Royal Exchange, the Mansion House, and Bank of England, all of which
merit attention. The official residence of the Lord Mayor--associated
with the magnificent hospitality of the city, with the memory of many
distinguished men who have held the office of Chief Magistrate, and
with the innumerable charitable schemes which have been initiated
there--was built by Dance, and completed in 1753. It is in the Italian
style, and resembles a Palladian Palace. Its conspicuous front, with
Corinthian columns supporting a pediment, in the centre of which is a
group of allegorical sculpture, is well known to all frequenters of
the city. Formerly it had an open court, but this has been roofed over
and converted into a grand banquetting hall, known as the Egyptian
Hall. There are other dining rooms, a ball room, and drawing room, all
superbly decorated, and the Mansion House is a worthy home for the Lord
Mayor of London.
The Bank of England commenced its career in 1691; founded by William
Paterson, a Scotsman, and incorporated by William III. The greatest
monetary establishment in the world at first managed to contain its
wealth in a single chest, not much larger than a seaman's box. Its
first governor was Sir John Houblon, who appears largely in the recent
interesting volume on the records of the Houblon family, and whose
house and garden were on part of the site of the present bank. The
halls of the mercers and grocers provided a home for the officials in
their early dealings. The site of the bank was occupied by a church,
St. Christopher-le-Stocks, three taverns, and several houses. These
have all been removed to make room for the extensions which from time
to time were found necessary. The back of the Threadneedle Street front
is the earliest portion--built in 1734, to which Sir Robert Taylor
added two wings; and then Sir John Soane was appointed architect, and
constructed the remainder of the present buildings in the Corinthian
style, after the model of the Temple of the Sibyl at Tivoli. There
have been several subsequent additions, including the heightening of
the Cornhill front by an attic in 1850. There have been many exciting
scenes without those sombre-looking walls. It has been attacked by
rioters. Panics have created "runs" on the bank; in 1745 the managers
just saved themselves by telling their agents to demand payment for
large sums in sixpences, which took a long time to count, the agents
then paying in the sixpences, which had to be again counted, and thus
preventing _bonâ-fide_ holders of notes presenting them. At one time
the corporation had a very insignificant amount of money in the bank,
and just saved themselves by issuing one pound notes. The history of
forgeries on the bank would make an interesting chapter, and the story
of its defence in the riots of 1780, when old inkstands were used as
bullets by the gallant defenders, fills a page of old-world romance.
[Illustration: THE ROYAL EXCHANGE.
_Engraved by Hollar, 1644._]
But interesting as these buildings are, their stories pale before
that of the Royal Exchange. The present building was finished in
1844, and opened by her late Majesty Queen Victoria with a splendid
state and civic function. Its architecture is something after the
style of the Pantheon at Rome. Why the architects of that and earlier
periods always chose Italian models for their structures is one of the
mysteries of human error; but, as we have seen, all these three main
buildings in the heart of the city are copied from Italian structures.
William Tite was the architect, and he achieved no mean success. The
great size of the portico, the vastness of the columns, the frieze and
sculptured tympanum, and striking figures, all combine to make it an
imposing building. Upon the pedestal of the figure of "Commerce" is the
inscription: "The earth is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof." The
interior has been enriched by a series of mural paintings, representing
scenes from the municipal life of London, the work of eminent artists.
This exchange is the third which has stood upon this site. The first
was built by Sir Thomas Gresham, one of the famous family of merchants
to whom London owes many benefits. It was a "goodly Burse," of Flemish
design, having been built by a Flemish architect and Flemish workmen,
and closely resembled the great Burse of Antwerp. The illustration,
taken from an old engraving by Hollar, 1644, shows the building with
its large court, with an arcade, a corridor or "pawn" of stalls above,
and, in the high-pitched roof, chambers with dormer windows. Above
the roofs a high bell-tower is seen, from which, at twelve o'clock at
noon and at six in the evening, a bell sounded forth that proclaimed
the call to 'Change. The merchants are shown walking or sitting on the
benches transacting their business. Each nationality or trade had its
own "walk." Thus there were the "Scotch walk," "Hanbro'," "Irish,"
"East country," "Swedish," "Norway," "American," "Jamaica," "Spanish,"
"Portugal," "French," "Greek," and "Dutch and Jewellers'" walks. When
Queen Elizabeth came to open the Exchange, the tradesmen began to use
the hundred shops in the corridor, and "milliners or haberdashers sold
mouse-traps, bird-cages, shoeing-horns, Jews' trumps, etc.; armourers,
that sold both old and new armour; apothecaries, booksellers,
goldsmiths, and glass-sellers." The Queen declared that this beautiful
building should be no longer called the Burse, but gave it the name
"The Royal Exchange." In the illustration some naughty boys have
trespassed upon the seclusion of the busy merchants, and the beadle is
endeavouring to drive them out of the quadrangle.
This fine building was destroyed by the Great Fire, when all the
statues fell down save that of the founder, Sir Thomas Gresham. His
trustees, now known as the Gresham Committee, set to work to rebuild
it, and employed Edward German as their architect, though Wren gave
advice concerning the project. As usual, the citizens were not very
long in accomplishing their task, and three years after the fire the
second Exchange was opened, and resembled in plan its predecessor. Many
views of it appear in the Crace collection in the British Museum. In
1838 it was entirely destroyed by fire. In the clock-tower there was
a set of chimes, and the last tune they played, appropriately, was,
"There's nae luck about the house." As we have seen, in a few years the
present Royal Exchange arose, which we trust will be more fortunate
than its predecessors, and never fall a victim to the flames.
* * * * *
There is much else that we should like to see in Old London, and record
in these Memorials. We should like to visit the old fairs, especially
Bartholomew Fair, Smithfield, either in the days of the monks or with
my Lady Castlemaine, who came in her coach, and mightily enjoyed a
puppet show; and the wild beasts, dwarfs, operas, tight-rope dancing,
sarabands, dogs dancing the Morrice, hare beating a tabor, a tiger
pulling the feathers from live fowls, the humours of Punchinello, and
drolls of every degree. Pages might be written of the celebrities of
the fair, of the puppet shows, where you could see such incomparable
dramas as _Whittington and his Cat_, _Dr. Faustus_, _Friar Bacon_,
_Robin Hood and Little John_, _Mother Shipton_, together with "the
tuneful warbling pig of Italian race." But our pageant is passing,
and little space remains. We should like to visit the old prisons. A
friend of the writer, Mr. Milliken, has allowed himself to be locked
in all the ancient gaols which have remained to our time, and taken
sketches of all the cells wherein famous prisoners have been confined;
of gates, and bars, and bolts and doors, which have once restrained
nefarious gaol-birds. Terrible places they were, these prisons, wherein
prisoners were fleeced and robbed by governors and turnkeys, and, if
they had no money, were kicked and buffeted in the most merciless
manner. Old Newgate, which has just disappeared, has perhaps the most
interesting history. It began its career as a prison in the form of a
tower or part of the city gate. Thus it continued until the Great Fire,
after which it was restored by Wren. In our illustration of the old
gatehouse, it will be seen that it had a windmill at the top. This was
an early attempt at ventilation, in order to overcome the dread malady
called "gaol distemper," which destroyed many prisoners. Many notable
names appear on the list of those who suffered here, including several
literary victims, whose writings caused them grievous sufferings.
The prison so lately destroyed was designed by George Dance in 1770.
A recent work on architecture describes it as almost perfect of its
kind. Before it was completed it was attacked by the Gordon rioters,
who released the prisoners and set it on fire. It was repaired and
finished in 1782. Outwardly so imposing, inwardly it was, for a long
period, one of the worst prisons in London, full of vice and villainy,
unchecked, unreformed; while outside frequently gathered tumultuous
crowds to see the condemned prisoners hanged. We might have visited
also the debtors' prisons with Mr. Pickwick and other notables, if
our minds were not surfeited with prison fare; and even followed the
hangman's cart to Tyburn, to see the last of some notorious criminals.
Where the Ludgate Railway Station now stands was the famous Fleet
prison, which had peculiar privileges, the Liberty of the Fleet
allowing prisoners to go on bail and lodge in the neighbourhood of
the prison. The district extended from the entrance to St. Paul's
churchyard, Old Bailey, Ludgate Hill, to the Thames. Everyone has heard
of the Fleet marriages that took place in this curious neighbourhood.
On the other side of New Bridge Street there was a wild district called
Alsatia, extending from Fleet Street to the Thames, wherein, until
1697, cheats and scoundrels found a safe sanctuary, and could not be
disturbed.
Again, we should like to visit the old public gardens, Vauxhall and
Ranelagh, in company with Horace Walpole, or with Miss Burney's
_Evelina_ or Fielding's _Amelia_, and note "the extreme beauty and
elegance of the place, with its 1,000 lamps"; "and happy is it for me,"
the young lady remarks, "since to give an adequate idea of it would
exceed my power of description."
But the pageant must at length pass on, and we must wake from the
dreams of the past to find ourselves in our ever growing, ever
changing, modern London. It is sufficient for us to reflect sometimes
on the past life of the great city, to see again the scenes which took
place in the streets and lanes we know so well, to form some ideas of
the characters and manners of our forefathers, and to gather together
some memorials of the greatest and most important city in the world.
FOOTNOTES:
[11] _Cf._ _Cathedral Churches of Great Britain._ (Dent & Co.)
[12] _Cf._ Mr. Philip Norman's notes on a recent lecture by Mr. Arthur
Keen. _Architect_, December 27th, 1907.
INDEX
Abbey, Bermondsey, ii., 46
Abbot of Westminster and monks in Tower prison, i., 59
---- of Malmesbury, i., 159
Actor, Thomas Davies the, ii., 178
Addison at Wills' Coffee-house, ii., 178
Albemarle Club, ii., 110
---- Monk, Duke of, ii., 75
Albus, Liber, i., 122
Aldermanbury, St. Mary, ii., 31
Aldersgate, i., 21
Aldgate, i., 24; ii., 39
Aldwych, ii., 208
Alfred Club, ii., 107
---- the Great, i., 13, 19, 111
All Hallows Barking ii., 204
---- Staining, Mark Lane, ii., 205
---- the More, Church of, i., 230
Alpine Club, ii., 110
Alsatia, ii., 36
Anecdote of Charles II. and the Chaplains' dinner, ii., 62
"Angel Inn," Wych Street, ii., 131
Anglo-Saxon houses, i., 114
Anlaf the Dane, i., 10
Anthropological Institute, ii., 163
---- Society, ii., 162
Antiquaries, Society of, ii., 150, 153
Apothecaries' Company, i., 200
Apprentices of London, i., 123
---- dress of, i., 124
---- flogging of, i., 124
Archæological Association, British, ii., 163
---- Institute, ii., 164
Archbishop of Canterbury, William de Corbeil, i., 68
Archdeacon Hale, reforms of, i., 103
Archery, ii., 43
Architect, George Dance, i., 182
---- of Palace of Westminster, ii., 2
---- of Tower, Gundulf, i., 32, 33
Architecture, Crusaders' influence on, i., 134
_Armory, London's_, i., 240
Armourers' and Braziers' Company, i., 200, 201
Arms of the City and See of London, i., 233
Army and Navy Club, ii., 102
Arsenal, Tower an, i., 56, 60
Arthur's Club, ii., 101
Artillery Street, ii., 212
Artists, Blackfriars as abode of, ii., 49
Artizans' Houses, i., 125
Arts, Society of, ii., 154
Arundel House, ii., 216
Asiatic Society, Royal, ii., 158
Associates of the Temple, i., 136
Association, British Archæological, ii., 163
---- for the Advancement of Science, British, ii., 158
Associations of Covent Garden, Literary, ii., 178
---- of Pall Mall, Literary, ii., 179
---- of St. James' Street, Literary, ii., 180
---- of the Temple, Literary, i., 146
Athenæum Club, ii., 105
Augustine Friars, ii., 36
August Society of the Wanderers Club, ii., 101
Aulus Plautius, i., 6
Austin Friars, ii., 27, 217
Authors' Club, ii., 110
Authors of the Temple, ii., 174
Ave Mary Lane, ii., 215
Avenue, Northumberland, ii., 215
"Axe" Inn, Aldermanbury, ii., 131
Axe Yard, Westminster, ii., 54
Bacon, Sir Francis, i., 101
Bacon's Inn, i., 174
Bailey, Old, i., 25; ii., 212
Bakers' Company, i., 201
Bank of England, ii., 217
Bankside, ii., 45
"Banqueting Hall," Tower, i., 35
Banqueting House, Whitehall, ii., 14
Banquets, City, i., 188
Barbers', or Barber Surgeons' Company i., 201
Barbican, ii., 212
---- destroyed, i., 53
Barges of City Companies, i., 195
Barnard's Inn, i., 168
Barry, Sir Charles, ii., 2
Bars, London, ii., 52
Bartholomew Fair, ii., 220
---- the Great, St., Smithfield, i., 66
Basilica, Roman, i., 7
Bath Club, ii., 110
---- Roman, i., 7
"Batson's" Coffee-house, ii., 137
Battle at Crayford, i., 14
Baynard Castle, i., 30, 122; ii., 213
Bear-baiting, ii., 44, 47
Bear Garden, ii., 47
Beauchamp, Monument of Sir John, i., 118
Beauvale, Nottinghamshire, i., 87
"Bedford" Coffee-house, ii., 137, 138
Bedford, Earls of, ii., 216
"Bell and Crown" Inn, Holborn, ii., 125
"Bell" Inn, Warwick Lane, ii., 131
Bell Inn, ii., 114
Bells of Bow, The, ii., 210
Belmie, Richard de, Bishop of London, i., 68
Berkeley House, ii., 53
Bermondsey Abbey, ii., 46
Berwick Bridge and Bribery, i., 101
Bethnal Green, ii., 53
Billingsgate, i., 8, 126; ii., 21
Bishop of London, Mellitus, first, i., 16
---- Richard de Belmies, i., 68
Bishopsgate, i., 18, 228; ii., 183
Bishops of London, seals of, i., 236
Bishops' houses, ii., 216
Bishopric of London, i., 89
Black death, i., 88
Blackfriars, ii., 47, 217
---- abode of artists, ii., 49
---- Bridge, ii., 95
---- Glovers in, ii., 49
---- playhouse near, ii., 48
---- Shakespeare's house in, ii., 50
---- Vandyke's studio in, ii., 49
Blacksmiths' Company, i., 201
Blackwell Hall, i., 183
Blake, William, poet, painter, ii., 176
Bloody Gate Tower, i., 47, 61
"Blossoms" Inn, ii., 131
"Blue Boar" Inn, ii., 118
"Boar's Head" Inn, ii., 168
"Bolt-in-Tun" Inn, Fleet Street, ii., 127
Bolton, William, prior of St. Bartholomew, i., 76
Bonfires, ii., 41
Boodle's Club, ii., 101
Borough, The, ii., 166
Boswell, ii., 176
Bow Bells, ii., 210
Bowyers' Company, i., 201
Braziers' Company, Armourers' and, i., 200, 201
Bread Street, ii., 30
---- John Milton born in, ii., 170
Brewers' Company, i., 201
Bribery and Berwick Bridge, i., 101
---- Extraordinary, i., 101
Brick building by the Hansa, i., 229
Bridewell, ii., 6
---- Hospital, ii., 49, 196
---- Palace of, ii., 48
Bridge, Blackfriars, ii., 95
---- Chapel, ii., 88, 90
---- Gate, ii., 88, 90
---- Old London, i., 6, 10, 125
---- of London, ii., 21, 24, 28
---- St. Thomas of the, ii., 24
---- Southwark, ii., 82, 97
---- Waterloo, ii., 97
---- Westminster, ii., 94
"Bridge House Estates," ii., 87
British Archæological Association, ii., 163
---- Association for the Advancement of Science, ii., 158
Broad Street, ii., 36
Broderers' Company, i., 201
Brontë, Charlotte and Anne, ii., 171
Brook, Turnmill, i., 149
Brooks's Club, ii., 101, 103
_Brooks's, Memorials of_, ii., 103
Brown, Dr. Haig, i., 104
Buckingham Palace, ii., 15
Bucklersbury, ii., 30
Builder of Tower of London, Gundulf, i., 32, 33
---- Westminster Bridge, Labelye, ii., 94
Building, Goldsmith, i., 146
---- Lamb, i., 147
---- operations at the Tower, Henry III., i., 50
---- Wren's, i., 144
Buildings, Craven, ii., 216
---- Harcourt, i., 146
---- Johnson's, i., 146
---- Mitre Court, i., 147
"Bull and Mouth" Inn, St. Martin's-le-Grand, ii., 129
Bull-Baiting, ii., 46
"Bull" Inn, ii., 119
---- in Bishopsgate Street, ii., 121
Burbage, James, ii., 45
Burleigh Street, ii., 215
Burlington House, ii., 53
Butler, Samuel, ii., 179
Button's Coffee-house, ii., 99
Byron, Lord, ii., 180
Camden's description of St. Paul's Cathedral, ii., 33
Candlewick Street, ii., 213
Cannon Street, i., 116
Canterbury, William de Corbeil, Archbishop of, i., 68
Capital of Kings of Essex, i., 12
Cardinal Wolsey, ii., 13
---- Wolsey's Palace, i., 116
Carlton Club, ii., 108
Carpenters' Company, i., 200, 202
Carthusian house, first, i., 87
---- Order, i., 86
Carved woodwork in City Churches, ii., 207
Cassius, Dion, i., 3
Castle, Baynard, i., 30, 122; ii., 213
Castles of earth and timber, Early, i., 49
Cathedral, St. Paul's, i., 16, 24
"Catherine Wheel" Inn, ii., 123
Cedd, St., i., 16
Celtic London, i., 1-5
---- site of, i., 2
Chair in Fishmongers' Hall, ii., 92
Chancery, difference between the Inns of Court and, i., 161
---- Holborn and the Inns of Court and, i., 149, 177
---- Inns of, i., 167
---- Lane, i., 133, 153
Change, Old, ii., 32
Chantry Chapel of St. Bartholomew, built by de Walden, i., 72
Chapel, Bridge, ii., 88, 90
---- Guildhall, i., 182
---- London Bridge, ii., 24
---- of St. John, i., 36
---- of St. Peter and Vincula, i., 42, 49, 57
---- Pardon Churchyard and, i., 88
---- Royal, at St. James's Palace, ii., 12
---- Savoy, ii., 4
"Chapter" Coffee-house, ii., 137, 139
Charing Cross, the "Rummer" in, ii., 179
---- "Three Tuns" at, ii., 71
Charles I. a prisoner in St. James's Palace, ii., 9
---- his execution, ii., 10
Charles II. and the Chaplains' dinner, anecdote of, ii., 62
---- Evelyn's description of Restoration of, ii., 55
Charles the Martyr, ii., 10
Charnel-house, St. Bartholomew, i., 78
Charter of William I., i., 22
Charterhouse, i., 86
---- alterations in sixteenth century, i., 97
---- ejection of schoolmaster, i., 103
---- fifteenth century plan of, i., 94
---- Hospital, i., 98
---- John Houghton, Prior of, i., 91
---- Monastery, destruction of, i., 93
---- Palace, i., 94
---- Refectory, i., 94
---- reforms of Archdeacon Hale, i., 103
---- School, i., 102
---- ---- moved to Godalming, i., 104
Chaucer, i., 124
---- marriage of, ii., 4
Cheapside, i., 126; ii., 29, 30
---- St. Mary-le-Bow, ii., 210
"Cheshire Cheese," ii., 173
Cheshire Cheese Club, ii., 99
Christchurch, ii., 39
Christ Church, Spitalfields, ii., 207
Christ's Hospital, ii., 35, 194, 196
---- ---- pictures at, ii., 200
---- ---- removed to Horsham, ii., 203
---- ---- Samuel Pepys and, ii., 198
_Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London_, i., 109
Church, All Hallows the More, i., 230
---- consecrated by Heraclius, Temple, i., 133
---- desecration of Temple, i., 145
---- effigies in Temple, i., 136
---- Life of the City, i., 127
---- Organ, Temple, i., 145
---- St. Andrew in Holborn, i., 164
---- St. Andrew in the Wardrobe, ii., 50
---- St. Bartholomew the Great, former neglected condition of, i., 66
---- St. Bride, ii., 6
---- St. Buttolph, ii., 38
---- St. Helen, ii., 184
---- St. Leonard's, ii., 42
---- St. Mary le Bow, i., 24
---- St. Michael-le-Querne, ii., 32
Churches, carved woodwork in City, ii., 207
---- City, ii., 203
---- destroyed, Wren's, ii., 206
---- in London, number of, ii., 23
---- Plays in, i., 129
Churchyard and Chapel, Pardon, i., 88
Citizens, liveries of, i., 192
---- Middlesex granted to the, i., 23
City and See of London, Arms of the, i., 233
---- banquets, i., 188
---- Churches, carved woodwork in, ii., 207
---- ---- ii., 203
---- Church life of the, i., 127
---- Companies, i., 191
---- ---- barges of the, i., 195
---- ---- Charity and Religion of, i., 195
---- ---- Patron Saints of, i., 196
---- ---- promotion of trade by, i., 196
---- Customs of the, i., 187
---- Feasts, i., 192
---- Freedom of the, i., 185
---- Gates of, i., 11
---- Heart of the, ii., 217
---- of palaces, ii., 215
Civil War troubles, i., 102
Clare Market, ii., 216
Clarendon House, ii., 53
Clement's Inn, i., 175
Clerkenwell, i., 129, 140
Clerks' Company, Parish, i., 129
Cleveland Row, Theodore Hook in, ii., 181
Clifford's Inn, i., 175
Clipping or "sweating" coin, i., 109
Clockmakers' Company, i., 202
Cloister Court, ii., 50
Cloth Fair, Smithfield, i., 116
Clothworkers' Company, i., 199
---- Hall, i., 222
Club, Albemarle, ii., 110
---- Alfred, ii., 107
---- Alpine, ii., 110
---- Army and Navy, ii., 102
---- Arthur's, ii., 101
---- Athenæum, ii., 105
---- August Society of the Wanderers, ii., 101
---- Authors', ii., 110
---- Bath, ii., 110
---- Boodle's, ii., 101
---- Brooks's, ii., 101, 103
---- Button's Coffee-house, ii., 99
---- Carlton, ii., 108
---- Cheshire Cheese, ii., 99
---- Cock, ii., 99
---- Cocoa Tree, ii., 101, 180
---- Conservative, ii., 109
---- Fox, ii., 104
---- Garrick, ii., 107
---- Guards', ii., 101
---- Hurlingham, ii., 110
---- Junior United Service, ii., 102
---- Kit Cat, ii., 177
---- Literary, ii., 180
---- Marlborough, ii., 110
---- Marylebone Cricket, ii., 110
---- National, ii., 109
---- Oriental, ii., 106
---- "Rag and Famish," ii., 103
---- Reform, ii., 108
---- "Sublime Society of Beef Steaks," ii., 100
---- "Thatched House," ii., 180
---- Travellers', ii., 104
---- Union, ii., 104
---- United Service, ii., 101
---- United University, ii., 104
---- White's, ii., 101
Clubs of London, ii., 99
Coach and Coach-Harness Company, i., 202
"Coal Hole," ii., 177
Cock Club, ii., 99
"Cock" Inn, ii., 71
Cockpit Theatre, ii., 58, 59
Cocoa Tree Club, ii., 101, 180
Coffee, first introduction of, ii., 135
Coffee-house, Button's, ii., 99
Coffee-houses, Old London, ii., 135
---- as lecture rooms, ii., 146
---- as public reading-rooms, ii., 143
---- Manners and modes in, ii., 148
---- Museums at, ii., 146
---- Quack medicines sold at, ii., 144
---- Sales at, ii., 146
Coin, clipping or "sweating," i., 109
Coins found in the Thames, i., 10
Colchester keep, compared with the keep of the Tower, i., 33
Cold Harbour Gate, i., 41
Colechurch, Peter of, ii., 85
Coleman Street, i., 18
Colet, i., 86
Collections, Zoological, ii., 63
Colony, Danish, ii., 208
Commerce, Trade and, ii., 186
Common Hall, i., 186
"Common Playhouses," ii., 43
Companies, Barges of City, i., 195
---- Charity and Religion of City, i., 195
---- City, i., 191
---- Halls of the, i., 217
---- Patron Saints of City, i., 196
---- Promotion of trade by City, i., 196
---- Spoliation of the, i., 214
Company, Apothecaries', i., 201
---- Armourers' and Braziers', i., 201
---- Bakers', i., 201
---- Barbers' or Barber Surgeons', i., 201
---- Blacksmiths', i., 201
---- Bowyers', i., 201
---- Brewers', i., 201
---- Broderers', i., 201
---- Carpenters', i., 200, 202
---- Clockmakers', i., 202
---- Clockworkers', i., 199
---- Coach and Coach Harness, i., 202
---- Cooks', i., 202
---- Coopers', i., 203
---- Cordwainers', i., 203
---- Curriers', i., 203
---- Cutlers', i., 203
---- Distillers', i., 203
---- Drapers', i., 198
---- Dyers', i., 203
---- Fanmakers', i., 204
---- Farriers', i., 204
---- Feltmakers', i., 204
---- Fishmongers', i., 195, 197, 198
---- Fletchers', 201, 204
---- Founders', i., 204
---- Framework Knitters', i., 205
---- Fruiterers', i., 205
---- Girdlers', i., 205
---- Glass-sellers', i., 206
---- Glaziers', i., 206
---- Glovers', i., 206
---- Goldsmiths', i., 195, 197
---- Gold and Silver Wyre Drawers', i., 206
---- Grocers', i., 197
---- Gunmakers', i., 206
---- Haberdashers', i., 199
---- Horners', i., 207
---- Innholders', i., 207
---- Ironmongers', i., 199
---- Joiners', i., 207
---- Leathersellers', i., 200, 207
---- Loriners', i., 208
---- Masons', i., 208
---- Mercers', i., 197
---- Merchant Taylors', i., 198
---- Musicians', i., 208
---- Needlemakers', i., 208
---- Painters' or Painter-stainers', i., 208
---- Parish Clerks', i., 129
---- Pattenmakers', i., 209
---- Pewterers', i., 209
---- Plaisterers', i., 209
---- Playing-card Makers', i., 209
---- Plumbers', i., 209
---- Poulters', i., 210
---- Saddlers', i., 200, 210
---- Salters', i., 199
---- Scriveners', i., 210
---- Shipwrights', i., 211
---- Skinners', i., 196, 199
---- Spectacle-makers', i., 211
---- Stationers', i., 212
---- Tallow Chandlers', i., 212
---- Tin-plate Workers', i., 212
---- Turners' or Wood-potters', i., 212
---- Tylers' and Bricklayers', i., 212
---- Upholders', i., 212
---- Vintners', i., 197, 199
---- Wax Chandlers', i., 212
---- Weavers', i., 213
---- Wheelwrights', i., 213
---- Woolmen's, i., 213
"Concentric" Castle, i., 40
Conduit, ii., 31