Accounts of the Gypsies in various countries.
* * * * *
To propose means for improving the condition of Gypsies, before we have
informed ourselves of their real state, and what has been done for them,
would be as injudicious, as for a Physician to prescribe for a patient,
without being acquainted with the nature or extent of his disease, and
the means attempted for his cure. To form a just opinion, on the case of
the Gypsies, it appears necessary to ascertain their general habits, and
their mode of life.
From Pasquier's _Recherches de la France_, B. IV. C. 9, is selected the
following account of the Gypsies in that country: "On August 17th, 1427,
came to Paris, twelve Penitents, _Penanciers_, as they called themselves,
viz: a Duke, an Earl, and ten men, all on horse-back, and calling
themselves good christians. They were of Lower Egypt, and gave out, that
not long before, the Christians had subdued their country, and obliged
them to embrace christianity, on pain of being put to death. Those who
were baptized, were great Lords in their own country; and had a King and
Queen there. Some time after their conversion, the Saracens over-ran
their country, and obliged them to renounce christianity.
"When the Emperor of Germany, the King of Poland, and other Christian
Princes, heard of this; they fell upon them, and obliged the whole of
them, both great and small, to quit their country, and go to the Pope at
Rome; who enjoined them seven years' penance, to wander over the world,
without lying in a bed. They had been wandering five years when they
came to Paris; first the principal people, and soon after the commonalty,
about 100, or 120, reduced from 1000, or 1200, when they came from home;
the rest being dead, with their King and Queen. They were lodged by the
police, out of the city, at Chapel St. Denis
"Nearly all of them had their ears bored, and one or two silver rings in
each, which they said were esteemed ornaments in their country. The men
were black, their hair curled; the women remarkably black, all their
faces scarred, _deployez_, their hair black, their only clothes a large
old shaggy garment, _flossoye_, tied over the shoulders with a cloth or
cord, sash, _lien_, and under it a poor petticoat, _roquet_. In short,
they were the poorest miserable creatures that had ever been seen in
France; and notwithstanding their poverty, there were among them women,
who by looking into people's hands told their fortunes. And what was
worse, they picked people's pockets of their money; and got it into their
own, through telling these things by art, magic, &c.
"But though this was the common report, I spoke to them several times,
yet I never lost a farthing by them; or ever saw them look into people's
hands. But the Bishop of Paris, hearing of it, went to them with a Friar
Preacher, named _Le petit Jacobin_, who, by the Bishop's order, preached
a sermon excommunicating all the men and women who pretended to believe
these things; and had believed in them, and shown their hands; and it was
agreed that they should go away, and they departed for Pontoise, in
September.
"This was copied from an old book in the form of a journal, drawn up by a
doctor of divinity in Paris, which fell into the hands of Pasquier; who
remarks upon it, that however the story of a penance savours of a trick,
these people wandered up and down France, under the eye, and with the
knowledge of the magistrates, for 100, or 120 years. At length, in 1661,
an edict was issued, commanding all officers of justice, to turn out of
the kingdom, in the space of two months, under pain of the gallies, and
corporal punishment, all men, women and children, who assumed the name of
_Bohemiens_, or Egyptians."
Dufresne, in his Glossary V. AEgyptiaci, confirms Pasquier's character of
them in these words: "AEgyptiaci, Gallice Egyptiens, Bohemiens, vagi
homines, harioli, et fatidici, qui hac et illac errantes, ex manu
inspectione futura proesagire se fingunt; ut de marsupiis incautorum
nummos corrogent;" which may be thus translated, "Egyptians called by the
French Egyptiens, Bohemiens, vagabonds, soothsayers and fortune-tellers,
who, wandering up and down, pretend to foretel future events from the
inspection of the hand, for the purpose of obtaining money from persons
not careful of their purses, &c."
Grellmann speaks of Gypsies "being numerous in Lorraine and Alsatia,
before the French Revolution, but especially in the forests of Lorraine.
They increased in this district, in consequence of their having been
assiduously looked after in the dominions of the late Duke Deux-Fonts,
and driven from thence; whither his successor would not suffer them to
return. He adds, that an order of the provincial council, held at
Tarragona, in 1591, subjected them to the magistrates, as people "quos
vix constat esse Christianos, nisi ex eorum relatione, cum tamen sint
mendaces, fures, deceptores, et aliis sceleribus multi eorum assueti;" in
English, "who are scarcely allowed to be Christians, except from their
own account of themselves, seeing they are liars, thieves, cheats, and
many of them accustomed to other kinds of wickedness."
Twiss, in his Travels p. 179, gives the following account of them in
Spain: "They are very numerous about, and in, Murcia, Cordova, Codis, and
Ronda. The race of these vagabonds is found in every part of Europe.
The French call them _Bohemiens_, the Italians _Zingari_, the Germans
_Ziegeuners_, the Dutch _Heydenen_, Pagans, the Portuguese _Siganos_, and
the Spaniards _Gitanos_, in Latin, _Cingari_.
"Their language, which is peculiar to themselves, is every where so
similar, that they are undoubtedly all derived from the same source.
They began to appear in Europe in the 15th century, and are probably a
mixture of Egyptians and Ethiopians. The men are all thieves, and the
women libertines. They follow no certain trade, and have no fixed
religion. They do not enter into the order of society, wherein they are
only tolerated. It is supposed there are upwards of forty thousand of
them in Spain; great numbers of them are innkeepers in the villages, and
small towns; and they are every where fortune-tellers.
"In Spain, they are not allowed to possess any lands, nor even to serve
as soldiers. They marry among themselves, stroll in troops, about the
country, and bury their dead under water. Their ignorance prevents their
employing themselves in any thing, but in providing for the immediate
wants of nature; beyond which even their roguishness does not extend;
and, only endeavouring to save themselves the trouble of labour, they are
contented if they can procure food by showing feats of dexterity; and
only pilfer to supply themselves with the trifles they want; so that they
never render themselves liable to any severer chastisement, than that of
whipping, for having stolen chickens, linen, &c. Most of the men have a
smattering of physic and surgery, and are skilful in tricks performed by
slight of hand."
"The foregoing account is partly extracted from _Le Voyageur Francois_,
Vol. XVI.; but the assertion that they are all so abandoned, as that
author says, is too general. I have lodged many times in their houses,
and never missed the most trifling things, though I have left my knives,
forks, candlesticks, spoons, and linen at their mercy."
Swinburne states, that "they swarm more in the province of Granada, than
in any other part of the realm. This singular sect have kept themselves
separate from the rest of mankind ever since their first appearance which
has been recorded in history.
"Their origin remains a problem not to be satisfactorily solved; and I
doubt whether the Gitanos themselves, have any secret tradition that
might lead to a discovery of what they really were in the beginning, or
from what country they came. The received opinion sets them down as
Egyptians, and makes them out to be the descendants of those vagabond
votaries of Isis, who appear to have exercised, in ancient Rome, pretty
much the same profession as that followed by the present Gypsies, viz:
fortune-telling, strolling up and down, and pilfering.
"Few of them employed themselves in works of husbandry, or handicrafts;
indeed the Spaniards would not work with them. Except a small part of
them who follow the trades of blacksmiths, and vintners, most of them are
makers of iron rings, and other little trifles, rather to prevent their
being laid hold of as vagrants, than really as a means of subsistence.
Several of them travel about as carriers and pedlars.
"Though they conform to the Roman Catholic mode of worship, they are
looked upon in the light of unbelievers; but I never could meet with any
body that pretended to say what their private faith and religion may be.
All the Gypsies I have conversed with, assured me of their sound
Catholicism; and I have seen the medal of _Nuestra Senora del Carmel_
sewed on the sleeves of several of their women.
"They seldom venture on any crimes that may endanger their lives; petty
larceny is the utmost extent of their roguishness.
"The men are tall, well built, and swarthy, with a bad scowling eye, and
a kind of favorite lock of hair left to grow down before their ears,
which rather increases the gloominess of their features; their women are
nimble and supple jointed; when young they are generally handsome, with
fine black eyes. Their ears and necks are loaded with trinkets and
baubles, and most of them wear a large patch on each temple."
Of the Italian Gypsies, the same traveller in his journey through
Calabria, p. 304, gives the following account: "The landlord of the inn
at Mirti, earnestly recommended to the servants to leave nothing out of
doors, as there was an encampment of Zingari, or Gypsies, who would lay
their hands upon any part of the baggage, that was not watched with the
strictest attention. His caution led me to an inquiry into the state of
this strange tribe of vagrants, of whom I had seen great numbers in
Spain. The result of this account, combined with those I had received
from others, is as follows:
"The Gypsies of Calabria do not contract alliances with any other class
of inhabitants; but marry among themselves.
"It is not possible to say where they reside, as they have no fixed
habitations; and consequently possess neither house nor land, but pitch
their tents wherever they think proper to make any stay. They support
life by the profits of handicrafts; but more by swapping asses and
horses.
"They generally work in iron, and make trivets, knitting needles,
bodkins, and such trifles. Their dress is extremely shabby; they shave
their chins, but indulge a great length of hair, which they seldom
disturb with either comb or scissars.
"As to their religion, it is a secret which they keep locked up in their
own breasts. They seem to have no great veneration for the Virgin Mary,
but are supposed to believe in Christ. All the proof we have of their
belief, depends upon appearances, and an occasional conforming to the
ceremonies of the Roman Catholic religion, in marriages, burials, &c.;
but if the priests start any difficulties, they manage the matter without
their interference, and perform the functions according to their own
ceremonies, which in many points resemble those of the heathens.
"At their weddings they carry torches, and have paranymphs to give the
bride away, with many other unusual rites.
"It is in reality, almost absurd to talk of the religion of a set of
people, whose moral characters are so depraved, as to make it evident
they believe in nothing capable of being a check to their passions. They
are usually accounted pilferers, cheats, faithless, and abandoned to
dissoluteness.
"They tell fortunes, and play juggling tricks, just as they do in all
other countries where they are to be found. In 1560, they were banished
the kingdom as thieves, cheats, and spies for the Turks. In 1569 and
1685, the order was resumed, but not being enforced, had little effect.
"A Gypsey being brought to trial for a larceny, declared, that his law
allowed him to take as much from others, every day, as sufficed for his
maintenance.
"These people make use of two languages, one Calabrian, with a foreign
accent and pronunciation; the other a peculiar one of their own, which in
sound, seems to have great affinity to the Oriental tongues; and is
spoken when they have secrets to impart to each other. They sleep like
dogs in a kennel, men, women, and children huddled together."
The learned Grellmann states, that "Gypsies were universally to be found
in Italy; insomuch, that even Sicily and Sardinia were not free from
them.
"But they were the most numerous in the dominions of the church; probably
because there was the worst police, with much superstition. By the
former they were left undisturbed; and the latter enticed them to deceive
the ignorant, as it afforded them an opportunity of obtaining a plentiful
contribution, by their fortune-telling and enchanted amulets.
"There was a general law throughout Italy, that no Gypsey should remain
more than two nights, in any one place. By this regulation, it is true,
no place retained its guest long; but no sooner was one gone, than
another came in his room. It was a continual circle, and quite as
convenient to them, as a perfect toleration would have been. Italy
rather suffered, than benefited, by this law; as, by keeping those people
in constant motion, they would do more mischief there, than in places
where they were permitted to remain stationary."
It appears from the Dissertation of Grellmann, that he had examined with
great care and attention, the continental authorities on the subject of
Gypsies. He asserts, that "In Poland and Lithuania, as well as in
Courland, there is an amazing number of Gypsies.
"That they are to be found in Denmark and Sweden, is certain, but how
numerous they are in those countries we cannot pronounce, and therefore
proceed to the south east of Europe.
"The countries in this part seem to be the general rendezvous of the
Gypsies; their number amounts in Hungary, according to a probable
statement, to upwards of 50,000.
"Cantemir says, the Gypsies are dispersed all over Moldavia, where every
Baron has several families of them subject to him.
"In Wallachia and the Sclavonian mountains, they are quite as numerous.
Bessarabia, all Tartary, Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania, swarm with them;
even in Constantinople they are innumerable. In Romania, a large tract
of Mount Haemus, which they inhabit, has acquired from them the name
_Tschenghe Valkan_, the Gypsey mountain. This district extends from the
city Aydos, quite to Phillipopolis, and contains more Gypsies than any
other province in the Turkish empire."
Our countryman Edward Daniel Clark, in his travels in Russia, Tartary,
&c. so lately as the year 1800, states, "that after the ceremony of the
resurrection at Moscow, a party of Gypsies were performing the national
dance, called Barina; others were telling fortunes, according to their
universal practice, or begging for presents of oranges or ice.
"This extraordinary people, found in all parts of Europe, were originally
one of the Castes of India, driven out of their territory, and
distinguished among Indian tribes, by a name which signifies thieves.
They have a similar appellation among the Fins, and with the same
signification.
"They preserve every where the same features, manners, and customs, and
what is more remarkable, almost always the same mode of dress. The
extraordinary resemblance of the female Gypsies to the women of India,
was remarked by the British officers and men, in Egypt, when General
Baird arrived with his army to join Lord Hutchinson. The Sea-poys had
many of their women with them, who were exactly like our Gypsies.
"In their dress, they lavish all their finery upon their heads. Their
costume in Russia is very different to that of the natives. The Russians
hold them in great contempt; never speaking of them without abuse; and
feel themselves contaminated by their touch, unless it be to have their
fortunes told. Formerly they were more scattered over Russia, and paid
no tribute; but now they are collected, and all belong to one nobleman,
to whom they pay a certain tribute, and work among the number of his
slaves."
P. 209, he writes: "At Woronetz, the Gypsey tribe are very prevalent, and
a mixed race, resulting from their intermarriage with the Russians."
Dr. Clarke observes, Chap. 18, p. 440, 441 of his Travels, between
Kertchy and Caffa, in the Crimea: "In the villages we found parties of
Tzigankies or Gypsies, encamped as we see them in England, but having
their tents stationed between their waggons, in which they move about the
country.
"Poultry, cats, dogs, and horses, were feeding all round them, seeming
like members of the same family. The Gypsies are much encouraged by the
Tartars, who allow them to encamp in the midst of their villages, where
they exercise the several functions of smiths, musicians, and
astrologers. Many of them are wealthy, possessing fine horses, and
plenty of other cattle; but their way of life, whether rich or poor, is
always the same. As we entered their tents they arose, and cast a
sheep's hide over their bodies. The filth and stench of these people
were abominable."
In the second, part of his Travels, p. 644, he writes respecting the
Gypsies: "We found this people in Nauplia, under the name they bear in
Moldavia, of Tchinganes. How they came thither no one knew; but the
march of their ancestors, from the North of India to Europe, so lately as
the beginning of the 15th century, will account for their not being found
further towards the South; and this is now so well ascertained, that no
one would expect to meet a Gypsey, upon any of the southern shores of the
Mediterranean.
"To have found them in the Peloponnesus is rather remarkable, considering
that their whole tribe at first did not exceed half a million."
In the travels, written by Bell, of Antermony, Vol. 2, p. 157, he states:
"During my stay at Tobolski, I was informed that a large troop of Gypsies
had been lately at that place, to the number of sixty or upwards. The
Russians call these vagabonds, _Tziggany_. Their sorry baggage was
carried upon horses and asses. The Vice-Governor sent for the chief of
this gang, and demanded whither they were going. They answered to China.
He stopped their progress and sent them back."
"Bishop Pococke met with these people, still further to the Eastward. He
says, the Chingani, who are spread all over the world, are in great
abundance in the North of Syria, and pass for Mahometans. They live
under tents, and sometimes in grots under ground.
"They make a coarse sort of tapestry, or carpet work, for hangings of
saddles and other uses; and when they are not far from towns, deal much
in cattle, and have a much better character than their relations in
Hungary, and the Gypsies in England; who are thought by some to have been
originally of the same tribe.
"These and the Turcomen, with regard to offence, are under the Pasha and
Cadi; though they have a sheik to every encampment, and several great
ones over them: but with regard to taxes, they are immediately under the
Grand Seignior; whose tribute is collected yearly, by an officer over
each of these people; one being called the Turcoman-Agasi, an officer of
great credit, and the other the Chingani-Agasi, who go round the Turkish
dominions to collect the taxes from these people." Travels, Vol. 2, Part
1, p. 207, 208.
Grellmann says: "Independently of the number of Gypsies in Egypt, and
some parts of Asia, could we obtain an exact estimate of them in the
countries of Europe, the immense number would probably greatly exceed
what we have any idea of. At a moderate calculation, without being
extravagant, they might be reckoned at between seven and eight hundred
thousand.
"What a serious matter of consideration, when we reflect that the
greatest part of these people, are idlers, cheats, and thieves!
"What a field does this open for the contemplation of Governments!"