[170] Vines; Physiology of Plants. Nägeli; Beiträge zur näheren
Kenntniss der Stärkegruppe.
[171] Bulletin 5, Department of Agriculture, Division of Chemistry, pp.
191 et seq.: Bulletin 25, New Hampshire Experiment Station.
[172] Spencer; Handbook for Sugar Manufacturers, p. 31.
[173] Vid. op. cit. supra, pp. 102, 108.
[174] Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 16, p. 677.
[175] Botanical Gazette, Vol. 12, No. 3.
[176] Bulletin de l’Association des Chimistes de Sucrerie et de
Distillerie, Tome 13, p. 133.
[177] Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 4, p. 381.
[178] Spencer’s Handbook for Sugar Manufacturers, pp. 30 et seq.
[179] Bulletin de l’Association des Chimistes de Sucrerie et de
Distillerie, Tome 13, p. 292.
[180] Vid. op. cit. supra, Tome 2, p. 369.
[181] Dosage du Sucre Cristallisable dans la Betterave, pp. 117 et
seq.: Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 16, p. 266.
[182] Neue Zeitschrift für Rübenzucker-Industrie. Band 3, S. 342; Band
14, S. 286: Zeitschrift des Vereins für die Rübenzucker-Industrie,
1876, S. 692: Dingler’s Polytechnisches Journal, Band 232, S. 461.
[183] Sidersky: Traité d’ Analyse des Matières Sucrées, p. 304.
[184] Neue Zeitschrift für Rübenzucker-Industrie, Band 14, S. 286.
[185] Zeitschrift des Vereins für die Rübenzucker-Industrie, Band 32,
S. 861.
[186] Spencer’s Handbook for Sugar Manufacturers, p. 42.
[187] Bulletin No. 4 of the Chemical Society of Washington, pp. 22, et
seq.
[188] Vid. op. et loc. cit. 7.
[189] Chemiker-Zeitung, Band 19, S. 1830.
[190] Vid. op cit. supra, S. 1784.
[191] Vid. op. cit. supra, S. 1829.
[192] Zeitschrift des Vereins für die Rübenzucker-Industrie, 1895, S.
844.
[193] Journal des Fabricants de Sucre, 1895, No. 33.
[194] Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 2, p. 387:
Agricultural Science, Feb. 1892.
[195] American Chemical Journal, Vol. 13, p. 24.
[196] Tucker; Manual of Sugar Analysis, p. 287: Wiechmann; Sugar
Analysis, p. 51.
[197] Sidersky; vid. op. cit., 14, p. 197.
[198] Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 18, p. 81: Allen;
Commercial Organic Analysis, Vol. 1, p. 291.
[199] Handbuch der Physiologisch- und Pathologisch-Chemischen Analyse,
S. 286.
[200] Kühne und Chittenden; American Chemical Journal, Vol. 6, p. 45.
[201] Vid. op. cit. supra, p. 289.
[202] Analyst, Vol. 13, p. 64.
[203] Journal American Chemical Society, Vol. 18, p. 438.
[204] School of Mines Quarterly, Vols. 11 and 12.
In a later method (School of Mines Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 3) Wiechman
describes the separation of the sugars by one polariscopic and two
gravimetric determinations, one before and one after inversion. The
polariscopic examination is made in a ten per cent solution at a
temperature of 20°. The gyrodynats of sucrose, dextrose and levulose
at the temperature mentioned are fixed at 66.5, 53.5 and -81.9
respectively. The gravimetric determinations are conducted according
to the methods already described. In the formulas for calculating
the results _a_ represents sucrose, _b_ reducing sugars, _x_ the
dextrose, _y_ the levulose, and _d_ the observed polarization expressed
in degrees angular measure. The gyrodynats of sucrose, dextrose and
levulose divided by 100 are represented by _s_, _d_ and _l_. The
calculations are made from the following formulas:
(_as_ + _xd_) - _yl_ = _p_.
(_as_ + _xd_) = _p_ + _yl_.
_xd_ = _p_ + _yl_ - _as_.
_p_ + _yl_ - _as_
_x_ = -----------------.
_d_
In this calculation the gyrodynat of levulose is about ten degrees
lower than that of most authorities.
[205] Vid. op. cit., 23, Band 24, S. 869.
[206] Vid. op. cit. supra, 1888, S. 782.
[207] Neue Zeitschrift für Rübenzucker-Industrie, Band 35, S. 166.
[208] Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 2, p. 399:
Science, Oct. 1, 1881: Proceedings American Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1881, p. 61: Sugar Cane, Vol. 13, p. 533, pp.
61-66.
[209] Wiley and McElroy; Agricultural Science, Vol. 6, p. 57.
[210] Chemical News, Vol. 46, p. 175.
[211] Vid. op. cit, 14, p. 352.
[212] Vid. op. et loc. cit., 41.
[213] Vid. op. cit., 41, Vol. 65, p. 169.
[214] Zeitschrift des Vereins für die Rübenzucker-Industrie, 1884, S.
854.
[215] Bulletin 46, Division of Chemistry, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, p. 60.
[216] The Analyst, Vol. 20, p. 121.
[217] Journal American Chemical Society, Vol. 15, p. 668.
[218] Comptes rendus, Tome 118, p. 147.
[219] Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions, 1895, p. 735.
[220] Die agrikultur-chemische Versuchsstation, Halle, a/S., S. 114.
[221] Cellulose, p. 77.
[222] Vid. op. cit., 46, p. 63.
[223] Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie, Band 13, S. 84.
[224] Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie, 1895, S. 561.
[225] Vid. op. cit., 52, pp. 8 et seq.
[226] Vid. op. cit. supra, p. 15.
[227] Composition of Wood, Agricultural Science, Vol. 7, pp. 49, 97 and
161.
[228] Tollens; Handbuch der Kohlenhydrate: von Lippmann; Chemie der
Zuckerarten.