[Footnote 72: The Italians had originally landed a "hygienic
mission" at Valona early in the European War, and this of
course developed into something else. That ingenuous
propagandist, Mr. H. E. Goad, tells us (in the _Fortnightly
Review_ of May 1922) that while Nature had made the innumerable
deep-water harbours on the eastern coast of the Adriatic
practically immune from Italy's attack, a landing or raid from
one of them at Ancona, Bari or Barletta would be a vital blow
at Italy, severing vital communications. He therefore justifies
Italy's landing at Valona in that it was a purely defensive
step, made to ensure that its harbour should not be used
against her. He may hold that the seizure of one town is better
than the seizure of none, but from the strategic and political
point of view it would seem that Mr. Goad is an injudicious
advocate.]
[Footnote 73: _Albaniens Zukunft._ Munich, 1916.]
[Footnote 74: _La Sera_, August 6, 1920.]
[Footnote 75: _Giornale delle Puglie_, September 6-7, 1920.]
[Footnote 76: The delegates of the League of Nations were told,
at the beginning of 1922, by the authorities in southern
Albania that it was iniquitous to believe that they would
employ this kind of punishment for political refugees. Did they
not advertise an amnesty to all those who returned within
forty-five days? And in what newspaper, they indignantly
asked--in what newspaper had they published the slightest
threat of arson?]
[Footnote 77: In the winter of 1921 this gentleman was expelled
from his country.]
[Footnote 78: _Albanesische Studien._ Jena, 1854.]
[Footnote 79: _Albanien und die Albanesen._]
[Footnote 80: But this is less rigorously upheld in the towns
if it is a question of their honour or of cash. When, to give
an example, Scutari was occupied by the Montenegrins at the
beginning of the Great War, a Catholic Albanian merchant came
to a Montenegrin lawyer and asked him to institute proceedings
against another merchant who had gravely and publicly insulted
him. The lawyer drew up the complaint, for which he charged the
small sum of 20 perpers (= francs), but although his client was
a wealthy man this fee appalled him; he resolved to take no
further steps. In general, the Scutarenes prefer to suffer
imprisonment rather than part with any money. And the
willingness of the Albanians not to look a gift-horse in the
mouth could often be observed at Podgorica between the years
1909 and 1912, when Nicholas of Montenegro would occasionally
appear in the market-place with a supply of caps and other
articles for the Albanians. These he would distribute, having
first exclaimed: "Ka[vc]ak Karadak Kralj Nikola barabar!" (that
is to say, "The Albanian and the Montenegrin are equal in the
eyes of King Nicholas!"). Ka[vc]ak is a word meaning a brigand,
an outlaw; the Montenegrins apply it to their neighbours, and
these latter, throwing their new caps in the air and cheering
for Nikita, did not mind what he called them.]
[Footnote 81: _Turkey in Europe._ London, 1900.]
[Footnote 82: _Ein Vorstoss in die Nordalbanischen Alpen._
Vienna, 1905.]
[Footnote 83: _Italy in the Balkans at this Hour._ Naples,
1913.]
[Footnote 84: _L'Albanie Independente_, by Dukagjin-Zadeh Basri
Bey. Paris, 1920.]
[Footnote 85: Cf. the _New Statesman_, February 5, 1921.]
[Footnote 86: When the Serbian troops arrived at Pri[vs]tina in
the Balkan War they discovered among the inhabitants of that
place a man who had not left his house for some fourteen years.
We are told (in _The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland,
Ireland_, etc., vol. v. London, 1921) of my Lord Eyre of
Eyrescourt in County Galway "that not one of the windows of his
castle was made to open, but luckily he had no liking for fresh
air." Yet probably his lordship's countenance had not the
pallor of the man of Pri[vs]tina, because "from an early dinner
to the hour of rest he never left his chair, nor did the claret
ever quit the table."]
[Footnote 87: When this account of the incident was published
in my small book, _A Difficult Frontier_, it caused a reviewer,
one I. M., in _The Near East_ to observe, that I "can be
jubilant when a Montenegrin in Yugoslav pay insults a British
officer, Captain Brodie." Since the Editor permits such
hopeless nonsense to appear in his columns one may be excused,
I think, for not taking _The Near East_ very seriously. It is
not worth while informing them how General Phillips of Scutari
dealt with Captain Brodie.]
[Footnote 88: Referring in the _Nation and Athenaeum_ to Sir
Charles's latest work, _Hinduism and Buddhism_ (3 vols.), Mr.
Edwyn Bevan says that "for a lonely student, who had done
nothing in his life but study, the book would have been a
sufficiently remarkable achievement. That a man who has been an
active public servant and held high and responsible offices
should have found time for the studies which this book
presupposes is marvellous. It is a masterly survey.... There
can be few men who have Sir Charles's gift of linguistic
accomplishments, who can not only read Sanskrit and Pali, but
know enough of the Dravidian languages of Southern India to
check statements by reference to the original writings, and add
to this a knowledge of Chinese and Tibetan."]
[Footnote 89: Cf. pp. 72-73, Vol. I.]
[Footnote 90: Cf. _Manchester Guardian_, February 28, 1919.]
[Footnote 91: Cf. _A Political Escapade: The Story of Fiume and
D'Annunzio_, by J. N. Macdonald, O.S.B. London, 1921.]
[Footnote 92: Cf. _Tribune de Geneve_, October 13, 1921.]
[Footnote 93: Those who are curious as to the gentleman's
antecedents may like to refer to my book, _Under the
Acroceraunian Mountains_.]
[Footnote 94: Cf. _La Suisse_ (of Geneva), October 13, 1921.]
[Footnote 95: Cf. _Journal des Debats_, October 15, 1921.]
[Footnote 96: This would be about 18,000 lb. avoirdupois.]
[Footnote 97: Cf. p. 283, Vol. II.]
[Footnote 98: Cf. _Morning Post_ of December 14, 1921.]
[Footnote 99: Cf. _Le Temps_, November 11, 1921.]
[Footnote 100: "Who is this anonymous idiot?... He really ought
to have known better than that," says a reviewer in _The Near
East_. I quite agree. It is pleasant now and then to be able to
agree with a paper which is so one-sided as to admit pro-Nikita
and anti-Serbian diatribes by Mr. Devine, but which refuses to
insert a letter on the other side. "Let us not mix ourselves up
in their domestic affairs," said the Editor to me after an
hour's conversation. And though it is a matter of no
importance, I may mention that he employs a reviewer who,
referring to the map in my book, _A Difficult Frontier_
(Yugoslavs and Albanians)--a map which is most conspicuously
printed opposite the title-page--observes that it "is hidden in
one unostentatious page, which at first sight escapes the
reader's attention altogether."]
[Footnote 101: In the _Samouprava_ of November 12 the whole
case was discussed with his usual lucidity by Dr. Lazar
Markovi['c], one of the ablest and most philosophic men in
Yugoslavia. This ex-Professor of Law is now the Minister of
Justice, and it is to be hoped that he will eventually succeed
in the place of Pa[vs]i['c].]
[Footnote 102: Those who like to hold the Serbs up to contumely
have not a very strong case when they denounce them for now
being on friendly terms with the Christian Mirditi, whereas
they used to be the friends of Essad Pasha; this personage was
at that time the man whose national Albanian policy had the
greatest chance of success. He was the one man who then
appeared capable of establishing a State in which Christians
and Moslems would be fairly represented. But now too many of
the Moslem--and not only they--have adopted an Italophil
attitude which is sadly anti-national.]
[Footnote 103: A later phase was for the Government to
recognize that what Albania must have is the friendship of
Yugoslavia, so that the eyes of the most powerful Ministers
were turned from Rome to Belgrade. Thereupon the Italians, loth
to lose their footing in the country, gave their patronage to
the anti-Governmental parties. It was pleasant to hear in the
summer of 1922 that when the boundary commissioners had left a
lamentable neutral zone between the two countries the Albanian
Government suggested to the very willing Government of
Yugoslavia that they should co-operate in cleansing that zone
of its brigand population.]
[Footnote 104: December 16, 1921.]
[Footnote 105: According to the Geographical-Statistical Atlas
recently published by the German Professor Hickmann the average
loss among the belligerent countries, in killed, wounded and
through diminution of the birth-rate, was 6.5 per cent. At one
end of the list of suffering nations is the United States with
a percentage of 0.4, Great Britain with 3.7, and Belgium with
4.7. Roumania, Italy, Bulgaria and Turkey are all between 6 and
6.5 per cent. France has a percentage of 8.5, Russia has 9,
Germany 9.3 and Austria 11. Above them all comes Serbia with
the appalling percentage of 23.]
[Footnote 106: November 24, 1921.]
[Footnote 107: Cf. "Geographie Humaine de la France" in the
_Histoire de la Nation Francaise_. Paris, 1920.]
[Footnote 108: Cf. _L'histoire illustree de la guerre de
1914_.]
[Footnote 109: _L'Albanie en 1921._ Paris, 1922.]
[Footnote 110: _Under the Acroceraunian Mountains._]
[Footnote 111: M. Gabriel Louis Jaray. Cf. his _Les Albanais_
(Paris, 1920) and his other writings on the Albanians.]
[Footnote 112: Cf. _A History of the Peace Conference of
Paris_. Edited by H. W. V. Temperley, vols. iv. and v. London,
1921.]
[Footnote 113: Elias Regnault, _Histoire politique et sociale
des Principautes Danubiennes_. Paris, 1885.]
[Footnote 114: The more advanced Roumanians of the plain also
apply this term to their countrymen who live among the
Roumanian mountains or, in Serbia, amid the heights of
Po[vz]arevac and Kraina. It signifies a stupid fellow, one from
the wilderness.]
[Footnote 115: February 13, 1919.]