every 20 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1860.
79. =Folkestone=, South Pier-head, lat. 51° 4´; two fixed
lights, visible 6 miles; 31 feet high; erected 1848.
80. =Folkestone=, New Pier; one fixed green light, visible 6
miles; 28 feet high; erected 1860.
81. =Dover=, Admiralty Pier; one fixed blue light; erected 1849.
82. =Dover=, South Pier, lat. 51° 7´; three fixed red lights
(_gas_), visible 12 miles; erected 1852.
83. =Dover=, North Pier; one fixed red light; erected 1842.
84. =Dover=, near Clock Tower; one fixed green light; erected
1852.
85. =South Foreland=, lat. 51° 8´ 23´´; two fixed lights,
visible 26 and 23 miles; one light, 69 feet high, the other, 49
feet; erected 1793.
86. =Deal=, Iron Pier, one fixed red light; erected 1865.
87. [++]=Goodwin Sand=, South Sand Head Lightship, lat. 51° 9´
35´´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; fixed 1832.
88. [++]=Goodwin Sand=, Gall Stream Lightship, lat. 51° 16´;
revolving light every 20 seconds, visible 7 miles; fixed 1809.
89. [++]=Goodwin Sand=, North Sand Head Lightship, lat. 51° 19´
23´´; three fixed lights, visible 10 miles; fixed 1793.
SOUTH-EAST COAST.
90. =Ramsgate=, West Pier-head, lat. 51° 19´ 42´´; one fixed
light, visible 7 miles; 37 feet high.
91. =Ramsgate=, East Pier-head; one light, flashing every 5
seconds, and dark 5 seconds; erected 1867.
Thames River and Mouth; Kent and Essex Banks—Nos. 92 to 115.
[92. =North Foreland=, lat. 51° 22´ 28´´; one fixed light,
visible 19 miles; 85 feet high; erected 1790.
93. =Margate=, West Pier, lat. 51° 24´; one fixed light,
visible 10 miles; stone column, 70 feet high; erected 1829.
94. [++]=East Tongue Sand= Lightship, lat. 51° 29´; two fixed
lights, visible 10 and 4 miles; fixed 1848.
95. [++]=Princes Channel= Lightship, one revolving light every
20 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1836.
96. [++]=West Goodwin Sand= Lightship, lat. 51° 29´; one
revolving light every 30 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1848.
97. [++]=Nore= Lightship, lat. 51° 29´; one revolving light
every 30 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1732.
98. =Sheerness=, left demi-bastion, lat. 51° 26´ 48´´; one
fixed light, _gas_; erected 1859.
99. =Sea Reach=, Southend Pier-head; one red light; erected
1840.
100. §=Sea Reach=, Chapman Head; one fixed light, visible 11
miles; 74 feet high; erected 1849.
101. §=Sea Reach=, Mucking Flat; one fixed light, visible 11
miles; 71 feet high; erected 1849.
102. =Hope Point=, fort; one fixed light, for colliers only;
erected 1852.
103. =Northfleet=, wharf; fixed light on iron frame; erected
1859.
EAST COAST.
104. [++]=Mouse= Lightship, lat. 51° 32´; revolving light every
20 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1838.
105. §=Maplin Sands=, lat. 51° 35´; one fixed light, visible 10
miles; 69 feet high; erected 1838.
106. [++]=Middle Swin=, Lightship, lat. 51° 39´; revolving
light every minute, visible 10 miles; fixed 1837.
107. §=Gunfleet Sand=, lat. 51° 45´ 50´´; one revolving light
every 30 seconds, visible 10 miles; 72 feet high; erected 1850.
108. [++]=Sunk= Lightship, lat. 51° 49´ 28´´; one fixed light,
visible 10 miles; fixed 1802.
109. [++]=Kentish Knock= Lightship, lat. 51° 40´ 50´´; one
revolving light every minute, visible 10 miles; fixed 1840.
110. [++]=Galloper= Lightship, lat. 51° 45´; two fixed lights,
visible 10 miles; fixed 1803.
111a. §=Harwich=, Dovercourt; two fixed lights, visible 12 and
9 miles; 45 and 27 feet high; erected 1863.
111b. =Harwich=, North Jetty; one fixed light; erected 1869.
112. =Harwich=, near Landguard Point, lat. 51° 56´ 15´´; one
fixed light, visible 5 miles; 38 feet high; erected 1868.
113. [++]=Cork= Lightship, lat. 51° 46´; one revolving light
every 30 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1844.
114. [++]=Shipwash= Lightship, lat. 52° 1´ 30´´; one fixed red
light, visible 10 miles; fixed 1837.
115. =Orfordness=, lat. 52° 5´; two fixed lights, visible 17
and 14 miles; the high lighthouse 79 feet, the low lighthouse
72 feet; both erected 1792. The high lighthouse is a circular,
and the lower a sixteen-sided edifice.]
* * * * *
116. =Kessingland=, cliff, lat. 52° 24´ 50´´; one fixed light;
68 feet high; erected 1867.
117. =Lowestoft=, Harbour Pier; two fixed lights; erected 1847.
118. =Lowestoft=, cliff, lat. 52° 29´ 14´´; two fixed lights,
visible 16 and 11 miles; the cliff lighthouse, 53 feet high,
erected 1609; the low lighthouse, on the Ness, 48 feet; erected
1866.
119. =Corton Gatway=; two fixed lights, one 52 feet, the other
18 feet high; erected 1865.
120. [++]=Corton= Lightship, lat. 52° 31´ 15´´; revolving light
every 20 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1862.
121. [++]=Hewett Channel=, or St. Nicholas Gate Lightship; two
fixed lights, visible 10 and 4 miles; fixed 1837.
122. =Yarmouth=, South Pier, lat. 52° 34´ 25´´; one fixed
light; erected 1852.
123. [++]=Cocker= Lightship, lat. 52° 41´; revolving light
every minute, visible 10 miles; fixed 1844.
124. =Winterton=, lat. 52° 43´; one fixed light, visible 14
miles; 69 feet high; erected 1790. [The old lighthouse is
mentioned in “Robinson Crusoe.”]
125. [++]=Newarp= Lightship, lat. 52° 45´; three fixed lights,
visible 10 miles; fixed 1791.
126. =Hasborough=, lat. 52° 49´; two fixed lights, visible 17
and 15 miles; 95 feet high; erected 1791.
127. [++]=Hasborough= Lightship, lat. 52° 58´; two fixed
lights, visible 10 miles; fixed 1832.
128. [++]=Leman and Ower= Lightship, lat. 53° 8´ 45´´; two
lights, one revolving every minute and one fixed, visible 10
miles; fixed 1840.
129. =Cromer=, cliff, lat. 52° 56´; one revolving light,
visible 23 miles; 59 feet high; erected 1719.
130. =Hunstanton Point=, lat. 52° 56´ 54´´; one fixed light,
visible 16 miles; 63 feet high; erected 1665.
131. [++]=Lynn Well= Lightship, lat. 53° 1´ 25´´; one revolving
light, every 20 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1828.
132. =Lynn=; two fixed lights; erected 1868.
133. =Boston=, Hob Hole; two fixed lights; erected 1868.
134. [++]=Dudgeon= Lightship, lat. 53° 15´; one fixed light,
visible 10 miles; fixed 1736.
135. [++]=Outer Dowsing= Lightship, lat. 53° 28´ 15´´; one
revolving light every 20 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1861.
Humber River—Nos. 136 to 150.
[136. [++]=Spurn= Lightship, lat. 53° 34´; one light revolving
every minute, visible 10 miles; fixed 1820.
137. =Spurn Point=, lat. 53° 34´ 44´´; two lighthouses, with
fixed lights; one, visible 15 miles, 112 feet high; the other,
visible 12 miles, 76 feet high; erected 1776.
138. [++]=Bull Sand= Lightship, lat, 53° 34´; one fixed light,
visible 8 miles; fixed 1851.
139. =Grimsby=, pier-head; two fixed red lights.
140. =Stallingborough=, ferry, lat. 53° 37´; one fixed light;
erected 1849.
141. =Killingholm=, lat. 53° 39´; three fixed lights, visible
11 miles; high lighthouse, 77 feet high, erected 1831; north
tower, 45 feet high, erected 1836; south-east tower, 45 feet
high; erected 1852.
142. =Paull=, lat. 53° 43´; one fixed light, visible 7 miles;
30 feet high; erected 1836.
143. [++]=Hebbles= Lightship, lat. 53° 44´; one fixed light,
visible 5 miles; fixed 1839.
144. =Chaldersness=; one fixed light; erected 1863.
145. =Winteringham=; two fixed lights; erected 1862.
146. =Brough=; two fixed lights.
147. [++]=Whitton= Lightship; two fixed lights; fixed 1865.
148. =Whitton=, New Pier; two fixed lights; erected 1862.
149. =Walker=; one fixed blue light; erected 1863.
150. =Faxfleetness=; one fixed light; erected 1863.]
* * * * *
151. =Bridlington=, North Pier-head, lat. 54° 5´ 12´´; one
fixed light; erected 1852.
152. =Flamborough Head=, lat. 54° 7´; revolving light every two
minutes, visible 21 miles; 87 feet high; erected 1806.
153. =Scarborough=, Vincent Pier, lat. 54° 17´; one fixed
light, visible 13 miles; 56 feet high; erected 1806.
154. =Whitby=, West Pier-head, lat. 54° 30´; one fixed light,
visible 10 miles; 60 feet high; erected 1831.
155. =Whitby=, East Pier-head; one fixed light, visible 8
miles; erected 1855.
156. =High Whitby=, lat. 54° 28´ 40´´; two fixed lights,
visible 23 miles; south lighthouse, 66 feet high; north tower,
46 feet high.
River Tees—Nos. 157 to 160.
[157. =Brand Sand=, lat. 54° 38´; two lighthouses, 60 and 45
feet high; erected 1839. Not used.
158. =Fifth Buoy=, lat. 54° 37´ 36´´; one fixed light on piles;
erected 1866.
159. =Seal Sand=, one fixed red light.
160. =Seaton=, lat. 54° 50´; high lighthouse, ½ mile inland,
70 feet high, erected 1839; low lighthouse, on shore, fixed
lights, visible 13 miles.]
* * * * *
161. =Hartlepool=, North Pier-head; one fixed green light;
erected 1855.
162. =Hartlepool=, Pier-head, lat. 54° 51´; one fixed light,
visible 7 miles; erected 1836.
163. =Hartlepool=, Heugh, lat. 54° 41´ 51´´; two fixed lights,
visible 15 and 4 miles; 73 feet high; erected 1847.
164. =Seaham=, South Pier-head, lat. 54° 50´; one fixed light,
visible 4 miles; erected 1846.
165. =Seaham=, Red Acre Point; two lights—high one fixed,
visible 14 miles; low one, revolving every 30 seconds, visible
11 miles; 58 feet high; erected 1857.
166. =Sunderland=, North and South Pier-heads, lat. 54° 55´;
three fixed lights, visible 13, 10, and 6 miles; north tower,
64 feet; south tower, 23 feet; erected 1802.
167a. =Souter Point=, lat. 54° 58´ 10´´; one fixed and flashing
light (_electric_) every minute; 75 feet high; erected 1870.
167b. =Tynemouth=, Castle Yard, lat. 52° 1´; revolving light
every minute, visible 18 miles; 79 feet high; erected 1802. To
be discontinued when Souter Point Lighthouse is completed.
168. =Tynemouth=, North Pier Works; three fixed lights; erected
1864.
109. =Tynemouth=, North Pier; erected 1865. To be moved out as
the works advance.
170. =Tyne=, or =North Shields=, lat. 55° 0´ 30´´; two fixed
lights, visible 16 and 13 miles; 49 and 76 feet high; erected
1808.
171. =Blyth=, lat. 55° 7´; two fixed lights, visible 11 and 7
miles; 41 and 35 feet high; erected 1788.
172. =Coquet Island=, lat. 55° 20´; two fixed lights, visible
14 miles; square white tower, 72 feet high; erected 1841.
173. =Warkworth=, South Pier, lat. 55° 21´; one fixed red
light; erected 1848.
174. =Farne Island=, lat. 55° 37´. High lighthouse—revolving
light every 30 seconds, visible 15 miles; white tower, 43 feet
high; erected 1766. Low lighthouse—fixed light, visible 12
miles; 27 feet high (octagonal tower); erected 1810.
175. =Longstone Rock=, lat. 55° 39´; one light, revolving every
30 seconds, visible 14 miles; 85 feet high; erected 1826.
176. =Berwick Pier-head=, lat. 55° 46´; two fixed lights,
visible 12 and 8 miles; 44 feet high.
SCOTLAND.
EAST COAST.
177. =Eyemouth=, lat. 55° 52´; two fixed lights, visible 10 and
8 miles; erected 1857.
178. =St. Abb’s Head=, lat. 55° 55´; flashing light, every 10
seconds, visible 20 miles; 29 feet high; erected 1862.
179. =Dunbar=, Old Harbour, lat. 56°; one fixed light (_gas_),
visible 5 miles; 27 feet high; erected 1857.
180. =Dunbar=, Victoria Harbour; one fixed light, _gas_.
Firth of Forth—Nos. 181 to 207.
[181. =Cockenzie=, pier-head; one fixed green light, visible 8
miles.
182. =Fisherrow=, pier-head, lat. 55° 56´; fixed light; erected
1839.
183. =Leith=, East Pier, inner part, lat. 55° 59´; one fixed
light, visible 8 miles; 19 feet high; erected 1758.
184. =Leith=, East Pier-head; one fixed green light; visible 8
miles.
185. =Leith=, West Pier; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; 19
feet high; erected 1829.
186. =Newhaven=, pier-head, lat. 55° 59´; one fixed light,
visible 5 miles; 29 feet high.
187. =Granton=, pier-head; one fixed light, visible 6 miles; 40
feet high; erected 1845.
188. =Granton=, breakwater; two fixed red lights; 12 feet high.
189. =Inchkeith Island=, lat. 56° 2´; one light, revolving
every minute, visible 20 miles; stone lighthouse, 58 feet high;
erected 1804.
190. =Grangemouth=; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; stone
tower, 30 feet high; erected 1847.
191. =Charleston=, outer pier; one fixed light; erected 1866.
192. =Inverkeithing=, West Quay, two fixed red lights; erected
1856.
193. =St. David=; one fixed light; erected 1866.
194. =Burntisland=, East Pier-head, lat. 56° 4´; one fixed
light, visible 8 miles; 25 feet high; erected 1860.
195. =Burntisland=, Ferry Pier; one fixed light; 9 feet high.
196. =Burntisland=, New Pier; one fixed light; erected 1867.
197. =Pettycur=, pier; one fixed light; erected 1854.
198. =Kirkcaldy=, East Pier-head, lat. 56° 7´; one fixed light
(_gas_), visible 8 miles.
199. =Dysart=; one fixed green light, _gas_.
200. =West Wemyss=, pier-head; one fixed red light.
201. =Buckhaven=, East Pier-head, lat. 56° 10´ 6´´; one fixed
light; iron tower, 9 feet high; erected 1854.
202. =St. Monans=, lat. 56° 12´ 30´´; two fixed lights, visible
6 miles.
203. =Pittenweem=, East Pier-head, lat. 56° 13´; one fixed
light, visible 6 miles; erected 1853.
204. =Pittenweem=, saw-mill, one fixed light, visible 6 miles;
erected 1853.
205. =East Anstruther=, West Pier-head, lat. 56° 13´ 16´´; two
fixed lights (_gas_), visible 4 miles; erected 1848.
206. =Cellardyke=, lat. 56° 14´; one fixed red light, _gas_.
207. =Isle of May=, lat. 56° 11´ 9´´. Lighthouse on summit of
island—one fixed light, visible 21 miles; 78 feet high; erected
1816. Lighthouse on north-east side—one fixed light, visible 15
miles; 36 feet high; erected 1844.]
* * * * *
208. =Bell Rock=, lat. 56° 26 3´; one light, revolving every
two minutes, visible 15 miles; 117 feet high; erected 1811.
209. =St. Andrews=, pier-head, lat. 56° 20´ 3´´; one fixed red
light, visible 6 miles; 18 feet high; erected 1825.
210. =St. Andrews=, Cathedral turret; one fixed light, visible
5 miles; erected 1849.
Firth of Tay—Nos. 211 to 215.
[211. =Buddonness=, lat. 56° 28´; two fixed lights, visible 15
and 12 miles; one on tower, 104 feet high, erected 1820; the
lower one, 65 feet high.
212. =Port-on-Craig=, lat. 56° 27´; two fixed lights, visible
12 and 10 miles; one on tower, 76 feet high; one on piles, 53
feet high; erected 1820 and 1845.
213. =Newport=, West Ferry Pier, lat. 56° 26´; two fixed
lights, visible 8 and 7 miles.
214. =Dundee Harbour=, Middle and East Piers, lat. 56° 28´; two
fixed lights, visible 8 and 7 miles.
215. =Dundee=, Camperdown Docks; two fixed red lights, _gas_;
erected 1865.]
* * * * *
216. =Arbroath=, Outer Harbour, lat. 56° 33´; one fixed light,
visible 8 miles; stone tower, 22 feet high; erected 1826.
217. =Arbroath=, Inner Harbour; two fixed lights.
218. =Ness=, Scurdyness, lat. 56° 42´; one fixed light; erected
1870.[65]
[65] We condense the following report from the _Dundee Advertiser_,
March 1, 1870:—
“On Tuesday night the Scurdyness Lighthouse, at the entrance to
Montrose Harbour, was lit up for the first time, amid the rejoicings
of the people of Montrose and Ferryden. From early morning the vessels
in the harbour displayed numerous flags, and more than the usual stir
was observable among the villagers on the opposite side of the river.
Indeed, seldom have the Ferryden people manifested so much enthusiasm;
but it is seldom that they have so much cause to rejoice. The want
of a light at the Scurdyness has long been felt by the seafaring
community. The rock-bound shore stretching between the Bell Rock and
the Girdleness—a distance of nearly fifty miles—is perhaps one of the
most dangerous parts of the east coast of Scotland, and has been the
scene of numerous shipwrecks and great loss of life. At no point within
these limits have so many disasters occurred as at the entrance to
Montrose Harbour, now fortunately protected by the Scurdyness Light.
Bounded on the one side by large outlying and in some instances hidden
rocks, and on the other by a long stretch of sandy shore, whilst the
channel itself is extremely narrow, the entrance to Montrose Harbour
is very difficult for navigation, and particularly so when the weather
is boisterous. Moreover, on the north side, and within a very short
distance of the newly-erected lighthouse, is the Annat—a sandbank on
which many vessels have been wrecked in attempting to make the harbour.
The necessity, therefore, for a light on Scurdyness was very great, and
has been long and deeply felt. Situated at the Point, on the southern
side of the channel, the lighthouse, a substantial building, commands a
clear-weather range of seventeen nautical miles. It is built on solid
rock, the foundation being of stones from Benholm Quarry, and the tower
itself of white brick. The entire height of the tower is about 100 feet
and the lighthouse about 30 feet—in all, 130 feet from base to vane.
The diameter at the base is 23 feet 2 inches, whilst at the top it is
16 feet. A spiral stair of about 140 steps leads to the top of the
tower, after which the ascent to the various stories is by ladders.
There is a room near the top, in which are deposited the stores. The
light is fixed and white, of the second order (dioptric), and the
mechanism for supplying the lamp with oil is of the most interesting
nature. Oil is pumped up to the wick by clock-work; and an alarm
sounds during the whole time the machine is in motion, so that any
irregularity is immediately announced to the attendant. The light will
be seen from about S. W. ¼ S., round by the east to about N.E. ¼ N., or
as far as the land will permit. The bearings are magnetic, and from the
vessel. A light of weaker power will be shown from the channel towards
Montrose Harbour.”
219. =Montrose=, north side of harbour; two fixed lights,
visible 11 and 10 miles; 65 and 39 feet high; erected 1818.
220. =Stonehaven=, harbour, lat. 56° 58´; two fixed lights,
visible 8 miles; erected 1839.
[Illustration: GIRDLENESS LIGHTHOUSE.]
221. =Girdleness=, lat. 57° 8´ 15´´; two lights, visible 19 and
16 miles; stone lighthouse, 120 feet high; erected 1833.
222. =Aberdeen=, North Pier-head, lat. 57° 8´ 20´´; one fixed
light, visible 8 miles; white tower, 29 feet high; erected 1866.
223. =Aberdeen=, ferry; two fixed lights, 8 miles; erected 1842.
224. =Buchanness=, lat. 57° 28´ 15´´; one light, flashing every
5 seconds, visible 16 miles; 115 feet high; erected 1827.
225. =Peterhead=, South Harbour, lat. 57° 30´; one fixed light,
visible 10 miles; 26 feet high; erected 1834.
226. =Peterhead=, North Harbour; one fixed light, visible 10
miles; 32 feet high; erected 1849.
227. =Fraserburgh=, Pier-head and Middle Pier, lat. 57° 41´
30´´; two fixed red lights, visible 5 miles; erected 1841.
228. =Kinnaird Head=, lat. 57° 41´ 51´´; one fixed light,
visible 15 miles; 76 feet high; erected 1787.
229. =Macduff=, North Pier-head, lat. 57° 40´; one fixed light,
visible 6 miles.
230. =Banff=, North Pier-head, lat. 57° 40´; one fixed light,
visible 8 miles, erected 1832.
231. =Banff=, New Harbour, lat. 57° 40´ 5´´; two fixed lights;
erected 1851.
232. =Elgin and Lossiemouth=, South Pier-head; one fixed green
light; erected 1838.
233. =Covesea Skerries=, Craig Head, lat. 57° 43´ 15´´;
one light, revolving every minute, visible 18 miles; stone
lighthouse 18 feet high; erected 1846.
234. =Chanonry=, Point, lat. 57° 34´ 30´´; one fixed light,
visible 11 miles; stone lighthouse, 42 feet high; erected 1846.
235. =Cromarty=, lat. 57° 41´; one fixed light, visible 9
miles; 42 feet high; erected 1846.
236. =Tarbet Ness=, lat. 57° 51´ 54´´; one intermittent light,
visible 2½ minutes, dark ½ minute; visible 15 to 18 miles;
tower, 134 feet high; erected 1830.
237. =Little Ferry=, lat. 57° 56´; two fixed lights.
238. =Latheronwheel=, South Head, lat. 58° 16´ 10´´; one fixed
light; erected 1852. 239. =Wick=, North Pier-head, lat. 58°
26´; two fixed lights (_gas_), visible 8 miles; 34 feet high;
erected 1851.
240. =Noss Head=, lat. 58° 28´ 38´´; one light, revolving every
half minute, visible 18 miles; 68 feet high; erected 1849.
241. =Pentland Skerries=, island, 58° 41´ 22´´; two fixed
lights, visible 18 and 16 miles; high light, 118 feet high; low
light, 88 feet high; 33 yards distant; erected 1794.
242. =Dunnet Head=, lat. 58° 40´ 16´´; one fixed light, visible
23 miles; 66 feet high; erected 1831.
243. =Holburn=, Little Head, Thurso Bay, lat. 58° 36´ 50´´; one
light, flashing every 10 seconds, visible 13 miles; 55 feet
high; erected 1862.
244. =Orkney Isles=, Cantick Head, Hoy Isle, lat. 58° 47´;
one light, revolving every minute, visible 15 miles; brick
lighthouse, 73 feet high; erected 1858.
245. =Orkney Isles=, Hoy Sound, lat. 58° 56´ 9´´; two fixed
lights, visible 15 and 11 miles; high light, Gremsa Isle,
north-east point, 108 feet high, erected 1851; low light,
Gremsa Isle, north-west point, 38 feet high.
246. =Orkney Isles=, Kirkwall, lat. 58° 59´ 10´´; one fixed
light, visible 9 miles; 27 feet high; erected 1854.
247. =Orkney Isles=, Auskerry, Stronsa Firth, lat. 59° 2´; one
fixed light, visible 16 miles; brick lighthouse, 112 feet high;
erected 1867.
248. =Orkney Isles=, Start Point, Sanday Isle, lat. 59° 16´
39´´; one fixed light, visible 15 miles; 91 feet high; erected
1806.
249. =Orkney Isles=, North Ronaldshay, lat. 59° 23´ 15´´; one
light, flashing every 10 seconds, visible 17 miles; brick
lighthouse, 139 feet high; erected 1854.
250. =Shetland Isles=, Sumburgh Head, lat. 59° 51´; one fixed
light, visible 22 miles; stone lighthouse, 55 feet high;
erected 1821.
251. =Shetland Isles=, Bressay, lat. 60° 6´ 10´´; one light,
revolving every minute, visible 17 miles; brick lighthouse, 98
feet high; erected 1854.
252. =Shetland Isles=, Whalsey Skerries, lat. 60° 25´ 24´´; one
light, revolving every minute, visible 17 miles; brick tower,
98 feet high; erected 1854.
253. =Shetland Isles=, North Unst, lat. 60° 51´ 20´´; one fixed
light, visible 21 miles; 64 feet high; erected 1854.
254. =Cape Wrath=, north-west point of Scotland, lat, 58°
37´30´´; one light, revolving every two minutes, visible 30
miles; tower, 65 feet high; erected 1828.
255. =Ru Stoer=, lat. 58° 14´ 10´´. Now building.
NORTH COAST.
256. =South Rona Island=, lat. 57° 34´ 31´´; one light,
flashing every 12 seconds, visible 20 miles; tower, 42 feet
high; erected 1857.
257. =Kyle Akin=, Gilliean Island, lat. 57° 16´ 39´´; one fixed
light, visible 11 miles; 70 feet high; erected 1857.
258. =Oronsay Island=, lat. 57° 8´ 39´´; one fixed light,
visible 12 miles; 63 feet high; erected 1857.
259. =Hebrides=, Butt of Lewis, north point, lat. 58° 30´ 40´´;
one fixed light, visible 18 miles; lighthouse tower, 120 feet
high; erected 1862.
260. =Hebrides=, Stornoway, Arnish Point,[66] lat. 58° 11´
28´´; one light, revolving every 30 seconds, visible 12 miles;
45 feet high; erected 1852.
[66] This lighthouse reflects a light on Arnish Beacon (see p. 274).
[Illustration: WHALSEY SKERRIES LIGHTHOUSE.]
261. =Hebrides=, Monach, Shillay Island, lat. 57° 31´ 34´´; two
lights—the upper flashing every 10 seconds, visible 17 miles;
the lower, fixed, visible 12 miles; lighthouse tower, 133 feet
high; erected 1814.
262. =Hebrides=, Scalpa, Glass Island, lat. 57° 51´ 25´´; one
fixed light, visible 16 miles; tower, 100 feet high; erected
1789.
263. =Hebrides=, Ushenish, South Uist, lat. 57° 17´ 35´´; one
fixed light, visible 18 miles; tower, 39 feet high; erected
1857.
264. =Hebrides=, Barra Head, Bernera Island, lat. 56° 47´ 8´´;
intermittent light, visible for 2½ minutes, dark for ⅓ minute;
visible 32 miles; stone lighthouse, 60 feet high; erected 1833.
265. =Skerryvore=, lat. 56° 19´ 22´´; one light, revolving
every minute, visible 17 miles; stone lighthouse, 158 feet
high; erected 1844.
266. =Dubhe Artach=, lat. 56° 8´. Now building.
267. =Ardnamurchan Point=, lat. 56° 43´ 38´´; one fixed light,
visible 18 miles; lighthouse, 118 feet high; erected 1849.
268. =Mull Sound=, Runa Gal Rock, lat. 56° 38´; one fixed
light, visible 12 miles; tower, 63 feet high; erected 1857.
269. =Lismore=, Musdile Island, lat. 56° 27´ 19´´; one fixed
light, visible 14 miles; 86 feet high; erected 1833.
270. =Corran Point=, Loch Eil, lat. 56° 43´ 16´´; one fixed
light, visible 10 miles; 42 feet high; erected 1860.
271. =Oban=, pier, lat. 56° 25´; two fixed lights; erected 1858.
272. =Phladda Island=, lat. 56° 14´ 48´´; one fixed light,
visible 11 miles; tower, 42 feet high; erected 1860.
273. =Crinan Canal=, lat. 56° 5´ 30´´; one fixed light, visible
four miles; erected 1851.
274. =Iron Rock=,[67] lat. 55° 52´ 30´´; one light, revolving
every minute, visible 14 miles; 83 feet high; erected 1865.
[67] Sgeirmaoile, or Skeirvuile.
275. =Rhu Vaal=, Islay Island, lat. 55° 56´ 6´´; one fixed
light, visible 15 miles; tower, 113 feet high; erected 1859.
276. =Macarthur’s Head=, lat. 56° 56´ 50´´; one fixed light,
visible 17 miles; 42 feet high; erected 1861.
277. =Rhynns=, or =Islay=, Oversay Island, lat. 55° 40´ 20´´;
one light, flashing every 5 seconds, visible 17 miles; tower,
96 feet high; erected 1825.
278. =Loch-in-Dail=, Dune Point, Islay, lat. 55° 44´ 40´´; one
fixed light, visible 12 miles; erected 1869.
279. =Port Ellen=, lat. 55° 37´ 13´´; one fixed light, visible
11 miles; square tower, 65 feet high; erected 1853.
280. =Mull of Kintyre=, lat. 55° 18´ 39´´; one fixed light,
visible 22 miles; 38 feet high; erected 1787.
281. =Sanda=, Ship Rock, lat. 55° 16´ 30´´; one fixed light,
visible 17 miles; 48 feet high; erected 1850.
282. =Davar Island=, lat. 55° 25´ 45´´; one light, revolving
every 30 seconds, visible 15 miles; stone tower, 65 feet high;
erected 1854.
[Illustration: SHIP ROCK OF SANDA LIGHTHOUSE.]
283. =Campbeltown=, pier-head, lat. 55° 25´ 30´´; one fixed
light.
284. =Ardrishaig=, pier-head, lat. 56° 0´ 45´´; one fixed
light, visible 4 miles; 19 feet high; erected 1850.
285. =Pladda Island=, lat. 55° 26´; two fixed lights, visible
17 and 14 miles; towers, 95 feet and 43 feet high; erected 1790.
River Clyde and Firth of Clyde—Nos. 286 to 300.
[286. =Cumbrae=, Little Cumbrae Island, lat. 55° 43´ 16´´; one
fixed light, visible 15 miles; tower, 36 feet high; erected
1757.
287. =Toward Point=, lat. 55° 51´ 45´´; one light, revolving
every 52 seconds, visible 10 miles; 63 feet high; erected 1812.
288. =Cloch Point=, lat. 55° 56´ 35´´; one fixed light, visible
10 miles; tower, 76 feet high; erected 1797.
289. =Greenock=, lat. 55° 57´; two fixed lights, visible 8
miles; erected 1834.
290. =Greenock=, quay; one fixed light, visible 4 miles; 20
feet high; erected 1829.
291. =Greenock=, Garvel Point; one fixed light, visible 7
miles; erected 1867.
292. =Port-Glasgow=, beacon, lat. 55° 56´ 15´´; one fixed red
light, visible 3 miles; erected 1861.
293. =Broomielaw=; one fixed light, _gas_.
294. =Cardross=; one fixed red light, visible 4 miles; black
stone, 34 feet high; erected 1849.
295. [++]=Garmoyle= Lightship; one fixed light; fixed 1868.
296. =Dumbuck=; one fixed light; erected 1868.
297. =Bowling Bay=; one fixed light, on iron tower, visible 2
miles; erected 1849.
298. =Bowling=, Donald’s Quay; one fixed red and bright light;
16 feet high; erected 1869.
299. =Park Quay=; one fixed light; erected 1869.
300. =North Bank=, opposite New-Shot Island; one fixed red
light, on iron tower, erected 1869.]
* * * * *
301. =Ardrossan=, breakwater, lat. 55° 38´ 27´´; one fixed
light, visible 5 miles; tower, 23 feet high; re-built 1856.
302. =Saltcoats=, pier, lat 55° 37´ 52´´; one fixed light,
visible 6 miles; 18 feet high; erected 1840.
303. =Troon Harbour=, lat. 55° 32´ 55´´; two lights,
intermittent, 40 seconds bright and 20 seconds eclipsed
(_gas_), visible 9 miles; 25 feet high; erected 1827 at inner
end of pier; and fixed red light, visible 6 miles, 25 feet
high, at pier-head; erected 1848.
304. =Ayr Harbour=, north pier, lat. 55° 28´ 10´´; three
fixed lights—a tide light, visible 4 miles; erected 1790; two
lights in tower, 62 feet high, visible 16 miles; erected 1826,
improved 1866.
305. =Loch Ryan=, Cairn Ryan Point, lat. 54° 57´ 45´´; one
fixed light, visible 10 miles; 50 feet high; erected 1847.
306. =Stranraer=, lat. 54° 54´ 40´´; three lights on pier, one
visible 9 miles.
307. =Corsewall Point=, Loch Ryan, lat. 55° 0´ 29´´; one light,
revolving every 2 minutes, visible 15 miles; lighthouse tower,
110 feet high; erected 1817.
308. =Port-Patrick=, lat. 54° 50´ 20´´; one fixed light,
visible 8 miles; stone tower, 30 feet high; erected 1790,
re-lighted 1856.
309. =Galloway Mull=, south point, lat. 54° 38´ 9´´; one
intermittent light, visible 23 miles, eclipsed 30 seconds in
every 3 minutes; stone lighthouse, 86 feet high; erected 1830.
310. =Little Ross Island=, lat. 54° 56´; one light, flashing
every 5 seconds, visible 18 miles; tower, 65 feet high; erected
1843.
311. =Annan River=, lat. 54° 57´ 50´´; one fixed light; erected
1841.
ENGLAND.
WEST COAST.
312. =Skinburness=, near Silloth, lat. 54° 52´ 30´´; one fixed
light, visible 9 miles; wooden lighthouse, 32 feet high;
erected 1841.
313. §=Lee Scar=, lat. 54° 52´; one fixed light, visible 6
miles; 45 feet high; erected 1841.
314. [++]=Solway= Lightship, lat 54° 48´; one fixed light, red;
erected 1841.
315. =Maryport=, south wooden pier, lat 54° 43´; one fixed
light (_gas_), visible 6 miles; erected 1796.
316. =Maryport=, south stone pier; one fixed light, visible 12
miles; 35 feet high; erected 1834.
317. =Maryport=, jetty; one fixed light, visible 3 miles;
erected 1857.
318. =Maryport=, north tongue; one fixed light (_gas_), visible
3 miles; erected 1857.
319. =Workington=, John Pier and wooden pier, lat. 54° 39´; one
fixed light, visible 11 miles; 23 feet high; built in 1825,
improved 1866.
320. =Harrington=, pier-head, lat. 54° 37´; one fixed light,
visible 11 miles; iron pedestal, 36 feet high; erected 1797.
321. =Whitehaven=, West Pier-head, lat. 54° 33´; one light,
revolving every two minutes, visible 19 miles; tower, 47 feet
high; erected 1821.
322. =Whitehaven=, North Pier-head; one fixed light.
323. =Whitehaven=, Old Quay; one fixed light.
324. =St. Bees Head=, lat. 54° 30´ 50´´; one fixed light,
visible 25 miles; tower, 55 feet high; erected 1866.
ISLE OF MAN.
325. =Ayre Point=, lat, 54° 24´ 56´´; one light, revolving
every 2 minutes, and visible 15 miles; tower 99 feet high;
erected 1818.
326.} =Peel=, lat. 54° 13´; one fixed light at entrance,
visible 8 miles; erected 327.} 1811; and fixed light (_argand_)
on breakwater; erected 1865.
328. =Port Erin=; one fixed green light; erected 1867.
329. =Calf of Man=, Calf Island, lat. 54° 3´; two lights,
revolving every 2 minutes, visible 24 and 22 miles; one 70, the
other 53 feet high; erected 1818.
330. =St. Mary Port=, pier-head, lat. 54° 4´; one fixed light,
visible 9 miles; 18 feet high; erected 1812.
331. =Castletown=, pier-head, lat. 54° 5´; one fixed light,
visible 9 miles; 18 feet high; erected 1812.
332. =Derby Haven=, Fort Island, lat. 54° 5´; one fixed light,
visible 6 miles; 45 feet in height (during the fishing season
only, Aug. 12th to Oct. 10th.)
333. =Derby Haven=, end of breakwater; one fixed light.
334. =Douglas Head=, lat. 54° 9´; one fixed light, visible 14
miles; tower, 65 feet high; erected 1832.
335_a_. =Douglas=, Old Pier-head, lat. 54° 10´; one fixed red
light, visible 6 miles; 43 feet high; built 1796; re-built 1865.
335_b_. =Douglas=, Promenade Pier; one fixed blue light;
erected 1869.
336. =Douglas=, new landing-pier; one fixed green light;
erected 1868.
337_a_. and 337_b_. =Ramsay=, South Pier-head, lat. 54° 20´;
fixed red light, visible 4 miles; 27 feet high; (dark stone
tower) erected 1845; North Pier-head, one fixed light, visible
9 miles; erected 1868.
338. [++]=Bahama Bank= Lightship, lat. 54° 20´; two fixed
lights, visible 10 miles; fixed 1848.
ENGLAND.
WEST COAST.
Morecambe Bay—Nos. 339 to 345.
[339. =Walney Island=, lat. 54° 2´ 56´´; two lights, one
revolving every minute and one fixed, visible 13 miles; stone
tower, 60 feet high; erected 1790.
340. [++]=Morecambe Bay= Lightship, lat. 53° 54´; one revolving
light, flashing every 30 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1863.
341. =Poulton=, stone pier, lat. 54° 4´ 20´´; one fixed light,
visible 8 miles; stone tower, 50 feet high; erected 1851.
342. [++]=Lightship=, lat. 54° 1´ 20´´; one fixed red light;
fixed 1854.
343. =Lune River=, Cockerham Promontory, and Plover Scar Rock,
lat. 53° 59´; two lights, distance 834 yards; one lighthouse of
wood, erected 1847; the other of stone.
344. §=Wyre River=, north-east elbow of North Wharf bank,
lat. 53° 57´ 14´´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; erected
1840.[68]
[68] It was this lighthouse, we presume, which underwent so
extraordinary an accident on Saturday, February 19th, 1870. About
half-past ten A.M., the schooner _Elizabeth and Jane_, of Preston,
approached the mouth of the channel opposite Fleetwood. Adjoining
the channel mouth, and about three miles from the latter town, is
situated a lighthouse upon screw piles. When about half a mile off the
lighthouse, the captain of the schooner found he was drifting towards
it, and, spite of all his exertions, he was unable to change her
course, as the tide flowed rapidly inwards, and a dead calm prevailed.
Before the anchor could get a “hold,” the ship ran bow foremost into
the piles, which were all shattered by the collision, and taking up the
body of the lighthouse—a huge sexangular timber frame, filled in with
windows, and surmounted with “a large revolving (?) light”—carried it
away on her forecastle. Two keepers were in the lighthouse, but neither
was hurt. The vessel, however, was greatly injured, and some alarm
was felt lest she should sink. However the accident was seen from the
shore; a tug steamer came to her assistance, and, with the lighthouse
on board, she was towed into port. Until a new structure can be raised,
a lightship will be stationed in a suitable locality.
345. =Fleetwood=, lat. 53° 55´ 36´´; two fixed lights, visible
13 and 9 miles; upper, stone lighthouse, and red lantern;
lower, stone colour; erected 1841.]
* * * * *
346. =Ribble River=, north-east of entrance, lat. 53° 44´ 38´´;
one intermittent light, every 4 minutes, visible 12 miles;
erected 1865.
347. =Ribble River=, New Pier; light shown about 2 hours before
to 1½ hours after high water.
348. =Ribble River=, Lytham, lat. 53° 44´ 10´´; one fixed light.
Mersey and Dee Rivers, Entrance—Nos. 349 to 361.
[349. [++]=Liverpool=, North-west Lightship; lat. 53° 29´ 30´´;
one light, revolving every minute, visible 11 miles; fixed 1814.
350. [++]=Formby= Lightship, lat. 53° 31´ 40´´; one fixed
light, visible 8 miles; fixed 1834.
351. [++]=Crosby= Lightship, lat. 53° 30´ 40´´; three fixed
lights, visible 8 miles; fixed 1840.
352. =Crosby Point=, lat. 53° 31´ 25´´; one fixed light,
visible 12 miles; lighthouse tower, 74 feet high; erected 1856.
353. =Air Point=, lat. 53° 22´; one fixed light, visible ten
miles; circular tower, 65 feet high; erected 1776.
354. =Hoylake=, lat. 53° 23´ 40´´; two fixed lights, visible 13
and 11 miles; towers, 64 feet and 42 feet high; erected 1763.
355. =Leasowe=, lat. 53° 24´ 49´´; one fixed light, visible 15
miles; lighthouse 110 feet high; erected 1763.
356. =Bidston=, lat. 53° 24´; one fixed light, visible 23
miles; stone lighthouse. 68 feet high; erected 1771.
357. =Rock=, lat. 53° 26´ 43´´; one light, revolving every
minute, visible 14 miles; 94 feet high; erected 1830.
358. =Birkenhead=, New Ferry Pier; one fixed light.
359. =Runcorn=, Old Quay, lat. 53° 20´; one fixed light;
erected 1863.
360. [++]=Runcorn= Lightship; one fixed light; fixed 1866.
361. =Woodside Ferry=; one fixed light; erected 1863.]
* * * * *
362. =Great Orme Head=, North Point, lat. 53° 20´ 35´´; one
fixed light, visible 24 miles; square castellated stone
lighthouse; erected 1862.
363. =Menai=, Trwyn-Du Point, lat. 53° 18´ 51´´; one fixed
light, visible 9 miles; circular castellated tower, 96 feet
high; erected 1837.
364. =Beaumaris=, pier, lat. 53° 15´ 45´´; one fixed red light.
365. =Lynus Point=, lat. 53° 25´; one intermittent light,
visible 8 seconds, obscured 2 seconds, visible 16 miles;
castellated tower, 36 feet high; erected 1835.
366. =Amlwch Port=, north pier, lat. 53° 25´; one fixed light,
visible 9 miles; erected 1817.
367. =Skerries Island=, lat. 53° 25´ 18´´; one fixed light,
visible 16 miles; circular tower, 75 feet high; erected 1714.
368. =Holyhead=, New Breakwater; one fixed light, visible 4
miles; erected 1850.
369. =Holyhead=, wooden jetty; one fixed light; erected 1864.
370. =Holyhead=, inner harbour, port side; one fixed light,
green; erected 1866.
371. =Holyhead=, inner harbour, starboard side; one fixed
light, red; erected 1866.
372_a_. =Stack Rock=, off north-west point of Holyhead Island,
lat. 53° 18´; one light, revolving every 2 minutes, visible 20
miles; circular tower, 84 feet high; erected 1809. [“During
foggy weather, a _bell_ is sounded, and a smaller _bright
light_, revolving in 1½ minutes, is occasionally shown about 40
feet above the sea, and 30 yards north of the main lighthouse.
A gun is also fired from the North Stack every hour and
half-hour during foggy weather; and, when the mail packets are
expected, every quarter of an hour, from 10.45. A.M. till 45
minutes past noon; and again from 11.45 P.M. till 1.45 A.M.”]
372_b_. [++]=Caernarvon= Lightship, lat. 53° 5´ 45´´; one
light, revolving every 20 seconds, and visible 10 miles; fixed
1870.
373. =Caernarvon=, Llanddwyn Island, lat. 53° 8´; one fixed
light, visible 5 miles; erected 1845.
374. =Caernarvon=, pier-head; one fixed light; erected 1858.
375. =Bardsey Island=, lat. 52° 45´; one fixed light, visible
17 miles; square white tower, 99 feet high; erected 1821.
376. =Aberystwith=, pier-head, lat. 52° 25´; two fixed lights;
erected 1864.
377. [++]=Cardigan Bay= Lightship, lat. 52° 22´ 30´´; one
light, revolving every 30 seconds, and visible 9 miles; fixed
1860.
378. =South Bishop Rock=, lat. 51° 51´; revolving light, every
20 seconds; 36 feet high; erected 1839.
379. =Smalls Rock=, lat. 51° 43´ 20´´; one fixed light, visible
15 miles; circular tower, 141 feet high; erected 1778.
Bristol Channel—Nos. 380 to 414.
[380. =St. Ann’s Point=, Milford Haven, lat 51° 41´; two fixed
lights, high lighthouse, visible 20 miles; circular tower, 75
feet high; erected 1714; low lighthouse, visible 18 miles,
octagonal, 203 yards south-east of former, 42 feet high.
381. =New Quay=; one fixed light.
382_a_. =Milford Haven=, dockyard; two fixed lights, red; 46
feet and 23 feet high; erected 1862.
382_b_. [++]=Neyland Point= Lightship; one fixed light; erected
1868.
383. =Caldy Island=, lat. 51° 37´ 56´´; one fixed light,
visible 20 miles; circular tower, 52 feet high; erected 1829.
384. =Tenby=, pier-head; one fixed red light; erected 1856.
385. =Saundersfoot=, pier-head, lat. 51° 42´; one fixed red
light.
386. =Pembrey Harbour=, lat 51° 41´; one fixed light, visible 9
miles.
387. =Llanelly=, south end of breakwater, lat. 51° 40´; one
fixed light; 50 feet high; erected 1850.
388. §=Llanelly=, Whiteford Point; one fixed light, visible 7
miles; erected 1854.
389. [++]=Helwick= Lightship, lat 51° 31´; one light, revolving
every minute.
390. =Mumbles Island=, lat. 51° 34´ 3´´; one fixed light,
visible 15 miles; tower, 56 feet high; erected 1798.
391. =Swansea=, South Pier-head, lat. 51° 37´; one fixed light,
visible 5 miles; 20 feet high; erected 1803.
392. =Swansea=, South Dock entrance; two red lights; erected
1859.
393. =Swansea=, North Dock entrance; two fixed lights; erected
1860.
394. =Swansea=, New Cut bridge; one fixed light.
395. [++]=Scarweather= Lightship; one light, revolving every 20
seconds; fixed 1862.
396. =Porthcawl Harbour=, south-east end of breakwater; one
fixed light; erected 1860.
397. =Porthcawl Harbour=, north-west end of breakwater; two
fixed red lights; erected 1861.
398. =Nash Point=, lat. 51° 24´; high lighthouse, one fixed
light, visible 19 miles; 111 feet high: low lighthouse, one
fixed light, visible 17 miles; 60 feet high; erected 1832.
399. [++]=Breaksea= Lightship, lat. 51° 19´ 48´´; two lights,
one revolving with a flash every 15 seconds, one fixed; fixed
1866.
400. =Flatholm Island=, lat. 51° 22´; one fixed light, visible
18 miles; circular lighthouse, 99 feet high; erected 1737.
401. =Cardiff=, docks, lat. 51° 27´ 48´´; two fixed red lights.
402. =Usk=, Newport, lat. 51° 32´; one fixed light, visible 11
miles; tower, 57 feet high; erected 1867.
403. =Briton Ferry Dock=; movable tide lights.
404. [++]=English and Welsh Grounds= Lightship, lat. 51° 26´
30´´; one light, revolving every minute, visible 10 miles;
fixed 1838.
405. =Portskewet=, pier-head; one fixed red light; erected 1868.
406. =New Passage=, Charstone Rock; one fixed red light;
erected 1868.
407. =Avon=, east side of entrance, lat. 51° 30´; one fixed
light, visible 13 miles; octagonal tower, 85 feet high; erected
1840.
408. =Portishead=, pier; two fixed lights.
409. =Clevedon=, pier-head; one fixed light, visible 7 miles;
erected 1869.
410. =Bridgewater=, or Burnham, east side of entrance of Parret
River, lat. 51° 15´; two lights—upper, intermittent, visible
(15 miles) for 3½ minutes, then suddenly eclipsed ½ a minute;
lower light, fixed, visible 9 miles; high lighthouse, 99 feet
high; low lighthouse, 36 feet high; erected 1832.
411. =Watchet Harbour=; one fixed red light, visible 4 miles;
sexangular tower, 22 feet high; erected 1862.
412. =Ilfracombe=, Lantern Hill, lat. 51° 13´; one fixed light,
visible 10 miles; 29 feet high, _gas_.
413. =Bideford=, Braunton Sands, lat. 51° 4´; two fixed lights,
311 yards apart; 86 and 15 feet high; erected 1820.
414. =Lundy Island=, lat. 51° 10´ 7´´; two lights, upper
revolving every two minutes, the lower fixed, visible 31 miles;
tower, 96 feet high; erected 1820.]
* * * * *
415. =Hartland Point=, lat. 51° 1´ 24´´; _lighthouse proposed_.
416. =Trevose Head=, lat. 50° 32´ 55´´; two fixed lights,
visible 20 and 17 miles; tower, 86 feet high; erected 1847.
417. =Godrevy Island=, lat. 50° 14´; two lights, flashes every
10 seconds; octagonal stone tower, 86 feet high; erected 1859.
418. =Padstow=, quay-head; one fixed light; erected 1868.
419. =Hayle=, lat. 50° 11´ 30´´; two fixed lights, visible six
miles; erected 1840.
420. =St. Ives=, outer and inner pier; two fixed lights,
visible 10 and 9 miles; erected 1860.
421. =St. Ives=, pier-head; one fixed light; erected 1831.
IRELAND.
SOUTH AND EAST COASTS.
422. =Fastnet=, lat. 51° 23´ 18´´; one light, revolving every
two minutes, visible 18 miles; circular tower, 92 feet high;
erected 1854.
423. =Kinsale=, Old Head, lat. 51° 36´ 11´´; one fixed light,
visible 21 miles; tower, 100 feet high; erected 1683.
424. =Kinsale=, Fort Charles, lat. 51° 41´ 48´´; one fixed
light, visible 14 miles; 48 feet high; erected 1804.
425. =Cork Harbour=,[69] Roche Point, lat. 51° 47´ 33´´; two
lights, one revolving every minute, and one fixed, visible 10
and 8 miles; 49 feet high; erected 1817.
[69] Or Queenstown.
426. §=Cork Harbour=, Spit Bank, lat. 51° 50´ 41´´; one fixed
light, visible 5 miles; erected 1848, repaired 1853.
427. =Cork Harbour=, Lough Mahon, lat. 51° 53´; one fixed
light; erected 1859.
428. =Cork Harbour=, Donkathel, lat. 51° 54´; one fixed green
light.
429. =Cork Harbour=, Black Rock Castle, lat. 51° 54´; one fixed
light; erected 1863.
430. =Cork Harbour=, King’s Quay, lat. 51° 53´; one fixed
light, _gas_.
431. =Cork Harbour=, Tivoli, lat. 51° 54´; one fixed light,
_gas_.
432. =Ballycottin=, Outer Island, lat. 51° 49´ 30´´; a flash
every 10 seconds, visible 18 miles; tower, 50 feet high;
erected 1850.
433. =Youghal=, lat. 51° 56´ 34´´; one fixed light, 6 miles;
erected 1852.
434. =Minehead=, lat. 51° 59´ 33´´; intermittent light, every
minute, visible 21 miles; lighthouse, 68 feet high; erected
1850.
EAST AND NORTH COASTS.
435. =Dungarvan=, Ballinacourty Point; one fixed light, visible
10 miles; lighthouse, 44 feet high; erected 1858.
436. =Waterford=, Hook Town, lat. 52° 7´ 25´´; one fixed light,
visible 16 miles; tower, 115 feet high; erected 1791.
437. =Waterford=, Dunmore Pier-head, lat. 52° 9´; one fixed
light, visible 5 miles; lighthouse, 51 feet high; erected 1826.
438. =Waterford=, Duncannon Fort, lat. 52° 13´ 13´´; two fixed
lights, visible 10 miles; 25 feet high; erected 1774.
439. =Waterford=, Duncannon; one fixed light, visible 16 miles;
tower, 35 feet high; erected 1838.
440. §=Waterford=, Spit off Passage Point; one fixed light;
erected 1867.
441. [++]=Saltees=, Coningbeg Rock Lightship, lat. 52° 2´ 25´´;
two fixed lights, visible 10 and 8 miles; fixed 1824.
442. =Taskar Rock=, lat. 52° 12´ 9´´; light revolving every
2 minutes, visible 15 miles; circular tower, 110 feet high;
erected 1815.
443. [++]=Lucifer Shoals= Lightship, lat. 52° 21´ 30´´; one
fixed light, visible 8 miles; fixed 1868.
444. [++]=Blackwater Bank= Lightship, lat. 52° 30´ 10´´; one
fixed light, visible 10 miles; fixed 1857.
445. [++]=Arklow= Lightship, lat. 52° 40´ 45´´; revolving every
minute, visible 10 miles; fixed 1834.
446. [++]=Arklow= Lightship, lat. 52° 53´; two fixed lights,
visible 10 and 8 miles; fixed 1867.
447. =Wicklow Head=, lat. 52° 57´ 50´´; intermittent light,
10 seconds bright and dark 3, visible 16 miles; tower 46 feet
high; erected 1818, altered 1867.
448. [++]=Codling Bank= Lightship, lat. 53° 4´ 40´´; revolving
every 20 seconds, visible 9 miles; fixed 1867.
Dublin Bay—Nos. 449 to 456.
[449. [++]=Kish= Lightship, lat. 53° 18´ 48´´; revolving every
minute, visible 10 miles; fixed 1811. [“In foggy weather a
_gong_ is sounded, and a gun fired with two discharges in quick
succession, commencing at 5 P.M. and at 6 P.M., and continued
every fifteen minutes until the mail packets due from Holyhead
have fired a gun in reply, when a signal gun from lightship is
fired in answer.”]
450. =Kingstown=, East Pier-head, lat. 53° 18´; revolving every
30 seconds, visible 9 miles; lighthouse, 41 feet high; erected
1822.
451. =Kingstown=, West Pier-head; one fixed light; granite
tower, 29 feet high; erected 1845.
452. =Poolbeg=, south wall, lat. 53° 20´ 30´´; two fixed
lights, visible 12 miles, one upper and one lower; lighthouse,
63 feet high; erected 1768.
453. =Poolbeg=, north wall, lat. 53° 21´; one fixed light,
visible 10 miles; iron tower, 28 feet high; erected 1820.
454. =Poolbeg=, one fixed light; erected 1861. (No particulars
given.)
455. =Bailey=, south-east point Howth peninsula, lat. 53° 21´
40´´; one fixed light, visible 15 miles; 42 feet high; erected
1671.
456. =Howth=, pier-head, lat. 53° 24´; one fixed light, visible
11 miles; 37 feet high; erected 1818.]
* * * * *
457. =Balbriggan=, pier, lat. 53° 36´ 45´´; one fixed light,
visible 10 miles; 53 feet high; erected 1769.
458. =Rockabill=, lat. 53° 35´ 45´´; one light, flashes every
12 seconds, visible 18 miles; circular gray stone lighthouse,
105 feet high; erected 1860.
459. =Drogheda=, sand hills, lat. 53° 43´; three fixed lights,
visible 6 to 7 miles; on timber framework, 30 feet high;
erected 1842.
460. §=Dundalk=, entrance of channel, lat. 53° 58´ 40´´;
flashes every 15 seconds, visible 9 miles; erected 1855.
461. =Dundalk=; two fixed lights; erected 1861. (No particulars
given.)
462. =Carlingford=, Haulbowline Rock, lat 54° 1´; two fixed
lights, visible 15 miles; tower, 111 feet high; erected 1823.
463. =Carlingford=, Greenore Point, lat. 54° 1´ 55´´; revolving
every 45 seconds, visible 9 miles; 41 feet high; erected 1830.
464. =Dundrum Bay=, St. John’s Point, lat. 54° 13´ 10´´; one
intermittent light, every minute, visible 12 miles; erected
1844.
465. =Ardglass Harbour=, lat. 54° 15´ 10´´; one fixed light,
visible 6 miles; erected 1816.
466. =South Rock=, lat. 54° 23´ 55´´; revolving every 90
seconds, visible 12 miles; 60 feet high; erected 1797.
467. =Donaghadee Harbour=, lat. 54° 38´ 45´´; one fixed light,
visible 12 miles; 53 feet high; erected 1836.
468. =Copeland Island=, lat. 54° 41´ 44´´; one fixed light,
visible 16 miles; tower, 52 feet high; erected 1796.
NORTH COAST.
469. =Belfast Bay=, Hollywood Bank, lat. 54° 39´; one fixed
light, visible 5 miles; erected 1848.
470. =Larne Lough=, Farrs Point, lat 54° 51´ 7´´; one fixed
light, visible 11 miles; tower, 50 feet; erected 1839.
471. =Maidens Rocks=, lat. 54° 55´ 47´´; two fixed lights,
visible 14 and 13 miles; one tower 76 feet, and the other 68
feet high, 800 yards apart; erected 1829.
472. =Rathlin Island=, Altacarry Head; lat. 55° 18´ 10´´; two
lights—the upper, intermittent, bright 50 seconds, dark 10; the
lower fixed—visible 21 miles; lighthouse, 88 feet high; erected
1856.
Lough Foyle—Nos. 473 to 483.
[473. =Inishowen=, Dunagree Point, lat. 55° 13´ 38´´; two
lights, east and west, 183 yards apart; visible 13 miles;
towers, 49 feet high; erected 1837.
474. =Warren Point=; one fixed red light; erected 1801.
475. §=Red Castle=; one fixed light; erected 1852.
476. §=White Castle=; one fixed light; erected 1848.
477. §=Ture=; one fixed light; erected 1850.
478. §=Cunnyberry=, one fixed light; erected 1848.
479. =Culmore Point=; one fixed light, on mast; erected 1848.
480. =Culkeeragh=; one fixed light; erected 1851.
481. =Boom Hall=; one fixed light; red brick tower; erected
1859.
482. [++]=Rosse Bay= Lightship; one fixed light; fixed 1859.
483. =Rock Mill= (near); one fixed light, on mast; erected
1859.]
* * * * *
484. =Inistrahull Island=, lat. 55° 25´ 55´´; revolving every 2
minutes; 42 feet high; erected 1812.
485. =Lough Swilly=, Fanad Point, lat. 55° 16´ 33´´; one fixed
light, visible 14 miles; 26 feet high; erected 1816.
486. =Tory Island=, lat. 55° 16´ 26´´; one fixed light, visible
16 miles; lighthouse, 87 feet high; erected 1832.
487. =Aranmore Island=, Rinrawros Point, lat. 55° 0´ 52´´; one
light, flashes every 20 seconds, visible 18 miles; circular
tower, 76 feet high; erected 1865.
WEST COAST.
488. =Rathlin-o-Birne Island=, lat. 54° 39´ 47´´; one fixed
light, visible 16 miles; circular tower, with dome, 63 feet
high; erected 1856, altered 1864.
489. =Killybegs=, St. John´s Point, lat. 54° 34´ 8´´; one fixed
light, visible 14 miles; 47 feet high; erected 1831.
490. =Killybegs=, Rotten Island, lat. 54° 36´ 51´´; one fixed
light, visible 12 miles; 47 feet high; erected 1838.
491. =Sligo Bay=, Black Rock, lat. 54° 18´; one fixed light,
visible 13 miles; lighthouse tower, 47 feet high; erected 1838.
492. =Sligo Bay=, Oyster Island, lat. 54° 18´ 5´´; two fixed
lights, visible 17 miles; each tower 43 feet high; erected 1837.
493. =Broadhaven=, Gubacashel Point, lat. 54° 16´; one fixed
light, visible 12 miles; 50 feet high; erected 1855.
494. =Eagle Rock=, lat. 54° 17´; two fixed lights, visible 20
miles; one 87 feet, the other 64 feet high; 132 yards distant.
495. =Black Rock=, lat. 54° 4´ 10´´; revolving light, with
flash every 30 seconds, visible 23 miles; circular tower, 50
feet high; erected 1864.
496. =Blacksod Point=, lat. 54° 5´ 54´´; one fixed light,
visible 10 miles; granite tower and dwelling, 41 feet high;
erected 1866.
497. =Clare Island=, lat. 53° 49´ 30´´; one fixed light,
visible 27 miles; 39 feet high; erected 1806.
498. =Inishgort=, lat. 53° 49´ 34´´; one fixed light, visible
10 miles; 26 feet high; erected 1827.
499. =Slyne Head=, Illaunimmul Island, lat. 53° 23´ 58´´; two
lights, one revolving every 2 minutes, visible 15 miles; one
fixed, visible 14 miles; each tower 79 feet high, 142 yards
apart; erected 1836.
Galway Bay—Nos. 500 to 502.
[500. =Eeragh Island=, West Point, lat. 53° 8´ 55´´; one light,
revolving every 3 minutes, visible 16 miles; circular tower,
101 feet; erected 1857.
501. =Inisheer=, South Point, lat. 53° 2´ 40´´; one fixed
light, visible 15 miles; circular tower, 112 feet high; erected
1856.
502. =Mutton Island=, lat. 53° 15´ 13´´; one fixed light,
visible 10 miles; 34 feet high; erected 1817.]
River Shannon—Nos. 503 to 507.
[503. =Loophead=, lat. 52° 33´ 38´´; one fixed light, visible
22 miles; circular white tower, 75 feet high; erected 1853.
504. =Kilcradan Point=, lat. 52° 34´ 47´´; one fixed light,
visible 16 miles; 43 feet high; erected 1824.
505. =Scattery Island=, Rinana Point. Now building.
506. =Tarbert=, Rock, lat. 52° 35´ 30´´; one fixed light,
visible 13 miles; 54 feet high; erected 1834.
507. =Beeves=, Rock, lat. 52° 39´; one fixed light, visible 10
miles; 40 feet high; erected 1854.]
* * * * *
508. =Tralee=, Samphire Island, lat. 52° 16´ 14´´; one fixed
light, visible 5 miles; circular lighthouse, erected 1834.
509. =Tearaght Island=, lat. 52° 4´. Now building. Will be
lighted, probably, in the autumn of 1870.
510. =Valentia=, Cromwell´s Fort, lat. 51° 56´; one fixed
light, visible 12 miles; lighthouse 48 feet high; erected 1841.
511. =Skelligs Rock=, lat. 51° 46´ 14´´; two fixed lights,
the upper visible 25 miles, and lighthouse 48 feet high; the
lower, visible 18 miles, and 46 feet high. The upper will be
extinguished when Tearaght is completed.
512. =Calf Rock=, lat. 51° 34´ 10´´; one light, flashing every
15 seconds; visible 17 miles; circular tower, painted red, with
white belt; 102 feet high; erected 1866.
513. =Bantry Bay=, Roancarrig Island, lat. 51° 39´ 10´´; one
fixed light, visible 12 miles; circular tower, 62 feet high;
erected 1847.
514. =Crookhaven=, Rock Island Point, lat. 51° 28´ 35´´; one
fixed red light, visible 10 miles; lighthouse, 45 feet high;
improved 1867.
[Illustration]
[Illustration]
II.
A NIGHT IN A LIGHTSHIP.
While these sheets were passing through the press there appeared in the
_Scotsman_ a graphic and interesting sketch of “A Night in the Gull
Lightship, off the Goodwin Sands,” from the able and popular pen of Mr.
R. M. Ballantyne (March 26, 1870). The following extracts cannot fail
to be acceptable to the reader:—
“A little before midnight on Thursday (the 24th), while I
was rolling uneasily in my ‘bunk,’ contending with sleep and
sea-sickness, and moralising on the madness of those who choose
‘the sea’ for a profession, I was roused—and sickness instantly
cured—by the watch on deck suddenly shouting down the hatchway
to the mate, ‘Southsand-Head light is firing, sir, and sending
up rockets.’ The mate sprang from his ‘bunk,’ and was on the
cabin floor before the sentence was well finished. I followed
suit, and pulled on coat, nether garments, and shoes, as if
my life depended on my own speed. There was unusual need for
clothing, for the night was bitterly cold. On gaining the deck,
we found the two men on duty actively at work—the one loading
the lee gun, the other adjusting a rocket to its stick. A
few hurried questions from the mate elicited all that it was
needful to know. The flash of a gun from the Southsand-Head
lightship, about six miles distant, had been seen, followed
by a rocket, indicating that a vessel had got upon the fatal
Goodwins. While the men spoke, I saw the bright flash of
another gun, but heard no report—owing to the gale carrying the
sound to leeward. A rocket followed, and at the same moment
we observed the light of the vessel in distress just on the
southern tail of the Sands. By this time our gun was charged,
and the rocket in position. ‘Look alive, Jack; get the poker,’
cried the mate, as he primed the gun. Jack dived down the
companion hatch, and in another moment returned with a red-hot
poker, which the mate had thrust into the cabin fire at the
first alarm. Jack applied it in quick succession to the gun and
the rocket. A blinding flash and deafening crash were followed
by the whiz of the rocket, as it sprang with a magnificent
curve far away into the surrounding darkness. This was our
answer to the Southsand-Head light, which, having fired three
guns and three rockets to attract our attention, now ceased
firing. It was also our note of warning to the look-out on the
pier of Ramsgate Harbour. ‘That’s a beauty,’ said our mate,
referring to the rocket; ‘get up another, Jack; sponge her well
out, Jacobs, we’ll give ’em another shot in a few minutes.’
Loud and clear were both our signals, but four and a half miles
of distance and a fresh gale neutralized their influence. The
look-out did not see them. In less than five minutes the gun
and rocket were fired again. Still no answering signal came
from Ramsgate. ‘Load the weather gun,’ said the mate. Jacobs
obeyed, and I sought shelter under the lee of the weather
bulwarks, for the wind appeared to be composed of penknives
and needles. Our third gun thundered forth, and shook the
lightship from stem to stern; but the rocket struck the rigging
and made a low wavering flight. Another was therefore sent up,
but it had scarcely cut its bright line across the sky when we
observed the answering signal—a rocket from Ramsgate Pier.
“‘That’s all right _now_, sir; _our_ work is done,’ said the
mate, as he went below, and quietly turned in, while the
watch, having sponged out and recovered the gun, resumed
their active perambulation of the deck. I confess that I felt
somewhat disappointed at the sudden termination of the noise
and excitement! I was told that the Ramsgate lifeboat could
not well be out in less than an hour. It seemed to my excited
spirit a terrible thing that human lives should be kept so
long in jeopardy, and, of course, I began to think, ‘Is it
not possible to prevent this delay?’ There was nothing for
it, however, but patience, so I turned in ‘all standing,’ as
sailors have it, with orders that I should be called when the
lights of the tug should come in sight. It seemed but a few
minutes after, when the voice of the watch was again heard
shouting hastily, ‘Lifeboat close alongside, sir. Didn’t see it
till this moment. She carries no lights.’ I bounced out, and
minus coat, hat, and shoes, scrambled on deck just in time to
see the Broadstairs lifeboat rush past us before the gale. She
was close under our stern, and rendered spectrally visible by
the light of our lantern. ‘What are you firing for?’ shouted
the coxswain of the boat. ‘Ship on the sands, bearing south,’
replied Jack, at the full pitch of his stentorian voice. The
boat did not pause. It passed with a magnificent rush into
darkness. The reply had been heard, and the lifeboat shot
straight as an arrow to the rescue. We often hear and read of
such scenes, but vision is necessary to enable one to realize
the full import of all that goes on. Again all was silent and
unexciting on board of the _Gull_. I went shivering below, with
exalted notions of the courage and endurance of lifeboat men.
Soon after, the watch once more shouted, ‘Tug’s in sight, sir;’
and, once again, the mate and I went on deck. The Ramsgate
lifeboat _Bradford_ was in tow far astern. As she passed us,
the brief questions and answers were repeated for the benefit
of the coxswain of the boat. I observed that every man in the
boat lay flat on the thwarts except the coxswain. No wonder.
It is not an easy matter to sit up in a gale of wind, with
freezing spray, and sometimes green seas, sweeping over one.
They were, doubtless, wide awake and listening; but, as far
as vision went, that boat was manned by ten oilskin coats and
sou’-westers. A few seconds took them out of sight; and thus,
as far as the _Gull_ lightship was concerned, the drama ended.
There was no possibility of our ascertaining more, at least
during that night, for whatever might be the result of these
efforts, the floating lights had no chance of hearing of them
until the next visit of their tender. I was therefore obliged
to turn in once more, at 3 A.M. Next forenoon we saw the wreck,
bottom up, high on the Goodwin Sands.” It was that of the good
ship _Germania_ of Bremen.
[Illustration]
[Illustration]
Index.
Alexander the Great, anecdote of, quoted, 26, 29.
Alexandria, the pharos of, one of the wonders of the world, 17;
its architect, 17, 18;
its position, 20, 21;
described, 21;
references to, in the historians, 21, 22;
description of, by Edrisi, 22, 25, 26;
fables concerning, 26, 29.
Alguada reef, lighthouse on, described, 210.
Ampellius, Lucius, his description of the Colossus of Rhodes, 47.
Anastasius, the librarian, cited, 19.
Annette, the isle of, described, 196;
dangerous character of, 210.
Apameia, colony of, founded, 15, 16.
Argand, the engineer, his efforts in lighthouse illumination, 70.
Avery, David, his establishment of a lightship at the
Scilly Isles, 254, 255.
Ballantyne, R. M., quoted, 312-314.
Beachy Head, light at, referred to, 132.
Beacons, suggestions for lighting, by Mr. T. Stevenson, 169, 170.
Belle-Tout lighthouse, the, described, 207.
Bell Rock, the, position of, 146, 147;
the legend of quoted, 147-149.
Bell Rock lighthouse, the, story of its erection, 149-164;
description of, 165, 166;
how managed, 166, 167;
curious incident connected with, 167.
Bible, the, references to beacons in, 12.
Bishop Rock lighthouse, the, erection of recorded, 196, 197.
Black Prince, the, lighthouse erected at Cordouan by, 214.
Board of Ballast, the, of Dublin, its functions and members, 55.
Board of Trade, the, its superintendence of lighthouse-boards, 55.
Borda, the mathematician, his reflecting apparatus, 71.
Boulogne, referred to by Pliny and Ptolemæus, 30;
its early history, 30;
the Tour d’Ordre of, described—_See_ Tour d’Ordre.
Brick-making amongst the Romans, description of, 40, 41.
Buffon, the naturalist, his suggestions for lighthouse illumination, 77.
Buoys, as aids to navigation, 270;
various kinds of, 273;
modes of lighting, 274;
how shifted, 275.
Caligula, the Emperor, his erection of the Tour d’Ordre at Boulogne, 30.
Calf of Man, double lights at, 76.
Capio, pharos at, referred to by Strabo the geographer, 14.
Capreæ, island of, pharos on, referred to, 13.
Carcel, the engineer, his efforts in lighthouse illumination, 70.
Carcel lamp, the, described, 80.
Carr Rock, erection of a beacon on, by Mr. R. Stevenson, 168.
Catoptric system, the, of illumination, described at length, 71-77.
Caylus, the Comte de, his demonstration concerning the Rhodian
Apollo, 44.
Champollion, his account of the building of the pharos of
Alexandria, 18.
Chares, the sculptor of the Colossus of Rhodes, the story of, 48.
Chevreau, Urbain, his reference to the Colossus of Rhodes, 44.
Chrysorrhoas, lighthouse on the, described by Dionysius of
Byzantium, 13, 14.
Claudius, the Emperor, at Boulogne, 13.
Colossus of Rhodes, the, fabled magnitude of, 43;
was it ever a beacon-light? 44;
described by Pliny and Philo, 47;
referred to by Lucius Ampellius, 47;
the authentic facts concerning, 47, 48;
its sculptor’s career sketched, 48.
Colour, as a source of distinction between lights, 76, 77.
Condorcet, the philosopher, his suggestions for lighthouse
illumination, 77.
Cordouan, the first lighthouse at, 213, 214;
the second, described, 214;
the present structure, history of, 214, 215;
described, 216-218;
M. Michelet’s account of, 218-221;
its illuminating apparatus, 221, 222.
_Cornhill Magazine_, quoted, 277.
Crusius, Martinus, story of the Alexandrian pharos quoted from, 26, 29.
Darling, Grace, the story of, 280, 281.
Delavigne, Casimir, the poet, quoted, 224.
Dionysius of Byzantium, his description of a lighthouse on the
Chrysorrhoas, 13, 14.
Dioptric system, the, of lighthouse illumination, described in
detail, 77, 78, 84-87.
Double lights, the, of the catoptric system, how exhibited, 76.
Dover, early history of the castle, 38;
the tower, its present appearance described, 38-40;
its history sketched, 41, 42.
Dubhe-Artach Rocks, the, described, 208;
proposed lighthouse on, 209.
Dungeness, the red light at, 132.
Eddystone Rocks, the, position of, described, 108, 109.
Eddystone lighthouse, the, of Winstanley, its erection narrated, 109-113;
its destruction, 113;
of Rudyerd, 113-116;
its conflagration, 116-118;
a romantic narrative connected with, 118, 119;
of Smeaton, its erection described, 121-129;
its present condition, 129, 130.
_Edinburgh Review_, cited, 55, 69.
Edrisi, the historian, his description of the Alexandrian
pharos, 22-26.
Egger, M., on the Tour d’Ordre at Boulogne, 32, 35, 36.
Egypt, the light-towers of, described, 10.
Empiricus, Sextus, the Pyrrhonist, on the sculptor of the Colossus of
Rhodes, 48.
Enfant Perdu, the, lighthouse on, its difficult construction, 250.
English Channel, the, lights in, enumerated, 131, 132.
Esquiros, M. Alphonse, his description of Trinity House, quoted, 58-61;
his account of life on board a lightship, 255, 256.
Faraday, Professor, his system of ventilation for lighthouses, 101, 102.
Fastnet Rock, revolving light on the, 204;
the lighthouse on, described, 204-206.
Fire-towers amongst the Egyptians, 10, 12;
reference to, in Homer and the Bible, 12.
Fixed light, the, of the catoptric system, how obtained, 74.
Fixed light, varied by flashes, employed in France, 92, 93.
Flashing light, the, of the catoptric system, how effected, 75.
Foix, Louis de, the Parisian architect, his erection of a tower at
Cordouan, 215.
_Forfarshire_, the, wreck of, referred to, 280, 281.
France, number of lighthouses in, 56;
its system of lighthouse administration, 56, 57.
Fresnel, Jean Augustin, the engineer, his career sketched, 78, 79;
his system of lighthouse illuminationdescribed, 86, 89;
his revolving light and apparatus explained, 90, 91;
his lenticular system, 222.
Gascony, Gulf of, described by M. Michelet, 262.
Grand Barge d’Olonne, the lighthouse of, its construction
described, 245, 246.
Greeks, the, lighthouses among, 10.
Gregory of Tours, the historian, his employment of the word
“pharos,” 19.
Gunfleet, the lighthouse at, on piles, 207, 208.
Hamblin, Robert, his establishment of a lightship at the
Nore, 254, 255.
Harwich, the light at, 66.
Héaux, of Bréhat, the lighthouse of, story of its erection,
233-237, 240-243;
its submarine portion, 237;
its rocky foundation, 238;
its stability, 238;
the principle of its construction, 239, 240;
its resistance to the waves, 243, 244.
Hercules, his fabled invention of lighthouses, 10;
the Pillars of, historical memoranda concerning, 265, 266.
Herodian, the historian, his description of Roman light-towers, 14.
Hesychius, the historian, his account of the Pillars of Hercules, 266.
Hève, La, legend connected with, 226-228;
position of described, 228;
lighthouses of, details concerning, 228-232.
Homer, reference to fire-towers in, 12.
Honduras, the mahogany of, 144.
Illuminating apparatus, the, of lighthouses, treated in detail, 68-95.
Inchkeith, isle of, lighthouse on, 145.
Intermittent light, the, of the catoptric system, how
distinguished, 75, 76.
Ireland, the coast of, lights on, enumerated, 201-204.
Isaiah, the prophet, his reference to beacons, 12.
Josephus, the historian, his account of the pharos at Alexandria, 21.
La Hève, the two lighthouses of, electric and lenticular
apparatus at, 81, 82.
Lamps as a means of lighthouse illumination, 69, 70;
the various kinds employed in modern lighthouses, 79-81.
Landmarks, early historical instances of, 264, 265;
the Pillars of Hercules, 265, 266;
Pompey’s Pillar, 266, 269, 270.
Land’s End, the, described, 193, 194.
Leon of Ostia, cited, 20.
Lesches, pharos erected by, 12, 13.
Light, the electric, as a means of lighthouse illumination, 81-84.
Light, the refraction of, 84.
Lighthouse commission of France, buildings of, referred to, 61.
Lighthouse illumination, history of, sketched, 69-71.
Lighthouse, an iron, described, 204-206;
on piles, 207.
Lighthouse keeper, the, his duties detailed, 276-279;
in France, 285-288.
Lighthouses, early history of, 9-43;
how administered, 49-61;
their geographical distribution, 62-67;
the illuminating apparatus of, 68-94;
the skill required in their construction, 95;
the conditions of their erection, 96;
number of men required for, 97, 98, 102;
their capability of resistance to wind and wave, 98;
internal arrangements of, 99-102;
duties of their keepers, 102-104;
of Great Britain, 108-211;
of France, 212-252;
the auxiliaries of, 256-275;
life in, described, 276-288.
Lights, variety of, 62, 63, 67;
sea, 63;
secondary, 64;
harbour, 65;
the leading five, 65, 66;
their recent introduction, 66;
danger of a too great multiplicity, 66, 67;
a list of, 289-311.
Lightships, first instituted by Avery and Hamblin, 254, 255;
described, 255-257;
how managed, 257, 258;
British and Irish, 258;
of the United States, 259;
their crews, 259-261;
life on board, 261-263;
a night on board a lightship, 312-314.
Lizard lights, the, referred to, 130.
Lizard Point, lighthouses on, described, 197-199.
Longfellow, the poet, his piece on the lighthouse quoted, 279, 280.
Louis XIV. of France, anecdote of, 115, 116.
Lovet, Captain, his lease of the Eddystone rock, 113.
Lowestoff, the lighthouse at, 108.
Lucan, the Roman poet, his reference to the pharos of Alexandria, 22.
Mahogany, the, of Honduras, 144.
Maplin Sands lighthouse described, 206, 207.
Marstrand, Sweden, revolving apparatus for illumination at, 71.
Martineau, Miss, quoted, 269, 270.
May, isle of, the light on, 140.
Messina, pharos at the mole of, 13.
Michelet, M. Jules, on the Gulf of Gascony, 212;
on Cordouan and its lighthouse, 218-221.
“Moderator” lamp, the, described, 80.
Montfaucon on Roman light-towers, 14, 15;
on the pharos at Alexandria, 17, 18, 26-29;
on the etymology of the word “pharos,” 18, 19.
Morlent, author of “Monographie du Havre,” his description of
Sainte-Adresse, 225.
Needles Down, the, Isle of Wight, old lighthouse on, 97.
Needles Point, Isle of Wight, lighthouse on, erection recorded, 97, 189;
described, 189-191.
New Caledonia, the lighthouse at described, 250, 251;
inauguration of, 252.
Nore, the, lightship at, mentioned, 132.
Northern Lights, the commission of, its composition, 54, 55.
North Foreland, the, lighthouse at, 201.
Oil, the, employed in lighthouses of Great Britain and France, 81.
Ostia, pharos erected at, by Emperor Claudian, 13.
Paris, Matthew, the chronicler, cited, 23.
Past, a nation’s, importance of cherishing, 36.
“Permanent level” lamp, the, described, 80.
Pharos, island of, lighthouse erected on, 13;
position and history of, 20, 21.—_See_ Alexandria.
Pharos, etymology of the word, 18, 19;
its employment by historians, 19, 20.
Philips, Mr., the founder of the Smalls lighthouse, 133, 134.
Philo of Byzantium, his reference to the Rhodian Colossus, 47, 48.
Pliny, his account of the pharos at Alexandria, 18, 21, 22;
his reference to Boulogne, 30;
his information concerning the Colossus of Rhodes quoted, 47, 48.
Plymouth breakwater, the lighthouses at, 199.
Point of Ayre lighthouse, the, referred to, 208.
Pompey’s Pillar, historical memoranda concerning, 266-269.
_Ponts et Chaussées_, department of, in France, its functions and
functionaries, 57.
Portland Bill, the lighthouse at, mentioned, 201.
Ptolemæus, the Emperor, supposed founder of the pharos of
Alexandria, 17, 18.
Ptolemæus, the geographer, his reference to Boulogne, 30.
Puckle, Rev. J., the historian of Dover Castle, quoted, 39-41.
Puteoli, pharos at the port of, referred to, 13.
Quatrefages, M. de, quoted, 243, 244.
Ravenna, pharos erected at, by Augustus, 13.
Reflectors, the plan of, in lighthouse illumination, 70.
Renard, M., author of “Le Phares,” quoted, 10, 63, 223.
Revolving light, the, of the catoptric system, how produced, 74.
Revolving red and white light of the catoptric system, how
produced, 74, 75.
Reynaud, M. Léonce, the engineer, his erection of lighthouse at
Héaux of Bréhat, 233-240;
cited, 71.
Rhodes, the Colossus of.—_See_ Colossus.
Ronaldshay, North, the lighthouse at, mentioned, 142.
Ronsard, the French poet, his tribute to Charles IX., quoted, 20.
Rudyerd, John, his lighthouse on the Eddystone described, 113-115;
its destruction, 116-118;
a romantic episode connected with, 118, 119.
Rumford, the engineer, his efforts to increase the illuminating
power of lamps, 80.
Sainte-Adresse, the vale of, described, 225;
origin of the word, 225, 226.
Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de, the French writer, 226-228.
Scilly Isles, wrecks on the, 196.
Scotland, coast of, administration of lights on, 139-141.
Scott, Sir Walter, quoted, 145.
Sea-birds as lighthouse signals, 107.
Serapion, the, historical memoranda concerning, 266, 269.
Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, wrecked on Scilly Isles, 196.
Sigeum, pharos erected on the promontory of, 13.
Skerries, the, Stevenson’s lighthouse on, 141, 142.
Skerryvore Rock, the, its position, 171;
danger and desolation, 172;
Mr. Alan Stevenson’s inspection of, 172, 174.
Skerryvore Lighthouse, the story of its erection, 174-180;
its illuminating apparatus described, 180.
Smalls lighthouse, the, its founder, 133, 134;
its engineer, 134;
and adventure of, 134-137;
a painful incident connected with, 137, 138.
Smeaton, John, his career sketched, 119, 120;
his erection of a lighthouse on Eddystone described, 121-129.
Smiles, Mr. Samuel, cited, 110, 119, 122, 129.
Sostrates, architect of the pharos of Alexandria, story of, 17, 18.
South Foreland, lighthouse on the, 282.
South Stock lighthouse, warning apparatus at, 107.
Southey, the poet, his ballad of “Ralph the Rover,” 147-149.
St. Agnes Light, the, mentioned, 130.
Start Point, lights at, referred to, 130;
Stevenson’s erection of a beacon at, 142-144.
St. Catherine’s Down, old lighthouse on, 192;
proposed new lighthouse on, 97, 192.
St. Catherine’s Point, lighthouse on, referred to, 192, 193.
Stevenson, Mr. Thomas, the engineer, quoted, 66, 72, 76, 85, 88, 89;
his holophotal system of illumination, 91, 92, 94;
his marine dynamometer, 98;
his suggestions for lighting beacons and buoys, 169, 170.
Stevenson, Mr. Alan, quoted, 103, 104, 121;
his inspection of the Skerryvore Rock, 172-174;
erection of a lighthouse on the Skerryvore, 174-180;
account of the Skerryvore quoted from, 172, _passim_.
Stevenson, Mr. Robert, his erection of a lighthouse on the
Skerries, 141, 142;
the story of his Bell Rock lighthouse, 149-164;
his erection of a beacon on Carr Rock, 168;
quoted from, 142, _passim_.
St. Hilaire, the church of, its conflagration described by
Gregory of Tours, 19.
Strabo, the historian, his reference to the pharos at Capio, 14;
his account of the Colossus of Rhodes, 44;
his mention of the Pillar of Hercules, 265, 266.
Suetonius, the historian, cited, 13.
Sunderland, the lighthouse at, its erection described, 182-186.
Teulère, the engineer, his studies and inventions in lighthouse
illumination, 70, 71.
_Thames_, the, steamer, wrecked on Scilly Isles, 196.
Thetis, the ocean-goddess, legend of, 12.
Thucydides, the historian, quoted, 43.
Tithonus, legend of, 12.
Tour de Cordouan, lamp in, described by Mr. Stevenson, 88.
Tour d’Ordre, the, of Boulogne, built by Caligula, 130;
early history of, 31;
destruction of, 32;
the tribute connected with, 32;
description of its remains, 35, 36;
the worthy substitute for, 36, 37.
Tradition, how carelessly accepted, 43.
Trinity House, history of, summarized, 50-53;
interior organization of, 53, 54;
functions of its members, 54;
the building, described by Esquiros, 58-61.
United Kingdom, number of lighthouses in, enumerated, 56.
Unst, North, island of, lighthouse at, described, 181.
Ventilation for lighthouses, Professor Faraday’s system of,
stated, 101, 102.
Virgil, the poet, quoted, 196.
Vivian, the engineer of Cayenne, on the Enfant Perdu, 250.
Vossius, Isaac, story of the Alexandrian pharos, quoted from, 26.
Walde, the lighthouse of, referred to, 250.
White, Walter, quoted, 193, 194, 200, 201.
Whiteside, the engineer of the Smalls lighthouse, an
adventure of, 134-137.
Wight, isle of, lights of, mentioned, 131.
Wilde, Mr., of Manchester, his invention of an electro-magnetic
apparatus for lighthouse illumination, 83, 84.
Winstanley, Henry, his eccentric genius, 109;
the erection of his lighthouse on the Eddystone described, 110-113.
Wolf’s Crag lighthouse, the, described, 195, 196.
Wordsworth, the poet, on Grace Darling, 281.
Zach, the Baron de, cited, 10, 11.
[Illustration]
[Illustration]
List of Illustrations.
Eddystone Lighthouse (_Frontispiece_).
The Beacon Fire, 1
A Roman Pharos, 15
A Medal of Apameia, 16
Ancient Pharos of Alexandria, 23
Modern Lighthouse of Alexandria, 27
Tour d’Ordre of Boulogne, 33
The Tower at Dover, 39
The Colossus of Rhodes, 45
Trinity House, 58
Lighthouse on a Rocky Headland, 64
Catoptric Apparatus, 72
An Argand Fountain Lamp, 74
Revolving Apparatus on the Catoptric Principle, 75
Annular-built Lens, 78
Electric Apparatus for Fixed Light, 82
Annular Lens of First Order, 85
Diagram, Illustrating Progress of Luminous Ray in a
Catadioptric Ring, 87
Fresnel’s Revolving Light, 90
Stevenson’s Holophotal Light, 91
Stevenson’s Fixed Light varied by Flashes, 92
Fresnel’s Fixed Light Apparatus, 93
French Fixed Light Apparatus, 93
Cupola of First-class Lighthouse, 100
Sea-Birds attracted by Lighthouse Rays, 105
Winstanley’s Eddystone Lighthouse, 111
Smeaton’s Lighthouse at the Eddystone, 127
The Lightship at the Nore, 131
The Smalls Lighthouse, 135
Inchkeith Lighthouse, 146
Building the Bell Rock Lighthouse, 150
The Bell Rock Lighthouse, 163
Skerryvore Lighthouse, 178
North Unst Lighthouse, 183
Transporting a Lighthouse, 187
Needles Lighthouse, 190
Wolf’s Crag Lighthouse, 195
Bishop Rock Lighthouse, 197
Lizard Point Lighthouse, 198
Plymouth Breakwater Lighthouse, 199
North Foreland Lighthouse, 201
South Foreland Lighthouse, 202
Holyhead Lighthouse, 203
Kinsale Lighthouse, 204
Fastnet Rock Lighthouse, 205
Maplin Sands Lighthouse, 206
Alguada Reef Lighthouse, 209
Ancient Tower of Cordouan, 215
Present Lighthouse of Cordouan, 219
Interior of Cordouan Lighthouse, 222
Lighthouse of Cape La Hève, 229
Erection of Lighthouse at the Héaux, 241
Lighthouse of the Enfant Perdu, 247
Lighthouse at New Caledonia, 251
The Lightship, 257
Pompey’s Pillar, 267
A Floating Beacon, 271
The Arnish Beacon, 274
Eddystone Lighthouse in a Storm, 283
Girdleness Lighthouse, 298
Whalsey Skerries Lighthouse, 300
Ship Rock of Sanda Lighthouse, 301
[Illustration]
Transcriber’s notes:
In the text version, italics are represented by _underscores_, and bold
and black letter text by =equals= symbols. Superscripts are represented
by ^{} and subscripts by _{}
Missing or incorrect punctuation has been repaired. Inconsistent
spelling and hyphenation have been left as printed.
Greek words in the text can be rendered onto ascii as follows:—
p. 11. tyrris τύῤῥις
p. 13. Anaplous Bosporon Αναπλους Βοσπόονρ
p. 19. phôs φὼς
horan ὁρἀν
phainein ϕαἰνειν
phaneros ϕανερός
phaneros, pharos ϕανερός, ϕάρος
p. 20. Eunostos Εὔνοστος
p. 77. Footnote 21
dioptron δίοπτρον
Dioptron Δίοπτρον
dia διἁ
hoptomai ὅπτομαι
p. 94. Footnote 22.
holos ὅλος
phôs φὼς
p. 265. stêlai στῆλαι
The following changes have been made
p. 79. emananting changed to emanating
p. 142. Rolandshay changed to Ronaldshay
p. 285. montony changed to monotony
p. 299. Ronaldsha changed to Ronaldshay
p. 322. (the Index of Illustrations) Fresner's changed to Fresnel's
p. 322. Cordouan is used but the illustration caption uses Cordova.
This has been left as printed.