ON THE INJURIES CAUSED BY INSECTS.
Root-crops are especially liable to injury from the depredations of
insects. Thus the turnip may have its seed more or less destroyed by
weevils. Immediately the seed appears above the ground, commences the
attack by the turnip flea-beetles. The bulb is pierced by beetles,
ending in those excrescences called “turnip-warbles;” and there is
reason to think that even the root-fibrils are in some soils made the
depositories of the eggs of insects, which give rise to extraordinary
malformations.
Carrots and parsnips are liable to have the best-grown root made useless
by its being pierced and eaten by the larvæ or grubs of a small fly,
known as the _Psila rosæ_.
Even the mangel-wurzel, which has been so strenuously recommended as a
substitute for the turnip on account of its freedom from insect attacks,
and connected with which Curtis only describes a single insect, a
leaf-miner, called _Anthomyia Betæ_, upon which he remarks that “these
insects will seldom cause any loss to the mangel-wurzel crops should
they ever abound to any extent.” In spite, however, of this, we find
that the increased growth of this crop has caused a corresponding
increase in the insect, to such an extent that, during the last two
seasons, many crops have entirely failed from its depredations; as
witness the following communication to the _Agricultural Gazette_ for
August 23rd, 1862:—
My mangel crop was drilled the 17th May, and came up most
favourably. On Monday, the 2nd June, I asked my bailiff what was
the matter with it; he said, “Oh, it was a sharp frost last night;”
but on examination I found that instead of frost the leaves had
within them a maggot, which had caused the plant to brown and die
off. The late rains and growing weather have enabled the plant
somewhat to revive, and also fresh plants to come up (for I had
drilled 7 lb. per acre), but found to-day several leaves with
maggots in them. My man told me “a quantity had eaten themselves
out of the leaf and dropped;” and that he saw “a vast number of
sparrows picking up those maggots.” I send you herewith some plants
I brought up from the farm. My idea is that the seed was damp and
bred the maggots, or that the leaves had been “struck with a fly,”
and then the maggot followed. You will please let me have your
ideas upon these points.—S. S.
The maggot, or larvæ, here described is that of a fly called the
_Anthomyia (Pegomyia) betæ_, mangel-wurzel fly. An allied species will
sometimes be found on the common dock-leaves, mining their galleries
between the dermal cells of the leaves.
We have for some time observed the increase of this pest, and we are
prepared to state that now we seldom see a crop that is not greatly
injured by its attacks. Mr. Curtis thinks that the best method to
destroy them is to employ boys to crush the leaves between the thumb and
fingers at the part where the larvæ can be seen; and with this we fear
we must for the present be content, unless we could devise some means to
take the fly before its eggs are laid in the leaves.
We need not here dwell at length upon the natural history of those pests
of the turnip—the _Haltica nemorum_ (striped flea-beetle), and _H.
concinna_ (black flea-beetle), as the nature of their ravages are
tolerably well known. Thus much, however, may be said; namely:—
_a._ These insects are called fleas because they have the power of
hopping on being disturbed, much after the manner of a flea.
_b._ They have some five or six broods each year; the earlier ones
probably being bred on charlocks and other weeds of the same
natural order as the turnip; and hence, then, charlocks are pests,
not only as being weeds, but as breeding-places for one of our most
mischievous insects.
_c._ They migrate from their weed-haunts to the first crop of
turnips, where much of their mischief may be prevented by simply
dusting over the young plants with any fine powder, road-dirt
answering the purpose as well as anything else.
Various devices have been employed for keeping away and killing these
little creatures. We have used a contrivance for catching them, which
may be described as follows:—
Some thin board (or boards), making a surface of about 4 feet long by 2
feet wide, is furnished at one end with a pair of light wheels of just
sufficient diameter to lift the board about 2 or 3 inches above the
plants. To the other end may be attached two crooked handles in such a
manner that the machine can be wheeled flatly over the plants, or if
four wheels be employed, one at each corner, a single handle can be used
either to push or pull the implement. When used, it should have its
underside painted over with tar or any handy viscid substance.
This should be used on bright days, the operator pushing it over the
rows of turnips, so as, if possible, not to throw his shadow before. The
middle of the day will be best, not only for this reason, but also
because these creatures feed more actively at that time.
Now, our experience in the use of this simple contrivance on small
experimental plots convinces us that a small boy could easily keep under
the enemy in a good-sized field.
But now comes a very important question for consideration. Cannot we do
more than kill a few of these creatures? cannot we adopt such plans as
will render our _crops_ tolerably safe from their depredations? We think
so, and to this end advise the following method of proceeding:—
Let each turnip-grower prepare for the enemy by sowing from the eighth
to a quarter of an acre of turnips in a sunny part of the farm as early
as the first week in April. These patches would quickly attract all the
turnip flea-beetles from the wild _cruciferæ_ on which the first broods
seem to depend, and in this small compass they can be killed in detail
with the simple contrivance just described, so that when the real crop
comes up there will be none, or at least only a few, beetles to emigrate
to it; whereas, as we now manage, by the time the crop of turnips is
sown, enough of the creatures are too often bred to render it necessary
to sow two or three times before we can secure a crop.
_Anbury_ is an affection to which only the different sorts of turnips
are liable, in which case it differs from finger-and-toe, with which it
has been very much confounded, as this latter occurs in all kinds of
roots; namely, turnips, carrots, mangel-wurzel, &c., as well as both the
common and Swedish turnips.
[Illustration: _Fig. 11_ (Fig. 8 repeated). Finger-and-toe Carrot. Half
natural size.]
As a sample of an extreme case of finger-and-toe—_digitate_ root,—we
repeat the following figure of a Belgian carrot, in which it will be
seen that the forks gradually taper to the extremities; in fact, the
whole, instead of being a succulent fleshy tap or _fusiform_ root, in
which case it could readily be stored, is divided in fingers-and-toes,
which are liable to break off, and this renders the product next to
useless. Now, this affection may occur in any soil, as it is the result
of a degeneracy in the stock of the plant; but in the affection now to
be described the case is wholly different, as here the bulk of the swede
(fig. 12) is affected with rough, cancerous knobs, whilst the rootlets
support irregular knobs of a like kind, which have more the aspect of
suspended rows of ginger than fingers-and-toes.
Roots so affected soon rot, and have a fœtid odour, so that they are not
only useless themselves, but communicate canker and decay to the whole
store. In the putrid mass will be found maggots and flies and beetles of
different kinds; but as yet naturalists are not agreed as to whether the
nodules of disease are caused by insects, or whether these creatures are
merely attracted by the fœtid matter. We are, however, inclined to the
belief that some insects are connected with the diseased appearance in
the first place, whilst others afterwards step in to fatten upon the
decaying matter, induced by the first lot; but still it must be
confessed that the subject requires much more attention than it has yet
received, in order to settle these important questions.
Still it may be observed that one point has been universally admitted;
namely, that anbury only occurs to any extent in sandy soils, where
there is an absence of lime, a good dressing of which mineral is the
best safeguard against this affection. Still, in soils that are liable
to anbury, we should not recommend the continuance of turnip-growing, or
at least not so frequently in the rotation as has hitherto been the
case, and more especially as the soils which produce anbury to the
greatest extent are just those best adapted for parsnips and carrots,
which, if not wholly, may occasionally be very profitably grown in the
place of the turnip.
[Illustration: _Fig. 12._ Swede affected with Anbury. Nat. size.]
Having given a few notes on the more prominent forms of insect attacks
to which root crops are liable, we would now close this chapter, as
details of all the insect pests would occupy more space than we can here
allot to the subject; but to those who would inquire further upon this
fertile theme, we would advise the perusal of “Farm Insects,” by J.
Curtis, Esq., F.L.S., &c.
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS.
To render our subject as complete as possible, we direct attention to
the following practical conclusions, to which our whole argument upon
the science of root-growing points:—
First.—Cultivated roots are improved wild ones, only to be obtained
by gardening on the small, or farming on the large scale; this
gardening or farming being carried on by certain operations at
certain seasons which we have comprehended under the term of
cultivation processes.
Second.—The difference in sort of roots is caused either by
cross-breeding as the result of accident or design, or of the
education of some particular propensity which has been acted upon
by the intelligent seed-grower.
Third.—The maintenance of sorts in purity depends upon careful
selection of the right variety for the seeding examples.
Fourth.—The preservation of a good outline or shape of root can
only be maintained by selecting those of good _form_ to seed from;
for, as running to seed, multiform top, forkiness, “finger-and-toe”
in roots, is evidence of wild growth, so, then, cultivated plants
assuming this form are considered as degenerate, and seed from such
roots produces a malformed and poor crop.
Fifth.—The difficulties of getting good seed—whether of trueness to
sort, from carefully selected bulbs, or free from adulteration
either of old with new seed, or a mixture of charlock and others of
the same family—are very great. Where, however, good seed can be
depended upon, it is much cheaper, though at a considerable
increase of first seeds cost, as not only quality but the quantity
of live so considerably depends upon the truth and honesty of the
seedsman.
Sixth.—Injuries from insect attacks, though serious as affecting
the yield, are yet not due to the seed; and anbury, if it be due to
insects, only occurs in the turnip-crops, and then in particular
soils. The true insect attacks to be averted by simultaneous
action.
In fine.—_Good seed, of a true sort,—care in growth,—and a
watchfulness of enemies, includes the_ SCIENCE _and_ PRACTICE _of
Root Cultivation._
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