral, 80 ff.
is to be acquired without compensation, 95 ff., 149 f., 486
ought to be abolished, 82, 92
Socialist plans regarding, 95 ff., 149 f.
right to, denned by Socialists, 80, 96 ff., 102, 145
PROSTITUTION, 339 ff.
is akin to marriage, 335 f.
PROTECTION, why it must be adopted, 474 ff.
and Free Trade, Karl Marx on, 300
Socialist views on, 285 ff.
PROUDHON quoted, 81, 90
PROVIDENCE--_see_ Thrift
PUBLIC opinion under Socialism, 466 f.
RAILWAY rates, preferential to foreigners denounced, 269 ff.
RAILWAYS and shipping, Socialist views on, 269 ff.
nationalisation of, demanded, 271 f.
seems too speculative an undertaking, 277
should be run free of charge to all, 272 ff.
wastefulness and inefficiency of, 269 ff.
RATES, alarming increase of, 245 f.
increase of, means increase of rent, 243, 245
RED CATECHISM, the, 372 ff.
REFERENDUM demanded by Socialists, 217 ff.
opposed by Socialists, 220
REFORM, fiscal, why it is necessary, 474 ff.
social, the true, 480
RELIGION and Christianity, Socialist attitude towards, 354 ff.
Socialism is a, 26, 364 ff.
Socialist views on present, 13, 354 ff.
the, of Socialism, 364 ff.
RENT, interest and profit are theft, 38, 80 ff., 102, 371, 374
REVOLUTION, French, parallels furnished to Socialist proposals by the,
168 f., 283 f, 352 f., 365 f.
aspect of France before the, 433
Socialists and, 404 ff.
REVOLUTIONARY aims and plans of Socialists, 77 ff., 112 ff., 183 ff.,
200 ff., 394 ff., 403, 404 ff., 410, 470 ff.
REVOLUTIONS always cause depravity of morals, 450
RICH, the, are the managers and trustees of the national wealth, 35
are thieves, 80, 102, 370 f.
cause poverty of the poor, 30, 34 ff., 161
disproved, 35, 159
RICHES of the rich are the cause of poverty, 30, 34 ff., 161
disproved, 35, 159
RIGHT to work, sinister aim of Socialists in proclaiming, 128 f.
disregarded by Socialists, 461
RIGHTS of individual defined, 102
ROBBERY encouraged by Socialists, 82, 114
ROCHDALE Pioneers, history of the, 315 f.
RURAL labourers, 266 f.
SAVING--_see_ Thrift
SAVINGS, contemplated confiscation of, 157 ff.
SAVINGS banks deposits, 46
SELFISHNESS and Socialism, 444 ff.
SEXUAL crimes. Socialist views on, 340 ff.
offences and crimes, 340 ff.
SMALL holdings, 262 ff.
SOCIAL-Democratic Federation, details regarding, 415 ff.
programme of, 481 ff.
SOCIALISM and Anarchism, similarity of views and aims of, and connection
between, 81, 90, 118, 328, 381 f., 394 ff.
and Christianity and religion, 354 ff.
and Communism, 381 ff.
and education, 302 ff.
and Free Trade and Protection, 285 ff.
and law and justice, 325 ff.
and the monarchy, 207 f.
and Parliament, 209 ff.
and revolution, 395 ff., 404 ff.
appeals to passions, 10, 446, 470
British and German compared, 88, 206
Christian, 375 ff.
definitions of, I ff., 390, 469
flourishes on dissatisfaction and misery, 131
fundamental doctrines of, 50 ff.
growth and danger of, 431 ff.
is a religion, 2, 26 ff., 364 ff.
is a science, 1, 2, 3, 87
is based, not on science, but on deception, 91
is destructive of patriotism, 114, 186 f., 202 ff.
is it possible? 444 ff.
is merely a plan of spoliation and of general division, 471 f.
is not a science, 87, 89 f., 470 ff.
means absolutism, 460 ff.
municipal, 240 ff.
disregards cost and profit, 252 ff.
presupposes perfect men, 444 ff.
principal demand of, 92
programme of, 92 ff.
progress of, how it may be checked, 440 ff.
promises to alter human nature, 448 f.
to abolish war, 186 f., 189
to make all races equal, 185 ff.
why it is impossible, 390 f., 444 ff.
SOCIALIST and Anarchist doctrines compared, 81, 90 f.
Labour Party, details regarding, 428
programme of, 488 ff.
literature, increase of sales of, 435 ff.
organisations, the, and their policy, 415 ff.
Party of Great Britain, details regarding, 428
programme of, 487 f.
spirit in Parliament, 437 f.
State, how will it be governed? 463 ff.
of the future, 5 f., 17 ff., 444 ff.
-enterprise, will it be more efficient than private enterprise? 85 ff.
Sunday schools, 369 ff.
SOCIALISTS, aims and policy of, 92 ff.
and Chicago Anarchists, 401 f.
and land and landlords, 145 ff.
and revolution, 395 ff., 404 ff.
and rural labourers, 266 f.
and terrorist outrages, 402 f.
and the Empire, 170 ff.
and the two Parties, 225 ff.
and the working masses, 115 ff.
and Trade Unionists, official connection between, 141 ff., 434 f.
relations between, 131 ff., 424 ff., 434 f.
are antagonistic to providence, thrift, and temperance, 312 ff.
are hostile to the Empire, 170 ff.
to their own country, 114, 186 f.
assert that all history is garbled, 91
assert that man has no right to himself, 102
condemn imperial administration, 179 f.
national administration, 213 f., 394 ff., 411 ff.
State Socialism, 411 ff.
consist of two classes, revolutionaries and visionaries, 183
demand free maintenance for children, 138
Government purchase of all British railways and shipping, 271 ff.
denounce co-operation, thrift, and abstinence, 131 ff.
desire the destruction of the State, 381 f., 394 ff., 411 ff.
different aims, proposals, and views of, 6 f.
disregard right to work, 461
encourage theft, 82
excuse and encourage drunkenness, 319 ff.,
grievances of the, 30 ff.
numbers of, in various countries, 432
on Free Trade and Protection, 285 ff.
oppose co-operation, 84, 312
promise brotherhood of man, 25 f., 185 ff., 370, 382, 444
equal wages for all, 22
gratis amusements, 22
baths, 250
clothing, 21
concerts, 250
food, 21
fuel, 21
libraries, 250
lodging, 21
travel and transport on railways and tramways, 22, 250, 272 S.
on ships, 275 f.
wash-houses, 250
working men's clubs, 250
to transform the world into a paradise, 19 ff.
propose issuing paper money in unlimited quantities, 258 f., 278 ff.
revolutionary aims and plans of, 77 ff., 112 ff., 183 ff., 200 ff.,
394 ff., 403, 404 ff., 410
try to destroy discipline in the army and so cause it to revolt, 200 ff.
unofficial in Parliament, 438
wish for an international language, 188
to abolish parliamentary government, 218 ff.,
the army, 192 ff.
the existing languages, 310
the monarchy, 109, 110, 207 f.
to capture or abolish Parliament, 209 ff.
to conquer Parliament, 238 f.
to dissolve the army, 192 ff.
German, on Peace Conferences, disarmament, and international
arbitration, 190 f.
patriotic and imperial attitude of, 181 f., 190 f., 205, 433
views of, on colonial policy, 181 f., 190 f.
regarding Great Britain, 181 f., 190 f.
SOCIETY, Socialist views on, 10 ff.
SPARTA, Communism in, 389
SPENCER, Herbert, 447 f.
SPOLIATION, plans of, 95 if., 149 f.
probable result of, 168 f., 251 f., 254
STAMP duties, proposals regarding, 166 f.
STATE enterprise usually inefficient, 85 ff., 251 ff.
Socialism, Socialist attitude towards, 411 ff.
Socialist, of the future, 5 f., 17 ff., 444 ff.
how will it be governed? 463 ff.
Socialists are hostile to the, and desire its destruction, 381 f.,
394 ff., 411 ff.
STOCKS, Municipal, are no longer first-class investments, 258
STUTTGART, International Socialist Congress at, 90, 177
SUFFRAGE, adult, demanded, 213
and franchise in Great Britain and other countries, 213
reform demanded, 213 f.
SUNDAY, will it be abolished? 365
schools, Socialist, 369 ff.
SURPLUS-VALUE doctrine, 58 ff., 244 f.
disproved, 59 f.
SWEATED labour proposals of Socialists, 461
TARIFF reform, Socialist views on, 285 ff.
TAXATION, indirect, condemned by Socialists, 165 f.
leading Socialist principle of, 255
local--_see_ Rates
national--_see_ Budget
TAXING private property out of existence, plans for, 99 f., 149, 153,
160 ff., 244 f., 255
TEMPERANCE condemned by British Socialists, 319 ff.
praised and encouraged by foreign Socialists, 322 ff.
providence, and thrift are antagonistic to Socialism, 131 ff., 312 ff.
Socialistic views on, 131 ff., 311 ff.
TEN COMMANDMENTS, the capitalists', 368
the Socialist, 371 f.
TERRORIST outrages. Socialist views on, 402 f.
THEFT encouraged by Socialists, 82, 114
THRIFT denounced by Socialists, 131 ff., 155, 311 ff.
is immoral, 314 f.
is theft, 155
providence, and temperance are antagonistic to Socialism, 131 ff.,
312 ff.
Socialist views on, 131 ff., 311 ff.
TRADE Unionists and Socialists, official connection between, 141 ff.,
434 f.
relations between, 131 ff., 424 ff., 434 f.
Unions and unemployed problem, 127 ff.
have become Socialistic, 141 ff., 434 f., 471
secretaries are to administer the Empire, 179
TRADER, private, to be abolished, 242 ff.
TRAMPS and loafers, ideal conditions for, to be created by Socialists, 254
UNDERFEEDING--_see_ Free Maintenance
UNEMPLOYED, the, 37, 474 ff.
and agriculture, 266
UNEMPLOYMENT benefits employers, 69 f.
could it be prevented by Socialists? 124 f.
is due to private capital, 65 ff., 125 f.
disproved, 126 f.
real causes of, 70 f., 124 ff., 474 ff.
sinister aims of Socialists regarding, 128 f.
Socialist plans regarding, 123 ff.
views on, 67 ff., 123 ff.
USURY--_see_ Interest
VOTES for women, 222 ff.
WAGES, amount and purchasing-power of, depends on production, 120 f.
are to be abolished, 6, 21
are not to be abolished, 22, 278, 386 f., 450 ff.
are to be equal for all, 22, 278, 386 f., 450 ff.
are not to be equal for all, 390, 450 ff.
different views of Socialists regarding, 6, 450 ff.
factors determining amount of, 54 ff., 313 f.
great increase of, in Socialist State promised by Socialists, 118 ff.
doubted by German Socialists, 120
iron law of, 53 ff., 245, 312 f., 319 f.
disproved, 54 ff., 313 f., 320
rise in, 57 f.
WAR will be abolished by Socialists, 186 f., 189
WEALTH creates poverty, 30, 34 ff., 161
disproved, 35, 159
is a crime, 80 ff.
labour is the only source of, 50 ff.
disproved, 52
love of, will disappear, 23, 448
various sources of, 52
why unequally distributed, 473
WEST HAM, 243, 363
WOMAN, the family, and the home. Socialism and, 330 ff.
will be given the vote, 222 ff., 349
will be made equal to man, 349 f.
will be made free, 349
will have to work for a living, 349 f.
will her privileges be abolished? 350 f.
will receive wages for childbearing, 345
WOMEN, community of, 331
Karl Marx on, 332 f.
WOMEN'S Freedom League, 429
Social and Political Union, 429
split in, 429
suffrage. Socialist views on, 222 ff.
WOOLWICH Arsenal dismissals, 296.
WORK, fewer hours of, promised by Socialists, 117 f.
is a curse, 115
organisation of, in Socialist Commonwealth, 455 ff.
remuneration of, in Socialist Commonwealth, 450 ff.
Socialist views regarding, 115 ff.
WORKERS and capitalists, division of national income between, 40 ff.,
75 ft.
relations between, 30 ff.
are entitled to entire produce of their labour, 38, 61 ff., 451
absurdity of demand, 62 ff., 451 ff.
are most prosperous where capitalists are richest, 35, 159
are swindled out of their earnings, 34
become capitalists every day, 60
British, are slaves, 15, 18, 31 f.
how to improve conditions of, 474 ff.
cannot acquire capital, 31 ff.
expenditure of, on betting, 166, 479 f.
on drink, 106, 319, 479 f.
miserable state of, 13 ff.
possess absolutely nothing, 33
poverty of, 16, 33, 165
receive only from one-third to one-fifth of their rightful wages,
30, 43, 48 f.
value of property owned by, 46
WORKING masses and Socialists, 115 ff.
PRINTED BY
SPOTTISWOODE AND C. LTD., NEW-STREET SQUARE
LONDON
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