ON HARVESTING CORN.
A knowledge of when corn is in the best condition to be harvested is a
matter of great importance; and hence some observations upon this
subject may fitly conclude this part of our work.
Not to enter too deeply into chemical matters, we may state, at least as
a probable general conclusion, that there is a period in the growth of
grain and pulse crops before they are ripe, in which all the feeding
qualities will be found diffused in the several plants; a little later,
and the feeding matters will be found more particularly concentrated in
the seed. Now, if oats, peas, and beans, be cut in this “green” state,
they make either a fresh food, or can be dried into hay, which, when cut
into chaff, is found to be an excellent feeding material; and as such
crops can be quickly cleared and cheaply employed, there is no doubt but
that they will henceforward be more generally used in this way than
formerly.
But, again, in ripening of wheat there would appear to be a point in its
progress short of “dead ripe,” in which every quality is fully stored in
the seed; and, after this period, the seed-covering becomes thicker, and
makes more bran in proportion to flour: facts made out from the
following results of experiments of samples in three different states:—
TABLE OF THE RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH WHEAT.
_Sample 1._—Wheat gathered when the grain was sweet, and almost
milky. The stalks green. Date, July 25th, 1856.
_Sample 2._—Wheat from the same field, gathered when in the state
of hardening grain. The stalk just yellowed all the way down.
August 2nd.
_Sample 3._—Wheat from the same field, gathered when what is termed
“dead ripe,” having been, in fact, left longer than it otherwise
would, for want of hands. August 18th.
4. TABLE OF RESULTS FOR TWELVE EARS OF WHEAT DRIED.
“MORTON’S RED STRAW WHITE.”
+-------+---------+-------------+---------+-----------------+
|Sample.| Weight |No. of grains|Weight of| |
| | of | of |grains of| |
| |the ears.| corn. | corn. | |
+-------+---------+-------------+---------+-----------------+
| | Grains. | | Grains. | |
| 1 | 400 | 569 | 284 |Grain shrivelled.|
| 2 | 379 | 431 | 294 |Grain plump. |
| 3 | 468 | 453 | 377 |Grain coarser. |
+-------+---------+-------------+---------+-----------------+
5. TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF THE CORN FOR THE TWELVE EARS.
+-------+--------+-----------+-----------+------------------+
| | |Per-centage|Per-centage| |
|Sample.|Measure.| of | of | |
| | | flour. | bran. | |
+-------+--------+-----------+-----------+------------------+
| 1 | 7·5 | 70·4 | 29·6 |} Flour of a fine |
| 2 | 6·8 | 71·4 | 28·6 |} white quality in|
| 3 | 8·8 | 63·7 | 36·3 |} all the samples.|
+-------+--------+-----------+-----------+------------------+
Now, this shows that although the medium ripe ears in sample 2 had a
less number of grains, yet their per-centage of flour, as compared with
bran, was greatly on the increase. Still, it will be seen that sample 3
has the advantage in measure: hence, then, unless the miller will agree
to give a better price for a “gay”[22] sample, it will be to the
farmer’s advantage to leave it to fully ripen, if he can make sure that
it can be kept from shedding in harvesting, and the attacks of birds.
[22] The farmer’s term for early-cut corn, in both the middle and West
of England.
As regards barley, if our crop is required for home use for feeding
purposes, we should cut at least a week earlier than most people, and we
should have as good feeding quality, without loss from winds, loss in
harvesting, and from birds; but, if our land grows malting barley, the
sample will be a better, and more uniform in germinating, when “dead
ripe.”
During the last season (1864), our pupil, F. Witts, Esq., collected
bunches of corn from a crop of fine white oats at the under-mentioned
dates. From these we counted 500 seeds, and took their weights; and,
though we confess that many such experiments will be required to settle
the whole facts of the case, yet the results given in table 6 are so
curious, that we hope in future to direct our pupils in carrying out
many similar experiments.
The two samples, each of the 20th and 21st, were probably obtained from
different parts of the same field, yet they lead us to conclude, as do
those of the other dates, that a single day, if a hot summer, makes a
great deal of difference. Now, the crop was not cut until a week after
the 21st, and yet we are persuaded that we should have gained by cutting
on the 20th rather than later, and, at least, we should have prevented
much loss from “shed” seeds.
6. TABLE OF RIPENING OF OATS.
+-------+------+-------+--------------------------------+
| | No. |Weight | |
| Date. | of | in | Remarks. |
| |seeds.|grains.| |
+-------+------+-------+--------------------------------+
|July 9| 500 | 110 |}The interiors of the grains |
|July 9| 500 | 120 |}only milky. |
|July 11| 500 | 165 | }The interiors just beginning |
|July 14| 500 | 165 | }to harden. |
|July 16| 500 | 207·5 |}Seeds ripe, but not beginning |
|July 18| 500 | 230 |}to shed. |
|July 20| 500 | 250 | } |
|July 20| 500 | 262·5 | }Ripe, and shedding more |
|July 21| 500 | 257·5 | }every day. |
|July 21| 500 | 267·5 | } |
|Dec. 15| 500 | 250 |{Thrashed on the named date. |
| | | |{Weight, 47½ lb. per bushel. |
+-------+------+-------+--------------------------------+
[Illustration: Cratægus oxyacanthoides. Glabrous White-thorn.]
HOW TO GROW GOOD FENCES.