DEER (_Cistercian_)
_c._ 580, Founded by St Columba and his nephew Drostan--1219,
Refounded by William Comyn, Earl of Buchan.
Amidst the low lying hills of the vicinity, the ruins of Deer abbey
still lift their shattered walls towards the sky. Founded by St Columba
and his nephew, and dedicated to St Drostan, they are situated in the
older portion of the parish of Deer, where the incidents related in “Sir
John of the Rose” are supposed to have been laid. Of the fine building,
which was formerly erected “to the glory of God,” only very little
remains; but although the ruins are so scanty that they afford but
little pleasure to the archæologist or the tourist, they are treasured
and reverenced on account of the immense service they have rendered
literature in keeping safely hidden from the ravages of time documents
of great antiquity, and consequently of great value as recording the
customs and mode of living of our ancestors. The manuscripts, written in
Latin, were discovered in the 18th century, but little attention was
directed to them until these precious fragments of monastic literature
found their way to Cambridge, and in 1860 the attention of students was
drawn to them by the learned librarian, Mr Bradshaw. It was then found
that the small octavo of 86 pages contained St John’s Gospel, portions
of the other three Gospels, the Apostle’s Creed, a fragment of an office
for the visitation of the sick, and lastly, a Gælic Rubric. Some notes
on the various endowments to the monastery were written on the blank
sheets--evidently penmanship of the 12th century. These are of the
greatest interest as being the earliest examples of Scottish Gælic
known. The Gospels mentioned above were chiefly in the Vulgate version
of St Jerome.
The old family of Comyn, a member of whom re-founded the abbey in the
13th century, was defeated in battle at Deer by the followers of Edward
Bruce.
KINLOSS (_Cistercian_)
1150, Founded by David I.--1303, Edward I. makes the abbey his
headquarters--After the Reformation the abbey demesne passes into
the Bruce family.
Situated near the Moray Firth, these few ruins, often, doubtless, the
scene of warfare, owe their origin, as is so often the case, to
supernatural agency. King David--a hardy and brave man, though at times
relentless and cruel towards his victims--is supposed on one occasion to
have lost his way while hunting in the forest, and, like many poor
mortals when threatened with personal danger, to have invoked his
Maker’s aid to extricate him out of his dilemma. In answer to his prayer
a dove appeared and led him to the site on which subsequently he built
the abbey of Kinloss, and which was in due time inhabited by Cistercian
monks. About a century and a half later, Edward I., King of England,
having won a decisive victory over the Scots at Falkirk, had reason
again to assemble a large force--the Scots not being entirely
subjugated, having gained several successes in the meantime. In 1303 he
led his army over the frontier, and making the abbey his headquarters,
“marched victorious from one end of the kingdom to the other.” Wallace,
through the treachery of a friend, fell into Edward’s hands, but though
deprived of her heroic leader, Scotland was not to be entirely overcome.
Edward I., secure of success, invaded the northern country four years
later, and was, as we know, attacked by a fatal illness at Berwick. His
son then succeeded to the throne, but having neither the wish nor the
capability to follow in his father’s footsteps, the battle of
Bannockburn eventually gave Scotland her longed-for independence in
1314. Edward III. also paid a visit to this abbey in the year 1336. The
abbey demesne passed after the Reformation into the possession of the
Bruce family, whose ancestor, Robert, so bravely led his men to victory
at Bannockburn; and, though they in turn sold it, they acquired, as
Earls of Elgin, the title of baron through it.
Only the foundations of the abbey church are visible, and not a remnant
of the walls remains. For this, Cromwell is to be held partially
responsible. His soldiers carried away the stones of the sacred building
for the purpose of erecting the Pretender’s Castle at Inverness. But
that unfortunate man, on whom there is perhaps more malice and spite
vented than on any other of England’s celebrities, was not altogether
responsible for the present dilapidated state of the abbey, as for
years, nay centuries, in common with so many other religious edifices,
the building served as a quarry for all the houses and walks in the
neighbourhood. Of the domestic buildings some remnants still remain,
consisting of a cloister wall, two arches, a prior’s house and part of a
dwelling-house.
FEARN (_Præmonstratensian Canons_)
_c._ 1230, Founded by the Earl of Ross in the reign of Alexander
III.--1607, Annexed to the bishopric of Ross by James VI.--1742,
Some slates and part of the roof fall during service, killing
forty-four people.
As is so often the case in regard to various abbeys, the mutilated
remains of this conventual church, once belonging to the
Præmonstratensian monastery, founded at Fearn in the 13th century, are
now appropriated for the religious worship of the inhabitants of the
town--the nave, chancel, and two side chapels (all of the Early English
period), being converted into the parish church of the district. The
abbey, curiously enough, was originally founded at Edderton, twelve
miles to the north-west, but was subsequently placed in its present
position, owing, it is thought, to the fertility of the soil. It was
built by Farquhar, first Earl of Ross. Patrick Hamilton, the noted
Scotch reformer of the 16th century, was abbot there. He and George
Wishart--both ardent followers of John Knox--were burnt at the stake for
heresy during the primacies of Archbishop Beatoun, and his successor.
It may be of interest to follow the various stages of Scottish religion
from early Celtic times until the Reformation.
“From the days of St Columba up to the 12th century, the old Celtic
Church of Scotland preserved its independence; but it had to bow
before the onward march of papal usurpation just as the Church of
England had done. Their wild nature and their tribal feuds made the
Scots a ready prey to the diplomacy of papal embassies when the
sister kingdom sought for aid against Norman conquerors, and the
Scots allowed the Pope to claim feudal lordship over them that he
might help them to keep the English south of the border. The
ecclesiastical supremacy obtained by Anselm over the Scottish
Church was only temporary, for Pope Clement III. was induced (A.D.
1190) to declare the Scotch Church independent of any authority
outside his own. After that the Scotch clergy fell into the worldly
minded habits of mediæval Christianity, and many scandalous
proceedings were recorded ... until the cry went up in Scotland as
elsewhere that the church should be purified. But the Scottish
Reformation came like a deluge, sweeping away the good and the bad
together, until nothing was left of the apostolic constitution
which has descended from the old Celtic Christianity. John Knox ...
was the leader of the Scotch Reformers; and the example of England,
with which his position as chaplain to Edward VI. had made him
familiar, was speedily followed in the destruction of the Scottish
monasteries.”--_English Church History_ (Rev. C. ARTHUR LANE).
In consequence of all this disturbance, many beautiful churches in
Scotland were destroyed. To take a solitary case--that of the Carthusian
monastery at Perth, which succumbed to the violent attacks of the
Reformers in 1559. In this year John Knox returned to Scotland, and
urging on his men, who were on the point of defending Perth by force of
arms, prevailed upon them to destroy the ornaments, stained glass and
statuary of every church in the place, and finally to demolish the
monastery. Scott writes: “The example of the reformers in Perth was
followed in St Andrews and other places; and we have to regret that many
beautiful buildings fell a sacrifice to the fury of the lower orders,
and were either totally destroyed or reduced to piles of shapeless
ruins.” After the disastrous fall of the roof in 1742 when forty-four
persons were killed, the abbey was repaired without the slightest regard
to architectural propriety, with unusually unfortunate results. The
style is mixed, the doors being round and the windows pointed. Both on
the north and south are small chapels which at first sight bear the
appearance of transepts. In the south chapel, now the Shandwick burial
ground, is a recumbent figure, under a handsomely carved canopy, long
supposed to be that of an abbot, but afterwards ascertained to represent
a lady of the clan MacKenzie, with a veil over her face. A most
peculiar feature of this abbey is the fact that these monastic ruins
are simply the result of the fanatic rule of John Knox.
INCHAFFRAY (_Augustine Canons_)
1200, Founded by Gilbert, Earl of Strathern and his
Countess--Favoured by many grants from Alexander III.--1314, The
abbot accompanies Robert Bruce at the battle of Bannockburn--1513,
The abbot slain at Flodden Field.
The low ground on which this abbey stands was once surrounded by water
and known as _Insula Missarum_, or the “island of the masses.” Now,
however, it is connected with the mainland and is the property of the
noble house of Kinnoul. The records show that many brave men held the
office of abbot in this Augustine establishment, in fact that their
spirit in some instances was of a very warlike nature. Maurice, the
abbot of the period, fought with Bruce at Bannockburn with the arm of St
Fillan in a silver casket, a relic to which tremendous importance was
attached in those days. It is recorded that many of the dour
superstitious Highlanders ascribed their sweeping victory to the
presence among them of this precious relic. To the enlightenment and
progress of the 19th century the final destruction of this abbey--so
nearly total in its effects--is to be attributed; for when the
authorities of the district deemed it advisable in 1816 to make a new
road in the vicinity of the abbey, the ruined, sacred walls were
ruthlessly overthrown, hardly a vestige being left beyond an arched
apartment, a gable at the west end of the church, and several other
fragments.
CAMBUSKENNETH (_Augustine Canons_)
1147, Founded by David I.--1326, The meeting-place of the first
Scots Parliament to which representatives from burghs were
summoned--Pillaged during the wars of the Succession--_c._ 1559,
Sacked and destroyed at the Reformation--The land given to the Earl
of Mar by James VI.--1709, Purchased by the town council of
Stirling.
About two and a half miles from Stirling, and on the north side of the
river Forth, lying in one of the many creeks formed by that winding
river, is the abbey of Cambuskenneth. All that can be seen now in the
green fields, with cows quietly grazing by the river sides, is a
sheltered tower of grey stone, the sole remains of what was once a large
ecclesiastical house. In 1864, great and important excavations were
made, disclosing the foundations of the chancel, nave, transept and
chapter-house, showing them to have been of a very considerable size. A
few feet from the only remaining part of the abbey is the tomb of James
III. and his queen, the Princess Margaret of Denmark. The tomb is railed
in and bears this inscription:--
“The restoration of the tomb of her ancestors was erected by Her
Majesty Queen Victoria A.D. 1865.
“In this place near the high altar of the abbey of Cambuskenneth
were the remains of James III., King of the Scots, who died on June
11th, 1488, and of his Queen (the Princess Margaret of Denmark).”
Cambuskenneth at its zenith was an abbey of some importance in
Scotland--a great many events of interest and national significance
taking place there. As far as politics were concerned, the abbey was by
far the most important in Scotland; indeed, so much was it used as a
house of government that a new apartment had to be built called
“Parliament Hall.” It was here that the first Scottish representative
Parliament ever called together met by the order of Robert Bruce in
1324. The abbey was of the order of St Augustine, dedicated to the
Virgin, and was founded by David I. in 1147 as St Mary’s of Stirling.
This same king, the founder of Melrose Abbey, endowed the abbey with
land and extensive property. In 1201 its name was changed to St Mary’s
of Cambuskenneth, a battle having been fought on its site by King
Kenneth against the Picts. In 1304, at the Feast of St Barnabas, the
secret agreement took place between Robert Bruce and William Lamberton,
Bishop of St Andrews, which decided the former to rise in rebellion
against English power in Scotland. When the abbey was pillaged and set
fire to by Richard II. in 1385, the revenues of the church would not
admit of the extensive repairs necessary to restore it to its former
state. About the year 1559, at the Reformation, the abbey was demolished
and plundered again. The land and See of Cambuskenneth were handed over
by Queen Mary to the Erskine family in the year 1562. One of the family
of the Earl of Mar took stone from the abbey with which to build his
house in Broad Street, thereby leaving the demolished church stripped of
anything that could signify to its former pomp and influence.
A few fragments of walls, a gateway and a noble and substantial tower
are all that is left of the grand old building. From the summit of the
tower, which is approached by a well-preserved staircase, the imposing
rock and castle of Stirling may be seen, which, in olden days,
safeguarded the lives of the valley dwellers, as did the abbey of
Cambuskenneth their religious interests.
PART VIII--SCOTLAND (SOUTHERN COUNTIES)
CHAPTER XIV
EDINBURGH or MIDLOTHIAN: BERWICKSHIRE
HOLYROOD: DRYBURGH
HOLYROOD (_Augustine Canons_)
1128, Founded by David I. and dedicated to the Holy Rood--1322,
Plundered by the English under Edward II.--1326, Robert Bruce holds
a Parliament in the abbey--1333-4, A Parliament held, at which
Edward Baliol renders homage to Edward III. as superior Lord of
Scotland--1385, Burnt by the followers of Richard II.--_c._ 1460,
Abbot Crawfurd restores the church--1469, James III. marries
Margaret of Denmark in the abbey church--During the abbacy of
Robert de Bellenden, successor of Abbot Crawfurd, the Papal Legate
of Pope Julius II. presents James IV. with a crown and sword of
state at Holyrood--1543, The Earl of Hertford’s army burn “the
abbey called Holyrood House”--1547, During the English invasion,
Sir William Bonham and Edward Chamberlayne assault the abbey and
destroy the choir transept--This rebuilt soon afterwards and
repaired--1565, Mary, Queen of Scots, marries Lord Darnley--1617,
James VI. restores the church of Holyrood (which since 1559, after
partial restoration, had been used as a place of worship of the
Reformed Church)--1630, Charles I. crowned September 29th, Charles
erected Edinburgh to a Bishopric--1636, Scottish Liturgy
announced--1687-8, The chapel royal re-decorated and fitted up for
Roman Catholic Ritual by James II.--1688, The church plundered by a
Presbyterian mob and utterly desecrated--1758, A builder, employed
by the Barons of the Exchequer, restores the roof of the nave
badly, which consequently fell two years later--1816-57, The church
repaired.
The imposing group of buildings which constitute Holyrood Palace lie on
a piece of meadow land at the foot of an eminence known as Arthur’s
Seat, on the outskirts of Scotland’s metropolis. Though the greater
portion of it was the former home and dwelling-place of kings, and its
walls connected with many domestic associations, there is a smaller and
comparatively insignificant part, which not only has been the scene of
several royal coronations and marriages, but before these ever took
place was the abode of Augustine canons in the 12th century. This, the
only remaining fragment of the monastery founded by David I., is now
known as the chapel royal, the ruined shell of which it is pitiful to
behold.
The abbey was founded by David I. Such a prince required no special
intimation from heaven to prompt him to found a religious house under
the shadow of a fortress where he himself resided. A miraculous
interposition, however, on behalf of the king himself, when prostrate
under the antlers of a “wild hart,” has been assigned as the immediate
cause of the foundation of the abbey. Bellenden, the translator of Bone,
relates that the event happened in the “vail that lyes to the Eist fra
the said castell, quhare now lyes the Cannogait,” and which at that time
was part of “Ane gred forest full of hartis, hyndis, toddis, and siclike
manner of beistis.” As David was pursuing the hunt with ardour, a hart
rushed at him, dashing both him and his horse to the ground with great
violence. David threw both hands between the antlers of the stag to save
himself from the blow when “the holy croce slaid incontinant in (into)
his hands.” The wild deer fled in dismay at the sight of the sacred
emblem to which it seemed about to do violence; and the king, being
afterwards admonished in a dream, resolved to dedicate a house to the
“Holy Rude,” the Virgin and All Saints on the very spot where “he gat
the croce.” A far more likely reason for the founding of the abbey is
that David built it as a repository for the fragment of the true cross
brought by his mother, St Margaret, from Waltham Abbey. As in the case
of many another foundation, kings and princes frequently claimed
hospitality from their religious brothers; and though the monastic
cellars and larders may not have boasted the delicacy and sumptuousness
of a royal kitchen, their illustrious visitors would doubtless be quite
content with the homely fare and good cheer offered them. This was
repeatedly the case at the monastery at Holyrood, and the custom being
that each visitor should present an oblation to the patron saint of the
house, the monks had always the wherewithal to compensate themselves for
the necessary outlay.
In the abbey church there were several chapels and altars dedicated to
various saints. The Lady chapel was, as usual, in the choir at the back
of the high altar, and we read of another called “the abbot’s chapel.”
There were two altars, one dedicated to the Holy Cross, and another
called the “Parish altar.” In the southern chapel adjoining the high
altar, were those of St Andrew and St Catherine, founded by George
Creichton, Bishop of Dunkeld; while there were altars dedicated to St
Stephen, St Anne, St Crispin and St Crispinian. Royal patronage and
favour continued to be shown, and in course of time the town became the
acknowledged capital, while during the reign of James IV. the palace was
begun. On its completion it became the favourite home of the Scottish
royal house until James II. of England was driven from his throne at the
time of the Revolution. Within the walls of the conventual church,
renovated as the chapel royal by James VI., many high ceremonials took
place. Several monarchs with their queens were crowned there, and it was
also the place of interment of various royal and notable persons. Among
these were David II., James II., James V., and the foolish Darnley, to
whom Mary, Queen of Scots, plighted her troth, at the east end of the
present church.
It is necessary to remember that the ruins only consist of the original
nave, and though not of large proportions, they are well worthy of
careful reverential inspection, for the decaying walls show workmanship
of a very high architectural order, chiefly of the period of transition
between the passing Romanesque and the coming Gothic Early English. The
north wall of the north aisle, with two shattered piers, and the south
aisle with all its columns still remain standing. The eastern ends of
the two aisles--where they formerly communicated with the transepts--are
filled up with windows, each resting on a wall. This is also the case
with the east end of the wrecked building, for the present east window
is modern, having taken the place of one which was blown in in the year
1816, and which had previously filled the arch of the great central
tower, destroyed with the transepts and choir in the 16th century. Some
considerable evidences are visible of earlier work at the east end of
the south aisle beyond the mass of masonry which marks the royal vault.
Here a walled-in doorway, which once communicated with the cloister, is
of Norman work of not later than 1160, having a round headed arch with
zig-zag and billet moulding. The masonry adjoining it is evidently of
the same period. Again a more developed Early English style is shown in
the exterior of the noble west façade which consists of a deeply
recessed portal, having eight shafts on either side with elaborate
mouldings and two peculiar windows above, in character somewhat allied
to the Perpendicular. Over the doorway is the following inscription
bearing the date of Charles I:--
He shall build ane house
for my name, and I will
stablish the throne
of his Kingdom
for ever.
BASILICAM HANC SEMI
RUTAM CAROLUS REX
OPTIMUS INSTAURAVIT
ANNO DONI
CIↃ I^{Ↄ}XXXIII.
[Illustration: DRYBURGH ABBEY]
The seven buttresses which support the south wall from the outside were
built by Abbot Crawfurd in the 15th century. Of the entire range of
conventual buildings devoted to the domestic uses of the canons, not a
vestige has been left. It is concluded, however, that the wall of the
south aisle of the nave of the church, and the west wall of the
adjoining transept formed, as was not uncommon in monastic edifices, two
sides of the great cloister, leaving the others to the chapter house,
refectory, and other principal apartments of the establishment. Doorways
led into the cloister from the eastern and western extremities of the
south aisle, one of these entrances being still in excellent
preservation. The existing royal palace undoubtedly covers to a great
extent the site of the domestic buildings of the abbey; but a large
portion of these extended further towards the east than any part of the
present great quadrangle. The choir and transepts of the abbey church
have, as we have already seen, also disappeared, and the nave as it now
stands, ruined and roofless, is itself almost the sole record of that
which is gone--that sacred edifice which, when entire, was an august and
magnificent building.
DRYBURGH (_Præmonstratensian Canons_)
_c._ 1150, Founded by David I., and granted many liberties and
immunities--Colonised by monks from Alnwick--_c._ 1322, Burnt by
the soldiers of Edward II.’s retreating army but rebuilt shortly
after--Set on fire by Richard II. during one of his forays--1545,
Burnt by Sir G. Bowes and Sir B. Layton; the church only
saved--1832, Sir Walter Scott buried here.
In a sunny little glade, fringed around by great oaks, clothed in
verdure and luxuriant foliage, and reposing midst an almost unnatural
calm, all that is left of this Præmonstratensian abbey basks in the sun.
Trees not only shade it from without but also from within,--actually
growing out of the walls themselves. Dryburgh, signifying “oak growth,”
is a town in Berwickshire delightfully situated amidst varied scenery, a
few miles only from Kelso and Melrose. A convent was founded here in the
6th century, and, on its site, St Mary’s Abbey for White canons was
built in the 12th century. The ruins are beautiful both in situation and
construction. Flowing past them, the Tweed takes a crescent-like course
and engirts the woods in which the red walls of the abbey stand. A
suspension bridge spans the river and a sloping wooded lawn stretches
away in front of the ruins.
Despite its terrible treatment in the 16th century by Bowes, Layton and
the Earl of Hertford, the conventual church survived. The chapter-house
is even yet practically entire, and the principal portions of the
buildings can be traced. The plan of the church was cruciform, having a
presbytery instead of a Lady chapel, a fragment of which is yet
standing. There were aisles to nave and choir, while the transepts,
which extended only one bay beyond the line of the nave, had each an
eastern aisle. Early English work is evident in the choir and transepts,
and that of the Early Decorated period in the nave. Connecting the south
transept to the chapter-house, is the chapel of St Modanus--so called
after an abbot of that name who lived in the 6th century--which still
preserves its altar and sedilia, and is lighted by two round-headed
windows. A double circle marks the founder’s grave in the chapter-house,
above which is a large room. Other parts of the domestic buildings are
still in existence--such as the kitchen, refectory and dormitories--all
of the Norman Transitional period--besides remnants of the porter’s
lodge, dungeon cells and cloisters.
With regard to the founding of this abbey, it is thought that the early
work is probably a part of the original construction provided for by
Hugo de Morville, Lord Lauderdale, and his wife, Beatrix de Beauchamp,
in 1150. The new church is particularly interesting inasmuch as it shows
how the Scots still held to the round arch long after the remainder of
their architecture had become thoroughly Gothic in character, for not
only is the 13th century door of the monks built with a round arch,
though with purely Gothic mouldings and capitals, but the 14th century
west door, built after the burning of the abbey by Richard II., is the
same.
Dryburgh has been associated with many men eminent in their own walk of
life: Abbot Oliver, Royal ambassador to England; Canon Patrick, poet and
man of letters; Ralph of Strode, Chaucer’s friend and Wycliffe’s
antagonist; Chaucer himself, and then a line of commendators, the last
of whom was James Strail, who tried in vain to stem the tide of simony,
sacrilege, and depredation that was engulfing the Scottish Church. In
1545 the great blow fell. Henry VIII. gave to Sir Ralph Eure, Sir George
Bowes, and Sir Brian Layton a feudal grant of the land they had the year
before devastated and laid waste. Thereupon these chivalrous and noble
gentlemen, Eure and Layton, forthwith journeyed into Scotland at the
head of a formidable host eager to seize on their “lawful lands.” They
swept the south of Scotland with fire, burning anew Melrose, Kelso,
Dryburgh and four other abbeys, sixteen castles, five great towers and
243 villages. Retribution awaited them, however, for on Ancrum Moor they
were attacked by a brave body of patriotic Scotchmen under the Earl of
Angus, Norman Lesly, and Sir Walter Scott of Buccleuch, all eager to
avenge their wrongs. The battle ended in a complete victory for the
Scots, the entire English force being utterly routed. Eight hundred were
killed, more than a thousand captured, and the villains Eure and Layton
left dead on the field of battle. Dryburgh Abbey was indeed lost, but
its despoilers were vanquished, and to-day the remnants of this once
stately pile tower rise towards the sky in mute protest against the
frenzied outrage of the favourites of a dishonoured royal house.
[Illustration: MELROSE ABBEY]
CHAPTER XV
ROXBURGHSHIRE
MELROSE: KELSO: JEDBURGH
MELROSE (_Cistercian_)
635, Monastery founded--839, Destroyed by Kenneth MacAlpine--1136,
Re-founded by David I.--1322, Stormed by 300 men sent by Edward
II.--The prior slain--Part of the building set on fire by Richard
II.--1322-1505, The abbey slowly rebuilt--1544, Sir B. Layton, Sir
R. Eure, and the Earl of Hertford injure this religious
house--1545, The abbey again sacked and burnt by these men--1618,
Nave rudely vaulted afresh--1649, Attacked by a Presbyterian
mob--1822, Restored by Duke of Buccleuch.
By moonlight or starless dark, by dusk or full daylight, Melrose Abbey
is a thing of beauty and romance. Built on the site of an ancient
Columban monastery, the abbey, colonised by monks from Lindisfarne,
flourished until the Reformers, instigated by John Knox, demolished it
with many other religious houses.
The remains of this most beautiful structure of the Scottish Middle Ages
are considerable, and demonstrate the former architectural beauties of
the abbey. They consist of parts of the church and cloister. Of the
former three bays of the nave, eight small chapels, with elegant
traceried windows to the south of the south aisle, a portion of the
central tower, and the transepts of the choir remain. Many architectural
styles are shown, and a curious mingling of the old with later Decorated
work is a noticeable feature. The arches which divide the nave from its
aisles are remarkably beautiful and many excellent windows light the
church. Those in the nave are Perpendicular, while the trefoiled
four-light windows in the choir and presbytery are Decorated or Early
Perpendicular. Some of the vaulting still remains in the south aisle and
also above the site of the high altar. This edifice was originally 215
feet long by 116 across the transepts. Joanna, wife of Alexander II.;
the “wondrous Michael Scott”; and Sir David Brewster are buried here,
and the heart of the hero, Robert Bruce, is interred beneath the site of
the high altar. The cloister, containing some wonderfully rich carving
of exquisite workmanship, was placed on the north side of the nave, and
beyond, the garden extended to the river bank, a quarter of a mile
distant.
Of the Anglo Saxon monastery founded in Melrose in 635, comparatively
little is known. St Cuthbert, then a dreamy shepherd boy, imagined he
saw a vision of angels carrying a soul to heaven, and hearing
subsequently that Aidan, Bishop of Lindisfarne, had died that same
night, was convinced that he had been privileged to see his saintly
soul. Wishing to join a religious community St Cuthbert went to the
monastic settlement at Melrose, then consisting only of a few log huts,
joined the brotherhood there (A.D. 651), and in course of time became
its prior. Bede says--
“Cuthbert’s skill in speaking was so great, his power of persuasion
so vast, and the light of his countenance so angelic that no one in
his presence concealed from him the secrets of his soul: all
confessed their misdeeds, because they thought that what they had
done could not escape his prescience, and atoned for them by such
penance as he enjoined.”
When the mother abbey of Lindisfarne required a new prior, Cuthbert was
appointed, and after fulfilling his religious duties here for twelve
years retired to an island to live the life of a recluse. After eight
years had elapsed he became Bishop of Lindisfarne, where at the end of
three years’ work he was buried. His shroud was made by the abbess of
Tynemouth, and his tomb visited for many years by hundreds of pilgrims.
When in 875 Lindisfarne was attacked by the Danes the monks fled for
safety, carrying with them the relics of St Cuthbert, and, after
visiting many places, in the hope of escaping the enemy, placed them
finally in the woods of Durham. The humble church, which in course of
time was built there to guard the sacred remains, preceded the present
magnificent cathedral of Durham “half church of God, half citadel,
‘gainst the Scots.” In the meantime the settlement of Melrose had
prospered, but in 839 was burnt down by Kenneth MacAlpine and remained a
desolate ruin for nearly two centuries. Good King David I. “that sair
saunt for the crown,” then founded the abbey, in which for several
centuries the Cistercian monks laboured--cultivating the land and
instituting law and order amongst the country folk of the district.
Dire as was the fate of the English abbeys, that of the Scottish
religious houses was immeasurably more bitter. Robbed, ruined, sacked
and burned, the once mighty edifices have fallen the prey to thrifty
citizens, who, careful of their own future, assigned to themselves
various portions of the land and buildings, with the result that in
close proximity to many of these buildings, modern and inartistic huts,
workshops and inns may be seen. Melrose is particularly unfortunate in
these vandalisms. Incredible as it may seem, the Abbey Hotel actually
encroaches upon the hallowed nave, and a great amount of the space
occupied by the former grounds and buildings is now disfigured by cheap
dwellings and crowded gardens. The local presbytery of 1618 deserve even
more contumely for their hideous disfigurement of the three bays of the
nave that still remained, which were rebuilt, and walled in in most
ruthless fashion.
The wonderful charm of Melrose Abbey as a building is not its only
feature. The remains lie here of King Alexander II. and his spouse;
Douglases without number; and many other men and women who have loomed
largely in the history of our island. A few of the numerous statues that
adorned the walls still remain, although many were destroyed by the
Presbyterians. A certain zealot climbed in 1649 to the buttress pinnacle
to shatter the statue of our Lady with the Holy Child, upon which the
first fragment split off, struck, and broke his arm. Since then the
image has been left in peace. Strangely prophetic words are uttered in
the inscriptions written in abbreviated Latin words on scrolls borne by
monks in the south transept, “He suffered because He Himself willed it”
and “When comes Jesus the Mediator, darkness will cease.”
KELSO (_Benedictine_)
1126, Founded by David I., and colonised by Benedictine monks from
Selkirk (a Tironensian abbey founded by David I. seven years
previously)--The church suffers by fire during the wars between
Bruce and Baliol--1523, The Lady chapel, the abbot’s house, and the
dormitory demolished by Lord Dacre--1545, Stormed by the English
under Lord Hertford, Sir G. Bowes, etc.--1547, Attacked by
Protector Somerset--1560, Monks expelled by a body of fanatical
Presbyterians--1649, The transept roofed in--1771, No longer used
as place of worship.
“Bosomed in woods where mighty rivers run,
Kelso’s fair vale expands before the sun;
Its rising downs in vernal beauty swell
And fringed with hazel woods, with flowery dell,
Green spangled plains to dimpling lawns succeed,
And Tempe rises on the banks of Tweed:
Blue o’er the river Kelso’s shadow lies
And copse-clad aisles amid the waters rise.”
Standing on the bridge of five arches which spans the Tweed at Kelso, a
magnificent view can be gained of this picturesque town on the northern
bank, with
[Illustration: KELSO.]
the ruins of its abbey beautifully situated in a well-wooded valley;
also of the fast decaying walls of Roxburgh castle on the south bank,
once the stronghold of that old town and demolished in 1460; of Fleurs
Palace; the heights of Eildon and Mellerstain, and the confluence of the
Tweed and Teviot. Kelso has risen in importance since the destruction of
its neighbouring town, and has frequently suffered from pillage and fire
during the English invasions. In 1715, the Pretender was proclaimed as
King James VIII. by the forces assembled here.
The ruined abbey church, a somewhat heavy, massive-looking structure,
indicative of strength and of almost baronial character, still holds
part of its great central tower aloft, and is an excellent example of
Norman work, both Early and Transitional. The church alone survives the
many violent attacks made upon the abbey in the 16th century, and was
originally cruciform, having a nave of only two bays, north and south
transepts of two bays, a choir of three bays with aisles, and a
magnificent central tower of two stories. Of this characteristic Norman
building only a shattered western front, one bay of the nave, two bays
of the choir, the west and south sides of the tower, and both transepts
remain. The faces of the latter resemble the west front, which was
flanked by pilaster buttresses, and crowned with octagonal turrets.
Though chiefly of unadorned simplicity, the church contains in some
places rich mouldings, including some of foliage design, and possesses a
lightness of character in parts, showing the coming influence of Early
English architectural art.
The siege and capture of the abbey in 1545 by the Earl of Hertford is a
fine rousing story of Border warfare. After repulsing attack after
attack, the defenders made a final stand in the church itself, but were
finally overpowered by weight of numbers, and slaughtered, with the
exception of two or three monks, who retreated to the topmost platform
of the tower, which they kept all night. These doughty “men of peace”
somehow or other managed to escape next day. This of course settled
finally the fate of the abbey, and from that day to this, it has been
put almost exclusively to a series of degrading purposes--from a
barracks to a stable. Nevertheless, Kelso is unique and priceless as an
example of a castellated Border church as it was in the 12th century.
JEDBURGH (_Augustine Canons_)
1118-47, Founded by David I.--1286, The marriage of Alexander III.
celebrated in the abbey--1296, Church fired and unroofed by Sir R.
Hastings, and Edward I. disperses the monks among the northern
English monasteries--They subsequently return to Jedburgh--1524-44,
Attacked by Lord Surrey and Lord Eure--1559, A battle takes place
between the French allies of the Scotch and the Spanish mercenaries
of England which reduces the buildings to a ruinous state.
Jedburgh, one of the most noted of old Border towns, is now the chief
town of Roxburghshire. It lies on the banks of Jed Water and enjoys a
sheltered situation amidst the wooded hills and rocky eminences which
enclose this vale, the Scottish Arcadia, on every side. After the union
of the two kingdoms, Jedburgh became the centre of an extensive
contraband trade, which was however eventually checked by the English
excise. The picturesque market town once possessed a stately castle and
abbey, but though the former building (of which nothing remains) has
been replaced by a massive gaol, known as the Castle of Jedburgh, only
the church is left of the latter most beautiful fabric. This building is
fortunately complete, with the exception of the south transept and the
greater portion of the choir.
Of grand proportions, yet of severe simplicity, the church displays some
fine decoration in its flowered capitals and beautiful mouldings.
Portions of the
[Illustration: JEDBURGH.]
choir and tower are evidently Early Norman work, while later styles are
seen in the great nave of nine bays, composed of a combination of
Transitional Norman and English Gothic, and again in the unspoiled north
transept of Decorated character. The nave is 130 feet in length, having
above the triforium a clerestory consisting of a magnificent arcade of
lancets. Two doorways to the west and south are excellent examples of
Norman work, but the former, with its deep carvings of the most delicate
workmanship, is the better specimen. The arches of the tower (86 feet
high) are richly clustered and chevroned at the edges; indeed, so
exquisitely wrought and beautiful are some of the decorative mouldings
of the church, that the work is attributed by many to an Italian artist.
The north transept is aisleless, and possesses a large window of four
lights filled with geometrical tracery.
Jedburgh was another of the many holy institutions founded by David I.
of Scotland, although, technically speaking, it owed its existence to
Lord Lauderdale, then Constable of Scotland. King David, however, was
doubtless the moving spirit in the project. Jedburgh was a priory at
first, but in 1147 it was raised to the dignity of an abbey with Osbert
as first abbot. From this date henceforth the abbots of Jedburgh held
high places in the kingdom. Unfortunately for the abbey, and still more
so for the town, Jedburgh lay right in the track of every army crossing
the Border from the other side, and was therefore sacked and burnt again
and again by the English. In 1296, Sir Richard Hastings was the ravager;
in 1464, the Earl of Warwick; in 1524, the Earl of Surrey; and last of
all, Lord Eure in 1544, who, acting for the Earl of Hertford, did his
disgraceful work all too well. The commendator at the time, one John
Hume, restored the burned abbey to a certain extent, but during the
reign of the Presbyterians the building fell steadily into decay. The
story of the abbey in the last century is one of bickerings and
lawsuits, until in 1875 the Marquis of Lothian, sickened at the sight of
the degradation of this great relic, built a new church, since when the
abbey church has not been used for public worship. Jedburgh Abbey has
fallen on gentle days, and the ruins stand now dignified, solemn,
self-respecting and secure, safe in the honourable custody of the
Marquises of Lothian.
CHAPTER XVI
DUMFRIESSHIRE: KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE: RENFREWSHIRE: FIFESHIRE
LINCLUDEN: SWEETHEART: PAISLEY: DUNFERMLINE
LINCLUDEN (_Benedictine Nuns_)
Founded in the 12th century by Uchtred, son of Fergus, Lord of
Galloway, for Benedictine nuns--Converted about two centuries later
into a collegiate church for canons by Archibald, Earl of Douglas.
Another abbey, situated quite near Sweetheart, is Lincluden, at one time
a favourite haunt of Burns, and beautifully described by him in his
lines, “An evening view of the ruins of Lincluden.” The ruins,
consisting of the provost’s house, the chancel and part of the south
wall of the church, afford indications only of the former splendour of
the pile. Originally a nunnery, Archibald of Douglas changed the
establishment into a college for a provost and twelve canons. Archibald
married the daughter of Robert III. This lady’s grave may be seen in the
chancel, and though mutilated, still bears evidence of considerable
elegance. It is in the form of an arch beautifully sculptured, with the
heart of Douglas guarded by three chalices crosswise and a star near
each in the centre.
In the choir also are several sedilia with pointed foliated arches, and
over the sacristry door on the south side a colossal foliated trefoil.
Though these features may be somewhat out of proportion to the size of
the choir, they suggest larger dimensions, and if they had had more
elevation and space around would have been seen to greater advantage.
Besides the south transept only a tower and some scanty portions of the
nave remain of this minster that once measured 216 feet long by 16½ feet
broad.
As in the case of Sweetheart Abbey, there is little of historical or
legendary interest associated with Lincluden--its popularity with the
public being due to its beautiful and sheltered situation and to its
associations with Robert Burns.
SWEETHEART (_Cistercian_)
1275, Founded by Lady Devergoil.
Sweetheart Abbey, a beautiful structure, stands a little westward of the
mouth of the Nith in a lovely and sheltered nook at the base of Criffel,
the most southerly mountain in Scotland. Only the church, a fine
cruciform building with a central saddleback tower of 92 feet, and part
of the chapter-house are now left. In the aisle of the south transept
(the only part of the abbey that is roofed) is a groined wall with
shields for bosses, on one of which are the abbey arms. A beautiful rose
window at the east end of the church is by far the most interesting
remaining feature of the abbey. The church, as it was after its
foundation, does not seem to have been of much importance either
ecclesiastically or politically and has therefore scarcely any history
attached to its name. The abbey was founded in 1275 by Lady Devergoil,
wife of John Baliol and mother of the Scottish king of that name, who
also built the bridge and monastery at Dumfries. It was called at first
New Abbey in contradistinction to the old abbey at Dundrennan. Its name,
however, was changed later to Sweetheart because of a story told about
its foundress and her husband. The Lady Devergoil was supposed to have
had her husband’s heart embalmed and enclosed in an ivory box, and at
the lady’s death this box was placed inside her tomb. Over the tomb may
be seen this epitaph in Latin--
“In Dever-gill a sibil sage doth lie as
Mary contemplative, as Martha pious,
To her, O deign High King! best to impart
Whom this stone covers with her husband’s heart.”
The ruins of the abbey were repaired in 1852 by means of a subscription
raised among the gentry of the district, and augmented by a grant from
Parliament.
PAISLEY (_Mitred Cluniac_)
1164, Founded as a Priory by Walter Fitzalan--Dedicated to SS.
James, Mirin and Milburga--1219, raised to the rank of an
Abbey--1307, Burned by the English--1561, Pillaged at the
Reformation.
The largest and most important of Scottish abbeys is to be found near
the greatest manufacturing centre of the country. Of Paisley Abbey, a
house of great historical interest and very large and beautiful in its
proportions, the only remains now standing are the nave and transept of
the church and the adjoining Lady chapel. The transept is an interesting
ruin, but the nave is entire and is still used as the church of the
abbey parish, after having been restored at great price. The interior is
of magnificent altitude, exhibiting three tiers of arches, partly
pointed and partly semicircular, with cinque foiled arches formed within
them. Many quaint images and inscriptions are to be seen on its walls,
one of which, relating to George Schaw, the abbot, who in 1485 built a
large wall to enclose the buildings and the land belonging to them--
“Then call it ye Abbot Georg of Schawe,
Ablone yio abbaye qart mak yis way,
A thousand four hundred yheyr
Auchty and fyve the date but veir
(Pray for his salvation)
That made yis noble foundacion.”
The line in brackets is not quite intelligible but it is supposed to be
“Pray for his salvation.”
The great western door, which is pointed and deeply recessed, with rich
mouldings, is surmounted by three windows with superb tracery. The Lady
chapel to the south is interesting on account of its echoes, which,
owing to recent alterations, are not so pronounced as formerly. In this
part of the chapel, generally called the sounding aisle, is the tomb of
Margory Bruce, wife of Robert Bruce, and mother of the founder of the
abbey. The cloisters, 68 feet square, were also on the south side of the
abbey, but the domestic buildings have almost disappeared. The abbey,
founded by Walter, the first of the Stuarts, in 1164, was tenanted by a
colony of Cluniac monks from Shropshire. At that time the area of the
abbey grounds was about one mile, the space unoccupied by the church and
other buildings being used as orchard and park land.
DUNFERMLINE (_Mitred Benedictine_)
1072, Founded by Malcolm Canmore on site of a former Culdee
monastery--1124, Remodelled as a Benedictine house and monks of
that order placed there by David I.--1250, The choir, central
tower, transept and Lady chapel added to the nave--Restored in the
14th century after partial destruction by Edward I.--1560,
Plundered by Presbyterian mob; the nave only escapes
destruction--1818-21, Present church built.
In the case of Dunfermline, the Westminster Abbey of Scotland, the most
ancient, and consequently the most interesting part of the building has
survived the onward tread of many centuries, and though now only in the
form of a vestibule to the modern church, was once the nave of the
minster founded here in the 11th century. Its architectural features
somewhat resemble those of Durham and Lindisfarne with their stern
Norman characteristics. It is of eight bays with massive pillars (20
feet high by 13 feet 6 inches in circumference), some of which are
spirally channelled, while two have chevron mouldings, it has also a
very rich Norman north door, some Early English windows in the aisles,
and a triforium and clerestory composed of round headed arches. The nave
was the first piece of Norman work in Scotland, and from the 16th to the
19th century was used as the parish church of the district. The sound of
an organ was heard for the first time in Scotland within its walls. The
west front (Decorated) has a fine recessed portal with a four light
window with Geometrical tracery above. The western towers and north west
porch are also of the Decorated period, while the presbytery is entirely
Early English work. An interesting feature of the newly erected modern
Gothic church is the balustrade on the tower which covers the site of
Bruce’s grave (discovered during the recent rebuilding of the church),
and has terminals in shape of letters reading “King Robert the Bruce,”
“a modern apotheosis of the murderer of Comyn by men who cannot tolerate
the Cross, the symbol of salvation.” Of the other buildings, only the
south wall and west gable of the refectory, the gate-way with the
“pended” tower, and some portions of the abbot’s lodge remain. Beneath
the refectory are twenty-six cells.
The ancient mitred abbey measured 276 feet by 66 feet, was cruciform and
of mixed architectural periods. For many centuries Dunfermline was the
frequent residence of Scottish monarchs, and for more than two centuries
the kings were buried within its walls; notably the royal Founder, King
Edgar, Alexander I., Alexander III., David I. and Malcolm IV. The monks
had great influence in the neighbourhood and the monastery was richly
endowed.
Dunfermline, the “City of Fife,” stands on a long swelling ridge above
the Forth, and, viewed from the south with its background of Cleish
hills, presents a most striking aspect.
INDEX
Aben, a fugitive, 84
Aberac, Celtic name of York, 34
Adam, abbot of Meaux, 61
Adams, abbot of Valle Crucis, 167
Adeliza, Queen, 83
Adrian IV., Pope, 161
Ældred, abbot of Rievaulx, 49
Agatha, St, 50, 52
Aidan, St, 5, 17, 18, 187
Aifwardus, abbot of Evesham, 147
Ailesbury, Earls of, 44, 45
Aislabie, William, 63
Alban, St, British martyr, 2, 27, 161, 162, 163, 164
Albert, archbishop of York, 36
Albini, Gundreda de, 42, 43
Alcuin, schoolman of York, 34
Aldhelm, St, 7, 88, 89, 124
Aldwius, bishop of East Anglia, 112
Alexander, abbot of Kirkstall, 74
Alexander II., Pope, 112
Alneto, Robertus, hermit of Hode, 42
Amphibalus, St, 161, 163
Anselm, abbot of Bury St Edmunds, 115
Aragon, Catherine of, 78
Archibald, St, 6
Ardern, Thomas, 78
Arimathea, St Joseph of, 1, 122
Arthur, King, 2, 122, 123, 124, 135
Arviragas, King, 122, 123
Aschewine, bishop of Dorchester, 140
Asser, Bishop, 98
Athanasius, St, 1
Athelstan, King of Wessex, 37, 78, 89
Aucherius, abbot of Reading, 82
Augustine, St, 1, 4, 98, 99, 122, 151
Auxerre, city of, 3, 57, 58
Baldwin, abbot, 112
Baliol, Robert, 189
Baliol, Edward, 178
Baliol, John, 195
Baliol, Bernard de, 20
Bauzan, Richard, 104
Beatoun, archbishop, 172
Beauchamp, Beatrice de, 184
Bede, the Venerable, 7, 22, 23, 24
Bedford, Robert, (tomb), 141
Bellenden, Robert de, 178
Benedict, St, 58
Bennet, William, prior of Finchale, 26
Bernard, St of Clairvaux, 49, 64
Berthwald, King, 88
Betun, Roger de, bishop of Hereford, 136
Bewfforest, Sir Richard, abbot of Dorchester (tomb), 141
Bewfforest, Richard (tomb), 141
Bienfaite, Richard de, 133, 134
Bigod, Hugh, 134
Bigod, Roger, 134
Birinus, St, 5, 139, 141
Bird, prior of Bath, 128
Biscop, Benedict, 6, 22, 23
Biwell, Walter, chaplain to Bernard de Baliol, 20
Blois, Henry de, 94, 95, 122
Bohemia, Anne of, 155
Bonham, Sir William, 178
Boreham, Richard, abbot of St Albans, 161
Bowes, Sir G., 182, 183, 184, 189
Bradley, abbot of Fountains, 63
Bradley, Dean, 160
Brandon, Charles, Duke of Suffolk, 13, 115
Breton, Bishop J., 122
Brewster, Sir David, 187
Brittany, Alan of, Earl of Richmond, 34
Bronescombe, Walter de, bishop of Exeter, 104
Browne, Sir Anthony, 79
Bruce, Robert, 174, 176, 187, 189, 198
Bruce, Edward, 170
Burgh, Hubert de, 111
Byron, Sir J., 13, 143, 144
Cædmon, Anglican poet, 7
Cæsar, Claudius, 1
Cæn, Paul de, abbot of St Albans, 161
Canmore, Malcolm, 197
Canute, King, 9, 114
Caradercus, Duke of Cornwall, 124
Caractacus, 1, 124
Carnaby, Sir R., 21
Cavendish, Lord Frederick, 71
Caxton, William, 159
Cérisy, Walter of, 147, 149
Chad, St, 6
Chamberlayne, Edward, 178
Chantry, Bishop Rogers, 98
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 184
Cheney, Sir T., 77, 78
Chinnock, John de, 126
Christina, abbess of Romsey, 95
Chrysostom, St, 1
Claughton, Thomas Leigh, bishop of St Albans, 161
Clement, Abbot, 98
Clifford, Henry, Earl of Cumberland, 71
Clinton, Lord Edward, 109
Coel, king of Britain, 124
Columba, St, 17, 169
Comyn, William, Earl of Buchan, 169
Constantine the Great, 27
Corbeuil, William de, archbishop of Canterbury, 76
Cowley, Abraham, 82
Crawfurd, Abbot, 178, 182
Cromwell, Oliver, 89, 108
Cromwell, Secretary, 21
Curteys, abbot of Bury St Edmunds, 116
Cuthbert, St, 6, 17, 18, 187, 188
Cynegils, king of Wessex, 5, 139
Dacre, Lord, 189
Darnley, Lord, 180
David, St, 135
Davell, Henry, abbot of Whitby, 54
Denmark, Margaret, princess of, 175, 178
Denny, Sir A., 117, 119
Dent, William, abbot of St Mary’s, York, 34
Devergoil, Lady, 195, 196
Devonshire, Amicia, Countess of, 103
Diocletian, Emperor of Rome, 2, 27
Douglas, Archibald, Earl of, 194
Douglas, Margaret, Countess of, 195
Drake, Sir Francis, 103, 104, 143
Drayton, Sir J. (tomb), 141
Dromore, bishop of, 50
Drostan, St, 169
Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury, 8, 125
Ecgfrid, king of Northumbria, 20, 22
Edmund, St, king and martyr, 7, 112, 124
Edmund, Ironsides, 9, 124
Edgar, king of Wessex, 8, 124, 128
Edred, son of Edward the Elder, 84, 106
Edward, the Elder, 94, 112
Edward, the Confessor, 9, 112
Edwaldus, brother of St Edmund, king and martyr, 98
Edwin, king of Northumbria, 27, 35, 36
Egremont, boy of, 70
Egclwya, bishop of Durham, 84
Egwine, St., 147, 149
Elfrida, queen of Wessex, 100
Elwina, abbess of Romsey, 95
Eneas, 34
Elyote, John, 102
Eoves, a shepherd, 149
Ercombert, king of Kent, 76
Ethelmer, Earl of Cornwall, 98
Erinsuis, chaplain to Queen Maud, 135, 136
Espec, Walter, 49
Ethelbald, king of Mercia, 106
Ethelburga, queen of Northumbria, 27, 35
Ethelbert, king of Kent, 4
Ethelbert of East Anglia, 162
Ethelburh, queen of Wessex, 124, 125
Ethelfleda, daughter of Oswy, king of Northumbria, 54
Ethelmer, Earl of Cornwall, 98
Etheldreda, queen of Northumbria, 20
Ethelred, king of Mercia, 149
Ethelred the Unready, 9, 100, 101, 147
Ethelwerdus, or Egelwaldus, 98
Ethelwold, abbot of Abingdon, 84, 85
Ethelwold, archbishop of Winchester, 94
Eugenius II, 84, 108
Eure, Sir Ralph, 184, 191, 193
Fairfax, 37
Fane, Sir H., 79
Farringdon, Henry, abbot of Reading, 82
Fastolph, abbot of Fountains, 67
Felix, St, the “Apostle of East Anglia,” 5
Ferrars, Robert, Earl of, 120, 122
Fillan, St, 174
Finchale, Godricus de, 24, 25, 26
Finian, St, of Clonard, 3
Fitz-Alan, Walter, 196
FitzBardolph, Akarius, 44, 46
Fitz-Hamon, Robert, 130
Frampton, Sir Robert, 90
France, King John of, 161
Frithwaldus, governor of the Province of Surrey, 81
Fuller, Robert, abbot of Waltham, 117
Fursey, a Scottish monk, 5
Galloway, Fergus, Lord of, 194
Gausbertus, abbot of Battle, 80
Geoffrey, abbot of Croyland, 106, 107
Gerald, abbot of Furness, 40, 42
Germanus, bishop of Auxerre, 2
Germanus, St, monk of Auxerre, 57
Gildas, British historian, 1
Gilmer, 80
Giraldus, abbot of Tewkesbury, 132
Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 112
Gloucester, Walter de, 137
Godwin, 147
Grainvilla, Richard de, 165
Gregory, Pope, 4, 151
Gregory, abbot of Stanlawe, 31
Grendon, Serle de, 142
Gresham, Sir Richard, 63
Greslei, Robert, 109
Grenville, Sir R., 103
Grimstone, Hugh, abbot of Kirkstall, 74
Grimthorpe, Lord, 161
Gross, William de, Earl of Albemarle, 61, 108
Guthlac, St, 106
Guinevere, Queen, 124
Hadrian, 35
Hamilton, Patrick, abbot of Fearn, 172
Harold, Earl 19, 117
Hastings, Sir R., 191, 193
Hay, James, Earl of Carlisle, 119
Hearn, Viceroy of Wiltshire, 84, 85
Helias, abbot of Selby, 60
Hengist, 84
Herfastus, Bishop, 114
Herlwin, Abbot, 122
Herman, Bishop, 96
Heron, John, a Border robber, 21
Hertford, Earl of, 183, 186, 189, 193
Hereford, Earl of Milo, 135
Hilda, abbess of Hartlepool, 54
Hoby, Sir Philip, 147
Holland, Gilbert de, 110
Honorius, Pope, 5, 139, 161
Horsey, Sir J., 96
Huby, Marmaduke, abbot of Fountains, 66
Hugh, bishop of Durham, 24
Hugh, abbot of Reading, 82
Hugh, dean of York, 65
Hume, John, 193
Ignatius, Father, 135
Ina, king of the West Saxons, 96, 122, 124, 125
Innocent, Pope, 88
Insula, de, prior of Finchale, 26
Islip, abbot of Westminster, 156
Jerome, St, 1
Joanna, wife of Alexander II, 187
Kenredus, king of Mercia, 147
Kent, John of, 63, 66
King, Bishop, 128, 129
Kingston, John of, 46
Kintevymus, King, 124
Knox, John, 15, 172, 186
Lacy, William de, 136
Lacy, Hugh de, 135, 136
Lacy, Henry de, 55, 72, 74
Lamberton, William, bishop of St Andrews, 176
Lancaster, William de, 28
Lancaster, Aveline de, 156
Landon, Walter, 135
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, 158, 162
Langton, Archbishop, 115
Layton, Sir B., 182, 183, 184, 185
Lee, Archbishop, 21
Leeds, John, 44
Leving, bishop of Worcester, 100
Lennox, Matthew, Earl of, 44
Lesly, Norman, 184
Lichfield, Clement, Earl of Evesham, 148
Lidgate, poet, 116
Littlington, 159
Longespee, William, Earl of Salisbury, 90
Longespee, Ella, Countess of Salisbury, 90
Lothian, Marquis of, 193
Lucius, king of Britain, 2, 151, 158
Lucy, Sir B., 92
Lutherius, bishop of Winchester, 88
Lupus, bishop of Troyes, 2
MacAlpine, Kenneth, 186, 188
Madoc ap Griffith Madoc, 167
Mare, Thomas de la, abbot of St Albans, 161
Marivanna, abbess of Romsey, 94
Maurice, abbot of Inchaffray, 174
Maydulphus, 88
Mellitus, Italian missionary, 151, 158
Meschines, William de, 68, 70
Meschines, Cecile de, 68, 70
Modanus, St, 183
Molême, Robert de, 64
Montague, Earl of, 63
Montague, Bishop, 129
Montfort, Earl Simon de, 147, 150, 157
Moon, Richard, abbot of Bolton, 68, 71
Morganwg, Lewis, 165
More, Sir Thos., 159
Morton, Stephen, Earl of, 28
Morville, Hugo de, Lord Lauderdale, 184, 193
Mowbray, Roger de, 42, 43
Nash, Beau, 129
Northwode, John de (brass), 77
Northwode, Joan de ( “ ), 77
North, Colonel, 72
Oddo & Doddo, Dukes of Mercia, 130
Odo, archbishop of Canterbury, 8, 125
Offa, king of Mercia, 128, 147, 151, 158, 161, 162, 163
Oliver, Abbot, Royal Ambassador of England, 184
Ordgarus, Earl of Devonshire, 100
Ordulf, son of Ordgarus, Earl of Devonshire, 100, 101
Osbert, abbot of Jedburgh, 193
Oswald, king of Northumbria, 5, 17
Oswy, king of Northumbria, 36, 54
Otringham, Richard de, 61
Parker, abbot of Tewkesbury, 132
Paslow, John, abbot of Whalley, 33
Patrick, Canon, poet, 184
Patrick, St, 122
Paulet, Sir William, 91
Paulinus, St, 5, 31, 35, 122
Pembroke, William, Earl of, 133
Penda, king of Mercia, 5, 36
Penryn, John, abbot of Tavistock, 101, 102
Percy, Henry, 109, 163
Percy, William de, Lord of Whitby, 54
Philip, abbot of Byland, 42
Pickering, Sir William, 44
Ptolemy, Alexandrian geographer, 35
Pudsey, Henry, 26
Pyke, Roger, abbot of Furness, 28, 31
Quiniacus, Peter de, A monk of Savigny, 44, 46
Raincourt, Guido de, 55
Ramyge, abbot of St Albans, 163
Remigius, bishop of Dorchester, 139
Reinfrid, abbot of Whitby, 54
Richmond, Alan, Earl of, 44, 46
Richmond, Conan, Earl of, 47
Ripley, John, abbot of Kirkstall, 72
Risdon, 101
Robert, Bishop, 128
Roger, bishop of Sarum, 136
Roger, bishop of Salisbury, 96
Roaldus, Constable of England, 50
Romaine, John, archdeacon of Richmond, 52
Romille, Alice de, 68, 70
Russell, Lord, 13, 100
Saleth, hermit, 74
Samson, Abbot of Bury St Edmunds, 115
Scudamore, John, Lord, 121
Scott, Michael, 187
Scott, Walter, Sir, of Buccleuch, 184
Scrope, Richard, 51
Sebert, king of the East Saxons, 158
Sedbergh, Adam, abbot of Jervaulx, 44
Serlo, dean of York, 63, 65
Sevam, robber, 59
Severus, 35
Sexburga, Queen, 76
Shaw, George, 196
Sigberct, king of East Anglia, 5, 112
Sigge, a robber, 59
Shurland, Robert de (tomb), 77
Skelton, first Poet Laureate, 159
Somerset, Protector, 189
Sparke, Thomas, prior of Lindisfarne, 18
Staunton, John, abbot of Dale, 143
Stockton, Sir John, 109
Strail, James, 184
Stratherne, Gilbert, Earl of, 174
Strehall, prior of Finchale, 26
Strode, Ralphe de, 184
Stumpe, William, clothier, 88
Surrey, Lord, 191, 193
Sweyn, 9, 95, 113, 128
Tanner, William, 141
Taylor, Walter, 92
Theocus, hermit, 130
Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, 6
Thirlby, bishop of Westminster, 159
Thomas, archbishop of York, 19, 20
Thurstan, archbishop of York, 42, 64
Thurstan, abbot of Glastonbury, 122, 126
Tison, Gilbert, standard-bearer of England, 55
Tickhill, John of, 25
Tosti, dean of York, 63, 65
Tovi, standard-bearer to Canute, 117
Tudor, Mary, queen of France, 115
Tyler, William, M.A., 102
Uchtred, 194
Ultcyter, abbot of Croyland, 106
Valence, Aymer de (tomb), 156
Villula, John de, 128
Wakeman, John, abbot of Tewkesbury, 130
Wake, Sir William, Bart., D.C.L., 117
Wallace, William, 171
Wallingford, William, abbot of St Albans, 163
Ware, abbot of Westminster, 157
Warham, archbishop of Canterbury, 78
Warwick, abbot Simon of, 34, 40
Watts, Dr, 92
Whiting, Richard, abbot of Glastonbury, 122, 127
Wilberforce, Samuel, dean of Westminster, 160
Wilfrid, St, 5, 19
William, prior of Wycombe, 135
Williams, Sir Richard, 166
Wishart, George, 172
Wolsey, Cardinal, 12, 13, 78, 97
Wulfar, king of Mercia, 81
Wulfsiu, Bishop, 96
Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 98
York, John of, 66
COLSTON AND CO. LTD., PRINTERS, EDINBURGH
FOOTNOTES:
[1] “This saying of St Bernard is usually inscribed,” says Dr.
Whitaker, “on some conspicuous part of the Cistercian Houses.”
[2] Waxed nigh.
[3] Wild.
[4] Bound.
[5] Round.
[6] Shoot.
[7] Arrows.
[8] Hedgehog.
[9] Spikes.
[10] This last verse is a piece of gross flattery to the Scottish
monarch, for in his reign the church underwent but few repairs.
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
Kirstall=>Kirkstall {pg xi}
“In 1775 the first Cathedral was built by King Offa.=> “In 775 the first
Cathedral was built by King Offa. {pg 128}
ST ALBAN’S (_Mitred Benedictine_)=> ST ALBANS (_Mitred Benedictine_) {pg
161}
Euginius III., Pope, 84, 108=> Eugenius III., Pope, 84, 108 {pg 201}
Sedburgh, Adam, abbot of Jervaulx, 44=> Sedbergh, Adam, abbot of
Jervaulx, 44 {pg 203}
PART IV--NORTHERN COUNTIES=>PART IV--WESTERN COUNTIES {Pg 120}
End of Project Gutenberg's The Abbeys of Great Britain, by H. Claiborne Dixon