=13.= =poner=, _to put, to place_ =poniendo= =puesto=
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =Pongo=, pones, pone, ponemos, ponéis, ponen.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Ponga, pongas, ponga, pongamos, pongáis,
pongan.=
FUTURO Y CONDICIONAL: =Pondré, pondrás, etc.; pondría, pondrías=, etc.
PRETÉRITO: =Puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusisteis, pusieron.=
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Pusiese, pusieses=, etc.; =pusiera,
pusieras=.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Pusiere, pusieres=, etc.
IMPERATIVO: =Pon=, poned.
14. =Querer=, _to wish, to want_ =queriendo= =querido=
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =Quiero, quieres, quiere=, queremos, queréis,
=quieren=.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Quiera, quieras, quiera=, queramos, queráis,
=quieran=.
FUTURO Y CONDICIONAL: =Querré, querrás=, etc.; =querría, querrías=, etc.
PRETÉRITO: =Quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisisteis, quisieron.=
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Quisiese, quisieses=, etc.; =quisiera,
quisieras=, etc.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Quisiere, quisieres=, etc.
=16. Saber=, _to know_ =sabiendo= =sabido=
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =Sé=, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, saben.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan.=
FUTURO Y CONDICIONAL: =Sabré, sabrás=, etc.; =sabría, sabrías=, etc.
PRETÉRITO: =Supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supisteis, supieron.=
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Supiese, supieses=, etc.; =supiera,
supieras=, etc.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Supiere, supieres=, etc.
=16.= =Salir=, _to go out, to leave_ =saliendo= =salido=
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =Salgo=, sales, sale, salimos, salís, salen.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Salga, salgas, salga, salgamos, salgáis,
salgan.=
FUTURO Y CONDICIONAL: =Saldré, saldrás=, etc.; =saldría, saldrías=, etc.
IMPERATIVO: =Sal=, salid.
=17.= =Ser=, _to be_ =siendo= =sido=
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =Soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son.=
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: Sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean.
IMPERFECTO DE INDICATIVO: =Era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran.=
PRETÉRITO: =Fuí, fuiste, fué, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron.=
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Fuese, fueses=, etc.; =fuera, fueras=, etc.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Fuere, fueres=, etc.
IMPERATIVO: =Sé, sed=.
=18.= =Tener=, _to have_ =teniendo= =tenido=
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =Tengo, tienes, tiene=, tenemos, tenéis,
=tienen=.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Tenga, tengas, tenga, tengamos, tengáis,
tengan.=
FUTURO Y CONDICIONAL: =Tendré, tendrás=, etc.; =tendría, tendrías=, etc.
PRETÉRITO: =Tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvisteis, tuvieron.=
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Tuviese, tuvieses=, etc.; =tuviera,
tuvieras=, etc.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Tuviere, tuvieres=, etc.
IMPERATIVO: =Ten=, tened.
=19.= =Traer=, _to bring_ =trayendo= =traído=
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =Traigo=, traes, trae, traemos, traéis, traen.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Traiga, traigas, traiga, traigamos, traigáis,
traigan.=
PRETÉRITO: =Traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron.=
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Trajese, trajeses=, etc.; =trajera,
trajeras=, etc.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Trajere, trajeres=, etc.
=20.= =Valer=, _to be worth_ =valiendo= =valido=
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =Valgo=, vales, vale, valemos,
valéis, valen.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Valga, valgas, valga, valgamos,
valgáis, valgan.=
FUTURO Y CONDICIONAL: =Valdré, valdrás=, etc.; =valdría,
valdrías=, etc.
IMPERATIVO: =Val=, valed.
=21.= =Venir=, _to come_ =viniendo= =venido=
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =Vengo, vienes, viene=, venimos, venís,
=vienen=.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Venga, vengas, venga, vengamos, vengáis,
vengan.=
FUTURO Y CONDICIONAL: =Vendré, vendrás=, etc.; =vendría, vendrías=, etc.
PRETÉRITO: =Vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinisteis, vinieron.=
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Viniese, vinieses, etc.; viniera,
vinieras=, etc.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Viniere, vinieres=, etc.
IMPERATIVO: =Ven=, venid.
=22.= =Ver=, _to see_ =viendo= =visto=
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =Veo=, ves, ve, vemos, veis, ven.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =Vea, veas, vea, veamos, veáis,
vean.=
IMPERFECTO DE INDICATIVO: =Veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais,
veían.=
PRETÉRITO: Ví, viste, vió, vimos, visteis, vieron.
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: Viese, vieses, etc.; viera, vieras, etc.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: Viere, vieres, etc.
=RADICAL-CHANGING VERBS=
A radical-changing verb is one whose stem vowel changes under certain
conditions. The only vowels that undergo this change are e, o, and
rarely u. There are two kinds of changes--one due to stress of voice
upon the stem vowel, and the other is found when the vowel or vowels of
the next syllable are _a_, _ie_, or _ió_, stressed.
FIRST CLASS
Verbs of the first and second conjugations belong to this class.
=Summary of Changes=.
_o_ becomes _ue_.
=23.= =Contar=.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =cuento, cuentas, cuenta=, contamos, contáis,
=cuentan=.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =cuente, cuentes, cuente=, contemos, contéis,
=cuenten=.
IMPERATIVO: =cuenta, contad.= (Number of changes, 9.)
_u_ becomes _ue_.
=23a.= =Jugar=.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =juego, juegas, juega=, jugamos, jugáis,
=juegan=.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =juegue, juegues, juegue=, juguemos, juguéis,
=jueguen=. (See Sec. 32.)
IMPERATIVO: =juega=, jugad. (Number of changes, 9.)
_e_ becomes _ie_.
=24.= =Pensar.=
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =pienso, piensas, piensa=, pensamos, pensáis,
=piensan=.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =piense, pienses, piense=, pensemos, penséis,
=piensen=.
IMPERATIVO: =piensa=, pensad. (Number of changes, 9.)
These changes apply also to verbs of the second conjugation.
=25.= =Entender=.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =entiendo, entiendes, entiende=, entendemos,
entendéis, =entienden=.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =entienda, entiendas, entienda=, entendamos,
entendáis, =entiendan=.
IMPERATIVO: =entiende=, entended. (Number of changes, 9.)
=25a.= =Adquirir=, _to acquire_.
This verb, although having a third conjugation ending, was originally a
second conjugation verb, and is a compound of _querer_. It therefore
belongs to the first class of radical-changing verbs. It shows an _i_ in
the unstressed root syllable.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =adquiero, adquieres, adquiere=, adquirimos,
adquirís, =adquieren=.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =adquiera, adquieras, adquiera=, adquiramos,
adquiráis, =adquieran=.
IMPERATIVO: =adquiere=, adquirid.
=26.= =Mover=.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =muevo, mueves, mueve=, movemos, movéis,
=mueven=.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =mueva, muevas, mueva=, movamos, mováis,
=muevan=.
IMPERATIVO: =mueve=, moved. (Number of changes, 9.)
SECOND CLASS
Verbs of the third conjugation belong to this class.
=Summary of Changes.=
_e_ becomes _ie_ (as in the first class).
_e_ becomes _i_ before _a_ stressed of following syllable.
_e_ becomes _i_ before _ie_ of following syllable.
_e_ becomes _i_ before _ió_ of following syllable.
=27.= =Sentir.=
GERUNDIO: =sintiendo=.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =siento, sientes, siente=, sentimos, sentís,
=sienten=.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintáis,
sientan.=
PRETÉRITO: sentí, sentiste, =sintió=, sentimos, sentisteis, =sintieron=.
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =sintiese=, etc.; =sintiera=, etc.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =sintiere=, etc.
IMPERATIVO: =siente=, sentid. (Number of changes, 32.)
_o_ becomes _ue_ (as in the first class).
_o_ becomes _u_ before _a_ stressed of following syllable.
_o_ becomes _u_ before _ie_ of following syllable.
_o_ becomes _u_ before _ió_ of following syllable.
=28.= =Dormir.=
GERUNDIO: =durmiendo=.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =duermo, duermes, duerme=, dormimos, dormís,
=duermen=.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmáis,
duerman.=.
PRETÉRITO: dormí, dormiste, =durmió=, dormimos, dormisteis, =durmieron=.
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =durmiese=, etc.; =durmiera=, etc.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =durmiere=, etc.
IMPERATIVO: =duerme=, dormid. (Number of changes, 32.)
THIRD CLASS
Verbs of the third conjugation belong to this class. Note that the vowel
changes in exactly the same places as in the verb =_sentir_=, but there
is but one change, the _e_ becoming _i_ in those places.
=Summary of Changes.=
_e_ becomes _i_ in all cases.
=29.= =Pedir.=
GERUNDIO: =pidiendo=.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =pido, pides, pide=, pedimos, pedís, =piden=.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidáis, pidan.=
PRETÉRITO: pedí, pediste, =pidió=, pedimos, pedisteis, =pidieron=.
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =pidiese=, etc.; =pidiera=, etc.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =pidiere=, etc.
IMPERATIVO: =pide=, pedid. (Number of changes, 32.)
=30.= =Reír.=
This verb really belongs to the third class radical-changing verbs. In
addition, a written accent is placed on all stressed _i_'s and the _i_
of the endings _ie_ and _ió_ is absorbed by the _i_ of the stem.
GERUNDIO: =riendo=.
PARTICIPIO: reído.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =río, ríes, ríe=, reímos, reís, =ríen=.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =ría, rías, ría, riamos, riáis, rían.=
PRETÉRITO: reí, reíste, =rió=, reímos, reísteis, =rieron=.
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =riese=, etc.; =riera=, etc.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =riere=, etc.
IMPERATIVO: =ríe=, reíd. (Number of changes, 32.)
=ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES OF VERBS=
Orthographic changes of verbs are based upon the principle that the
final consonantal sound of the stem must be retained throughout the
entire conjugation. The sound is retained by changes in spelling.
=Summary of Sounds.=
=_K_ sound.=
1. _c_ = _k_ before _a_, _o_, _u_.
2. _qu_ = _k_ before _i_, _e_.
=Hard _G_.=
3. _g_ = _g_ (hard) before _a_, _o_, _u_.
4. _gu_ = _g_ (hard) before _i_, _e_.
=_GW._=
5. _gu_ = _gw_ before _a_, _o_, _u_.
6. _gü_ = _gw_ before _i_, _e_.
=_TH._=
7. _c_ = _th_ before _i_, _e_.
8. _z_ = _th_ before _a_, _o_, _u_.
=_J_ or _Jota._=
9. _j_ = _Jota_ before _a_, _o_, _u_.
10. _g_ = _Jota_ before _i_, _e_.
=31.= =Sa_ca_r.=
_c_ radical consonant. _c_ = _k_ before _a_, _o_, _u_.
But by 7 _c_ = _th_ before _i_, _e_.
Then by 2, _qu_ = _k_ before _i_, _e_.
PRETÉRITO: =saqué.=
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =saque, saques, saque, saquemos saquéis,
saquen.=
=32.= =Pa_ga_r.=
_g_ radical consonant.
g = g (hard) before _a_, _o_, _u_.
But by 10 _g_ = _j_ before _i_, _e_.
Then by 4, _gu_ = _g_ (hard) before _i_, _e_.
PRETÉRITO: =pagué.=
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =pague, pagues, pague, paguemos, paguéis,
paguen.=
=33.= =Averi_guar_.=
_gu_ radical consonant.
_gu_ = _gw_ before _a_, _o_, _u_.
But by 4 _gu_ = _g_ (hard) before _i_, _e_.
Then by 6, _gü_ = _gw_ before _i_, _e_.
PRETÉRITO: =averigüé=.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =averigüe, averigües, averigüe, averigüemos,
averigüéis, averigüen.=
=34.= =Re_zar_.=
_z_ radical consonant.
_z_ = _th_ before _a_, _o_, _u_.
By 7, _c_ = _th_ before _i_, _e_.
PRETÉRITO: =recé.=
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =rece, reces, rece, recemos, recéis, recen.=
=35.= =Vencer.=
_c_ radical consonant.
_c_ = _th_ before _i_, _e_.
But by 1 _c_ = _k_ before _a_, _o_, _u_.
Then by 8, _z_ = _th_ before _a_, _o_, _u_.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =venzo.=
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =venza, venzas, venza, venzamos, venzáis,
venzan.=
NOTE. --_cir_ verbs belong to this class and undergo the same changes.
This class is not to be confused with the inceptive-ending verbs like
_conocer_ and _traducir_. It will be noticed that --_cer_ and --_cir_ of
the latter class are preceded by a vowel while the verbs that undergo
the orthographic changes are preceded by a consonant.
=36.= =Diri_gir_.=
_g_ radical consonant. _g_ = _j_ before _i_, _e_.
But by 3 _g_ = _g_ (hard) before _a_, _o_, _u_.
Then by 9, _j_ = _j_ before _a_, _o_, _u_.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =dirijo.=
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =dirija, dirijas, dirija, dirijamos, dirijáis,
dirijan.=
NOTE. -_ger_ verbs belong to this class.
=37.= =Delin_quir_.=
_qu_ radical consonant.
_qu_ = _k_ before _i_, _e_.
But by 1, _c_ = _k_ before _a_, _o_, _u_.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =delinco.=
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =delinca, delincas, delinca, delincamos,
delincáis, delincan.=
=38.= =Distin_guir_.=
_gu_ radical consonant.
_gu_ = _g_ (hard) before _i_, _e_.
But by 5 _gu_ = _gw_ before _a_, _o_, _u_.
Then by 3, _g_ = _g_ (hard) before _a_, _o_, _u_.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =distingo=.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =distinga=, distingas, distinga, distingamos,
distingáis, =distingan=.
VERBS WITH INCEPTIVE ENDINGS
This type consists of verbs whose infinitives end in --_cer_ and --_cir_
preceded by a vowel. In these verbs a _z_ is inserted before c in the
present indicative and subjunctive, in all forms whose endings begin
with _o_ or _a_; that is, in the first person of the present indicative,
and all six forms of the present subjunctive. All other forms are
regular.
=39.= =Conocer=, _to know_.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =conozco.=
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =conozca, conozcas, conozca, conozcamos,
conozcáis, conozcan.=
=40. Traducir=, _to translate_.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =traduzco.=
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =traduzca, traduzcas, traduzca, traduzcamos,
traduzcáis, traduzcan.=
Certain verbs ending in _--iar_ and _--uar_ require an accent on the _i_
or the _u_ in the present indicative and subjunctive, all of the
singular and the third person plural, and in the imperative singular.
There is no rule to determine what verbs are treated in this way. For
example, _enviar_ makes the change and _estudiar_ does not.
=41.= =Enviar=, _to send_.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =envío, envías, envía; envían.=
=Presente de Subjuntivo=: _envíe, envíes, envíe; envíen._
IMPERATIVO: _envía._
=42.= =Continuar=, _to continue_.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =continúo, continúas, continúa; continúan=.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: _continúe, continúes, continúe; continúen_.
IMPERATIVO: =continúa.=
=VERBS WHOSE STEMS END IN LL OR Ñ=
This type drops the _i_ of the diphthong, in all the forms whose endings
begin with _ie_ or _ió_. This loss does not affect the pronunciation of
the verb because the palatal _ll_ and _ñ_ of the stem "absorbs" the _i_.
Compare English _million_ and Spanish _millón_ or English _canyon_ and
Spanish _cañón_.
=43.= =Bullir=, _to boil_.
GERUNDIO: =bullendo=.
PRETÉRITO: =bulló= (tercera persona, singular), =bulleron= (plural).
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =bullese=, etc.; =bullera,= etc.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =bullere=, etc.
=44.= =Bruñir=, _to burnish_.
GERUNDIO: =bruñendo.=
PRETÉRITO: =bruñó= (tercera persona, singular), =bruñeron= (plural).
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =bruñese=, etc.; =bruñera=, etc.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =bruñere=, etc.
=VERBS HAVING UNACCENTED _I_ BETWEEN TWO VOWELS=
Since unaccented _i_ may not stand between two vowels, those verbs of
the second and third conjugation whose stems end in a vowel, substitute
a _y_ for the _i_. Thus the form _creiendo_ is avoided and _creyendo_ is
written. These changes occur in the present participle, the preterite,
third singular and plural, the imperfect subjunctive and the future
subjunctive. _Creer_ and _huir_ will serve to illustrate this point.
=45.= =Creer=, _to believe_.
GERUNDIO: =creyendo=.
PRETÉRITO: =creyó; creyeron=.
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =creyese=, etc.; =creyera=, etc.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =creyere,= etc.
=46.= =Huir=, _to flee_.
In verbs ending in _uir_, where the _u_ is pronounced, a _y_ is inserted
whenever _u_ would come before _a_, _e_, or _o_. Furthermore, unstressed
_i_ changes as in 45.
GERUNDIO: =huyendo=.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: =huyo, huyes, huye,= huimos, huís, =huyen=.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: =huya, huyas, huya, huyamos, huyáis, huyan.=
PRETÉRITO: huí, huiste, =huyó=, huimos, huisteis, =huyeron=.
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =huyese,= etc.; =huyera=, etc.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: =huyere,= etc.
IMPERATIVO: =huye,= huid.
NOTES:
[Note 374: This is only one of several possible ways to translate the
subjunctive. Its meaning can be interpreted exactly only in connection
with the context.]
[Note 375: See footnote on page 173.]
[Note 376: See footnote on page 173.]
[Note 377: See footnote on page 173.]
[Note 378: See footnote on page 173.]
[Note 379: See footnote on page 173.]
[Note 380: See footnote on page 173.]
[Note 381: See footnote on page 173]
[Note 382: See footnote on page 173.]
[Note 383: See footnote on page 173.]
[Note 384: See footnote on page 173]
[Note 385: See footnote on page 173]
* * * * *
VOCABULARIO
In this vocabulary the following conventions are used: the masculine
form only of the adjective is given unless the feminine is formed in
some irregular manner; verbs are not given as reflexive unless they are
characteristically so; irregular verb forms are referred to the
infinitive which in turn is referred to a numbered paragraph of the verb
appendix; the infinitives of verbs having orthographic or radical
changes are likewise referred to that appendix; S. A. stands for
Spanish-American usage; _aug._ for augmentative and _dim._ for
diminutive; _abbr._ for abbreviation; _pp._ for past participle. The
meanings given are those that apply in this book.
=a,= to, at, by, on, from, for; _sign of the personal accusative_.
=abandonar,= to abandon, leave.
=abasto,= _m._, supply.
=abatido,= downcast.
=abatirse,= to be downcast.
=abdicar,= 31, to abdicate.
=Abdul Kadir,= proper name.
=abertura,= _f._, opening.
=abierto,= _pp. of_ =abrir=.
=Abisinia,= _f._, Abyssinia.
=abolición,= _f._, abolition.
=abonar,= to fertilize.
=aborigen,= _m. f._, native, aborigine.
=abrasador-a,= burning, hot.
=abrasar,= to burn, roast.
=abrazar,= 34, to embrace.
=abrazo,= _m._, embrace.
=abrigo,= _m._, wrap, shelter.
=abrir,= to open.
=absolutamente,= absolutely.
=absoluto,= absolute.
=absolver,= 26, to absolve.
=absorber,= to absorb.
=absuelto,= _pp. of_ =absolver=.
=abuela,= _f._, grandmother.
=abuelo,= _m._, grandfather.
=abundancia,= _f._, abundance.
=abundante,= abundant.
=abundantemente,= abundantly.
=abundar,= to abound.
=aburrido,= bored.
=abusar (de),= to abuse.
=acá,= here (_with verbs of motion_).
=acabado,= complete, perfect.
abar,= to finish;
=---- de= (+ _inf._), to have just (+ _pp._);
=---- por,= to end by doing, to finally do, the act of the infinitive.
=academia,= _f._, academy.
=acariciar,= to caress.
=acarreo,= _m._, cartage.
=acceder,= to grant, be willing.
=acceso,= _m._, access, approach.
=acción,= _f._, action.
=accionar,= to gesticulate.
=aceite,= _m._, oil.
=aceitero,= _m._, oil-dealer.
=aceleradamente,= rapidly.
=acentuar,= 42, to accent.
=aceptar,= to accept.
=acerca de,= about, concerning.
=acercarse (a),= 31, to approach.
=acero,= _m._, steel.
=acertar (a),= 24, to succeed in; to divine.
=acomodado,= well-to-do.
=acomodar,= to fit, provide with;
=----se,= to make oneself comfortable.
=acompañar,= to accompany.
=acongojar,= to vex, afflict.
=acontecimiento,= _m._, event, happening.
=acordar,= 23, to agree;
=----se de,= to remember.
=acortar,= to shorten.
=acostado,= reclining, lying down.
=acostar,= 23, to put to bed;
=----se,= to go to bed.
=acostumbrar,= to accustom, make familiar;
=----se (a),= to become used to.
=Acre,= _m._, a territory of northwestern Brazil.
=acrecentar,= 24, to increase.
=activamente,= actively.
=actividad,= _f._, activity.
=activo,= active.
=acto,= _m._, act.
=actualidad,= _f._, present time;
=en la ----,= now.
=actualmente,= at the present time.
=acudir,= to hasten up, come;
=---- en socorro de,= to come to the help of.
=acuerdo,= _m._, agreement;
=de ----, con,= in keeping with.
=acusar,= to accuse.
=acusativo,= accusative, direct object.
=adaptar,= to adapt.
=adelantar,= to advance.
=adelante,= forward, further;
=en ----,= henceforth.
=adelanto,= _m._, progress.
=además,= moreover.
=adiós,= _m._, good-bye.
=adivinar,= to guess, discover.
=adjetivo,= _m._, adjective.
=administrar,= to administer.
=admirable,= admirable.
=admiración,= _f._, admiration, exclamation, wonder.
=admirado (de),= astonished (at).
=adoptar,= to adopt.
=adornar,= to adorn.
=adquirir,= 25 _a_, to acquire.
=adverbio,= _m._, adverb.
=advertir,= 27, to notice, warn.
=afanado,= anxious.
=afanoso,= eager, anxious.
=afecto,= _m._, affection, impression.
=aficionado (a),= fond of.
=aficionarse (a),= to become fond of.
=afilado,= sharp.
=aflicción,= _f._, sorrow.
=afligir (se),= 36, to grieve;
=---- con,= to grieve over.
=afortunadamente,= fortunately.
=afortunado,= fortunate.
=africano,= African.
=agarrar,= to grasp.
=agitación,= _f._, agitation.
=agosto,= _m._, August.
=agradable,= agreeable, pleasant.
=agradar,= to please.
=agradecer,= 39, to be grateful for, thank;
=---- algo a uno,= to be grateful to one for something.
=agradecimiento,= _m._, gratitude.
=agradezco,= from =agradecer=.
=agrandar=, to enlarge.
=agraviar=, to wrong, injure.
=agregar=, 32, to add.
=agrícola=, agricultural.
=agricultor=, _m._, farmer.
=agricultura=, _f._, agriculture.
=agrupación=, _f._, grouping.
=agua=, _f._, water.
=aguada=, _f._, water-colors;
=a la ----=, in water-colors.
=aguador=, _m._, water-carrier.
=aguardar=, to await, wait;
=---- turno=, to await one's turn.
=agudo=, sharp.
=aguerrido=, used to war.
=aguja=, _f._, needle, hand (of a timepiece).
=agujero=, _m._, hole.
=ahí=, there;
=de ----=, hence;
=por ----=, around there.
=ahogar(se)=, 32, to stifle, drown.
=ahora=, now.
=ahorro=, _m._, savings.
=ahuecar=, 31, to hollow out.
=ahuyentar=, to put to flight.
=airado=, angered.
=aire=, _m._, air, appearance.
=airoso=, genteel, graceful, proud.
=ajeno=, pertaining to another.
=ajustarse (a)=, to fit, accommodate oneself to.
=alabar=, to praise.
=alacrán=, _m._, scorpion.
=Alajuela=, _f._, a city of Costa Rica.
=alarma=, _m._, alarm.
=alarmar=, to alarm.
=Alaska=, Alaska.
=alba=, _f._, dawn.
=Alborak=, _f._, the mare upon which Mahomet is said to have ridden in a
miraculous journey.
=alboroto=, _m._, uproar.
=alcanzar=, 34, to reach, succeed.
=aldea=, _f._, village.
=alegrarse (de)=, to be glad (of).
=alegre=, joyful, merry.
=alegremente=, merrily, joyfully.
=alegría=, _f._, joy.
=alejar=, to remove;
=---- se=, to withdraw, go away.
=alemán-a=, German.
=Alemania=, _f._, Germany.
=alfabeto=, _m._, alphabet.
=alfalfa=, _f._, alfalfa.
=Alfredo=, _m._, Alfred.
=algo=, something, somewhat.
=algodón=, _m._, cotton.
=alguien=, someone, anyone.
=algún (o/a)=, some, someone, any.
=alhaja=, _f._, jewel.
=Alhambra=, _f._, an ancient palace of the Moorish kings in Granada, now
preserved by the Spanish government as a museum.
=Alicante=, a city on the southeastern coast of Spain.
=aliento=, _m._, breath.
=alimentación=, _f._, food.
=alimentarse=, to take food, eat.
=alimenticio=, pertaining to food.
=alimento=, _m._, food.
=aliviar=, to alleviate.
=alma=, _f._, soul.
=almacén=, _m._, storehouse, store.
=almirante=, _m._, admiral.
=almohada=, _f._, pillow.
=almorzar=, 23, 34, to lunch, eat.
=almuerzo=, _m._, lunch.
=alojamiento=, _m._, lodging.
=alrededor de=, around.
=alrededores=, _m._, environs.
=altamente=, highly.
=altar=, _m._, altar.
=alto=, high, tall;
=desde lo ----=, from above.
=altura=, _f._, height.
=alumbrado=, _m._, lighting system.
=alumbrar=, to light.
=alumno=, _m._, pupil.
=alzar=, 34, to raise;
=---- se=, to rise.
=allá=, there;
=mas ---- de=, beyond.
=allí=, there.
=amanecer=, 39, to dawn;
=al ----=, at dawn.
=amar=, to love.
=amargamente=, bitterly.
=amargo=, bitter; _m. pl._, bitters.
=amarillo=, yellow.
=amarrar=, to tie, fasten.
=ambicionar=, to long for.
=ambicioso=, ambitious.
=ambos (as)=, both.
=amén=, _m._, amen.
=amenaza=, _f._, threat.
=amenazar=, 34, to threaten.
=ameno=, pleasant.
=América=, _f._, America.
=americano=, American.
=amiga=, _f._, friend.