COVENANTS WITH REGARD TO FENCES, ETC.
From what has been already advanced, it will be seen that the matter of
fences is most important in connection with the arrangements between
landlord and tenant.
The landlord for the most part gets the same rent for the land occupied
by fences as for the whole of the field, such land being calculated with
the acreage; and, further, with the tenant-at-will he insists upon their
being kept in order—that is, if he cares for or knows anything about
order—at the expense of the tenant. In leases there are usually inserted
covenants obliging annual trimming of fences and scouring of ditches;
but, generally speaking, the tenant does just as much as he likes, and
the landlord knows but little about it. At the same time, annual
trimming of hedges would often be mischievous; and again, as some hedges
would be well to be let grow tall, on account of the shelter they might
afford, there will be so many circumstances to be considered in coming
to a right conclusion about what should be done to fences, that it is no
wonder that covenants are only insisted upon in a very partial manner,
and the careless farmer, instead of repairing hedges in a permanent
manner, is content to mend gaps—or “shards,” as they are called in the
midland counties—only when he wants to keep his beasts in any
particular meadow or field.
We shall shortly discuss these views under the following heads:—
1. Fences should not be kept up to a greater extent than is required.
2. A tenant-at-will should not be expected to plant or take charge of
fences.
3. Evils of bad fences.
1. The curtailment and removal of fences is, as already shown, a matter
of great moment, not only as providing more available land for
cultivation, but as exposing a greater surface even of the cultivated
portions of fields to the influence of light and air. But on any estate
where this has been deemed advisable, we have usually seen that as the
work has been, as it were, divided amongst the tenants, it has either
been done without judgment, or, if performed well, yet by men of
different views, as having different requirements, so that it has
resulted in a patchy and anything rather than an uniform improvement.
We would advise that the landlord or his agent take charge of this
matter, with a view to that uniform improvement which would affect the
whole estate. In this case it would be to the interest of the proprietor
to make the run of the fences as straight as possible, to plant quicks,
to mend gaps, and properly to fence them with rails. Were this the case,
we should hardly see gaps filled up with dead materials, only to widen
them as time advances by killing more of the living wood, or, what is
even worse, left as roadways to tempt the trespasser. In fine, as the
estate would be improved by having perfect fences, and therefore would
fetch a better rent, it would appear to be the landlord’s duty to see it
attended to, and not to expect to charge a tenant for bad fences, and to
insist upon his constantly mending them into the bargain, or it will
naturally follow that they will seldom be up to a high standard of
perfection.
2. A tenant-at-will, or even a leaseholder, should not be expected to
plant new fences, or to cultivate those already planted, when it
involves expenses from which he cannot reap the benefit. In the first
place, it is not only the planting, but weeding and pruning—not merely
slashing—that is required, all involving time, expense, and judgment,
which no man would be justified in expending upon a precarious holding.
But take the case of a leaseholder for seven years. In our own parish,
on the light oolite sands, is a quick-set hedge, which has been badly
planted—now entering upon the fourth year since—upon the top of a thin
mound of sandy soil, from four to five feet high. The quicks are not so
good as when they were planted; it can _never_ make a good hedge. Briars
and brambles, and various shrubs common to oolite soils, will smother
out the quicks, and altogether it will result in failure. Here the
landlord should not expect his tenant to weed, and it is not worth his
while to even find “rough timber” for forming a defence of such a hedge
from the cattle, nor will it pay the tenant to employ a carpenter to
work it. In this case the landlord should level the soil and re-plant
the hedge—not on a mound of sand, but in the well-dug surface
soil—efficiently fence it, and see to its annual weeding. In this way,
instead of his having to find rough timber for fences for all time, one
set of rails should be enough, and so he would ultimately save money for
time by a present judicious expenditure; and, besides, as he would give
his tenant more available land for his acreage, and this better secured,
so that trespassers are kept from without and his cattle prevented
straying from within, the holding would certainly be more valuable.
3. With bad fences the land is not at command. There has to be
superintendence and mending whenever a field is wanted to be used. We
recollect a farmer who, having bought some pigs, on being asked by his
man where he was to put ’em, replied, “Oh, put ’em in the garden, for if
you don’t they’ll very soon get there.”
Here was a case of bad fences about the homestead, and we may be sure
everywhere else too. And here we would controvert the assertion that is
too often made, that “the farmer who is a careful gardener will be a bad
farmer.” We have ever seen that attention to neatness and order, at home
and in the fields, will mark the good farmer, though it may not always
assure us of the prosperous one. The truth is, that neatness is
sometimes expensive; and as it does not always yield any greater reward
than gratification to the tenant, it should at all times be encouraged
by the landlord with every possible assistance, as he can never be a
loser thereby, but must be the gainer.
The truth is, that there is nothing about estates or farms which so much
requires remodelling as the system of fences. They want lessening, as
the land is cut up into far too many awkward little pieces. They want
straightening and paralleling, if we may so express it. They should,
too, be kept within due compass, both as to breadth and height, so that
altogether, as to material, mode of planting, position, and general
supervision, the hedge-row really is in want of that kind of treatment
which only a far-seeing, comprehensive overseer can direct, and which,
were we to come into the possession of a large estate, would be the
first process for its amelioration and improvement that we should attend
to.
In fact, it may be said that this subject is daily receiving a greater
share of attention, and that for a reason at first little suspected; but
the truth is, steam is asserting its power on the farm as on the road,
and as the engine marches into our fields, fences will be levelled
before his mightiness—all sorts of crooked corners and queer-shaped
angles will be removed, and the whole will assume a more regular
outline.
There are moral evils connected with bad fences which we think have
hardly been duly considered. We have hinted at their encouragement of
trespassers and fostering of idle habits.
In our own parish are gaps leading from one field and from one farm to
another. This encourages idle vagabonds to go anywhere—everywhere—on
pretence of shooting small birds, many of which are often of more value
than themselves; and if there is no gap already, how easy to push
through twigs of cornel, ash, guelder rose, &c. &c.
Such hedges, again, are mended with dead thorns and stakes and rails of
wood, which soon decay and become a prey to all the old women and idle
children in the parish, the latter of whom hasten the period when they
may claim them by climbing through and over them, and so prematurely
despoil what they soon take home as of right.
In conclusion, then, we hazard the assertion that well-grown and
well-kept fences are a boon to all. They benefit the landlord, by
enabling him to give well-secured acres in exchange for his rent. Like
good “buildings,” fences benefit the farmer by affording him protection
for his property. They benefit the poor, by removing a great source of
lawless habits, and that commencement of petty larceny which too often
leads to a complete negation of conscience.
They benefit all, inasmuch as Order, which “is Heaven’s first law,” is
Man’s best friend.
[Illustration: Plate I.
J.E. Sowerby, sc.
W. West, imp.
Quercus Robur Pedunculata]
HOW TO GROW GOOD TIMBER.