Batrachians, appearance of, 225_The Old Riddle and the Newest Answer

Bats, an evolutionary puzzle, 229, 257

Bee, cell-making instinct, 156, 179

Bickerton, Prof.,--on dissipation of energy, 27 n.

_Biogenesis_, 49, 50

Blanchard, M.--on variation, 164;

on Darwinian argumentation, 181;

on fecundity as a factor in survival, 188;

on the problem of creation, 268

Bolingbroke, Viscount,--on the nature of the first cause, 273

Bridgman, Laura, 77

Bunsen, Chevalier,--on animal sounds and language, 74

Butler, Bishop,--on intelligence as a factor in cosmogony, 100

Carruthers, Mr. W.--on specific stability of _Salix polaris_, 164;

on classification of plants, 214;

on the geological record, 216, 265;

on past history of plant-life, 216 _seq._; on

an assertion of Haeckel's, 221;

on the evidence supplied by fossil plants, 223

Case, Prof.--on the meaning of "fortuitous," 125

Causation, principle of, 2, 87, 94, 107

Cause, the First. See _First Cause_

Chance, 110 _seq._, 151, 174

Cicero--on the evidence for a Deity, 103

Clerk-Maxwell, Prof.--on force and energy, 23n;

on Molecules, 90, 104;

on evidence of design, _ibid._

Clifford, Prof. W. K.--on design in Nature, 101

Clodd, Mr. E.--on atoms, 41

Comte, Auguste--on materialism, 278

Consciousness, origin of, 67

_Cosmos_ and its Cause, 86 _seq._

Croll, Mr.--on force and its determination, 94-96

Crookes, Sir W.--on renovation of energy, 26;

on radium and radio-activity, 42, 43

Cryptogamous plants, fossil history, 219

Crystallization, 63, 64

Darwin, Mr.--on the "law of continuity," 57;

on spontaneous generation, 58;

on the mental gulf between man and brute, 71;

on the origin of language, 79, 178;

on "creation," 91;

on the structure of the eye, 91;

on chance as a factor of the world, 116;

on pain and suffering as an objection to design, 119;

disclaims achievements attributed to him, 150;

his system, 153 _seq._ (see _Darwinism_);

his mode of arguing, 178;

dogmatism, 179;

pleads lack of knowledge as an argument, 182;

on single origin of every species, 210, 254;

on genealogy of the Horse, 259;

on the imperfection of the geological record, 264

Darwinism, 149 _seq._;

false representations of, 149-151;

sketch of system, 151-157;

facts favouring, 158-160;

difficulties of, 160 _seq._;

explains no origins, 161;

ignores the prime factor, _ibid._;

improbabilities, 166, 173;

does not explain initial developments, 170 _seq._;

nor artistic ornamentation, 175;

specious arguments too easily forthcoming, 177;

does not account for organic progression, 187;

scientific opinions concerning, 198 _seq._, 281

Dawson, Sir J. W.--on the first origin of life, 208;

on the history of animal life, 223; on genealogy of the _Equidæ_, 247;

of the _Cetacea_, 257;

of bats,

258;

on lack of palæontological evidence for evolution, 260

Design, evidence of, in Nature, 90, 97 _seq._;

Kant on the necessity of, 150

Determination of force, its necessity, 94-96, 114

Determinism of the will, 81 _seq._

Development of organic types, 146

Dicotyledons, appearance of, 220

Diderot--on evidence of intelligence in Nature, 125

_Dinotherium_, classification of, 259 n

Dogs, their vocal expression of emotions, 73

Du Bois-Reymond, Herr,--on the "Seven Enigmas," 31-33;

on the progress of human development, 68, 69;

on Haeckel's genealogies, 264

_Dysteleology_, 190

Ear, structure of, 93

_Electrons_, 42

Elephant and Tortoise of Hindu astronomy, 107

Embryology and Evolution, 158-160, 192 _seq._

"Energy," 23; conservation of, _ibid._;

dissipation of, 24 _seq._;

renovation of, 26-28

"Enigmas, the Seven," 32

_Entropy_, 25

_Equidæ_. See _Horse_

Ether, a constituent of the universe, 36

Evil, Origin of, the darkest of mysteries, 120

"Evolution," different meanings of term, 8;

as an operative law, 10-14;

eternal, 11;

as a philosophy, 22 _seq._;

formula of, 145

As a process, 45 _seq._

Organic, 142 _seq._;

essential characters of theory, 147, 206;

nature of evidence required, 208 _seq._;

history of in vegetable and animal kingdoms, 216 _seq._

Eye, origin of, 91, 154

Helmholtz, on defects of, 91 n.;

structure of, 155 n.;

evolution of, 168

Fabre, M.--on Darwin's facts, 200 n.;

on our ignorance of Nature, 203

Faraday, Prof.--on gravitation, 125

Final causality (Teleology), 98 _seq._

First Cause, the object of inference, 96, 97;

nature of as shown by reason, 270 _seq._

Fish, appearance of, 225;

problems presented by, 233

Flight, problem of, 93

Flower, Sir W.--on the extinct American horse, 254

Force, nature of, 23

Free-will, Prof. Haeckel on, 33, 81;

Dr. Johnson on, 84

Fuegians, mental likeness to ourselves, 72

Garnett, Prof.--on force, 23

Gaudry, M.--on ancestry of whales, 257;

of bats, 258;

of proboscidians, 259

Genera and species, 244 n.

_Generatio aequivoca_, 65

Generation, mysteries of, 123 _seq._

Geological formations, succession of, 213

Geological record, 216, 264, _seq._

Giraffe, evolution of, 154

Glass, fortuitously discovered, 115

Goethe--on "iron law," 14

Gore, Dr. G.--on machinery as excluding idea of design, 118

"Grand Question," the, 96

Grimthorpe, Lord (Sir E. Beckett)--on matter, 37; on the problem of flight, 93;

on evidences of purpose, 94;

on generation, 124;

on the structure of the eye, 155 n.

Gymnosperms, appearance of, 219

Haeckel, Prof. E.--on "rational view of the world," 10-14;

on the "magic word evolution," 16;

on scientific method, 18, 20;

on the law of substance, 13, 23;

on the conservation of energy, 23, 24, 26;

on the "Seven Enigmas," 33;

on the nature and properties of matter, 35, 39;

on the artificial manufacture of protoplasm, 59;

on free-will and determinism, 81;

on design in Nature, 90, 150;

on chance, 117;

on Monism, 128;

on annihilation as a desirable end, 130;

on the ultimate reality, 135;

unfounded claims on behalf of Darwin, 150;

bases arguments on lack of knowledge, 183;

on rudimentary organs and "Dysteleology," 190;

on single origin of every species, 210;

on the appearance of the _Apetalæ_, 221;

invents geological "ante-periods," 236;

and intermediate forms, 261;

his pedigree of man, 261;

his method of solving the riddles of Nature, 264

Heredity, 83, 99

Herschel, Sir J.--on molecules as manufactured articles, 89;

on evidence of mind in Nature, 100;

on gravitation, 125

_Hesperornis_, 171

Heurtin, Marie, 77

_Hippops_, 246, 252

Hird, Mr. D.--on the omnipotence of Evolution, 14;

on transformations of force, 129

Holland, Sir H.--on structure of ear, 93

Homer, a "half-savage Greek," 69 n.

_Homo alalus_, and _sapiens_, 81

Horse, structure of, 94, 240

Genealogy of, 236, 241 _seq._

Hudson, Dr.--on neglect of

study of present life in favour of evolutionary speculations, 185

Humboldt, W. von--on human speech, 76

Hutton, F. W.--on finite duration of the world, 2;

and of the universe, 28;

on dissipation of energy, 27 n.

Huxley, Prof.--on finite duration of the world, 1;

on the nature of science, 5;

on "Laws of Nature," 16-18;

on Evolution as a philosophy, 21, 22;

on matter, 38;

on the beginning of life, 46;

on faith and verification, 47;

on the fundamental principle of Evolution, 48;

on spontaneous generation, 50-54;

on protoplasm, 59, 60;

on structure of the Horse, 93;

on theism and creation, 100;

on teleology, 102;

on theism and chance, 103;

on the non-existence of chance, 111;

on seeming waste in nature, 121;

on mind and matter, 133;

on Saurian birds, 172;

on _Dysteleology_, 191;

on embryology and ætiology, 197;

on the Darwinian theory, 200, 201;

on facts as the only sound basis of theory, 204;

on the fundamental doctrine of organic evolution, 206;

on evolutionary evidence, 235;

on Haeckel's "Ante-periods," 236;

claims palæontological evidence as demonstrative of Evolution, 239, 261;

his pedigree of the Horse, 236, 242 _seq._;

discussed, 244 _seq._

_Hydra_, structure of, 146

_Icthyornis_, 171

_Inertia_, a property of matter, 39

Inference, 5 n.; 96, 272

Insects, insular, as an argument for Natural Selection, 154, 167

Invertebrate life, history of, 225

Johnson, Dr.--on free-will, 84

Julius Cæsar, his polydactyle charger, 241

Kant--on necessity of design, 150

Keller, Miss 77

Kelvin, Lord (Sir W. Thomson),--on the dissipation of energy, 25, 26;

his Law of Parsimony, 98;

on science and theism, 104, 278

Laing, Mr. S.--on matter and motion, 35

Lamarck--on Nature's witness to God, 279

Language, our "Rubicon," 73;

distinctively human, 73-78;

essential character, 74;

theories as to origin, 79

Lankester, Prof. Ray--on evolution of _Proboscideae_, 259

Laws of Nature--what? 16,

17, 86;

expressions of creative intelligence, 123, 277

Lewes, Mr.--on Laws of Nature, 86

Liddon, Canon--on Laws of Nature, 16

Life had a beginning, 46;

origin of, 46-66;

laws of, 90

Link forms wanting in Nature, 208 _seq._, 228 _seq._

Lodge, Sir O.--on non-purposive Evolution, 202;

on anthropomorphism and the First Cause, 276

Lydekker, Mr. R.--on pedigree of the Horse, 248

Lyell, Sir C.--on the need of creation, 269

Mallock, Mr. W.--on human conduct, 139

Mammals, appearance of, 226;

problems suggested by, 255

Man, faculties, 71 _seq._;

appearance of, 227

Marsh, Prof.--on Evolution, 47;

on _Hippops_, 252

Marshall, Prof. Milnes--on the teachings of Evolution, 15;

on embryology, 159;

on Haeckel's treatment of the same, 195

Marsupials, first appearance, 226

_Materia Prima_, 42 n

Matter, 35;

indestructibility, 13, 23;

properties, 36 _seq._;

constitution, 37, 41 _seq._, 135;

and motion, 39;

dissolution of, 43;

and mind, 131 _seq._

Max Müller, Prof.--on language, 73, 75

Mendeléeff's Periodic Law, 88

Mind and matter, connexion of, 131 _seq._

Mivart, Mr. St. G.--on the gulf between man and brute, 72;

on the essence of language, 74;

on theories as to its origin, 79;

on the ease with which Darwinian arguments can be found, 177;

on embryology of Salamander, 193;

on incompatibility of geological evidence with theory of Evolution by minute and gradual modification, 228, 230;

on evolution of the Horse, 255;

on the failure of apparent links, 267

Mole, evolution of, 181

Molecules, 88;

"manufactured articles," 89;

Clerk-Maxwell on, 90, 104

Monism, 126 _seq._, 278;

and morality, 137;

and Truth, 138

Monocotyledons, appearance of, 219

Motion, as a property of matter, 39

_Myriadism_, a better term for _Monism_, 136

"Natural Selection," what it is, 152 _seq._;

its powers discussed, 165 _seq._;

can produce nothing, 168;

a misnomer, 174. See _Darwinism_.

"Nature," 6

Nebular hypothesis, 11, 45, 48

Newman, Cardinal--on the nature of laws, 17;

on law and causality, 99

Newton, Sir I., his laws of motion, 39;

on evidence for theism, 103

_North British_ Reviewer--on the limits of variation, 162;

on the facility with which Darwinian arguments can be found, 177;

on Darwinism and geographical distribution, 184;

on the "maybe's" of Darwinism, _ibid._;

on incompatibility of geological evidence with evolutionary theory, 228

Obrecht, Martha, 77

_Ontogeny,_ 83 n.

Organic progression--and Darwinism, 186;

not evidenced by palæontology, 234

Organs, vestigial or rudimentary as an argument for evolution, 158, 189

_Origin of Species_, appearance of, 151

Owen, Sir R.--on the _Archæopteryx_, 172

Pain and suffering, as an objection to Design, 119, 121

Palæontology--the only sound basis for evolutionary theory, 204;

its evidence adverse to progressive developments, 234

Paley--his "watch argument" disproved by machine-made watches, 118

Pasteur, M.--on spontaneous generation, 50;

on initial temperature of life, 57 n.

Peacock's feathers and Natural Selection, 155 n., 175

Perrier, M. E.--on the evidence for Evolution, 237

Pettigrew, Mr.--on wings of birds, 93

_Phylogeny_, 83 n.

_Prothyle_, 42

Protoplasm, 59-63

Purpose and natural laws, 122

Quatrefages, M. de--on life and non-life, 63;

on crystallization, 64;

on variation in Nature, 162;

on Darwinian argumentation, 180, 182, 183;

on embryology, 194;

on absence of intermediate forms in Nature, 212, 229

Quinton, M.--new doctrine of life development, 57 n.

_Rana opisthodon_--embryology, 195

Rayleigh, Lord--on atheistic science, 105;

on scientific authority, 109

Reason generates speech, not _vice versa_, 76

Reptiles, age of, 226

Reptilian birds, 171

Rivarol--on God and the world, 279

Robin, M. Ch.--on Darwinism, 198

Romanes, Prof.--on continuity and universality of natural causation, 29, 30;

on origin of language, 79;

on Monism, 129;

on the inadequacy of Natural Selection, 201;

on jealousy of admitting the Creator into creation, 277

Roscoe, Sir H.--on artificial production of protoplasm, 62

Salamander, embryological features, 193

_Salix polaris_, its specific stability, 164, 222

Saporta, Comte de--on parallel development of animal and vegetable life, 228;

on the problem of Creation, 268

Schoolmen, the--on relation of soul and body, 132

Scorpion, maternal and unfilial instincts, 122

Selous, Mr. E.--exemplifies Monistic doctrines, 139 n.

Sensation and consciousness,--origin of, 67

Snakes, embryological features, 194

Species, on evolutionary principles must each derive from a single origin, 210;

isolation of, 211;

and genera, 244 n.

Specific stability in Nature, 164

Spencer, Mr. Herbert--on the beginning of life, 56;

his "Formula of Evolution," 145;

on the process of organic evolution, 147

Spontaneous Generation. See _Life, origin of_

Stephen, Sir L.--on materialism, 78

Stewart, Prof. Balfour--on finite duration of the world, 1;

on dissipation of energy, 25.

See also _Free-will_

Williamson, Prof. W. C.--on missing links, 231;

on an unrecognized factor in life-developments, 232;

on the geological history of fishes, 233;

on genealogy of the _equidæ_, 251;

on lack of palæontological support for the Evolution theory, 260

Wings, as machines, 93

Wollaston, Mr.--on "Nature" as an agent, 108

World, beginning of, 1

_Zeuglodon_, 257

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] _Collected Essays_, i. 35.

[2] _Lectures on Evolution_, Cheap Edition, p. 16.

[3] _Conservation of Energy_, § 210, p. 153.

[4] F. W. Hutton, F.R.S., _The Lesson of Evolution_ (1902), pp. 9-11.

[5] _Nineteenth Century_, February, 1889. p. 173.

[6] This term is now applied almost exclusively to _physical science_,

or that whose province is the observation of phenomena and inferences

directly deducible from them. To avoid confusion, this sense of the word

"Science" will be here adopted: it is nevertheless objectionable

inasmuch as it implies that--as Professor Huxley following Hume would

have it--sound knowledge is restricted, outside the field of

mathematics, to "experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and

existence." But although all premisses or data of inference come to us

first through the gates of sense, there is much, beyond the limits

within which sensible experience is confined, to a knowledge of which

inference can lead us, and of which we become certain before experience

can verify what we have thus learnt. Thus a chipped flint or a fragment

of pottery is universally recognized as evidencing the work of man: a

single page of Virgil would suffice--apart from all other

information--to prove its author to have been both a poet and a scholar:

the shipwrecked mariner cast on an unknown shore argued soundly from the

sight of a gibbet that he had reached a civilized land ruled by law. But

more than this, Science herself proceeds on this principle to the

recognition not only of forces, the character of which is known by

previous experience, but of others concerning which she knows nothing at

all, except through the very effects from which she argues. Thus, as all

bodies left free are found to draw towards one another in a certain

mode, it is concluded with absolute confidence that there is a force

making them do so, although this is in itself utterly imperceptible, and

is known only by the way in which bodies behave under what must be its

influence. Yet, who questions the existence of Gravitation? In like

manner, the phenomena of light force us to admit the existence of the

Ether, as the medium through which its waves are transmitted. Yet, we

are compelled to attribute to this medium qualities apparently so

incompatible that, as the late Lord Salisbury said, Ether remains, "a

half discovered entity." But little as we can realize its nature, we

have no doubt that such a medium exists.

[7] "Value of the Natural History Sciences" (_Lay Sermons_), p. 75.

[8] Italics his.

[9] _Confession of Faith of a Man of Science_, English translation,

1903, Preface, p. vii.

[10] _Riddle of the Universe_, Cheap English Edition, p. 2.

[11] _ibid._, p. 85.

[12] And also, it should be added, travelling bodily through space with

a movement of "translation."

[13] _Ibid._

[14] _Ibid._, p. 2.

[15] The 15th Chapter of Haeckel's _Natural History of Creation_ is

devoted to this point.

[16] _Confession of Faith of a Man of Science_, p. 32.

[17] _Riddle of the Universe_, p. 5.

[18] _Ibid._, p. 78.

[19] _Ibid._, p. 86.

[20] _Ibid._, 134.

[21] _An Easy Outline of Evolution_, by Dennis Hird, M.A., Principal of

Ruskin Hall, Oxford, p. 230.

[22] _Presidential Address_, _Section D_, _Zoology_, Leeds, 1890.

[23] _Riddle of the Universe_, p. 2.

[24] _Ibid._, p. 83.

[25] "Pseudo-Scientific Realism," _Collected Essays_, i, 68, 74-78.

[26] Newman, _Grammar of Assent_, p. 72. A "Law of Nature," as has

already been said, is simply a statement of what _de facto_ has always

been found to occur under certain conditions, and may consequently be

expected again. It is obvious however that such expectation is

implicitly based on the existence of some cause capable of ensuring the

result.

[27] "The Teaching of Natural Philosophy," _Contemporary Review_, Jan.,

1878.

[28] _Lay Sermons_, p. 83.

[29] _Riddle of the Universe_, p. 6.

[30] See Wasmann "Gedanken zur Entwicklungslehre," _Stimmen aus

Maria-Laach_, vol. 63, p. 298.

[31] _Contemporary Review_, ut sup., p. 301.

[32] Professor Weldon, F.R.S., in the _Dictionary of National

Biography_.

[33] _Collected Essays_, v. 41.

[34] _Riddle of the Universe_, p. 75.

[35] Professor Garnett in the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_. By "Force" is

understood "any cause which tends to alter a body's natural state of

rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line." Of the nature of such

causes science professes to know very little, and as Clerk-Maxwell, who

knew as much as most men, sang apropos of a lecture of Professor Tait's:

... Tait writes in lucid symbols clear one small equation;

And Force becomes of Energy a mere space-variation.

[36] Balfour Stewart, _Conservation of Energy_, § 115; by Clerk-Maxwell,

_apud_ Garnett, _ut sup._

[37] Tyndall, _Fragments of Science_, 5th Edition, p. 23.

[38] _Conservation of Energy_, § 209.

[39] Sir William Thomson, now Lord Kelvin.

[40] March 29, 1888.

[41] So of another effort in the same direction Capt. Hutton tells us:

"The last champion in the field is Professor A. W. Bickerton, who thinks

he has found a way in which this dismal conclusion, as he considers it,

may be averted. But he is not very sure about it, and has to assume:

first, that space contains now and always will contain, a large quantity

of cosmic dust scattered through it with some approach to uniformity;

and secondly, that the Universe consists of an infinite number of what

he calls 'cosmic systems,' travelling through space, constantly throwing

off dust in all directions and occasionally colliding. As all this is

pure assumption and highly improbable, I cannot think that Professor

Bickerton has brought forward any serious objection to the theory of the

dissipation of energy, and his hypothesis must be added to the list of

failures." (_Lesson of Evolution_, p. 14, _n._)

[42] _Lesson of Evolution_, p. 14.

[43] _Darwin and after Darwin_, p. 17.

[44] _Riddle of the Universe_, p. 64.

[45] _Über die Grenzen der Naturerkennens: Die Sieben Welträthsel_,

Leipzic, 1882.

[46] _Riddle of the Universe_, p. 64.

[47] Du Bois-Reymond does not say that they are soluble, but only that

he cannot pronounce them "transcendental."

[48] Samuel Laing, _Modern Science and Modern Thought_, Cheap Edition,

p. 19.

[49] _Riddle of the Universe_, p. 86.

[50] _Ibid._

[51] P. 78.

[52] P. 64.

[53] _Origin of the Laws of Nature_, p. 23.

[54] _Belfast Address_, 1874.

[55] _Lay Sermons._ "On the Physical Basis of Life," p. 143.

[56] Professor Tait, _Properties of Matter_, § 108.

[57] _Contemporary Review_, January, 1878, p. 301.

[58] _Story of Creation_, p. 11.

[59] _Edinburgh Review_, October, 1903, p. 399.

[60] Or "primal stuff." This looks remarkably like the old _Materia

Prima_ of the Schoolmen translated into Greek.

[61] _Ibid._ _The Revelations of Radium._

[62] _Ibid._, p. 398.

{_Note._--It is often assumed that the composite character of the

atom--if fully established--must upset the Atomic Theory. This is not

so; all that the new hypothesis does is to go further back in accounting

for the Atomic Theory, and for all practical purposes things remain

exactly as they were; except, indeed, that the dissolution of matter

does away with what was held as one of the most assured conclusions of

science.}

[63] The Nebular Hypothesis itself is, of course, far from being an

established certainty, and is not devoid of grave difficulties. Into

these, however, it is not necessary now to enter.

[64] _Apud_ Gaynor, _The New Materialism_, p. 83.

[65] _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, "Biology."

[66] _Apud_ Gaynor, p. 84.

[67] Professor Marsh.

[68] Professor Dewar at Belfast, 1902.

[69] _Recent Advances in Physical Science_, 3rd Edition, p. 6.

[70] Gaynor, p. 102.

[71] _Lay Sermons_, p. 18.

[72] _Critiques and Addresses_, p. 305.

[73] Being the year in which this passage was written.

[74] Viz. that of the derivation of life from life alone, as opposed to

_Abiogenesis_, or its production from lifeless matter.

[75] See _Fragments of Science_, "Spontaneous Generation," for a full

account.

[76] March 18, 1863. _Life and Letters_, i. 352.

[77] April 30, 1870. _Ibid._ ii. 17.

[78] _Critiques and Addresses_, p. 238.

[79] _Lay Sermons_, p. 18.

[80] _Evolution and the Origin of Life_, 1874, p. 23.

[81] _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, "Biology."

[82] _Fragments of Science._ "Rev. James Martineau and Belfast Address."

[83] _Ibid._ "Scientific use of the imagination."

[84] _Fragments of Science_, "Spontaneous Generation."

[85] _Ibid._ "Rev. James Martineau and Belfast Address."

[86] _Ibid._ "Vitality."

[87] _Nineteenth Century_, May, 1886, p. 769.

[88] Italics mine.

[89] It has been established by Pasteur and others that the highest

temperature at which organic life is possible is 45° _Centigrade_ (113°

_Fahrenheit_). When the globe had cooled to this point from its

primitive molten condition, the epoch of terrestrial life commenced.

According to what is perhaps the latest theory, that of M. Quinton, the

temperature immediately below this, 44° _Centigrade_, remains always the

best for living things, and those creatures are highest in the scale of

life, and consequently the most developed, which have contrived means of

keeping their internal heat at, or about, this level, despite the

refrigeration of their surroundings. In their blood-heat M. Quinton

therefore finds an absolute rule for fixing the relative rank of organic

forms, and the date of their appearance; those whose blood is warmest

being the most recently evolved. The results of this new system are

sufficiently startling. Birds are to be classed as the highest and

newest of all; while man, with the other _Primates_, has to take a much

lower place, the ungulates, including the horse and donkey, and the

carnivora, as dogs and cats, being his superiors. (_La Revue des Idées_,

January 15, 1904, pp. 29 seq.)

[90] To D. Mackintosh, February 28, 1882.

[91] To Sir J. D. Hooker, March 29, 1863.

[92] To V. Carus, November 21, 1866.

[93] To D. Mackintosh, February 28, 1882.

[94] _Riddle of the Universe_, p. 6.

[95] _As regards Protoplasm_, p. 21.

[96] _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, "Biology."

[97] Printed in _Lay Sermons_.

[98] _Nature_, June 5, 1902, p. 121.

[99] _Id. ibid._

[100] _Op. cit._ p. 27.

[101] _Presidential Address_, British Association, 1887.

[102] _Les Emules de Darwin_, ii. 66.

[103] _Op. cit._ ii. 63.

[104] _Darwinism_, p. 474.

[105] The other stages presenting similar difficulties are the 5th and

6th of Du Bois-Reymond's Enigmas, viz. the introduction of sensation or

consciousness (animal life), and of rational thought and speech.

[106] _Contemporary Review_, January, 1878, p. 298.

[107] _Die sieben Welträthsel_, D. 82.

[108] Professor Huxley, it must be remarked, speaks of Homer as a "half

savage Greek" (_Lay Sermons_, p. 12), and intimates a mild wonder that

such a being could share our feelings in presence of nature to so large

an extent as his poems testify. This is undoubtedly a fine example of

the good conceit of ourselves which the pursuit of science is rather apt

to produce.

[109] _Darwinism_, p. 475.

[110] _Descent of Man_, c. ii.

[111] _Ibid._ 54.

[112] In his paper read before the British Association at Oxford in

1847.

[113] _Lessons from Nature_, p. 89.

[114] See Mivart, _Origin of Human Reason_, p. 166.

[115] See Louis Arnould, _Une âme en prison_, and article "An imprisoned

Soul," by the Ctesse. de Courson, _The Month_, January, 1902, p. 82.

[116] _Descent of Man_, i. 57.

[117] i.e. ape-like.

[118] Quoted by Romanes, _Mental Evolution in Man_.

[119] _Ibid._, p. 371.

[120] _Origin of Human Reason_, p. 385.

[121] _Op. cit._ p. 379.

[122] _Riddle of the Universe_, p. 46.

[123] "Ontogeny" signifies the genesis of the individual, "Phylogeny"

that of the race. Accordingly, when rendered into ordinary language,

declarations such as these, unsupported as they are by any evidence, are

found to mean that the development of the individual, tells us all about

the development of the individual, and the development of the race all

about that of the race. Is it really supposed, as it would seem to be,

that such points are scientifically settled by translating terms into

Greek?

[124] _Lavengro_, passim.

[125] _Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy_, p. 38.

[126] _British Association Lecture_, 1873.

[127] _Riddle of the Universe_, p. 93.

[128] _Origin of Species_ (5th Edition), p. 226.

[129] Afterwards (April 17, 1863) Mr. Darwin wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker,

"I have long regretted that I truckled to public opinion, and used the

Pentateuchal term of creation, by which I really meant 'appeared' by

some wholly unknown process."

[130] At a later period Mr. Darwin modified his views as to what he

still termed "that wondrous organ the human eye," writing thus (_Descent

of Man_, ii. 166): "We know what Helmholtz, the highest authority in

Europe on the subject, has said about the human eye: that if an optician

had sold him an instrument so carelessly made, he would have thought

himself fully justified in returning it."

It is perfectly true that Helmholtz so expressed himself (_Vorträge und

Reden_, i. 253, etc., English Edition, "_Popular Scientific Lectures_,"

pp. 219, etc.), adding that "the eye has every possible defect that can

be found in an optical instrument, and some which are peculiar to

itself." These utterances are frequently quoted, but Helmholtz says a

good deal more of which we do not usually hear. He observes, in the

first place, that in speaking as above he did so "from the narrow but

legitimate point of view of an optician." Having then enumerated all the

defects in question, he continues--"In an artificial camera, all these

irregularities would be exceedingly troublesome. In the eye they are not

so, so little troublesome, indeed, that it was occasionally a matter of

extreme difficulty to detect them." He adds that men in general not only

are unaware of the existence of such defects, but can hardly be induced

to credit it. Also that they "almost always affect those portions of the

field of vision to which at the moment we are not directing our

attention." What is still more to the point, he observes, that the

defects noted are all theoretical, while the purpose of the eye is

practical, and that if theoretically more perfect as an optical

instrument, it would be practically less serviceable. To complain that

the eye is not adapted for the special purposes of a microscope or

telescope is like condemning the boats of a sea-going ship because they

lack some of the qualities found in racing outriggers or Rob Roy canoes.

"As concerns the adaptation of the eye to its functions, [adds

Helmholtz,] this is most thorough, and is manifest in the very

limitations set to its defects.... A man of any sense would not chop

firewood with a razor, and we may assume that any elaboration of the

optical structure of the eye would have rendered it more liable to

injury and slower in its development." Helmholtz therefore concludes

that the eye is a product which "the wisest Wisdom may have

pre-designed."

It thus comes very much to Pope's solution:

Why has not man a microscopic eye?

For this plain reason: man is not a fly,--

and in view of his subsequent admissions, Helmholtz's flourish about

returning the eye to its maker looks very like theatrical clap-trap,

unworthy of such a man.

[131] _Life of C. Darwin_, ii. 234. Erasmus Darwin to C. Darwin,

November 23, 1859.

[132] _Animal Locomotion_ (International Scientific Series), p. 180.

[133] _Origin of Laws of Nature_, p. 69.

[134] _Lectures on Evolution_ (Cheap Edition), p. 37.

[135] _Philosophical Basis of Evolution_, passim.

[136] By a _Final Cause_ is meant the predetermined result or end,

towards which a work of intelligence is directed, the end being the

ultimate cause of the whole act. Thus the obtaining a light is the

_Final Cause_ of striking a match: while the striking of the match is

the _Efficient Cause_ producing the light.

[137] _Grammar of Assent_, p. 69.

[138] _Familiar Lectures_, p. 458.

[139] "On the Reception of the 'Origin of Species,':" _Life of C.

Darwin_, ii. p. 187.

[140] _Nineteenth Century_, No. 2. Reprinted in _Lectures and Essays_,

p. 388 (2nd Edition).

[141] _Studies in the Theory of Descent_, vol. ii. p. 710; _vid.

Edinburgh Review_, October, 1902, _The Rise and Influence of Darwinism_.

[142] _Ut sup._ p. 201.

[143] _Sic._ The sense evidently requires either that the "not" should

be deleted, or "prove" be substituted for "disprove" in the preceding

line. This erroneous reading occurs not only in the text from which I

quote, but likewise in the _Critiques and Addresses_, p. 307, where this

passage forms part of the Professor's review of Haeckel's _Natural

History of Creation_, under the title of _The Genealogy of Animals_.

[144] _Life and Letters_, ii. 195.

[145] _Ibid._, p. 467.

[146] _De Natura Deorum_, ii. 4.

[147] _Principia, Schol. Gen._

[148] _Unseen Universe_, p. 47.

[149] _Burnett Lectures_, p. 327.

[150] See report of his words emended by himself, _Nineteenth Century

and After_, June, 1903.

[151] Bradford, 1873.

[152] Montreal, 1884.

[153] _Annals and Magazine of Natural History_, 3rd Series, vol. v. p.

138.

[154] "Reception of 'Origin of Species,'" _ubi sup._ p. 199.

[155] November 26, 1860.

[156] May 22, 1860.

[157] _Riddle of the Universe_, p. 92.

[158] _The Scientific Basis of Morality_, by George Gore, LL.D., F.R.S.,

p. 31.

[159] May 22, 1860.

[160] Bain, _De vi physica_, p. 76.

[161] _Origin of Laws of Nature_, p. 61.

[162] Lord Grimthorpe, _op. cit._ 85.

[163] Letter to the _Times_, June 2, 1903

[164] The term _Monism_, invented by Wolf, originally bore a different

meaning from that in which Haeckel employs it. It was used to signify

equally the materialistic denial of the substantiality of mind, and the

idealistic denial of the substantiality of matter. Professor Haeckel, as

will be seen, maintains that mind and matter are but two names for one

thing.

[165] _Confession of Faith of a Man of Science_ (English translation),

p. 60.

[166] _Ibid._, p. 10.

[167] _Ibid._, p. 3.

[168] _Mind and Motion._

[169] _An Easy Outline of Evolution_, by Dennis Hird, M.A., Principal of

Ruskin Hall, Oxford, p. 184.

[170] _Ibid._, p. 74.

[171] _Confession of Faith of a Man of Science_, p. 51.

[172] _Presidential Address_, _Section A_, _British Association_,

Norwich, 1868.

[173] "Mr. Darwin's Critics." (_Critiques and Addresses_, p. 283.)

[174] _Confession of Faith of a Man of Science_, p. 19.

[175] To what extremes such doctrines must logically lead is illustrated

by Mr. Edmund Selous in his very interesting _Bird Watching_, where he

casually observes, as a matter of course, that the "life-part" of a

tom-tit is as important in the sum of things as Napoleon's (p. 248), and

declares elsewhere, more formally (p. 335)--"Surely, a beautiful

butterfly, that, for all time, charms--and raises by charming--some

number of those who see it, does more good on this earth than any single

man or woman, who, 'departing,' leaves no 'foot-prints on the sands of

time.' Homer, for instance, has left his _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_, and

these have been, and still are, mighty in their effects. But let them

once perish, and Homer will be caught up and overtaken by almost any

bird or butterfly--even a brown one."

[176] _First Principles._

[177] _Riddle of the Universe_, p. 92.

[178] As to the term "Chance" which he frequently used, Mr. Darwin wrote

in one place (_Origin of Species_, Opening passage of c. v.): "I have

hitherto sometimes spoken as if the variations--so common and multiform

with organic beings under domestication, and in a lesser degree with

those in a state of nature--had been due to chance. This, of course, is

a wholly incorrect expression, but it serves to acknowledge plainly our

ignorance of the cause of each particular variation." It is obvious,

however, that this explanation only serves to show that, as we have

heard him confess, Mr. Darwin was anything but a clear thinker, for it

is absolutely meaningless if applied to his mention of "Chance" quoted

in the text above. He could not possibly mean that the mind refuses to

regard the world as the outcome of a cause whereof we know nothing, for

that is just what he thinks it is. Mr. Darwin, in fact, instinctively

recognized, as every man of common-sense must do, that if not due to

purpose, the order of Nature is due to chance, according to the true and

legitimate use of the word, and thus he commonly employed it.

Occasionally however he endeavoured, following Huxley and others, to

defend himself against the reproach of relying upon such a

factor.--_Vid. sup._, c. xii.

[179] Although at first Mr. Darwin appeared to restrict his system to

_species_, very soon, as was but natural, it was extended to the

production of new _genera_, and even of divisions of the organic

kingdoms yet wider asunder. Thus--apart from the most famous instance of

all, treated by Darwin himself in his _Descent of Man_--it is now a

cardinal point with Evolutionists generally that all the higher forms of

life are descended from the lowest, and that even far up the line of

development, creatures apparently the most diverse have sprung from one

identical ancestor. Thus amongst vertebrates it is considered certain

that Birds and Reptiles are branches of the same stock,--and, still

farther on, that at least all placental mammals--bats and whales,

elephants and mice--trace their pedigree to some common progenitor.

[180] _Origin of Species_, v.

[181] _Ibid._, c. vii.

[182] _Ibid._, c. vi.

[183] "I remember well the time when the thought of the eye made me cold

all over, but I have got over this stage of the complaint, and now some

small trifling particulars of structure often make me feel very

uncomfortable. The sight of a feather in a peacock's tail, whenever I

gaze at it, makes me sick." (_C. Darwin to Asa Gray, April 3, 1860._)

[184] It will help to understand the nature of the task thus imposed

upon Natural Selection, to consider what Lord Grimthorpe writes on this

subject (_Origin of the Laws of Nature_, p. 103):

"We take pieces of glass of different kinds and grind them to particular

shapes and set them in a frame and make a telescope, which refracts rays

of light so as to produce an 'image' of a very distant object near our

eye, and that appears much larger when seen through another glass of

proper shape. But we have never yet been able to make one that can bring

all the rays from a single distant point exactly to another point

without confusion. Yet there are many millions of apparently self-made

machines in the world that do it perfectly; and when we cut up one of

them and examine it we find that instead of our large lumps of glass

melted together into a coarse kind of uniformity, this machine has been

built up of an innumerable quantity of particles arranged in peculiar

and complicated ways, some of which have objects that we can understand,

though we cannot imitate them, and others that we do not. Moreover they

are persistently alike in every machine of the same class, and again

some of them persistently unlike those belonging to any other class of

animals. For a long time the retina of the eye used to be called a

membrane, or a kind of thin sheet. Then it was found to be a kind of

brush of which the hairs vibrate under the vibration of the rays of

light; and now these hairs are found by further magnification to be

divided into so many parts lengthwise that a picture of them has to be

as long as the picture of a striped or spotted animal to distinguish

them; and instead of being simply set fast by one end like hairs in a

brush, they pass through several frames or membranes; and of the use of

all these pieces we know nothing. Such is the 'simplicity of nature' in

that organ which next to a stomach is the commonest in all living

creatures; and such is our ignorance of nature yet."

[185] _Ibid._, c. vii.

[186] Although, as bee-keepers soon discover, Mr. Darwin supposed the

workmanship of bees' cells to be considerably more exact and accurate

than usually is the case,--there remains quite enough of architectural

merit to justify his remarks. It may even be said to increase the

mystery that the insects should thus appear to strive towards an ideal,

which they frequently fail to satisfy.

[187] _Ranunculus ficaria._ It is remarkable that in the season of 1904

this plant has ripened fruit profusely in various districts in which

such fruit had for many years been practically undiscoverable.

[188] _Origin of Species_, c. xiv.

[189] _Descent of Man_, Part I, c. i.

[190] _Biological Lectures and Addresses_, p. 202.

[191] _Charles Darwin et ses précurseurs Français_ (1870), p. 120.

[192] _North British Review_, June, 1867. Professor Huxley likewise

declared this criticism to be of "real and permanent value." (_Critiques

and Addresses_, 252.)

[193] _La vie des êtres animés_, p. 102.

[194] Presidential Address Geologists' Association (_Proceedings_, vol.

v. 1875-6). Partly reprinted in _Contemporary Review_, February, 1877,

under the title "Evolution and the Vegetable Kingdom."

[195] See APPENDIX A. p. 280a.

[196] _Variation in Animals and Plants_, p. 343. By H. M. Verney

(International Scientific Series, 88).

[197] J. W. Barclay, _New Theory of Organic Evolution_, p. 90.

[198] Huxley, _Lectures and Essays_ (Popular Edition), pp. 28, seq.

[199] Since Professor Huxley wrote the idea has been completely

discarded that these birds occupy such a place as he assigned them. The

wing of _Hesperornis_, for example, is now declared to be an instance of

_degeneration_ from one capable of flight. None of these fowls can be

considered as the progenitors of any now existing, but all as the

descendants of flying ancestors of arboreal habits, whereof no trace has

yet been discovered. (See Pycraft's _Story of Bird Life_, p. 190.)

[200] _Philosophical Transactions Royal Society_, 1863, p. 36.

[201] This point is well handled by M. Paul Janet, _Final Causes_, 2nd

English Edition, p. 245.

[202] _Descent of Man_, ii. 156.

[203] _Tablet_, May 26, 1888, p. 837.

[204] _Lessons from Nature_, p. 297.

[205] _Descent of Man_, _i._ p. 57.

[206] In later editions (e.g. that of 1888, i. 133) the suggestion is

put in form of a question: "May not some unusually wise ape-like animal

...?"

[207] _Origin of Species_, c. vi.

[208] _Ibid._, c. viii.

[209] It is a grave aggravation of the problem, which need only be

mentioned here, that the bees which make cells are neuters and have no

descendants, while the queens and drones which are the progenitors of

the whole race never do a stroke of work in the course of their

existence.

[210] _Descent of Man_ (1st Edition), ii. 385.

[211] _Ibid._, i. 107.

[212] _Ibid._, ii. 386.

[213] _Charles Darwin et ses précurseurs Français_, p. 151

[214] _Ibid._, p. 167.

[215] _La vie des êtres animés_, p. 161.

[216] Saint-Hilaire.

[217] _Les Emules de Darwin_, ii. p. 82.

[218] _North British Review_, July, 1867, p. 316.

[219] P. 313.

[220] November 5, 1903, _Journal of Botany_, January, 1904, p. 32.

[221] Dr. Hudson, see _Nature_, February 20, 1890, p. 375.

[222] _Origin of Species_, c. xi.

[223] _Op. cit._ p. 59.

[224] _History of Creation_, English Edition, ii. 353.

[225] _The Genealogy of Animals: a Review of Haeckel's "Natürliche

Schöpfungs-Geschichte."_ The _Academy_, 1869. Reprinted in _Critiques

and Addresses_, and _Darwiniana_ (Collected Works).

[226] The Thyroid gland in the throat, the function of which is unknown,

was supposed to be absolutely without use. It is found, however, that

its removal entails _myxoedema_, a condition closely allied to

cretinism.

[227] "Geological Contemporaneity." (_Lay Sermons_, p. 206.)

[228] Mr. Mivart, _Types of Animal Life_, p. 113.

[229] _Les Emules de Darwin_, ii. 13.

[230] Mr. Mivart, _Tablet_, April 21, 1888.

[231] The Mexican _Axolotl_, the _Triton Alpestris_, and probably

others.

[232] _Nature_, March 24, 1892.

[233] i.e. the Science of Causes.

[234] _Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales._

[235] Thus having described in detail a series of experiments as to the

effects of an alteration of diet supplied to the larvæ of various

_hymenoptera_, M. Fabre writes:

"Tout cela est bien autrement grave que les petits riens invoqués par

Darwin." (_Souvenirs entomologiques_, 3rd Series, p. 330.)

[236] _Journal of Linnean Society_, vol. xix.

[237] _Hibbert Journal_, January, 1903, p. 218.

[238] _Revue de Philosophie_, April 1, 1904.

[239] _Souvenirs entomologiques_, 3rd Series, p. 317.

[240] For some further testimonies on this head see Appendix.

[241] _Nature_, September 10, 1891.

[242] _Coming of Age of the Origin of Species._

[243] _De opere sex dierum_, ii. 10, n. 12.

[244] _Modern Idea of Evolution_, p. 97.

[245] Darwin (_Origin of Species_, p. 274, 6th Edition) considers it

"incredible" that the same identical species should originate twice even

under the very same conditions. In the following passage, Haeckel

affirms such unity of origin in respect of a most remarkable species of

wide-reaching affinities.

"All morphologists arrive at the firm conviction that all vertebrata,

from the _Amphioxus_ upwards to man himself, all fishes, amphibia,

reptiles, birds, and mammals, descend originally from a single

vertebrate ancestor, for we cannot imagine that all the different and

highly complicated conditions of life which, through a long series of

processes or stages of development, led to the typical formation of a

vertebrate, have accidentally happened together more than once in the

course of the earth's history." (Address to Munich meeting of German

Association, vid. _Nature_, October 4, 1877.)

[246] _Origin of Species_ (6th Edition), p. 265.

[247] _Les Emules de Darwin_, ii., 76.

[248] _History of Plant Life and its bearings on Theory of Evolution_

(1898).

[249] Harebell.

[250] According to the most recent system of classification, the

Monopetalæ, now re-christened _Sympetalae_, are ranked above the

Polypetalæ, the family of the _Compositae_ being highest of all.

[251] _Proceedings_, vol. v., p. 17, etc. (1875-6). The substance of

this address appeared as an article in the _Contemporary Review_,

February, 1877, entitled, "Evolution and the Vegetable Kingdom."

[252] See Appendix B. p. 284.

[253] _Modern Ideas of Evolution_ (6th Edition), pp. 107, seq.

[254] These first mammals, which were exceedingly small, are supposed by

most naturalists to have been Marsupials. They would appear presently to

have become extinct, no traces of them having been found in the chalk, a

formation so rich in other organic remains. As Professor Marsh tells us

on this subject (_Nature_, September 27, 1877, p. 471):

"Of the existence of Mammals before the Trias we have no evidence,

either in the New or the Old World, and it is a significant fact that at

essentially the same horizon in each hemisphere similar low forms of

Mammals make their appearance. Although only a few incomplete specimens

have been discovered, they are characteristic and well preserved, and

all are apparently marsupials; the lowest mammalian group known in

America, living or fossil. The American Triassic mammals are known at

present only from two small lower jaws, on which has been founded the

genus _Dromotherium_, supposed to be related to the insect-eating

_Myrmecobius_, now living in Australia. Although the fauna of Europe

have yielded other similar mammals for the Oolite, America has as yet

none of this class from that formation, while from the rocks of

cretaceous age, no mammals are known in any part of the world."

[255] P. 118.

[256] P. 105.

[257] _Le monde des plantes avant l'apparition de l'homme_, p. 34.

[258] _Genesis of Species_, p. 129.

[259] _Charles Darwin_, p. 185.

[260] _Genesis of Species_, p. 130.

[261] _Types of Animal Life_, 149.

[262] _Genesis of Species_, p. 132.

[263] "Primeval Vegetation in its relation to the Doctrine of Natural

Selection and Evolution" (_Essays and Addresses_, Owen's College,

Manchester, p. 251).

[264] "Succession of Life on Earth." (_Half-hour Recreations_, 2nd

Series, p. 329.)

[265] _Essays and Addresses_, Owen's College, Manchester, p. 220, note.

[266] See note, p. 238.

[267] "Geological Contemporaneity," 1862. (_Lay Sermons_, p. 222.)

[268] "Palæontology and Evolution," 1876. (_Critiques and Addresses_, p.

182.)

[269] P. 187.

[270] P. 192.

[271] _Genealogy of Animals._

[272] _Natural History of Creation._

[273] _Le Transformisme_, pp. 337-340.

[274] _Lectures on Evolution_, New York, 1876. Cheap Edition, p. 43.

[275] _Coming of Age of the Origin of Species_, etc.

[276] _Essays on Controverted Questions_, p. 450.

[277] "Utebatur autem equo insigni, pedibus prope humanis, et in modum

digitorum ungulis fissis; quem natum apud se, cum haruspices imperium

orbis terrae significare domino pronuntiassent, magna cura aluit."

(Suetonius, _Julius_, 61.)

[278] The _radius_ and _ulna_ are the two bones of the forearm above the

wrist; the _tibia_ and _fibula_ the corresponding bones of the leg above

the ankle. In the horse, the _ulna_ and _fibula_ are almost, but not

quite, lost.

[279] Animals and plants are placed in different _species_ when the

differences between them are only _relative_; in different _genera_,

when such differences are _absolute_. Thus, for example, the size of

teeth is considered relative; the number of teeth absolute.

[280] _American Journal of Science and Arts_, 3rd Series, vol. 43

(1892), p. 351.

[281] _Modern Ideas of Evolution_, p. 119.

[282] _Types of Animal Life_, 205.

[283] Nicholson and Lydekker's _Manual of Palæontology_, ii. 1362.

[284] _Origin of Species_, c. xi.

[285] _Lydekker_, p. 1361.

[286] _Evolution of the Horse_, 12.

[287] "Succession of Life on Earth" (_Recreations in Popular Science_,

2nd Series, p. 339).

[288] British Museum (_Nat. Hist._) _Guide to fossil mammals and birds_,

p. 38.

[289] _American Journal of Science and Art_, 3rd Series, vol. 43 (1892),

p. 351.

[290] _The Evolution of the Horse_, p. 16.

[291] _Lydekker_, _ut sup._ p. 1363.

[292] Sir W. Flower, _The Horse_, p. 74.

[293] "It is a consequence of the theory of Natural Selection that

identity of structure involves community of descent; a given result can

only be arrived at through a given sequence of events; the same

morphological goal cannot be reached by two independent paths." Milnes

Marshall, _Biological Lectures_, 247.

[294] _Origin of Species_, c. xi. "Geological Succession of Organic

Beings."

[295] _Tablet_, April 21, 1888, p. 637.

[296] _Catalogue of Mammals_, etc., _ut sup._ p. 38.

[297] _Chain of Life_, p. 222.

[298] _Les Enchainements du Monde Animal_ ... Mammifères Tertiaires.

[299] _Chain of Life_, 227.

[300] It is the "fingers" of the bat's "hand" which support the wing

membrane. Hence the scientific name _Cheiroptera_.

[301] E.g. Dinotherium giganteum and Elephas meridionalis. (Vid. Gaudry,

_op. cit._ 169.)

[302] Lecture at Royal Institution, January 2, 1904.

[303] A remarkable instance of the need of caution is furnished by the

history of the Dinotherium itself. From the teeth, first found, Cuvier

set down the animal as a monster Tapir. Then, a whole skull being

discovered, Herr Kaup of Darmstadt, commenting upon the danger of such a

proceeding, himself classed the beast among the Edentata (Sloths, etc.),

and afterwards among the Hippopotami. Buckland and Strauss thought it

must have been an aquatic creature; Blainville and Pictet labelled it a

Manatee, or sea-cow. (Vid. Gaudry, _op. cit._ 187-9.)

[304] _Op. cit._ p. 191.

[305] Milnes Marshall, _Lectures on Darwinian Theory_, p. 66.

[306] See Appendix C. p. 285.

[307] _Modern Ideas of Evolution_, c. iv.

[308] "Primeval Vegetation in its relation to the Doctrine of Natural

Selection and Evolution." (_Essays and Addresses_, Owen's College,

Manchester, p. 200.)

[309] _History of Creation_, ii. 92, English Edition.

[310] _Ibid._, p. 295.

[311] _Les Emules de Darwin_, ii. 76.

[312] As an instance M. de Quatrefages cites Haeckel's own words, from

his _Anthropogenie_. "The Vertebrate Ancestor No. 15, akin to the

Salamanders, must have been a species of Saurian (Lizard). There remains

to us no fossil relic of this animal; in no respect did he resemble any

form actually existing. Nevertheless, comparative anatomy and ontogeny

authorize us in affirming that he once existed. We will call this animal

_Protamnion_."

[313] _Ibid._, p. 122.

[314] _Revue Scientifique_ (1886), p. 486.

[315] _Ibid._ (1877), I. 1101.

[316] _Origin of Species_, c. x.

[317] _Genesis of Species_, p. 134.

[318] _Le monde des plantes avant l'apparition de l'homme_, p. vi.

[319] _Op. cit._, p. 288.

[320] _Life of Darwin_, ii. 193.

[321] _Epistle_ I--to Pope.

[322] _Hibbert Journal_, January, 1903.

[323] _Order of Nature_, p. 239.

[324] _Thoughts on Religion_, p. 123.

[325] _Presidential Address_, British Association, 1871.

[326] _Système Analytique des Connaissances positives de l'homme_

(1830), pp. 8, 43.

[327] _North American Slime Moulds_, Introduction, p. II.

[328] Bloud's _Science et Religion_, No. 431, pp. 50, seq.

[329] _Traité de Microbiologie_, I., p. 253. Also the Magazine

_Broteria_ (Lisbon), Vol. vi., 1907, Botany, p. 23.

[330] See _Nature_, June 4, 1903, p. 113, in notice of a paper on the

subject by Professor F. W. Oliver and Dr. D. H. Scott, F.R.S.

[331] _Linnean Society's Proceedings_, May 3, 1906.

[332] See the _Congress Report_, vol. iv.

[333] _Transactions American Philosophical Society_ (N.S.), 18, 1896,

pp. 119, 120.

[334] _The Origin and Influence of the Thorough-bred Horse._ Cambridge,

1905.