Irregular verbs are those that do not form
their imperfect tense and perfect participle by the
addition of _d_ or _ed_ to the present tense; as,
_Pres. Tense. Imperf. Tense. Perf. or Pass. Part._
I write I wrote written
I begin I began begun
I go I went gone
The following is a list of the _irregular_ verbs. Those marked with an R
are sometimes conjugated _regularly_.
_Pres. Tense. Imperf. Tense. Perf. or Pass. Part._
Abide abode abode
Am was been
Arise arose arisen
Awake awoke, R. awaked
Bear, _to bring forth_ bare born
Bear, _to carry_ bore borne
Beat beat beaten, beat
Begin began begun
Bend bent bent
Bereave bereft, R. bereft, R.
Beseech besought besought
Bid bade, bid bidden, bid
Bind bound bound
Bite bit bitten, bit
Bleed bled bled
Blow blew blown
Break broke broken
Breed bred bred
Bring brought brought
Build built built
Burst burst, R. burst, R.
Buy bought bought
Cast cast cast
Catch caught, R. caught, R.
Chide chid chidden, chid
Choose chose chosen
Cleave, _to adhere_ clave, R. cleaved
Cleave, _to split_ cleft cleft,
_or_
clove cloven
Cling clung clung
Clothe clothed clad, R.
Come came come
Cost cost cost
Crow crew, R. crowed
Creep crept crept
Cut cut cut
Dare, _to venture_ durst dared
Dare, _to challenge_ REGULAR
Deal dealt, R. dealt, R.
Dig dug, R. dug, R.
Do did done
Draw drew drawn
Drive drove driven
Drink drank drunk, drank[6]
Dwell dwelt, R. dwelt, R.
Eat eat, ate eaten
Fall fell fallen
Feed fed fed
Feel felt felt
Fight fought fought
Find found found
Flee fled fled
Fling flung flung
Fly flew flown
Forget forgot forgotten
Forsake forsook forsaken
Freeze froze frozen
Get got got[7]
Gild gilt, R. gilt, R.
Gird girt, R. girt, R.
Give gave given
Go went gone
Grave graved graven, R.
Grind ground ground
Grow grew grown
Have had had
Hang hung, R. hung, R.
Hear heard heard
Hew hewed hewn, R.
Hide hid hidden, hid
Hit hit hit
Hold held held
Hurt hurt hurt
Keep kept kept
Knit knit, R. knit, R.
Know knew known
Lade laded laden
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leave left left
Lend lent lent
Let let let
Lie, _to lie down_ lay lain
Load loaded laden, R.
Lose lost lost
Make made made
Meet met met
Mow mowed mown, R.
Pay paid paid
Put put put
Read read read
Rend rent rent
Rid rid rid
Ride rode rode, ridden[8]
Ring rung, rang rung
Rise rose risen
Rive rived riven
Run ran run
Saw sawed sawn, R.
Say said said
See saw seen
Seek sought sought
Sell sold sold
Send sent sent
Set set set
Shake shook shaken
Shape shaped shaped, shapen
Shave shaved shaven, R.
Shear sheared shorn
Shed shed shed
Shine shone, R. shone, R.
Show showed shown
Shoe shod shod
Shoot shot shot
Shrink shrunk shrunk
Shred shred shred
Shut shut shut
Sing sung, sang[9] sung
Sink sunk, sank[9] sunk
Sit sat set
Slay slew slain
Sleep slept slept
Slide slid slidden
Sling slung slung
Slink slunk slunk
Slit slit, R. slit
Smite smote smitten
Sow sowed sown, R.
Speak spoke spoken
Speed sped sped
Spend spent spent
Spill spilt, R. spilt, R.
Spin spun spun
Spit spit, spat spit, spitten [10]
Split split split
Spread spread spread
Spring sprung, sprang sprung
Stand stood stood
Steal stole stolen
Stick stuck stuck
Sting stung stung
Stink stunk stunk
Stride strode, strid stridden
Strike struck struck _or_ stricken
String strung strung
Strive strove striven
Strow strowed strown,
_or_ _or_ strowed _or_
strew strewed strewed
Sweat swet, R. swet, R.
Swear swore sworn
Swell swelled swollen, R.
Swim swum, swam swum
Swing swung swung
Take took taken
Teach taught taught
Tear tore torn
Tell told told
Think thought thought
Thrive throve, R. thriven
Throw threw thrown
Thrust thrust thrust
Tread trod trodden
Wax waxed waxen, R.
Wear wore worn
Weave wove woven
Wet wet wet, R.
Weep wept wept
Win won won
Wind wound wound
Work wrought, wrought,
worked worked
Wring wrung wrung
Write wrote written
[6] The men were drunk; i.e. inebriated. The toasts were drank.
[7] Gotten is nearly obsolete. Its compound forgotten, is still in
good use.
[8] Ridden is nearly obsolete.
[9] Sang and sank should not be used in familiar style.
[10] Spitten is nearly obsolete.
In familiar writing and discourse, the following, and some other verbs,
are often improperly terminated by _t_ instead of _ed_; as, "learnt,
spelt, spilt, stopt, latcht." They should be, "learned, spelled, spilled,
stopped, latched."
You may now conjugate the following irregular verbs, in a manner similar
to the conjugation of regular verbs: _arise, begin, bind, do, go, grow,
run, lend, teach, write_. Thus, to _arise_--Indicative mood, pres.
tense, first person, sing. I arise; imperf. tense, I arose; perf. tense,
I have arisen, and so on, through all the moods, and all the tenses of
each mood; and then speak the participles: thus, pres. arising, perf.
arisen, comp. having arisen. In the next place, conjugate the same verb
in the second person sing. through all the moods and tenses; and then in
the third person sing. and in the first pers. plural. After that, you
may proceed in the same manner with the words _begin, bind_, &c.
Now read the eleventh and twelfth lectures _four_ or _five_ times over,
and learn the order of parsing a verb. You will then be prepared to
parse the following verbs in full; and I presume, all the other parts of
speech. Whenever you parse, you must refer to the Compendium for
definitions and rules, if you cannot repeat them without, I will now
parse a verb, and describe all its properties by applying the
definitions and rules according to the systematic order.
"We _could_ not _accomplish_ the business."
_Could accomplish_ is a verb, a word which signifies to do--active, it
expresses action--transitive, the action passes over from the nom. "we"
to the object "business"--regular, it will form its imperfect tense of
the indic. mood and perf. part, in _ed_--potential mood, it implies
possibility or power--imperfect tense, it denotes past time however
distant--first pers. plural, because the nom. "we" is with which it
agrees, agreeably to RULE 4. _A verb must agree_, &c. Conjugated--Indic.
mood, present tense, first pers. sing. I accomplish; imperfect tense, I
accomplished; perfect, I have accomplished; pluperfect, I had
accomplished; and so on.--Speak it in the person of each tense through
all the moods, and conjugate, in the same manner, every verb you parse.