of Kadiak when his own vessel {325} was wrecked at Oonalaska on the way
out, demonstrated to Baranof the need of more ships; so when orders
came from his company in 1793 to construct a sailing boat on the
timberless island of Kadiak without iron, without axes, without saw,
without tar, without canvas, he was eager to attempt the impossible.
Shields, an Englishman, in the employment of Russia, was to act as
shipbuilder; and Baranof sent the men assigned for the work up to
Sunday Harbor on the west side of Prince William Sound, where heavy
forests would supply timber and the tide-rush help to launch the vessel
from the skids. There were no saws in the settlement. Planks had to
be hewn out of logs. Iron, there was none. The rusty remnants of old
wrecks were gathered together for bolts and joints and axes. Spruce
gum mixed with blubber oil took the place of oakum and tar below the
water-line. Moss and clay were used as calking above water. For sail
cloth, there was nothing but shreds and rags and tatters of canvas
patched together so that each mast-arm looked like Joseph's coat of
many colors. Seventy-nine feet from stem to stern, the crazy craft
measured, of twenty-three feet beam, thirteen draught, one hundred
tons, two decks, and three masts. All the winter of 1792-1793, just a
year after Robert Gray, the American, had built his sloop down at Fort
Defence off Vancouver Island, the Russian shipbuilding went on. Then
in April, lest the poverty of the Russians should become known to
foreign traders, Baranof sent Shields, the English {326} shipbuilder,
off out of the way, on an otter-hunting venture. It was August of the
next summer before the clumsy craft slipped from the skids into the
rising tide. She was so badly ballasted that she bobbled like cork;
and her sails so frail they flew to tatters in the gentlest wind; but
Russia had accomplished her first ship in America. Bells were set
ringing when the _Phoenix_ was towed into the harbor of Kadiak; and
when she reached Okhotsk laden with furs to the water-line in April of
1794, enthusiasm knew no bounds. Salvos of artillery thundered over
her sails, and mass was chanted, and a polish of paint given to her
piebald, rickety sides that transformed her into what the fur company
proudly regarded as a frigate. Before the year was out, Baranof had
his men at work on two more vessels. There was to be no more crippling
of trade for lack of ships.
But a more serious matter than shipbuilding demanded Baranof's
attention. Rival fur companies were on the ground. Did one party of
traders establish a fort on Cook's Inlet? Forthwith came another to a
point higher up the inlet, where Indians could be intercepted. There
followed warlike raids, the pillaging of each other's forts, the
capture of each other's Indian hunters, the utter demoralization of the
Indians by each fort forbidding the savages to trade at the other, the
flogging and bludgeoning and butchering of those who disobeyed the
order--and finally, the forcible abduction of whole villages of women
and children to compel the alliance of the hunters. All Baranof's work
to {327} pacify the hostiles of the mainland was being undone; and what
complicated matters hopelessly for him was the fact that the
shareholders of his own company were also shareholders in the rival
ventures. Baranof wrote to Siberia for instructions, urging the
amalgamation of all the companies in one; but instructions were so long
in coming that the fur trade was being utterly bedevilled and the
passions of the savages inflamed to a point of danger for every white
man on the North Pacific. Affairs were at this pass when Konovalof,
the dashing leader of the plunderers, planned to capture Baranof
himself, and seize the shipyard at Sunday Harbor, on Prince William
Sound. Baranof had one hundred and fifty fighting Russians in his
brigades. Should he wait for the delayed instructions from Siberia?
While he hesitated, some of the shipbuilders were ambushed in the
woods, robbed, beaten, and left half dead. Baranof could not afford to
wait. He had no more legal justification for his act than the
plunderers had for theirs; but it was a case where a man must step
outside law, or be exterminated. Rallying his men round him and taking
no one into his confidence, the doughty little Russian sent a formal
messenger to Konovalof, the bandit, at his redoubt on Cook's Inlet,
pompously summoning him in the name of the governor of Siberia to
appear and answer for his misdeeds. To the brigand, the summons was a
bolt out of the blue. How was he to know not a word had come from the
governor of Siberia, and the summons {328} was sheer bluff? He was so
terrorized at the long hand of power reaching across the Pacific to
clutch him back to perhaps branding or penal service in Siberia, that
he did not even ask to see Baranof's documents. Coming post-haste, he
offered explanations, excuses, frightened pleadings. Baranof would
have none of him. He clapped the culprit and associates in irons, put
them on Ismyloff's vessel, and despatched them for trial to Siberia.
That he also seized the furs of his rivals for safe keeping, was a mere
detail. The prisoners were, of course, discharged; for Baranof's
conduct could no more bear scrutiny than their own; but it was one way
to get rid of rivals; and the fur companies at war in the Canadian
northwest practised the same method twenty years later.
The effect of the bandit outrages on the hostile Indians of the
mainland was quickly evident. Baranof realized that if he was to hold
the Pacific coast for his company, he must push his hunting brigades
east and south toward New Spain. A convict colony, that was to be the
nucleus of a second St. Petersburg, was planned to be built under the
very shadow of Mount St. Elias. Shields, the Englishman employed by
Russia, after bringing back two thousand sea-otter from Bering Bay in
1793, had pushed on down south-eastward to Norfolk Sound or the modern
Sitka, where he loaded a second cargo of two thousand sea-otter. A
dozen foreign traders had already coasted Alaskan shores, and southward
of Norfolk Sound was a flotilla {329} of American fur traders, yearly
encroaching closer and closer on the Russian field. All fear of
rivalry among the Russians had been removed by the union of the
different companies in 1799. Baranof pulled his forces together for
the master stroke that was to establish Russian dominion on the
Pacific. This was the removal of the capital of Russian America
farther south.
On the second week of April, 1799, with two vessels, twenty-two
Russians, and three hundred and fifty canoes of Aleut fur hunters,
Baranof sailed from Prince William Sound for the southeast. Pause was
made early in May opposite Kyak--Bering's old landfall--to hunt
sea-otter. The sloops hung on the offing, the hunting brigades, led by
Baranof in one of the big skin canoes, paddling for the surf wash and
kelp fields of the boisterous, rocky coast, which sea-otter frequent in
rough weather. Dangers of the hunt never deterred Baranof. The wilder
the turmoil of spray and billows, the more sea-otter would be driven to
refuge on the kelp fields. Cross tides like a whirlpool ran on this
coast when whipped by the winds. Not a sound from the sea-otter
hunters! Silently, like sea-birds glorying in the tempest, the canoes
bounded from crest to crest of the rolling seas, always taking care not
to be caught broadsides by the smashing combers, or swamped between
waves in the churning seas. How it happened is not known, but somehow
between wind and tide-rip, thirty of the canoes {330} that rode over a
billow and swept down to the trough never came up. A flaw of wind had
caught the mountain billows; the sixty hunters went under. From where
he was, Baranof saw the disaster, saw the terror of the other two
hundred men, saw the rising storm, and at a glance measured that it was
farther back to the sloops than on towards the dangerous shore. The
sea-otter hunt was forgotten in the impending catastrophe to the entire
brigade. Signal and shout confused in the thunder of the surf ordered
the men to paddle for their lives inshore. Night was coming on. The
distance was longer than Baranof had thought, and it was dark before
the brigades landed, and the men flung themselves down, totally
exhausted, to sleep on the drenched sands.
Barely were the hunters asleep when the shout of Kolosh Indians from
the forests behind told of ambush. The mainland hostiles resenting
this invasion of their hunting-fields, had watched the storm drive the
canoes to land. On one side was the tempest, on the other the forest
thronged with warriors. The Aleuts lost their heads and dashed for
hiding in the woods, only to find certain death. Baranof and the
Russians with him fired off their muskets till all powder was used.
Then they shouted in the Aleut dialect for the hunters to embark. The
sea was the lesser danger. By morning the brigades had joined the
sloops on the offing. Thirteen more canoes had been lost in the ambush.
{331} Such was the inauspicious introduction for Baranof to the
founding of the new Russian fort at Sitka or Norfolk Sound. It was the
end of May before the brigades glided into the sheltered, shadowy
harbor, where Chirikoff's men had been lost fifty years before. A
furious storm of snow and sleet raged over the harbor. When the storm
cleared, impenetrable forests were seen to the water-line, and great
trunks of trees swirled out to sea. On the ocean side to the west,
Mount Edgecumbe towered up a dome of snow. Eastward were the bare
heights of Verstovoi; and countless tiny islets gilded by the sun
dotted the harbor. Baranof would have selected the site of the present
Sitka, high, rocky and secure from attack, but the old Sitkan chief
refused to sell it, bartering for glass beads and trinkets a site some
miles north of the present town.
Half the men were set to hunting and fishing, half to chopping logs for
the new fort built in the usual fashion, with high palisades, a main
barracks a hundred feet long in the centre, three stories high, with
trap-doors connecting each story, cabins and hutches all round the
inside of the palisades. Lanterns hung at the masthead of the sloops
to recall the brigades each night; for Captain Cleveland, a Boston
trader anchored in the harbor, forewarned Baranof of the Indians'
treacherous character, more dangerous now when demoralized by the
rivalry of white traders, and in possession of the civilized man's
weapons. Free distribution of liquor by unscrupulous sea-captains did
not mend {332} matters. Cleveland reported that the savages had so
often threatened to attack his ship that he no longer permitted them on
board; concealing the small number of his crew by screens of hides
round the decks, trading only at a wicket with cannon primed and
muskets bristling through the hides above the taffrail. He warned
Baranof's hunters not to be led off inland bear hunting, for the bear
hunt might be a Sitkan Indian in decoy to trap the hunters into an
ambush. Such a decoy had almost trapped Cleveland's crew, when other
Indians were noticed in ambush. The new fort was christened Archangel.
All went well as long as Baranof was on the ground. Sea-otter were
obtained for worthless trinkets. Sentries paraded the gateway; so
Baranof sailed back to Kadiak. The Kolosh or Sitkan tribes had only
bided their time. That sleepy summer day of June, 1802, when the
slouchy Siberian convicts were off guard and Baranof two thousand miles
away, the Indians fell on the fort and at one fell swoop wiped it
out.[1] Up at Kadiak honors were showering on the little governor.
Two decorations of nobility he had been given by 1804; but his grief
over the loss of Sitka was inconsolable. "I will either die or restore
the fort!" he vowed, and with the help of a Russian man-of-war sent
round the world, he sailed that summer into Sitka Sound. The Indians
scuttled their barricade erected on the site of the present Sitka.
Here {333} the fort was rebuilt and renamed New Archangel--a fort
worthy in its palmy days of Baranof's most daring ambitions. Sixty
Russian officers and eight hundred white families lived within the
walls, with a retinue of two or three thousand Indian otter hunters
cabined along the beach. There was a shipyard. There was a foundry
for the manufacture of the great brass bells sold for chapels in New
Spain. There were archbishops, priests, deacons, schools. At the hot
springs twenty miles away, hospitals and baths were built. A library
and gallery of famous paintings were added to the fort, though Baranof
complained it would have been wiser to have physicians for his men.
For the rest of Baranof's rule, Sitka became the great rendezvous of
vessels trading on the Pacific. Here Baranof held sway like a
potentate, serving regal feasts to all visitors with the pomp of a
little court, and the barbarity of a wassailing mediaeval lord.
But all this was not so much fireworks for display. Baranof had his
motive. To the sea-captains who feasted with him and drank themselves
torpid under his table, he proposed a plan--he would supply the Aleut
hunters for them to hunt on shares as far south as southern California.
Always, too, he was an eager buyer of their goods, giving them in
exchange seal-skins from the Seal Islands. Boston vessels were the
first to enter partnership with Baranof. Later came Astor's captains
from New York, taking sealskins in trade for goods supplied to the
Russians.
{334} How did Baranof, surrounded by hostile Indians, with no servants
but Siberian convicts, hold his own single-handed in American wilds?
Simply by the power of his fitness, by vigilance that never relaxed, by
despotism that was by turns savage and gentle, but always paternal, by
the fact that his brain and his brawn were always more than a match for
the brain and brawn of all the men under him. To be sure, the liberal
measure of seventy-nine lashes was laid on the back of any subordinate
showing signs of mutiny, but that did not prevent many such attempts.
The most serious was in 1809. From the time that Benyowsky, the Polish
adventurer, had sacked the garrison of Kamchatka, Siberian convicts
serving in America dreamed of similar exploits. Peasants and officers,
a score in number, all convicts from Siberia, had plotted to rise in
New Archangel or Sitka, assassinate the governor, seize ships and
provisions, and sailing to some of the South Sea Islands, set up an
independent government. The signal was to be given when Naplavkof, an
officer who was master plotter, happened to be on duty. On such good
terms was the despot, Baranof, with his men, that the plot was betrayed
to him from half a dozen sources. It did not trouble Baranof. He sent
the betrayers a keg of brandy, bade one of them give a signal by
breaking out in drunken song, and at the sound himself burst into the
roomful of conspirators, sword in hand, {335} followed by half a
hundred armed soldiers. The plotters were handcuffed and sent back to
Siberia.
There was something inexcusably cruel in the termination of Baranof's
services with the fur company. He was now over seventy years of age.
He was tortured by rheumatism from the long years of exposure in a damp
climate. Because he was not of noble birth, though he had received
title of nobility, he was subject to insults at the hands of any petty
martinet who came out as officer on the Russian vessels. Against these
Baranof usually held his own at Sitka, but they carried back to St.
Petersburg slanderous charges against his honesty. Twice he had asked
to be allowed to resign. Twice successors had been sent from Russia;
but one died on the way, and the other was shipwrecked. It was easy
for malignant tongues to rouse suspicion that Baranof's desire to
resign sprang from interested motives, perhaps from a wish to conceal
his own peculations. Though Baranof had annually handled millions of
dollars' worth of furs for the Russian Company, at a distance from
oversight that might have defied detection in wrong-doing, it was
afterwards proved that he had not misused or misappropriated one dime's
worth of property; but who was to believe his honesty in the face of
false charges?
In the fall of 1817 Lieutenant Hagemeister arrived at Sitka to audit
the books of the company. Concealing from Baranof the fact that he was
to be deposed, {336} Hagemeister spent a year investigating the
records. Not a discrepancy was discovered. Baranof, with the
opportunity to have made millions, was a poor man. Without
explanation, Hagemeister then announced the fact--Baranof was to be
retired. Between voluntarily retiring and being retired was all the
difference between honor and insult. The news was a blow that crushed
Baranof almost to senility. He was found doddering and constantly in
tears. Again and again he bade good-by to his old comrades, comrades
of revel with noble blood in their veins, comrades of the hunt,
pure-blooded Indians, who loved him as a brother, comrades of his
idleness, Indian children with whom he had frolicked--but he could not
bear to tear himself from the land that was the child of his lifelong
efforts. The blow had fallen when he was least able to bear it. His
nerve was gone. Of all the Russian wreckages in this cruel new land,
surely this wreck was the most pitiable--the maker deposed by the thing
he had made, cast out by his child, driven to seek some hidden place
where he might die out of sight. An old sea-captain offered him
passage round the world to Russia, where his knowledge might still be
of service. Service? That was the word! The old war-horse pricked up
his ears! Baranof sailed in the fall of 1818. By spring the ship
homeward-bound stopped at Batavia. There was some delay. Delay was
not good for Baranof. He was ill, deadly ill, of that most deadly of
all ailments, heartbreak, {337} consciousness that he was of no more
use, what the Indians call "the long sickness of too much thinking."
When the vessel put out to sea again, Baranof, too, put to sea, but it
was to the boundless sea of eternity. He died on April 16, 1819, and
was laid to rest in the arms of the great ocean that had cradled his
hopes from the time he left Siberia.
To pass judgment on Baranof's life would be a piece of futility. His
life, like the lives of all those Pacific coast adventurers, stands or
falls by what it was, not what it meant to be; by what it did, not what
it left undone; and what Baranof left was an empire half the size of
Russia. That his country afterward lost that empire was no fault of
his. Like all those Vikings of the North Pacific, he was essentially a
man _who did things_, not a theorizer on how things ought to be done,
not a slug battening on the things other men have done.
They were not anaemic, these old "sea voyagers" of the Pacific, daring
death or devil, with the red blood of courage in their veins, and the
red blood of a lawless manhood, too. They were not men of milk and
water type, with little good and less bad. Neither their virtues nor
their vices were lukewarm; but _they did things_, these men; added to
the sum total of human effort, human knowledge, human progress. Sordid
their motives may have been, sordid as the blacksmith's when he smashes
his sledge on the anvil; but from the anvil of their hardships, from
the clash of the {338} primordial warfare between the Spirit of the
Elements and the Spirit of Man, struck out some sparks of the Divine.
There was the courage as dauntless in the teeth of the gale as in the
face of death. There was the yearning to know More, to seek it, to
follow it over earth's ends, though the quest led to the abyss of a
watery grave. What did they want, these fool fellows, following the
rushlight of their own desires? That is just it. They didn't know
what they sought, but they knew there was something just beyond to be
sought, something new to be known; and because Man is Man, they set out
on the quest of the unknown, chancing life and death for the sake of a
little gain to human progress. It is the spirit of the heroic ages,
and to that era belongs the history of the Vikings on the North Pacific.
[1] See Chapter XI.
INDEX
A
Adakh Island, Chirikoff at, 51.
Admiralty Inlet, explored, 270-271.
_Adventure_, first American ship built on Pacific, 233, 234, 238, 325.
Alaska, Bering's expedition on coast of, 26 ff.; Chirikoff's arrival at,
50-51; Benyowsky's visit to, 125; Cook explores coast of, 189-194; Gray's
trip to, 238; Vancouver's survey of southern coast of, 286-290; Baranof's
career in, 318-337. _See_ Sitka.
Aleutian Islands, Bering's voyage of discovery among, 26-41; sea-otter's
habitat on, 42, 53, 56, 63, 66-67, 69-70, 82-83; fur hunters of the,
67-78, 81-84, 321-323, 328-330.
Aleut Indians, as otter-hunters, 69-78; harsh treatment of, by Russians,
79, 8l-88; Russian hunters massacred by, 91-95, 100-104; punishment of,
105; in Sitka massacre, 307-310, 332; accompany Baranof on voyage of
vengeance, 311-314; with Baranof in Prince William Sound, 322 ff.
Alexander Archipelago, Chirikoff in the, 46-52.
Alexis, Aleut Indian boy hostage, 98, 99, 102.
Anderson, Dr., with Cook, 193.
Anian, Straits of, 9, 279 n.
Anton, Juan de, captain of _Glory of the South Seas_, 158 n.
Apraxin, Count, 8 n.
Archangel Michael, modern Sitka once named, 306; founding of, by Baranof,
306, 331-332; massacre at, 307-310, 332.
Arguello, Don Joseph, 241.
Aricara, Drake at, 155.
Astor, John Jacob, 65, 212, 303, 318, 322, 333.
Athabasca Lake, attempt to identify, with Northwest Passage, 174, 175.
Atka, otter grounds at, 69.
Atto, Hawaiian boy, 229, 233, 240.
Attoo, village in, destroyed by Russian fur hunters, 83.
Auteroche, Chappe d', cited, 295.
Avacha Bay, Bering at, 17, 19, 23; survivors of Bering expedition return
to, 59-60; vessels of Cook's expedition at, 208.
B
Baker, lieutenant in Vancouver's expedition, 266, 270.
Baker, Mount, 270.
Balboa, 134, 144.
Baltimore, Benyowsky visits, 127.
Bancroft, Hubert Howe, cited, 241, 290, 295.
Baranof, Alexander, governor of Russian American Fur Company, 67, 167 n.,
288, 301, 304, 306, 310; character of, 316-317; personal appearance of,
317; early career of, 317-318; sails to America (1790), 318; wrecked on
Oonalaska, 319-320; builds boat and reaches Kadiak, 321; defeats hostile
Indians at Nuchek Island, 323-324; establishes fort at Sitka, 331; loses
fort by Sitka massacre, but rebuilds and founds New Archangel (modern
Sitka), 332-333; in old age deposed from governorship, 335-336; death of,
337.
Baranof Castle, Sitka, 301.
Barber, Captain, at Sitka, 310.
Barclay, English sea-captain, 224, 227, 254, 264, 272.
Barnes, sailor with Gray, 230.
Barrell, Joseph, 211, 215, 229, 241.
Bassof, otter hunter, 82-83.
Begg, cited, 290 n.
Behm, Major, 196, 208.
Behm Canal, 286.
Benyowsky, Mauritius, Polish exile to Kamchatka, 108-110; career of, at
Bolcheresk, 113-122; escapes to sea on pirate cruise, 122; meets Ochotyn
at Bering Island, 123-124; visits Alaska, 125; adventures of, in Luzon,
Formosa, and China, 126-127; holds French commission in Madagascar, 137;
returns to Europe, goes to Baltimore, and is sent on filibustering
expedition to Madagascar, 127; death of, 127-128; authorities for, 128 n.
Berg, cited, 11 n., 22 n., 129, 295.
Bering, Anna, 8 n.
Bering, Jonas, 8 n.
Bering, Thomas, 22 n.
Bering, Unos, 22.
Bering, Vitus Ivanovich, birth and early history of, 8; commissioned by
Peter the Great to explore waters between Russia and America, 8-10; first
expedition of (1725-1730), 10-12; second expedition undertaken by, 12;
difficulties of, with scientists about "Gamaland," 13-15, 19, 22, 24;
arrival of expedition of, at Okhotsk, 16; start of, from Avacha Bay,
Kamchatka (1741), 17; cruise of, in _St. Peter_, 22-45; landfall at Kyak
Island, 26-27, 47 n.; Mt. St. Elias discovered by, 26; exploration of
coast of Alaskan peninsula by, 28-36; forced to winter at Commander
Islands, 35-36; death of, 54; summary of work of, 55-56, 61; conclusions
of, rejected by scientists, 172-173; mentioned in connection with other
explorers, 183, 184 n., 239, 263, 264; Cook verifies conclusions of,
189-194.
Bering Bay, 288.
Bering Island, 37-45, 97, 123-124, 300, 315.
Betshevin, Siberian merchant, 84, 87.
Bidarkas, fur hunters' boats, 67.
Billings, Joseph, 254, 258, 259-261.
Boit, John, 230.
Bolcheresk, capital of Kamchatka, 113-114; description of, 114;
Benyowsky's career at, 114-122.
Boston, interest at, in Gray's expeditions, 215-216, 229-230, 240-241.
"Bostons" (_Bostonnais_), Indians call all Americans, 210.
Brazil, Drake's lost sailors in, 152.
Bristol Bay, 193.
Broughton, Lieutenant, 266, 271, 279, 280, 281; _Voyage_ by, cited, 295 n.
Brown, Samuel, of Boston, 211, 229.
Brown, Dr. William, Ledyard travels with, 258-259.
Bulfinch, Charles, 211, 212; daughter of, named "Columbia," 240.
Bulfinch, Dr., of Boston, 211, 241.
Burney, _Voyages_ by, 295 n.
Burrard Inlet, 273.
Burroughs, John, cited, 72 n.
Bute Inlet, 274.
C
California, Drake's visit to, 160-165, 169-171; Vancouver's visit to,
281-282; Russian American Fur Company in, 315.
_California_, vessel for exploration, 174.
Callao, Drake sacks, 155-156.
Campbell, Dr., quoted, 172-173.
Cannibals, Cook's stay among, 187; on Portland Canal, 230.
Cape Adams, 280.
Cape Addington, 46.
Cape Disappointment, 224, 235, 267, 269, 279, 280.
Cape Douglas, 191.
Cape Elizabeth, 191.
Cape Flattery, 185, 223, 224, 235, 270.
Cape Foulweather, 184.
Cape Gregory, 184.
Cape Horn, Drake discovers, 153; Gray expedition rounds, 216-217.
Cape Khitroff, 41.
Cape Lookout, 219.
Cape Meares, 224.
Cape Perpetua, 184.
Cape Prince of Wales, 193, 208.
Captain Harbor, 300; Drusenin at, 89; Ledyard's arrival at, 250.
Carder, Peter, 152 n.
Cartier, Jacques, 272.
Caswell, Joshua, 230.
Catherine, Empress, 7.
Chaplin, Peter, 11 n.
_Chatham_, Lieutenant Broughton commands, in Vancouver cruise, 266.
Chesterfield Inlet, 174-175.
Chinook, Indian village, 281.
Chirikoff, Alexei, Bering's second in command, 11, 13, 18, 19, 20, 60;
cruise of, in the _St. Paul_, 45-53.
Christopher, Captain, 175.
_Christopher_, Drake's vessel, 147.
Christy, Silver Map of, 168.
Chukchee Indians, 5, 9, 193, 194, 318.
Clayoquot, Gray at, 227, 232-234.
Clerke, Captain, 181, 203, 206, 207, 208; death of, 209.
Cleveland, Captain, Boston trader, 295, 331-332.
Collectors of tribute, Cossack, 5, 107, 294-296, 299.
_Columbia_, vessel commanded by Captain Kendrick, on cruise to Pacific,
212-213, 215; Gray in command of, 228, 268-269.
Columbia River, Meares searches for, 224; Vancouver misses, 235, 267-268;
Heceta quoted regarding, 235-236; Gray discovers and names, 236-238, 241,
268, 269; Broughton's trip up, 280.
Commander Islands, Bering expedition at, 37-45, 61; sea-otter found on,
67, 76.
Cook, Captain James, 19, 64 n., 78, 127, 128 n., 161, 168, 222, 226, 263,
264, 265; boyhood and youth of, 176-177; seaman on Newcastle coaler, 177;
enters Royal Navy, 178-180; before Quebec with Wolfe, 180; sent by Royal
Society on voyage to South Seas (1768-1771), 180-181; makes voyage round
the world, 181; starts on historic voyage of discovery and exploration,
181; John Ledyard's connection with expedition of, 181-182, 247; terms of
secret commission of, 182-183; Drake's "New Albion" sighted by, 184;
misses Straits of Fuca, 184-185; anchors at Nootka, 186; visits Kyak
Island, 189; in Prince William Sound, 190-191; explores Cook's Inlet,
191-192; sails along coast of Alaska to Cape Prince of Wales, and crosses
Bering Strait to Siberia, 193; verifies Bering's conclusions, 193-194;
explores Norton Sound, 195; stops at Oonalaska, 195-196; returns to
Sandwich Islands to winter, 196-197; friendly reception of, by Hawaiians,
197-199; sailors of, abuse hospitality of natives, 199-200; difficulties
of, over boat stolen by natives, 203; brave stand taken by, and death of,
203-205; authorities for, 209 n.; account of voyage of, leads to sending
out of Robert Gray, 211; Gray's work and its results compared with those
of, 239-240.
Cook's Inlet, sea-otter in, 66-67, 68, 69, 79; explored by Cook, 189-192;
Vancouver's survey of, 287-288; Russian fur traders' doings in, 326-327.
Coolidge, Davis, 214, 230.
Copper Island, 44, 97, 315.
Coquimbo, Drake at, 154.
Cortés, 133-134.
Coxe, William, cited, 61, 82, 105, 295.
Crowning of Drake by Indians, 164.
D
_Daedalus_, Vancouver's supply ship, 266, 282; seized by Sandwich
Islanders and two officers murdered, 284.
Da Gama, Vasco, 134.
Dall, cited, 11 n., 295.
Dartmouth College, courses for missionaries at, 244-245.
Davidson, Dr. George, x, 47 n., 162 n., 168, 290 n.
Davidson, George, member of Gray's second expedition, 230, 240, 241.
Dawson, cited, 290 n.
Dementieff, Abraham, 47-48.
Derby, John, 211, 229.
Derby Sound, 228.
Deshneff, explorer, vii, 296.
Deshon, Captain, 253-254.
_Discovery_, Vancouver's ship, 266; on rocks in Straits of Fuca, 275;
Hawaiian girls onboard of, 284-285.
_Discovery_, vessel commanded by Captain Clerke, in Cook's voyage, 181.
D'Isles, the, geographers, 19, 20, 52.
Distress Cove, 228.
Dixon, George, 78, 209, 227, 254, 290 n.
Dobbs, patron of exploration, 174.
_Dobbs_, vessel for exploration, 174.
Doughty, Thomas, 147; trial and execution of, 148-149, 168.
Douglas, Captain, 223-226.
_Dragon_, Drake's vessel, 140.
Drake, Francis, family and boyhood of, 139; with Hawkins in West Indies,
139; cruises Spanish Main (1570-1573), 140-141; seizes one million pounds
in silver from Spanish at Nombre de Dios, 141-142; first views Pacific
Ocean, 143-144; attacks gold train at Venta Cruz, 144-145; returns to
England, 146; Queen Elizabeth and, 146; starts on historic cruise (1577),
147; Doughty's trial and execution, 148-149, 168; enters Pacific through
Straits of Magellan, 150; driven south by storm, 151-153; discovers Cape
Horn, 153; piratical voyage of, up South American coast, 153-155;
captures _Glory of the South Seas_, 158; plans to return home by
Northeast Passage, 158-159; landfall north of California, 159-161, 168;
gives up idea of Northeast Passage, 161; visits California, 161-162, 169;
welcomed by Indians, 162-163, 169-170; crowning of, 164; calls region
"New Albion," 164; returns to England around Cape of Good Hope (1580),
165; subsequent career of, 166; death and burial of, 166-167, 171;
authorities for, 167 n.
Drake, John, 141, 142, 157.
Drake's Bay, 162, 281.
Drusenin, Alexei, otter hunter, 81, 84; winters at Oonalaska, 88-91;
murdered by natives, 91-92.
E
East Cape, 195, 208-209.
_Elizabeth_, Drake's vessel, 147, 148; returns to England, 152.
Elizabeth, Queen, and Drake, 146.
Elliott, cited, 72 n., 295.
Ellis, explorer, 174-175.
Equator, rites on crossing, 182, 216.
Eskimo Indians, Russian explorers hear about, 6. _See_ Aleut _and_
Kolosh Indians.
F
Fages, Don Pedro, cited, 241.
Fairweather Mountains, 189.
Fletcher, Francis, Drake's chaplain, 149, 154 n., 167; chronicle of,
quoted, 161, 165, 167 n.-171 n.
Foggy Island (Ukamok), 29, 192.
Folger, sailor with Gray, 230.
Formosa, Benyowsky in, 127.
Fort Defence, 233, 325.
Franklin, Benjamin, Benyowsky's meeting with, 128 n.
Fraser River, Vancouver misses discovering, 272-273.
Friendly Cove, 276, 278.
Frobisher, Martin, 159.
Fuca, Juan de, 173, 174, 184, 264, 272; account of legend of, concerning
Northeast Passage, 275 n.
Fuca Straits. _See_ Straits of Fuca.
G
Galiano, Don, 272-273.
Gama, John de, 6 n.
Gamaland, mythical continent, 6, 9, 168, 173; Bering's conclusion
concerning non-existence of, 12, 18; on D'Isles' map, 19; Bering's second
voyage in search of, 22-23; search for, relinquished, 24-25; Cook
demolishes myth of, 181.
Garret, John, 141.
_Glory of the South Seas_, Spanish galleon, 155, 156, 157; captured by
Drake, 158.
Glottoff, Stephen, 88, 96; Korovin rescued by, 104.
Gmelin, scientist, 14 n., 295 n.
_Golden Hind_, Drake renames the _Pelican_ the, 150; cruise on the
Pacific in, 151-165; end of, 166.
Gore, Cook's lieutenant, 190.
Gorelin, Russian sailor, 87, 91 n.
Gray, Robert, character of, 213; sent by Boston merchants on fur-trading
voyage to the Pacific coast, 213-214; departure of, from Boston (October,
1787), 215-216; rounds Cape Horn and reaches Drake's "New Albion,"
216-218; adventures of, in Tillamook Bay, 219-222; sails to Nootka,
222-223; meets Captains Meares and Douglas, 223-225; in spring explores
Straits of Fuca, 227, 235; takes cargo of furs to China and returns to
Boston (August, 1790), 228-229; leaves Boston on second voyage
(September, 1790), 230; winters at Clayoquot (1791-1792), 232-234; builds
sloop _Adventure_, 233, 234, 325; meets Vancouver expedition, 235,
268-270; discovers and names Columbia River (May, 1792), 236-238, 241,
268, 269; goes to China and returns to Boston (July, 1793), 238; death
of, 238; place of, among discoverers, 238-240; authorities for, 240 n.;
later mention of, 264, 272, 286, 322; Lieutenant Broughton's view of
explorations of, 280.
Gray's Harbor, 236, 241.
Greenhow, cited, 241, 290, 295.
Guatalco, Drake stops at, 159.
Gulf of Georgia, 271.
Gvozdef, discoverer, 12 n.
H
Hagemeister, Lieutenant, 335-336.
Hall, Sir James, and Ledyard, 256.
Hancock, Clayoquot renamed, 227.
Hancock, Governor, 229.
Harriman Expedition, the, 72 n.
Haskins, member of Gray's second expedition, 230.
Haswell, Robert, in Gray's expeditions, 214, 216, 220-222, 228, 230, 234,
240, 241.
Hatch, Captain Crowell, 211.
Hawkins, Sir John, 135-139, 166.
Hearne, Samuel, 174, 175, 181.
Heceta, Captain Bruno, 219, 241; quoted regarding Columbia River, 235-236.
Henriquez, Don Martin, 136.
Hoffman, German exile, 108-111.
Hood Canal, explored, 270-271.
Howe, Richard, accountant in Gray's expedition, 214.
Howe's Sound, 274.
I
Icy Cape, Cook names, 195.
Inalook Island, 90.
Indians, Californian, and Drake, 162-165, 169-171.
Ingraham, Joseph, 214, 230, 240, 322.
Isle, Louis la Croyére de l', 19, 20, 209; death of, 52.
Isle of Pinos, 141.
Ismyloff, Russian trader-spy, 118, 119, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128 n.; Cook
meets, 196; treacherous letters of, 208; Ledyard's encounters with, 251,
253, 258, 260-261; in service of Russian American Fur Company, under
Baranof, 322, 323.
J
Japan, charted by Martin Spanberg, 18; laws to protect the sea-otter
moved by, 67; Benyowsky's adventures in, 126-127.
Jefferson, Thomas, Ledyard and, 255, 261-262.
Jervis Canal, 274.
Johnstone, with Vancouver, 266, 271, 273, 275.
Jokai, Maurus, Benyowsky's life told by, 127.
Jones, Paul, and Ledyard, 255.
Juan Fernandez, _Columbia_ repaired at, 217.
K
Kadiak Indians in California, 315.
Kadiak Island, otter-hunting headquarters, 69, 79; Ochotyn at, 124;
Benyowsky visits, 125; Baranof at, 321-329.
Kakooa, Sandwich Islands, 203, 206.
Kalekhta, Aleutian village, 90, 94.
Kamchatka, Bering sails from, 11; Benyowsky in, 113-122.
Karakakooa Bay, Cook at, 197-205.
Kendrick, Captain John, 213, 214, 216, 217, 225, 226, 228, 229, 264, 272,
322; adventures of, on Queen Charlotte Island, 230-232; death of, 238.
Kendrick, Solomon, murdered, 232.
Khitroff, in Bering expedition, 26-27, 30-31, 36.
King, Captain, with Cook, 128 n., 186, 192, 198, 200, 203, 206.
Koah, Hawaiian priest, 198, 206, 207.
Kohl, J. G., cited, 168, 295.
Kolosh Indians, massacre by, 307-310, 332; Baranof's encounter with, 330.
Konovalof, bandit, 327-328.
Korelin, companion of Drusenin, 90-91, 92, 94.
Korovin, Ivan, 88, 96; experiences of, at Oonalaska, 97-105.
Koshigin Bay, 319.
Kotches, Russian boats, 295-296, 297.
Kotzebue, dramatist, takes Benyowsky for a subject, 127.
Kotzebue, Otto von, works by, 295.
Kowrowa, Sandwich Islands, 197, 203.
Kracheninnikof, cited, 295.
Krusenstern, Lieutenant, 295, 311.
Kyacks, Eskimo boats, 68.
Kyak Island, Bering's landfall, 26-27, 47 n.; Cook at, 189; Baranof at,
329-330.
L
_Lady Washington_, the, Gray sails on, to Pacific coast, 213-219; Captain
Kendrick in command of, 228; last mention of, 238.
Langsdorff, cited, 295.
La Salle, vii, 60.
Lauridsen, Peter, authority on Bering, 12 n., 61 n.
La Vérendrye, vii, 7, 19, 60, 177.
Ledyard, Dr., 243 n.
Ledyard, John, corporal of marines with Cook, 181-182, 195-196, 200, 203,
205, 247-252; authority for Cook's voyage, 209 n.; early career of,
242-244; authorities for life of, 243 n., 262 n.; student at Dartmouth
College, 245; works his way to England, 245-246; experiences of, in
London, 246-247; on return of Cook expedition sent to fight against
United States, 252; returns to Groton and deserts from British navy,
252-253; borrows money, goes to Paris, and meets Paul Jones and Thomas
Jefferson, 254-255; in England, 256; walks fourteen hundred miles from
Stockholm around Baltic Sea to St. Petersburg, 257-258; accompanies Dr.
Brown three thousand miles into Siberia, 258-259; joins Joseph Billings'
expedition and reaches Lena River, 260; arrested as a French spy, carried
back to St. Petersburg, and expelled from the country, 260-261; reaches
London and is sent to discover source of Nile, 261-262; dies at Cairo,
262.
Lewis and Clark expedition, 60-61; John Ledyard's influence on, 242, 255,
262.
Lincoln, General, of Boston, 229.
Lisiansky, Captain, 295, 311, 313.
Lok, Michael, 275 n.
Lopez, Marcus, 216, 220; murder of, by Indians, 221.
Lynn Canal, Vancouver's survey of, 288.
M
Macao, Benyowsky in, 127, 128.
Macfie, _Vancouver Island_ by, 295 n.
Mackenzie, Alexander, 219.
Madagascar, Benyowsky's adventures and death in, 127.
Magellan, explorer, 134-135.
Magellan, Hyacinth de, 128 n.
Makushin Volcano, 86, 96-97, 105 n.
Maquinna, Indian chief, 276, 277-278.
Marquette, Père, vii, 7.
Martin, _Hudson's Bay Territories_ by, 295 n.
Martinez, Don Joseph, 227.
_Marygold_, Drake's vessel, 147, 148; loss of, 151-152.
Massacre, of Russians at Oonalaska and Oomnak, 100-105; the Sitka,
307-310, 332.
Mayne, cited, 290 n.
Meares, English sea-captain, 223-226, 227, 235, 254, 264, 267, 272, 273,
322.
_Meares' Voyages_, cited, 290 n.
Medals, the Drake, 168; of Gray expedition, 215, 241.
Medvedeff, Denis, 88, 96, 97-98; murder of, 104.
Medvednikoff, commander at Sitka, 308.
Menzies, 235, 266, 269, 271.
_Mercury_, Cook on the, 180.
Michael, Kolosh chief, 308, 310.
Middleton, Captain, 174.
Morai, the, Hawaiian burying-place, 198, 201, 202.
Morris, Robert, and Ledyard, 254.
Motley, John Lothrop, cited, 4 n.
Mottley, John, cited, 4 n.
Mount Baker, 270.
Mount Edgecumbe, 46-47, 189, 331.
Mount Hood, 280.
Mount Olympus, 235.
Mount St. Elias, 26, 189.
Müller, S., scientist, 12 n., 14 n.; cited, 32, 61, 295.
Murderers' Harbor, 222.
N
Naplavkof, conspirator, 334-335.
New Albion, Drake's, 164, 173, 182, 183, 184; Gray expedition off, 218;
Vancouver's expedition sights, 267; Vancouver takes possession of, 271.
New Archangel, modern Sitka, 314, 333.
New Zealand, explored by Cook, 181.
Nicholson, William, edits Benyowsky's memoirs, 128 n.
Nilow, governor of Kamchatka, 116-120.
Nombre de Dios, storehouse of New Spain, 140; Drake's raid, 141-142.
Nootka, Cook's vessels at, 186-189, 248; Gray at, 223-227, 232, 238;
Vancouver's conference with Spanish at, 276-279.
Nootka Indians, Cook visits, 185-189.
Nordenskjöld, explorer, 209 n., 295 n.
Norfolk Sound. _See_ Sitka Sound.
Northeast Passage, the, 158-159, 172; Drake's conclusions regarding, 161;
Parliament offers reward for discovery of, 174; English agitation over,
174-175, 181; Cook's efforts to discover, 182-196; Captain Clerke decides
there is no, 209; Vancouver's attitude on question of, 265-266; Vancouver
proves the non-existence of, 275, 286-290; the Fuca legend concerning,
275 n.
_Northwest-America_, launching of, 223; seized by Spanish, 228.
Norton, Moses, 175.
Norton Sound, Cook explores, 195.
Nuchek Island, Baranof at, 322-324.
Nutting, Gray's astronomer, 214.
O
Ochotyn, Saxon exile, 123-124.
Ofzyn, Bering's lieutenant, 36, 38, 40.
Okhotsk, Bering's expedition at, 16.
Olympus, Mount, 235.
Olympus Range, 222-223, 268.
Oomnak Island, 84-85; sulphur at, 92; sea-otter on, 98; Korovin's
adventures at, 102-103; Medvedeff and crew massacred at, 104.
Oonalaska, otter-hunting headquarters, 69, 79, 82, 98; sulphur at, 92,
103; Korovin's experiences at, 98-101; Cook at, 195-196; Ledyard's visit
to, with Cook, 250-253.
_Oregon and California_, Greenhow's, 241.
_Oregon and Eldorado_, Bulfinch's, 241.
Oxenham, with Drake, 142.
P
_Pacha_, Drake's vessel, 141.
Pacific Company, 212. _See_ Astor.
Pallas, _Northern Settlements_ by, 295 n.
Palliser, Sir Hugh, 179.
Pareea, Hawaiian chief, 198, 203.
_Pelican_, Drake's vessel, 147, 148; renamed _Golden Hind_, 150.
Perpheela, Ledyard's guide, 249.
"Peso," defined, 154 n.
Peter the Great, 4-10; analogy between Cook and, 176.
Petroff, Ivan, cited, 105 n., 295.
Philippine Islands, Benyowsky's visit to, 126; Drake passes by, 165.
Phillips, marine with Cook, 204-205.
_Phoenix_, Baranof builds, 326.
Pickersgill, explorer, 175.
Pilcher, sailor with Drake, 152 n.
Pintard, John Marden, 211, 229.
Pissarjeff, Major-General, 16.
Pizarro, Francisco, 134.
Pleneser, artist, 41.
Point Breakers, 185.
Point Possession, 271.
Point Turn-Again, 192.
Porter, Rev. E. G., lecture by, 241.
Portland Canal, 228; Gray sails up, 230; Vancouver's exploration of, 286.
Portlock, J. E., 78, 209 n., 254, 290 n.
Port St. Julian, Doughty executed at, 147-149.
Prince of Wales, Cape, 193, 208.
Prince of Wales Island, 228.
Prince William Sound, sea-otter in, 66; named by Cook, 191; Russian
settlements on, 287, 306, 322-329.
Prybiloff Islands, otter and seal found on, 79.
Puget, Peter, 235, 266, 269, 271, 273, 277, 282.
Puget Sound, explored, 270-271, 273.
_Purchas' Pilgrims_, cited, 152, 167, 275.
Pushkareff, Sergeant, 84-88.
Q
Quadra, Don, 238, 240, 273, 322; Vancouver's conference with, 277-279.
Quebec, Cook with Wolfe at, 180.
Queen Charlotte Island, discovered, 227; Captain Kendrick at, 230-232.
R
Radisson, vii, 7, 239.
_Resolution_, Cook's ship, 181-209.
Reward offered by Parliament for discovery of Northeast Passage, 174.
Rezanoff, Nikolai, 306, 311, 314-315.
_Robert Anne_, Benyowsky's vessel, 127.
Roberts, Gray's surgeon, 214, 216.
Ross, Russian California colony, 315.
Russian American Fur Company, 67, 128 n.; chartered, 306; early
vicissitudes of, 307-314; at New Archangel (Sitka), 314; in California,
315. _See_ Baranof.
Ryumin, Ivan, Russian account of Benyowsky by, 129.
S
Saanach coast, sea-otter on, 69.
St. Lawrence Island, 11, 12.
_St. Paul_, Bering's vessel, 17; Chirikoff in command of, 20, 22, 24 ff.,
60; voyage of, 45-53.
_St. Peter_, Bering's vessel, 17, 20, 23 ff.; wreck of, 44-45.
_St. Peter_, the second, 58-59.
_St. Peter and Paul_, the, 113, 117; Benyowsky's cruise in, 122-126.
Sands, Mr., of New York, 254.
Sandwich Islands, Cook's visit to and death at, 196-205; Gray stops at,
228-229; conduct of fur traders who visited, 283-284; Vancouver's actions
at, 284-285.
San Francisco, Vancouver at, 281-282.
Sauer, cited, 27, 260, 295.
Savelief, Sidor, 48.
Sea cows, 41, 53.
Seals, 42, 56-57, 67.
Sea-otter, 42, 53, 56; habitat of, on Aleutian Islands, 63, 66-67, 82-83;
Bering's men reap a fortune from, 63-64, 79; influence of, on exploration
of North Pacific, 65; description of, 65-66; methods of hunting the,
67-78; prices commanded for fur of, 76; figures of numbers killed, 79;
the early hunters of, 80-105; Cook's trade in, 187; Gray's bargain, 228.
Selkirk, Lord, 303.
Serdze Kamen, 12 n., 195.
Seymour, Henry, 243.
Shelikoff, Gregory Ivanovich, 303-306, 315.
Shelikoff, Natalie, 304.
Shevyrin, with Drusenin, 92-97.
Shields, English shipbuilder with Baranof, 325-326, 328.
Shumagin Islands, 30, 192.
Silva, Nuno, Drake's pilot, 159, 167 n.
Silver Map of the World, 168.
Simpson, _Voyage Round World_ by, 295 n.
Sitka, Indians massacre Russians at, 50 n., 307-310, 332; as capital of
Russian America, called Archangel Michael, 306; Russian American Fur
Company founds New Archangel on site of, 314, 333; Baranof's career at,
330-336.
Sitka Sound, Chirikoff in, 46-52; sea-otter in, 66, 79; Vancouver ends
his explorations at, 289.
Snug Cove, 186, 276.
Society Islands, Cook's first visit to, 180-181; second visit, 182.
Solovieff, Cossack hunter, 105.
South Seas, Cook's voyage to, 180-181.
Spanberg, Martin, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 21.
Sparks, Jared, _Life of Ledyard_ by, 243 n., 262 n.
Staduchin, explorer, 296.
Stejneger, Dr. Leo, x, 41 n., 72 n., 295 n.
Steller, George William, 14 n., 20, 23, 25, 26-27, 30, 33, 38-40, 41, 42,
53-55, 60.
Steller's Arch, 39.
Stephanow, Hippolite, 108, 110, 125, 127.
Straits of Fuca, Cook's conclusion as to non-existence of, 185, 222, 264;
Gray sails near, 223; Gray explores, 227, 235, 269; Vancouver's arrival
at and exploration of, 268-270, 273-275.
Straits of Magellan, 135; Drake's passage of, 150.
Sulphur at Oonalaska, 92, 103.
Sunday Harbor, 325.
_Swan_, Drake's vessel, 140, 141, 147.
T
_Taboo_, the, 198.
Tarapaca, Drake calls at, 154-155.
Terreeoboo, King, 197-206.
Texeira, map-maker, 6 n.
Three Saints, Kadiak, Baranof's arrival at, 321-322.
Tillamook Bay, _Lady Washington_ in, 219-222.
Toledo, Don Francisco de, 155-156.
Treat, fur trader in Gray's expedition, 214.
Tribute collectors, Cossack, 5, 107, 114, 294-296, 299.
U
Ukamok (Foggy Island), 29.
V
Valdes, Don, 272-273.
Valparaiso, Drake's raid on, 153-154.
Vancouver, George, vii, 105, 161; midshipman with Cook, 181, 198;
authority on Cook's voyage, 209 n.; meeting with Gray, 235, 268-270; Gray
contrasted with, 239-240; as captain in British navy, sent to explore
Pacific coast of America, 265; ideas on Northeast Passage question,
265-266; sights Drake's "New Albion," 267; misses Columbia River,
267-268, 235; explores Puget Sound, 270-272; misses Fraser River, 272;
explores Straits of Fuca, 272-275; arrives at Nootka, 276; confers with
Spanish representative, 277-279; sails to Columbia River, 279-280; visits
California, 281-282; winters at Sandwich Islands (1792-1793), 283-285;
acts of injustice and justice at, 284-285; returns to American coast and
surveys Portland Canal, 286-287; in 1794 surveys Cook's Inlet, 287-289;
work of, results in explosion of theory of Northeast Passage, 289-290;
authorities for, 290 n.
Vancouver Island, 228, 278.
_Vega_, the, 209 n., 295 n.
Veniaminof, _Letters on Aleutians_ by, 295 n.
Venta Cruz, Drake at, 141-145.
Vera Cruz, Hawkins and Drake _vs_. the Spanish at, 135-138.
Vérendrye. _See_ La Vérendrye.
_Voyage to the Pacific Ocean_, Cook's, 209 n.
W
Walrus, the Pacific, 73; Cook's men hunt, 194-195.
Waters, Abraham, 230.
Waxel, Lieutenant, 20, 24-25, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35-36, 37-38, 41, 42,
57-58, 60.
Williams, Orlando, cited, 4 n.
Woodruff, mate in Gray's expedition, 214, 216.
_World Encompassed, The_, by Francis Fletcher, 167 n.-171 n.
Y
Yakutat Bay, sea-otter in, 66, 79.
Yakutsk, Bering's second expedition winters at, 15; fur traders'
rendezvous near, 107, 259; Ledyard's arrival at, 259.
Yelagin, Chirikoff's pilot, 52.
Yendell, Samuel, 230.
Yermac, Cossack robber, 294.
Yukon, Russian traders on the, 314, 315.
Z
Zarate, Don Francisco de, quoted regarding Drake, 150 n.