intercommunication of, 198;
social communities of, 205
_Aporus_, intelligent behaviour of, 126
Appreciation, germs of, 273
Ardour of male in courtship, 269
_Argyromœba_, instincts of, 79
Arrest of development in egg, 14
Association in coalescent situation, 46
Attention, 242
AUDUBON on American night-hawks, 261
AVEBURY, Lord, on ants, 198;
on Van, 200;
on aphides and ants, 214;
on slave ants, 215;
on intelligence of ants, 218
B
BALDWIN, Prof. Mark, on organic selection, 37 (note), 115;
on functional selection, 163;
on imitation, 179 ff.;
on projective stage of development, 275
Batesian mimicry, 165
BECHSTEIN on canaries, 262
Bees, homing of, 131;
social communities of, 205
Beetle soliciting food from ant, 213
_Bembex_ mode of carrying prey, 76
BETHE, Dr., on instinctive behaviour of ants, 217
BINET, M., on infusoria, 6
Biological value of play, 250;
purpose, 294;
aspect of animal behaviour, 305
Birch-weevil, leaf-case of, 121
Birds, instinct of, 84
Bison, behaviour of the, 226
BLACKBURN, Mrs. Hugh, on instinct of cuckoo, 90
BLOCKMANN, Dr., on _componotus_, 210
BOLTON on goldfinches’ nests, 136
Bower-bird, observations on, 261, 273
BUCKMAN, Mr. S. S., on speech of children, 203
BUDGETT, Mr. John S., on nest-building, 135
Bullfinch, nest of, 135
C
CAMERON, Mr., on mimetic insects in ants’ nest, 212
Canaries’ nest, building of, 135
Canon of interpretation, 270
Capacity, innate, 176
Capuchin monkey, imitation in, 188, 278
CARPENTER, W. B., on water-beetle, 299
Catasetum, fertilization of, 29
Cats, Prof. Thorndike’s experiments on, 147, 184
Causation, idea of, 257
Cell-division in egg, 14
_Cerceris_, instincts of, 74;
locality studies of, 129
_Chalicodoma_, parasites of, 78;
Fabre’s observations on, 130
Chick swimming, 85;
instincts of, 85 ff.;
imitation in, 183
Child-study, desirability of, 155, 337
Choice, apparent in Paramecia, 9;
in the pairing situation, 266
Ciliary action in Paramecium, 4-10
Circular process (Baldwin), 181
_Clepsine_, behaviour of, 159
Coalescence in conscious situation, 46
Coincident variations defined, 37;
survival of, 115, 174
Communities, social, of bees and ants, 205
Companion as centre of special interest, 244
_Componotus_, communities of, 210
Conation and impulse, 187, 235
Concept, nature of, 167
Condensation of experience, 163
Conduct implies motive, 60;
and ideal, 278
Congenital responses, 41
Conjugation in Paramecium, 4
Connate instincts, 66, 69
Conscience, ambiguity of word, 281
Conscious accompaniments of certain organic changes, 42;
aspect of instructive behaviour, 99
Consciousness, as accompaniment and as guide, 34;
effective, defined, 43;
as heir to organic estate, 52;
as epiphenomenon, 306
Consentience, 53, 62
Consonance of biological and psychological end, 286, 316
Constancy of environment leads to stereotyped behaviour, 173
Continuity in evolution, 324;
threefold aspect of, 329
Control, the sign of effective consciousness, 43
Co-ordinated acts, 69, 100;
inherited, 94, 95
Corporate behaviour, 14
Courtship in animals, 259
Coyness of female birds, 264 ff.
Cranial sense-organs, 301
Crayfish, reflex action in, 298
Creation, special, 297
Criteria of effective consciousness, 43;
of intelligence, 120
Cruelty in cat, 277
Cuckoo, instinct of nestling, 90
D
DARWIN, Charles, fig. of sun-dew leaf, 26;
of Venus’s fly-trap, 27;
of catasetum, 31;
on earthworms, 158;
on social life of animals, 225;
on human ancestry, 229;
on play and practise, 259;
on sexual selection, 262 ff.;
on law of battle, 313
DAVIS, Prof. Ainsworth, on limpets, 156
DEAN, Dr. Bashford, on chick swimming, 85
Deceit in animals, 280
Deferred instincts, 70
Definiteness of instinctive behaviour, 66
Description, involves relational terms, 202
_Didunculus_, changed habits in, 221
Differentiation and integration of nerve-centres, 167
Disintegration of instincts, 176
Diving, instinctive, 86
Dog, observations on, intelligence of, 141 ff., 152, 200, 271, 322
Duckling, inherited co-ordination in, 96
_Dytiscus_, instinct of, 104
E
Earthworms, Darwin’s observations on, 158 ff.
Education in play, 255, 320 ff.
Effective consciousness defined, 43
Efferent and afferent impulses, 32, 101
Egg, cell-division in, 14
EIMER, Th., on instincts of solitary wasps, 73;
on origin of instincts, 108
Emotions, and feelings, 235 ff.;
psychological nature of, 246;
evolution of, 282
Energy stored in cell, 23
Equilibrium, tendency to, 296
_Eristalis_, mimicry of, 164
ESPINAS, Prof., on social life of animals, 230
Ethics, animal, 270
Evolution of organic behaviour, 35;
of consciousness, 61;
of instinctive behaviour, 106;
of intelligent behaviour, 155;
of social behaviour, 225;
of feeling and emotion, 282;
of animal behaviour, 295;
as continuous, 324 ff.
Experience, of value for future guidance, 44;
is it inherited? 48, 97;
condensation of, 163
Experimentation, 251, 253
Explanation, characteristic of later phases of mental development,
58, 257
Explosive nature of cell, 21
Expression of emotions, 247
External stimuli to instinctive behaviour, 102
F
FABRE on behaviour of _Sphex_, 77, 172;
of _Chalicodoma_, 78, 129;
of _Leucopsis_, 79;
of _Pompilus_, 129
Faculty, instinctive, 64
Falcons, training of, 137
Fear in birds not inherited in specific direction, 49, 110
Feelings and emotion, 235 ff.;
evolution of, 282;
feeling-tone, 240
Ferns, fertilization of, 24
Fertilization of ferns, 24;
of _Valisneria_, 28;
of orchids, 29
FINN, Mr. Frank, on the acquisition of experience by young birds, 50
Fission, reproduction of Paramecium by, 4
Flight, instinctive, 86
FOREL on _Componotus_, 211
FOSTER, Sir Michael, on consciousness accompanying reflex action in
pithed frog, 33
Frog, reflex action in, 33, 299, 300
Functional selection, 163
Fungus garden of ants, 216
G
GARNER, Mr. R. L., “The Speech of Monkeys,” 198
Gas-engine, analogy of, 20
General and abstract ideas, 57;
generalization, 167;
germs of, 332 ff.
Generic image, 162;
situations, 163
Germinal substance, continuity of, 328
GOULD, Dr., on humming-birds, 273
GREEN, Mr. E. G., on ants, 210
Greenfinch, nest of, 135
GROOS, Prof., on instinct, 64;
origin of, 116;
on imitation, 187;
on animal play, 248 ff.;
on “Love Play,” 259;
on coyness of female birds, 264;
on choice in mating, 267;
on make-believe, 280
H
Habits and habitual acts, 107, 177
HAGUE on ants, 199
HAMERTON, P. G., on trained dog, 152
HANCOCK, Dr. John, on cuckoo, 92
Heredity and circumstance, 39;
twofold aspect of, 40;
relation of to use, 170, 177;
in evolution as continuous, 326
Homing of bees, 131
Homœopathic influence defined, 36
Honey-pot ant, 215
House-martin, nest-building of, 113
HUDSON, Mr. W. H., on fear in birds, 49, 50, 110;
on animal gladness, 317
Hunting play, 254
HUXLEY, T. H., on reflex action in frog, 300;
on consciousness as epiphenomenon, 306 ff.;
on consciousness as product of nervous changes, 330
HYDE, Mr., on king-crab, 298
_Hydractinia_, colonial polype, 206
I
Ideals, distinguish ethics, 278
Ideational stage of mental development, 59
Imitation, 179 ff.;
three stages of in child, 192
Impulse in intelligent behaviour, 60;
Prof. Thorndike’s use of the term, 186;
connection of with conative process, 235
Independence of automatic and controlling centres, 43
Infant, congenital responses in, 54
Influence of intelligence on instinct, 169
Inheritance of acquisitiveness, 40
Innate capacity, 176;
likes and dislikes, 119
Insects, instinctive behaviour in, 71;
intelligent behaviour in, 123
Instinct, broader and narrower view of, 99;
primary and secondary, 108, 109;
influence of intelligence on, 169;
priority of, to intelligence, 173;
disintegration of, 175
Instinctive behaviour defined, 63;
in insects, 71;
in birds, 84;
conscious aspect of, 98
Integration and differentiation of nerve-centres, 167
Intelligence lapsed, 107;
influence of, on instinct, 169;
of ants, Lord Avebury on, 218;
biological importance of, 310
Intelligent behaviour, 117;
evolution of, 155
Intelligent process distinguished from rational, 59, 138
Intercommunication, 193, 336
Interest, 243
Internal factors in instinctive behaviour, 102
Irritability, fundamental, property of protoplasm, 240, 296
J
JAMES, Prof. Wm., theory of emotions, 246, 292
Jays, bathing of, 89;
mode of taking food, 94
JENNER on cuckoo, 92
JENNINGS, Dr. H. S., on behaviour of Paramecia, 5
K
KERNER, Dr., on sun-dew, 26;
on sensitive Oxalis, 27;
on Valisneria, 29
King-crab, reflex action in, 298
KNIGHT, Andrew, on Norwegian ponies, 110
KROPOTKINE, Prince, on mutual aid among animals, 227
L
Lamarckian hypothesis, 169, 171, 177
Language, nature of, 195
LANKESTER, Prof. E. Ray, on small-brained mammal, 168
Lapwing, instinctive behaviour of, 113
Law of battle, 313
Leech, observation on, 159
_Leucopsis_, instincts of, 79
LEWES, G. H., on lapsed intelligence, 107
Limpets, observations on, 156
LINDLEY, Dr., on children, 141
Locality, studies by wasps, 128
LOCKE, John, limitations of animals, 167
M
MACKENZIE, Prof. J. S., on ethics, 278;
on conscience, 281;
on ambiguity of word “pleasure,” 285
Make-believe, 280
Mammals, early small-brained, 168
Manipulation (Stout), 251
MARCHAL, Prof., on instincts of _Cerceris_, 74
MARSHALL, Mr. H. R., on instinct, 66
Martin, nest-building of, 113
MARTINEAU, James, on pleasure and pain, 284
MAUPAS, M., observations on infusoria, 4
MAYER, Dr. A. G., on mating instinct of moths, 83
MCCOOK, Dr., on ants, 214
Meaning, Dr. Stout’s use of term, 46, 243, 268
MEDLICOTT, Mr. H. B., on behaviour of wild pigs, 196
Megapodes, instinctive flight of, 87
_Meloë_, instincts of, 81
Mental development, stages of, 48, 56
MERCIER, Dr. Charles, on criteria of intelligence, 120
Metaphysical explanations, 19;
aspect of instinct, 64;
of impulse, 237;
of purpose, 294;
of will, 307;
of life, 325
MILLS, Prof. Wesley, on social influence on puppy, 220
_Miltogramma_, parasitic fly, 134
Mimicry, Batesian and Müllerian, 165;
intelligent aspect of, 311
Modifiability, 171
Modification, defined, 36;
relation of, to hereditary characters, 170
MÖLLER, Herr, on fungus garden of ants, 216
Monistic hypothesis, 309, 315
Monkey, capuchin, imitation in, 188
_Monodontomerus_, instincts of, 79
Moor-hen, diving of, 89
Moths mating, instinct of, 83
Motive in rational conduct, 60
Movement plays, 251
MÜLLER, Prof. Max, on barrier between brute and man, 204
Müllerian mimicry, 165, 166
Mystery of life, 18
N
Natural selection, shielding of chicks from, 111;
under uniform and variable circumstances, 175;
in playtime of life, 319
Nervous arc, 33;
system of higher animals, 297
Nest-building, observations on, 135
NOIRÉ on concept, 167
Norwegian ponies, 109
Nucleus division, 12
O
Object and subject, 245, 276
Octopus, intelligence of, 158
_Œcophylla_, behaviour of, 210
Orchids, fertilization of, 29
Organic basis of differentiation of consciousness, 53
Organic behaviour in development, 15
Organic selection, 37 (note), 115
Overproduction of movements, 164
Oxalis, sensitive, behaviour of, 27
_Oxybelus_, mode of carrying prey, 76
P
PALEY, definition of instinct, 64
Paramecium, behaviour of, 3, 296
Partridge, note of young, 93
PECKHAM, Dr. G. W., on instinct, 65;
on solitary wasps, 72 ff., 126 ff.
Pecking instinct of chicks, 93
Peewit, note of young, 93
_Pelopœus_, instincts of, 72
Perceptual stage of mental development, 59
Personality, 245, 257
Pheasants, note of young, 92;
inherited co-ordination in, 95;
plumage of Argus, 262
_Philanthus_, prey of, 73;
mode of stinging prey, 74
Physiological aspect of animal behaviour, 295
Pigeons, nests of, 136
Pigs, wild, behaviour of, 196
Plants, behaviour of, 24
Plastic period of life, 168
Plasticity of tissues, 40;
of behaviour, 172
Play of animals, 248 ff.;
biological value of, 250;
psychological aspect of, 256, 311, 316
PLAYNE, Mr. H. C., on pigeons’ nests, 136
Pleasure, 241;
ambiguity in word, 285
_Polistes_, locality studies of, 131
_Pompilus_, mode of carrying prey, 76;
Fabre’s observation on, 129
Presentative elements distinguished from re-presentative, 46
Primary instincts (Romanes), 108
Projective stage of mental development, 275;
senses, 304
_Pronuba_, instinct of, 82
Propensity, instincts as, 64;
congenital, 176
Protoplasm, fundamental properties of, 296
Psychological aspect of play, 256;
purpose, 294;
aspect of animal behaviour, 315
R
Rational process distinguished from intelligent, 59, 138
Reflex action, 31, 35, 298 ff.;
relation of instinct to, 70
Relationships, importance of, 202
Re-presentative elements distinguished from presentative, 46
_Rhynchites_, instinct of, 121
ROMANES, G. J., on “discrimination” and “perception” in plants, 32;
on instincts of solitary wasps, 73;
definition of instinct, 99;
on primary and secondary instincts, 108, 109;
on ants, 126;
on general ideas, 166;
on animal communication, 201;
on cruelty in cat, 277
ROMANES, Miss, observations on capuchin monkey, 188, 278
Roots of spinal nerves, 299
ROTHNEY, Mr. G. A. G., on Indian ants, 212
S
SCHNEIDER, on octopus, 158
SCOTT, Dr. D. H., on fern fertilization, 25
Scratching in duckling, 96
Sea anemone, diffused nervous system of, 32
Secondary instincts (Romanes), 108, 109
Segmental nature of central nervous system, 299
Selection, functional, 163;
natural, shielding of chicks from, 111;
under uniform and variable circumstances, 175;
in playtime of life, 319;
sexual, 261 ff., 313
Self, as ideal construction, 239
Sentience, 62;
origin of, 330
Sexual selection, 261 ff., 313
SHARP, Dr. D., on birch-weevil, 121;
on _Œcophylla_, 210
SHELLARD, Mr. E. J., observations on staghound, 144
SHERRINGTON, Prof., on emotion, 292;
on spinal animal, 298 ff.
Shock, effects of physiological, 302
SIMCOX, Miss Edith, quoted, 320
_Sitaris_, instincts of, 82
Slave ants, 215
Snails, observations on, 157
Social behaviour, 179;
evolution of, 225
Solitary wasps, instincts of, 72 ff.;
intelligence of, 126 ff.
Solomon Islands, rats of, 222
Sounds emitted by young birds, 92
SPALDING, Douglas, on newly hatched turkeys, 49;
on instinct, 99
Special creation, 297
Speech, connection of, with rational process, 58, 233;
so-called, of monkeys, 198;
of children, 203;
aids passage from perceptual to ideational process, 337
SPENCE, on instinct, 63
SPENCER, Mr. Herbert, on instinct and reflex action, 70;
on play due to surplus vigour, 248;
on pleasure and pain, 284, 287;
on survival, 288
_Sphex_, mode of carrying prey to nest, 77, 172
Spiders placed in crotch by wasps, 133
Stereotyped behaviour, 172
Sticklebacks, observations on, 130
STOUT, Dr. G. F., on “meaning” for consciousness, 46, 243, 268;
on ideational and perceptual stages of mental development, 59, 271;
on octopus, 158;
on conative process, 235;
on the self, 239;
on manipulation, 251;
on emotion, 293
STRANGE, Mr., on bower-bird, 261
Subject and object, 245, 276
Sun-dew leaf, behaviour of, 25
Swimming, instinctive, 85
T
TAIT, Lawson, on begging-cat, 110
TARDE, M., on imitation as a social factor, 179
Tendencies, congenital, 176
THOMAS, Mr. Oldfield, on rats of Solomon Islands, 222
THORNDIKE, Dr., on swimming of chick, 85;
experiments on intelligence, 147 ff.;
experiments on imitation, 179, 183 ff.
Tradition, animal, 220
Trial and error, method of, 139
U
Unity of perceptual process, 240;
of biological purpose, 297
Use, super-normal, 170;
relation of, to heredity, 171, 177
V
VALISNERIA, fertilization of, 28
Variation defined, 36;
origin of, 327
Venus’s fly-trap, behaviour of, 26
Vigour, play due to surplus, 248
Volition as conative, 238
W
WALLACE, Dr. A. R., on sexual selection, 264
WALLASCHEK, Mr., on play as surplus vigour, 248
Wapiti, antlers of, 16
WASMANN, Dr., on insects associated with ants, 213
Wasps, solitary, instincts of, 72 ff.;
intelligence of, 126 ff.
WEIR, Mr. Jenner, on canaries, 135
WEISMANN, Prof., on origin of instinct, 109
WHITMAN, Prof., on _Clepsine_, 159
WHITMEE, Rev. S. J., on tooth-billed pigeon, 221
Will, metaphysics of, 307
WILLISTON, Dr. S. W., observation on _Ammophila_, 127
WOOD, Mr. Foster, on hen-swimming, 86
WORCESTER, Dr., on megapode, 87
WUNDT, Prof., on instinct, 65, 99, 106
Y
Youth, plasticity of, 168
Yucca moth, instincts of, 82
THE END
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES
FOOTNOTES
[1] See “The Psychology of a Protozoon,” in the _Amer. Jour. of
Psychology_, vol. X., No. 4, July, 1899, and the fuller papers there
quoted.
[2] “The Psychic Life of Micro-Organisms,” 1889, p. 61.
[3] This paragraph is taken from “Animal Life and Intelligence,” p. 28.
[4] The following paragraphs are taken with some slight changes from
“Animal Life and Intelligence,” pp. 30-35.
[5] D. H. Scott, “An Introduction to Structural Botany,” part ii.,
“Flowerless Plants,” pp. 70, 71.
[6] _Ibid._, p. 71.
[7] Kerner, “Natural History of Plants,” translated by F. W. Oliver,
vol. i., p. 145.
[8] Kerner, “Natural History of Plants,” vol. i., p. 536.
[9] Kerner, “Natural History of Plants,” vol. ii., p. 132.
[10] Darwin, “Fertilization of Orchids,” 2nd edit., pp. 191, 192.
[11] “Mental Evolution in Animals,” p. 50.
[12] _Ibid._, p. 51.
[13] “A Text-book of Physiology,” 5th edit., part iii., p. 909.
[14] “A Text-book of Physiology,” 5th edit., part iii., pp. 911, 912.
[15] Professor Mark Baldwin has applied the term “organic selection”
to the result of this interaction (_American Naturalist_ for June and
July, 1896). Cf. also H. F. Osborn (_Science_, Nov. 27, 1896); August
Weismann (Romanes Lecture on “The Effects of External Influences on
Development,” 1894), and “Germinal Selection,” _Monist_, Jan., 1896;
and the author’s “Habit and Instinct,” ch. xiv., 1896.
[16] “Habit and Instinct,” p. 26.
[17] _American Journal of Psychology_, vol. ix., No. 1.
[18] _Psychological Review_, vol. vi., No. 3.
[19] “Naturalist in La Plata,” p. 88.
[20] _Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal_, lxvii., part ii., 1897, p.
614.
[21] _Spectator_, No. 120.
[22] Kirby and Spence, “Introduction to Entomology,” Letter xxvii. p.
537 (7th Edit., 1858).
[23] Cf. supra, p. 18.
[24] “The Play of Animals,” translated by Elizabeth L. Baldwin, p. 62.
[25] George W. and Elizabeth G. Peckham, “On the Instincts and Habits
of the Solitary Wasps,” p. 231.
[26] “Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology,” pp. 388, 397, 399.
[27] “Instinct and Reason,” pp. 90, 92.
[28] “Instinct and Reason,” p. 91.
[29] Chapter I., Section V.
[30] “On the Habits and Instincts of the Solitary Wasps,” by George W.
and Elizabeth G. Peckham (1898).
[31] “Mental Evolution in Animals,” p. 299.
[32] “Organic Evolution,” translated by J. T. Cunningham, p. 280.
[33] See A. G. Mayer “On the Mating Instinct of Moths.” _Ann. and Mag.
of Nat. Hist._, ser. 7, vol. v., Feb., 1900, p. 183.
[34] Some of the observations on which the summary of results given in
this section are founded are presented in some detail in “Habit and
Instinct,” pp. 29-100.
[35] _Psychological Review_, May, 1899, p. 286.
[36] “Birds from Moidart and Elsewhere,” p. 107. Edinburgh: Douglas.
[37] _Transactions of Northumberland and Durham Natural History
Society_, vol. viii., p. 213.
[38] “Mental Evolution in Animals,” p. 159.
[39] “Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology,” p. 401.
[40] “Instinct and Acquisition,” _Nature_, vol. xii., p. 507.
[41] On the nature of impulse, see _infra_, p. 235.
[42] “Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology,” p. 405.
[43] “Organic Evolution,” pp. 223, 263, 258, 279, 276, 298.
[44] “Essays on Heredity” (1889), p. 91.
[45] _Op. cit._, pp. 196-198.
[46] Professor Henry Osborn has also indicated the relationship
referred to.
[47] “The Play of Animals,” p. 64.
[48] “Solitary Wasps,” p. 236.
[49] See D. Sharp, “Cambridge Natural History,” “Insects,” part ii., p.
293, and the original authorities cited on p. 294.
[50] This and the three succeeding paragraphs are taken from “Animal
Life and Intelligence,” p. 425.
[51] “Animal Intelligence,” p. 59.
[52] “Instincts and Habits of the Solitary Wasps,” p. 55.
[53] _Op. cit._, p. 22.
[54] _Op. cit._, p. 215.
[55] “Dürfen wir den Ameisen und Bienen psychische Qualitäten
Zuschreiben.” _Pflüger’s Archiv._, lxx., 1898.
[56] “Solitary Wasps,” p. 219.
[57] _Op. cit._, pp. 131, 132.
[58] In a letter to Darwin, quoted by Romanes, “Mental Evolution in
Animals,” p. 226.
[59] “The Structure and Life of Birds,” p. 335.
[60] Preface to “Harmonia Ruralis,” quoted by Yarrell, “British Birds,”
vol. i., p. 541.
[61] _American Journal of Psychology_, vol. viii., no. 4, pp. 431-493.
[62] “Introduction to Comparative Psychology,” p. 255.
[63] “Introduction to Comparative Psychology,” p. 290.
[64] _The Portfolio_ (1873), p. 27, “Canine Guests.”
[65] “Animal Intelligence,” pp. 28, 29.
[66] _Nature_, vol. xxxi., p. 200.
[67] _Ibid._, vol. li., p. 127.
[68] “Manual of Psychology,” p. 257.
[69] “Vegetable Mould and Earthworms,” p. 95.
[70] _Wood’s Holl Biological Lectures_ (1898), p. 287.
[71] _Supra_, p. 44.
[72] “Mental Evolution in Man,” p. 27.
[73] “Intelligence of Animals,” p. 121.
[74] “Mental Development in the Child and the Race--Methods and
Processes,” p. 278.
[75] “Animal Intelligence:” monograph supplement to _Psychological
Review_, 1898, p. 61.
[76] _Op. cit._, pp. 263, 172, 201, 132, and 248 (note).
[77] “Animal Intelligence,” pp. 47-64.
[78] _Op. cit._, pp. 66, 14, 15.
[79] Cf. _infra_, p. 235.
[80] “The Play of Animals,” Eng. trans., p. 79.
[81] “Habit and Instinct,” pp. 174-180.
[82] “The Evolution of Mind in Man,” footnote, pp. 25, 26. Quoted in
“Introduction to Comparative Psychology,” from which the comments on it
are extracted.
[83] “The Speech of Monkeys.”
[84] “Scientific Lectures,” pp. 112, 118.
[85] _Nature_, vol. vii., p. 443.
[86] “The Senses of Animals,” p. 277.
[87] “Mental Evolution in Man,” p. 100.
[88] _Op. cit._, p. 175.
[89] Compare chap. xiii., on “The Perception of Relations,” in my
“Introduction to Comparative Psychology.”
[90] _Nineteenth Century_, May, 1897, pp. 793-807.
[91] Sharp, “Insects,” part ii., p. 147.
[92] _Nature_, vol. lxii., p. 253 (July 12, 1900).
[93] The quotation is from “The Cambridge Natural History,” vol. vi.,
“Insects,” part ii., by David Sharp, F.R.S.; see pp. 145, 146.
[94] Sharp, _op. cit._, p. 147.
[95] G. A. J. Rothney, “Notes on Indian Ants,” _Trans. Ent. Soc._,
1889, p. 354.
[96] Sharp, _op. cit._, p. 226.
[97] Lord Avebury (Sir John Lubbock), quoted in Romanes’ “Animal
Intelligence,” pp. 62, 63.
[98] Lord Avebury (Sir John Lubbock), “Scientific Lectures,” pp. 78, 79.
[99] _Nature_, vol. xlvii., p. 393 (Aug., 1893), where A. Möller’s
investigations are described by J. C. Willis.
[100] A. Bethe, “Dürfen wir den Ameisen und Bienen psychische
Qualitäten Zuschreiben,” _Pflüger’s Archiv._, lxx., 1898.
[101] See p. 37.
[102] _Supra_, p. 138.
[103] “Scientific Lectures,” pp. 80-82.
[104] _Proceedings of the Zoological Society_, 1874, p. 184.
[105] “Scientific Lectures,” 2nd edit., p. 140.
[106] Weismann, “Essays,” vol. ii., p. 50.
[107] Huxley, “Collected Essays,” vol. vii., p. 155.
[108] “The Descent of Man,” vol. i. p. 853, 2nd Ed., 1888. The
quotations from Darwin in this paragraph and that which follows are
somewhat condensed by a few omissions.
[109] Vol. xxviii., Sept. and Nov., 1890, pp. 337-354, 699-719.
[110] _Nineteenth Century_, Feb., 1888, p. 165. “Collected Essays,”
vol. ix., p. 204.
[111] _Op. cit._, pp. 709, 710.
[112] Page 711.
[113] “Mutual Aid among Savages.” _Nineteenth Century_, vol. xxix.
April, 1891, p. 538.
[114] “Descent of Man,” vol. i., p. 96.
[115] “Des Sociétés Animales: Étude de Psychologie Comparée” (Paris,
1877).
[116] “Mutual Aid among Savages,” _Nineteenth Century_, April, 1891,
pp. 539, 540.
[117] Page 63.
[118] _Op. cit._, p. 267; _cf. supra_, p. 138.
[119] G. F. Stout, “Manual of Psychology,” p. 268.
[120] _Ibid._, p. 318.
[121] “Manual of Psychology,” p. 84.
[122] “Habit and Instinct,” ch. ix., p. 186.
[123] “Letters on the Æsthetic Education of Mankind,” xxvii.
[124] “Principles of Psychology,” § 533.
[125] “On the Origin of Music,” pp. 231, 232.
[126] “The Play of Animals,” Eng. trans., p. 12.
[127] _Op. cit._, p. 7.
[128] _Op. cit._, p. 19.
[129] _Op. cit._, pp. 75, 76.
[130] “Manual of Psychology,” p. 327.
[131] _Op. cit._, pref., p. xx.
[132] _Op. cit._, p. 290.
[133] “Manual of Psychology,” p. 266.
[134] _Op. cit._, p. 314.
[135] “Descent of Man,” vol. ii., p. 60, 2nd edit. 1888.
[136] “The Play of Animals,” Eng. trans., p. 229.
[137] Quoted by Groos, _op. cit._, p. 259.
[138] “Descent of Man,” vol. ii., p. 77.
[139] Darwin, _op. cit._, p. 99.
[140] Quoted by Darwin, “Descent of Man,” vol. ii., p. 58.
[141] “Descent of Man,” vol. ii., p. 56.
[142] “Habit and Instinct,” p. 217.
[143] “Descent of Man,” vol. ii., p. 251.
[144] _Op. cit._, p. 137.
[145] “Darwinism,” p. 285.
[146] _Op. cit._, p. 293.
[147] _Op. cit._, p. 172.
[148] _Op. cit._, pp. 285, 286.
[149] _Op. cit._, p. 283.
[150] _Op. cit._, p. 243.
[151] _Op. cit._, p. 242.
[152] _Op. cit._, pref., p. xxii.
[153] _Op. cit._, p. 240.
[154] _Op. cit._, p. 244.
[155] “Manual of Psychology,” p. 85.
[156] “Manual of Psychology,” p. 23.
[157] _Op. cit._, p. 22.
[158] “Introduction to Comparative Psychology,” p. 53.
[159] “Manual of Psychology,” p. 266.
[160] “Animal Life and Intelligence,” p. 340.
[161] “Mutual Development in the Child and the Race,” p. 19.
[162] _Supra_, p. 270.
[163] “Animal Intelligence,” p. 413.
[164] _Atalanta_, Jan., 1889. Reprinted in “Animal Sketches,” p. 17.
[165] “The Play of Animals,” p. 122.
[166] Appendix to “Animal Intelligence,” p. 486.
[167] “Manual of Ethics,” p. 1.
[168] “Animal Life and Intelligence,” p. 404.
[169] “Animal Life and Intelligence,” p. 400. “Introduction to
Comparative Psychology,” p. 369.
[170] “Animal Intelligence,” p. 444.
[171] “The Play of Animals,” p. 299.
[172] _Op. cit._, p. 145.
[173] “Manual of Ethics,” pp. 285, 286.
[174] Starcke, _International Journal of Ethics_, vol. ii., no. 3
(April, 1892), p. 348.
[175] “Manual of Psychology,” p. 234. “Displeasure” here means the
feeling attitude antithetical to “pleasure.”
[176] _Op. cit._, p. 65.
[177] “Types of Ethical Theory,” vol. ii., f. 350.
[178] “Manual of Ethics,” p. 85.
[179] “Principles of Psychology,” vol. i., pt. ii., ch. ix. § 125.
[180] “Manual of Ethics,” p. 72.
[181] “Life and Letters,” vol. i., p. 310.
[182] Vol. i., pt. ii., ch. ix., § 124. I quote from the valuable
“Epitome” prepared by Mr. Howard Collins, p. 214.
[183] “Principles of Biology,” revised and enlarged edit. (1898), p.
560.
[184] From “Animal Life and Intelligence,” p. 382.
[185] “Experiments on the Value of Vascular and Visceral Factors for
the Genesis of Emotion,” _Proc. Roy. Soc._, vol. lxvi., pp. 390-403
(1900).
[186] “Manual of Psychology,” p. 288.
[187] “Manual of Psychology,” p. 132.
[188] See Huxley’s book on “The Crayfish,” in the International Science
Series, p. 108.
[189] _Journal of Morphology_, vol. ix. Quoted by Professor C. S.
Sherrington in The Marshall Hall Address, “On the Spinal Animal”
(reprinted from _Medico-Chirurgical Transactions_, vol. 82), p. 4.
[190] “The Spinal Animal,” p. 5.
[191] _Op. cit._, p. 23.
[192] “Collected Essays,” vol. i., essay on “Animal Automatism,” p. 224.
[193] _Op. cit._, pp. 20, 21.
[194] _Op. cit._, p. 29.
[195] _Op. cit._, p. 18.
[196] _Vide supra_, p. 33.
[197] “Collected Essays,” vol. i., p. 240.
[198] _Op. cit._, pp. 238, 239.
[199] _Vide supra_, p. 285.
[200] “Naturalist in La Plata,” pp. 280, 281.
[201] “Psychology for Teachers,” p. 70.
[202] _Supra_, p. 36.
[203] _Supra_, p. 13.
[204] “Collected Essays,” vol. i., p. 239.
Transcriber's Note
Illustrations have been moved alongside the text which they
illustrate, and may no longer match the locations given in the List of
Illustrations.
The following apparent errors have been corrected:
p. vii "FIG" changed to "FIG."
p. viii "Mr" changed to "Mr."
p. 29 "Figs. 9" changed to "Fig. 9"
p. 34 (note) "on" changed to "of"
p. 50 (footnote) "p 88" changed to "p. 88"
p. 72 (note) "(1898)" changed to "(1898)."
p. 107 (note) "405" changed to "405."
p. 131 "219" changed to "219."
p. 131 (note) ">Pfluger’s" changed to "Pflüger’s"
p. 162 (note) "p 44" changed to "p. 44"
p. 165 "Mullerian" changed to "Müllerian"
p. 212 "Where-ever" changed to "Wherever"
p. 216 "79" changed to "79."
p. 226 "drives" changed to "drive"
p. 239 (note) "G. F" changed to "G. F."
p. 256 "objects" changed to "objects."
p. 267 "woes" changed to "woos"
p. 330 (note) "239" changed to "239."
p. 332 "co ordinated" changed to "co-ordinated"
p. 338 "106." changed to "106"
p. 338 "BECKSTEIN" changed to "BECHSTEIN"
p. 338 "leafcase" changed to "leaf-case"
p. 339 "nerve centres" changed to "nerve-centres"
p. 341 "nerve centres" changed to "nerve-centres"
p. 341 "king crab" changed to "king-crab"
p. 341 "of, intelligence" changed to "of intelligence"
p. 342 "on, infusoria" changed to "on infusoria"
p. 342 "mating, instinct" changed to "mating instinct"
p. 343 "SCHNEIDER on" changed to "SCHNEIDER, on"
p. 343 "Shock effects" changed to "Shock, effects"
p. 343 "SPENCE on" changed to "SPENCE, on"
p. 344 "106." changed to "106"
p. 344 "of 327" changed to "of, 327"
p. 344 "72 ff.," changed to "72 ff.;"
Punctuation and spelling have otherwise been kept as printed.
The following are used inconsistently in the text:
alarm-note and alarm note
co-existed and coexists
co-incident and coincident
danger-note and danger note
first-hand and firsthand
fox-terrier and fox terrier
ground-work and groundwork
inter-communication and intercommunication
newly-hatched and newly hatched
non-plussed and nonplussed
play-time and playtime
pre-requisite and prerequisite
re-presentations and representations
re-presentative and representative
Romanes’s and Romanes’
supra and _supra_
Venus’s Fly-trap, Venus’s Fly Trap and Venus’s fly-trap