[1] See the notes to the historical sketch.
[2] Barton, Benj. S., New Views on the Origin of the Tribes and
Nations of America, p. xlv, passim; Phila., 1797; Gallatin, Albert,
Synopsis of Indian Tribes, Trans. American Antiquarian Society, ii,
p. 91; Cambridge, 1836; Hewitt, J. N. B., The Cherokee an Iroquoian
Language, Washington, 1887 (MS in the archives of the Bureau of
American Ethnology).
[3] Heckewelder, John, Indian Nations of Pennsylvania, pp. 47-49,
ed. 1876.
[4] Brinton, D. G., Walam Olum, p. 231; Phila., 1885.
[5] Schoolcraft, H. R., Notes on the Iroquois, p. 162; Albany, 1847.
[6] Heckewelder, Indian Nations, p. 47, ed. 1876.
[7] Haywood, John, Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee,
pp. 225-226; Nashville, 1823.
[8] Jefferson, Thomas, Notes on Virginia, pp. 136-137; ed. Boston,
1802.
[9] Schoolcraft, Notes on the Iroquois, p. 163, 1847.
[10] Haywood, Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, pp. 233,
236, 269, 1823.
[11] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tennessee, pp. 226, 234, 1823.
[12] Bartram, Wm., Travels, p. 365; reprint, London, 1792.
[13] Haywood, op. cit., pp. 234-237.
[14] Barton, New Views, p. xliv, 1797.
[15] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tennessee, pp. 166, 234-235,
287-289, 1823.
[16] See story, "The Great Leech of Tlanusi'yi," p. 328.
[17] Garcilaso de la Vega, La Florida del Inca, pp. 129, 133-134;
Madrid, 1723.
[18] Gentleman of Elvas, Publications of the Hakluyt Society, ix,
pp. 52, 58, 64; London, 1851.
[19] Ibid., p. 60.
[20] Garcilaso, La Florida del Inca, p. 136, ed. 1723.
[21] Ranjel, in Oviedo, Historia General y Natural de las Indias, i,
p. 562; Madrid, 1851.
[22] Garcilaso, La Florida del Inca, p.137, 1723.
[23] See note 8, De Soto's route.
[24] Ranjel, op. cit., I, p. 562.
[25] Elvas, Hakluyt Society, IX, p. 61, 1851.
[26] Garcilaso, op. cit., p. 139.
[27] Ranjel, in Oviedo, Historia, I, p. 563, 1861.
[28] Elvas, Biedma, and Ranjel all make special reference to the dogs
given them at this place; they seem to have been of the same small
breed ("perrillos") which Ranjel says the Indians used for food.
[29] Garcilaso, La Florida del Inca, p. 139, 1723.
[30] See note 8, De Soto's route.
[31] See Elvas, Hakluyt Society, ix, p. 61, 1851; and Ranjel, op. cit.,
p. 563.
[32] See note 8, De Soto's route.
[33] Elvas, op. cit., p.64.
[34] Elvas, Hakluyt Society, IX, p. 66, 1851.
[35] Garcilaso, La Florida del Inca, p. 141, ed. 1723.
[36] Shea, J. G., in Winsor, Justin, Narrative and Critical History
of America, II, pp. 260, 278; Boston, 1886.
[37] Narrative of Pardo's expedition by Martinez, about 1568, Brooks
manuscripts.
[38] Vandera narrative, 1569, in French, B. F., Hist. Colls. of La.,
new series, pp. 289-292; New York, 1875.
[39] Shea, J. G., Catholic Missions, p. 72; New York, 1855.
[40] See Brooks manuscripts, in the archives of the Bureau of American
Ethnology.
[41] Burk, John, History of Virginia, II, pp. 104-107; Petersburg,
1805.
[42] Ramsey, J. G. M., Annals of Tennessee, p. 37; Charleston, 1853
(quoting Martin, North Carolina, I, p. 115, 1853).
[43] Lederer, John, Discoveries, pp. 15, 26, 27, 29, 33, and map;
reprint, Charleston, 1891; Mooney, Siouan Tribes of the East (Bulletin
of Bureau of Ethnology), pp. 53-54,1894.
[44] Mooney, op. cit., pp. 34-35.
[45] Document of 1699, quoted in South Carolina Hist. Soc. Colls.,
I, p. 209; Charleston, 1857.
[46] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tennessee, p. 233, 1823.
[47] Noted in Cherokee Advocate, Tahlequah, Indian Territory, January
30, 1845.
[48] Document of 1691, South Carolina Hist. Soc. Colls., I, p. 126.
[49] Hewat, South Carolina and Georgia, I, p. 127, 1778.
[50] Documents of 1705, in North Carolina Colonial Records, II,
p. 904; Raleigh, 1886.
[51] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Tenn., p. 237, 1823; with the usual
idea that Indians live to extreme old age, Haywood makes her 110 years
old at her death, putting back the introduction of firearms to 1677.
[52] Letter of 1708, in Rivers, South Carolina, p. 238, 1856.
[53] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
p. 140, 1888; Hewat, op. cit., p. 216 et passim.
[54] Hewat, South Carolina and Georgia, I, p. 216 et passim, 1778.
[55] See Journal of Colonel George Chicken, 1715-16, with notes,
in Charleston Yearbook, pp. 313-354, 1894.
[56] Journal of South Carolina Assembly, in North Carolina Colonial
Records, II, pp. 225-227, 1886.
[57] For notice, see the glossary.
[58] Hewat, South Carolina and Georgia, I, pp. 297-298, 1778; Royce,
Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 144 and
map, 1888.
[59] Royce, op. cit., p. 142.
[60] Document of 1724, in Fernow, Berthold, Ohio Valley in Colonial
Days, pp. 273-275; Albany, 1890.
[61] Report of Board of Trade, 1721, in North Carolina Colonial
Records, II, p. 422, 1886.
[62] Adair, James, American Indians, p. 227; London, 1775.
[63] Board of Trade report, 1721, North Carolina Colonial Records,
II, p. 422, 1886.
[64] Pickett, H. A., History of Alabama, pp. 234, 280, 288; reprint,
Sheffield, 1896.
[65] For notice, see the glossary.
[66] Hewat, South Carolina and Georgia, II, pp. 3-11, 1779; treaty
documents of 1730, North Carolina Colonial Records, III, pp. 128-133,
1886; Jenkinson, Collection of Treaties, II, pp. 315-318; Drake,
S.G., Early History of Georgia: Cuming's Embassy; Boston, 1872;
letter of Governor Johnson, December 27, 1730, noted in South Carolina
Hist. Soc. Colls., I, p. 246, 1867.
[67] Documents of 1731 and 1732, North Carolina Colonial Records,
III, pp. 153, 202, 345, 369, 393, 1886.
[68] Adair, American Indians, pp. 232-234, 1775.
[69] Meadows(?), State of the Province of Georgia, p. 7, 1742, in
Force Tracts, I, 1836.
[70] Jones, C.C., History of Georgia, I, pp.327, 328; Boston, 1883.
[71] Adair, American Indians, pp. 240-243, 1775; Stevens, W. B.,
History of Georgia, I, pp. 104-107; Phila., 1847.
[72] Anonymous writer in Carroll, Hist. Colls. of South Carolina,
II, pp. 97-98, 517, 1836.
[73] Buckle, Journal, 1757, in Rivers, South Carolina, p. 57, 1856.
[74] Barcia, A.G., Ensayo Chronologico para la Historia General de
la Florida, pp. 335, 336. Madrid, 1723.
[75] For more in regard to these intertribal wars see the historical
traditions.
[76] Walker, Thomas, Journal of an Exploration, etc., pp. 8, 35-37;
Boston, 1888; Monette (Valley of the Miss. I, p. 317; New York, 1848)
erroneously makes the second date 1758.
[77] Letter of Governor Dobbs, 1755, in North Carolina Colonial
Records, V, pp. 320, 321, 1887.
[78] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 50-52, 1853; Royce, Cherokee Nation,
in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bur. of Ethnology, p. 145, 1888.
[79] Timberlake, Henry, Memoirs, pp. 73, 74; London, 1765.
[80] Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 51, 1853; Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth
Ann. Kept. Bur. of Ethnology, p. 145, 1888.
[81] For notice see Ata'-gûl'`kalû', in the glossary.
[82] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 50.
[83] Letters of Major Andrew Lewis and Governor Dinwiddie, 1756,
in North Carolina Colonial Records V, pp. 585, 612-614, 635, 637,
1887; Ramsey, op. cit, pp. 51, 52.
[84] Letter of Governor Dobbs, 1756, in North Carolina Colonial
Records, V, p. 604, 1887.
[85] Dinwiddie letter, 1757, ibid., p. 765.
[86] Adair, American Indians, 245-246, 1775; North Carolina Colonial
Records, V, p. xlviii, 1887; Hewat, quoted in Ramsey, Tennessee,
p. 54, 1853.
[87] For notices see the glossary.
[88] Timberlake, Memoirs, p. 65, 1765.
[89] Catawba reference from Milligan, 1763, in Carroll, South Carolina
Historical Collections, II, p. 519, 1836.
[90] Figures from Adair, American Indians, p. 227, 1775. When not
otherwise noted this sketch of the Cherokee war of 1760-61 is compiled
chiefly from the contemporary dispatches in the Gentleman's Magazine,
supplemented from Hewat's Historical account of South Carolina and
Georgia, 1778; with additional details from Adair, American Indians;
Ramsey, Tennessee; Royce, Cherokee Nation; North Carolina Colonial
Records, v, documents and introduction; etc.
[91] Timberlake, Memoirs, p. 9 et passim, 1765.
[92] Stevens, Georgia, II, pp. 26-29, 1859.
[93] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 65-70, 1853.
[94] Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bur. of Ethnology,
pp. 146-149, 1888.
[95] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 149; Ramsey, Tennessee,
p. 71, 1853.
[96] Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 93-122; Royce, op. cit. pp. 146-149.
[97] Ramsey, op. cit., pp, 109-122; Royce, op. cit. p. 146 et passim.
[98] Bartram, Travels, pp. 366-372, 1792.
[99] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 143-150, 1853; Monette, Valley of the
Mississippi, I, pp. 400, 401, 431, 432, and II, pp. 33, 34, 1846;
Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 276-281, and II, pp. 1-6, 1889.
[100] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 143.
[101] Quoted from Stedman, in Ramsey, op. cit., p. 162.
[102] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 162.
[103] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 150-159, 1853.
[104] Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 293-297, 1889.
[105] See no. 110, "Incidents of Personal Heroism." For Rutherford's
expedition, see Moore, Rutherford's Expedition, in North Carolina
University Magazine, February, 1888; Swain, Sketch of the Indian War
in 1776, ibid., May, 1852, reprinted in Historical Magazine, November,
1867; Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 164, 1853; Roosevelt, Winning of the West,
I, pp. 294-302, 1889, etc.
[106] For Williamson's expedition, see Ross Journal, with Rockwell's
notes, in Historical Magazine, October, 1876; Swain, Sketch of the
Indian War in 1776, in North Carolina University Magazine for May,
1852, reprinted in Historical Magazine, November, 1867; Jones,
Georgia, II, p. 246 et passim, 1883; Ramsey, Tennessee, 163-164,
1853; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 296-303, 1889.
[107] Jones, op. cit., p. 246; Ramsey, op. cit., p. 163; Roosevelt,
op. cit., p. 295.
[108] For the Virginia-Tennessee expedition see Roosevelt, Winning of
the West, I, pp. 303-305, 1889; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 165-170, 1853.
[109] Ross Journal, in Historical Magazine, October, 1867.
[110] Swain, Sketch of the Indian War of 1776, in Historical Magazine,
November, 1867.
[111] Moore's narrative, in North Carolina University Magazine,
February, 1888.
[112] Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 285, 290, 303, 1889.
[113] About five hundred sought refuge with Stuart, the British Indian
superintendent in Florida, where they were fed for some time at the
expense of the British government (Jones, Georgia, II, p. 246, 1883).
[114] Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
p. 150 and map, 1888; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 172-174, 1853; Stevens,
Georgia, II, p. 144, 1859; Roosevelt, "Winning of the West, I,
p. 306, 1889.
[115] Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 171-177, 185-186, 610 et passim; Royce,
op. cit., p. 150; Campbell letter, 1782, and other documents in
Virginia State Papers, III, pp. 271, 571, 599, 1883, and IV, pp. 118,
286, 1884; Blount letter, January 14, 1793, American State Papers;
Indian Affairs, I, p. 431, 1832. Campbell says they abandoned their
first location on account of the invasion from Tennessee. Governor
Blount says they left on account of witches.
[116] Hawkins, manuscript journal, 1796, with Georgia Historical
Society.
[117] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 174-178, 1853.
[118] Campbell letter, 1782, Virginia State Papers, III, p. 271, 1883.
[119] Ramsey, op. cit, pp. 186-188; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II,
pp. 236-238, 1889. Ramsey's statements, chiefly on Haywood's authority,
of the strength of the expedition, the number of warriors killed,
etc., are so evidently overdrawn that they are here omitted.
[120] Heckewelder, Indian Nations, p. 827, reprint of 1876.
[121] Donelson's Journal, etc., in Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 197-208,
1853; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, pp. 324-340, 1889.
[122] Ibid., II, p. 337.
[123] Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, pp. 241-294, 1889; Ramsey,
Tennessee, pp. 208-249, 1853.
[124] Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 256.
[125] Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, pp. 298-300, 1889; Ramsey,
Tennessee, pp. 261-264, 1853. There is great discrepancy in the various
accounts of this fight, from the attempts of interested historians to
magnify the size of the victory. One writer gives the Indians 1,000
warriors. Here, as elsewhere, Roosevelt is a more reliable guide,
his statements being usually from official documents.
[126] Roosevelt, op. cit., pp. 300-304; Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 265-268;
Campbell, report, January 15, 1781, in Virginia State Papers, I,
p. 436. Haywood and others after him make the expedition go as far
as Chickamauga and Coosa river, but Campbell's report expressly
denies this.
[127] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 266.
[128] Roosevelt, op. cit, p. 302.
[129] Campbell, letter, March 28, 1781, in Virginia State Papers,
I, p. 602, 1875; Martin, letter, March 31, 1781, ibid., p. 613;
Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 268, 1853; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II,
pp. 305-307, 1889.
[130] Campbell, letter, March 28, 1781, in Virginia State Papers, I,
p. 602, 1875.
[131] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 269.
[132] Ibid.; Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 307.
[133] Ibid.; Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 267, 268. The latter authority
seems to make it 1782, which is evidently a mistake.
[134] Stevens, Georgia, II, pp. 282-285, 1859; Jones, Georgia, II,
p. 503, 1883.
[135] Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, p. 811, 1889.
[136] Old Tassel's talk, in Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 271, 1853, and in
Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 315.
[137] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 272; Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 317 et passim.
[138] Stevens, op. cit., pp. 411-415.
[139] Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
p. 151, 1888.
[140] See documents in Virginia State Papers, III, pp. 234, 398,
527, 1883.
[141] Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 280, 1853.
[142] Ibid., p. 276.
[143] See Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., pp. 151, 152; Ramsey,
op. cit., p. 299 et passim.
[144] Indian Treaties, p. 8 et passim, 1837. For a full discussion
of the Hopewell treaty, from official documents, see Royce, Cherokee
Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 152-158, 1888, with
map; Treaty Journal, etc., American State Papers; Indian Affairs, I,
pp. 38-44, 1832; also Stevens, Georgia, II, pp. 417-429, 1859; Ramsey,
Tennessee, pp. 336, 337, 1853; see also the map accompanying this work.
[145] Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 459-461; Agent Martin and Hopewell
commissioners, ibid., pp. 318-336; Bledsoe and Robertson letter,
ibid., p. 465; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, p. 368, 1899.
[146] Roosevelt, Winning of the West, ii, p. 353, 1889.
[147] Ibid., p. 355, 1889; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 452-454, 1853.
[148] Ibid., pp. 358-366, 1889.
[149] Ibid., p. 341, 1853.
[150] Martin letter of May 11, 1786, ibid., p. 342.
[151] Reports of Tennessee commissioners and replies by Cherokee
chiefs, etc., 1786, in Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 343-346, 1853.
[152] Martin (?) letter of March 25, 1787, ibid., p. 359.
[153] Ibid., p. 370.
[154] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 393-399, 1853.
[155] Ibid., pp. 417-423, 1853.
[156] Ibid., pp. 517-519, and Brown's narrative, ibid., p. 515.
[157] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 515, 519.
[158] Brown's narrative, etc., ibid., pp. 508-516.
[159] Ibid., pp. 459, 489.
[160] Bledsoe and Robertson letter of June 12, 1787, in Ramsey,
Tennessee, p. 465, 1853.
[161] Ibid., with Robertson letter, pp. 465-476.
[162] Ibid., pp. 479-486.
[163] Monette, Valley of the Mississippi, I, p. 505, 1846.
[164] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 522, 541, 561, 1853.
[165] Washington to the Senate, August 11, 1790, American State Papers:
Indian Affairs, I, p. 83, 1832.
[166] Secretary Knox to President Washington, July 7, 1789, ibid.,
p. 53.
[167] Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 550, 551.
[168] Indian Treaties, pp. 34-38, 1837; Secretary of War, report,
January 5, 1798, in American State Papers, I, pp. 628-631, 1832;
Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 554-560, 1853; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth
Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 158-170, with full discussion and
map, 1888.
[169] Indian Treaties, pp. 37, 38, 1837.
[170] Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 557, 1853.
[171] Abel deposition, April 16, 1792, American State Papers: Indian
Affairs, I, p. 274, 1832.
[172] Henry Knox, Secretary of War, Instructions to Leonard Shaw,
temporary agent to the Cherokee Nation of Indians, February 17, 1792,
in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, 247, 1832; also Knox,
letters to Governor Blount, January 31 and February 16, 1792, ibid.,
pp. 245, 246.
[173] Estanaula conference report, June 26, 1792, ibid., p. 271;
Deraque, deposition, September 15, 1792, ibid., p. 292; Pickens,
letter, September 12, 1792, ibid., p. 317.
[174] See letters of Shaw, Casey, Pickens, and Blount, 1792-93, ibid.,
pp. 277, 278, 317, 436, 437, 440.
[175] Knox, instructions to Shaw, February 17, 1792, ibid., p. 247;
Blount, letter, March 20, 1792, ibid., p. 263; Knox, letters, October
9, 1792, ibid., pp. 261, 262.
[176] Governor Telfair's letters of November 14 and December 5, with
inclosure, 1792, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 332,
336, 337, 1832.
[177] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 562-663, 598, 1853.
[178] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 562-565, 1853.
[179] Blount, letter, October 2, 1792, in American State Papers:
Indian Affairs, I, p. 294, 1832; Blount, letter, etc., in Ramsey,
op. cit., pp. 566, 567, 599-601; see also Brown's narrative, ibid.,
511, 512; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
p. 170, 1888.
[180] Ramsey, op. cit., 569-571.
[181] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 571-573, 1853.
[182] Ibid., pp. 574-578, 1853.
[183] Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 579.
[184] Ibid., pp. 580-583, 1853; Smith, letter, September 27, 1793,
American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, p. 468, 1832. Ramsey gives
the Indian force 1,000 warriors; Smith says that in many places they
marched in files of 28 abreast, each file being supposed to number
40 men.
[185] Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 584-588.
[186] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 590, 602-605, 1853.
[187] Haywood, Civil and Political History of Tennessee, pp. 300-302;
Knoxville, 1823.
[188] Ibid., pp. 303-308, 1823; Ramsey, op. cit.,
pp. 591-594. Haywood's history of this period is little more than a
continuous record of killings and petty encounters.
[189] Haywood, Civil and Political History of Tennessee, p. 308,
1823; Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 594, 1853; see also memorial in Putnam,
Middle Tennessee, p. 502, 1859. Haywood calls the leader Unacala,
which should be Une'ga-dihi', "White-man-killer." Compare Haywood's
statement with that of Washburn, on page 100.
[190] Indian Treaties, pp. 39, 40, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation,
Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 171, 172, 1888; Documents
of 1797-98, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 628-631,
1832. The treaty is not mentioned by the Tennessee historians.
[191] Haywood, Civil and Political History of Tennessee, pp. 309-311,
1823; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 594, 595, 1853.
[192] Haywood, op. cit., pp. 314-316; Ramsey, op. cit., p. 596.
[193] Haywood, Political and Civil History of Tennessee, pp. 392-396,
1823; Ramsey, Tennessee (with Major Ore's report), pp. 608-618, 1853;
Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau Ethnology, p. 171,
1888; Ore, Robertson, and Blount, reports, American State Papers:
Indian Affairs, I, pp. 632-634, 1832.
[194] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 618.
[195] Tellico conference, November 7-8, 1794, American State Papers:
Indian Affairs, I, pp. 536-538, 1832, Royce, op. cit., p. 173; Ramsey,
op. cit., p. 596.
[196] Beaver's talk, 1784, Virginia State Papers, III, p. 571, 1883;
McDowell, report, 1786, ibid., IV, p. 118, 1884; McDowell, report,
1787, ibid., p. 286; Todd, letter, 1787, ibid., p. 277; Tellico
conference, November 7, 1794, American State Papers: Indian Affairs,
I, p. 538, 1832; Greenville treaty conference, August, 1795, ibid.,
pp. 582-583.
[197] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
p. 173, 1888.
[198] Ibid., pp. 174, 175; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 679-685, 1853.
[199] Indian Treaties, pp. 78-82, 1837; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 692-697,
1853; Royce, Cherokee Nation (with map and full discussion), Fifth
Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 174-183, 1888.
[200] See table in Royce, op. cit., p. 378.
[201] Adair, American Indians, pp. 230, 231, 1775.
[202] See Hawkins, MS journal from South Carolina to the Creeks,
1796, in library of Georgia Historical Society.
[203] Hawkins, Treaty Commission, 1801, manuscript No. 5, in library
of Georgia Historical Society.
[204] Foote (?), in North Carolina Colonial Records, v, p. 1226, 1887.
[205] North Carolina Colonial Records, v, p. x, 1887.
[206] Reichel, E. H., Historical Sketch of the Church and Missions
of the United Brethren, pp. 65-81; Bethlehem, Pa., 1848; Holmes,
John, Sketches of the Missions of the United Brethren, pp. 124, 125,
209-212; Dublin, 1818; Thompson, A. C., Moravian Missions, p. 341;
New York, 1890; De Schweinitz, Edmund, Life of Zeisberger, pp. 394,
663, 696; Phila., 1870.
[207] Morse, American Geography, I, p. 577, 1819.
[208] Indian treaties, pp. 108, 121, 125, 1837; Royce, Cherokee
Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 183, 193, 1888
(map and full discussion).
[209] McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, II, p. 92, 1858.
[210] Indian Treaties, pp. 132-136, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation,
Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 193-197, 1888.
[211] Meigs, letter, September 28, 1807, American State Papers:
Indian Affairs, I, p. 754, 1832; Royce, op. cit., p. 197.
[212] See treaty, December 2, 1807, and Jefferson's message, with
inclosures, March 10, 1808, American State Papers: Indian Affairs,
I, pp. 752-754, 1832; Royce, op. cit., pp. 199-201.
[213] Ibid., pp. 201, 202.
[214] In American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, p. 283, 1834.
[215] See contract appended to Washington treaty, 1819, Indian
Treaties, pp. 269-271, 1837; Royce map, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of
Ethnology, 1888.
[216] Author's personal information.
[217] Mooney, Ghost-dance Religion, Fourteenth Ann. Rep. Bureau of
Ethnology, p. 670 et passim, 1896; contemporary documents in American
State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 798-801, 845-850, 1832.
[218] See Mooney, Ghost dance Religion, Fourteenth Ann. Rep. Bureau
of Ethnology, pp. 670-677, 1896; McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, II,
pp. 93-95, 1858; see also contemporary letters (1813, etc.) by Hawkins,
Cornells, and others in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, 1832.
[219] Letters of Hawkins, Pinckney, and Cussetah King, July, 1813,
American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, pp. 847-849, 1832.
[220] Meigs, letter, May 8, 1812, and Hawkins, letter, May 11, 1812,
ibid., p. 809.
[221] Author's information from James D. Wafford.
[222] McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, II, pp. 96-97, 1858.
[223] Drake, Indians, pp. 395-396, 1880; Pickett, Alabama, p. 556,
reprint of 1896.
[224] Coffee, report, etc., in Drake, Indians, p. 396, 1880; Lossing,
Field Book of the War of 1812, pp. 762, 763 [n. d. (1869)]; Pickett,
Alabama, p. 553, reprint of 1896.
[225] Ibid., p. 556.
[226] Drake, Indians, p. 396, 1880; Pickett, op. cit., pp. 554, 555.
[227] White's report, etc., in Fay and Davison, Sketches of the War,
pp. 240, 241; Rutland, Vt., 1815; Low, John, Impartial History of
the War, p. 199; New York, 1815; Drake, op. cit., p. 397; Pickett,
op. cit., p. 557; Lossing, op. cit., p. 767. Low says White had about
1,100 mounted men, "including upward of 300 Cherokee Indians." Pickett
gives White 400 Cherokee.
[228] Drake, Indians, pp. 391, 398, 1880; Pickett, Alabama,
pp. 557-559, 572-576, reprint of 1896.
[229] Ibid., p. 579; Lossing, Field Book of the War of 1812, p. 773.
[230] Pay and Davison, Sketches of the War, pp. 247-250, 1815; Pickett,
Alabama, pp. 579-584, reprint of 1896; Drake, Indians, pp. 398-400,
1880. Pickett says Jackson had "767 men, with 200 friendly Indians";
Drake says he started with 930 men and was joined at Talladega by
200 friendly Indians; Jackson himself, as quoted in Fay and Davison,
says that he started with 930 men, excluding Indians, and was joined
at Talladega "by between 200 and 300 friendly Indians," 65 being
Cherokee, the rest Creeks. The inference is that he already had a
number of Indians with him at the start--probably the Cherokee who
had been doing garrison duty.
[231] Pickett, op. cit., pp. 584-586.
[232] Jackson's report to Governor Blount, March 31, 1814, in Fay
and Davison, Sketches of the War, pp. 253, 254, 1815.
[233] General Coffee's report to General Jackson, April 1, 1814,
ibid., p. 257.
[234] Colonel Morgan's report to Governor Blount, in Fay and Davison,
Sketches of the War, pp. 258, 259, 1815.
[235] Coffee's report to Jackson, ibid., pp. 257, 258.
[236] Jackson's report to Governor Blount, ibid., pp. 255, 256.
[237] Jackson's report and Colonel Morgan's report, in Fay and Davison,
Sketches of the War, pp. 255, 256, 259, 1815. Pickett makes the loss
of the white troops 32 killed and 99 wounded. The Houston reference
is from Lossing. The battle is described also by Pickett, Alabama,
pp. 588-591, reprint of 1896; Drake, Indians, pp. 391, 400, 1880;
McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, II, pp. 98, 99, 1858.
[238] McKenney and Hall, op. cit., p. 98.
[239] Drake, Indians, p. 401, 1880.
[240] Indian Treaties, p. 187, 1837; Meigs' letter to Secretary of
War, August 19, 1816, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II,
pp. 113, 114, 1834.
[241] Indian Treaties, pp. 185-187, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation,
Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 197-209, 1888.
[242] Indian Treaties, pp. 199, 200, 1837; Royce, op. cit.,
pp. 209-211.
[243] Claiborne, letter to Jefferson, November 5, 1808, American
State Papers, I, p. 755, 1832; Gatschet, Creek Migration Legend, I,
p. 88, 1884.
[244] Hawkins, 1799, quoted in Gatschet, op. cit., p. 89.
[245] See Treaty of St Louis, 1825, and of Castor hill, 1852, in
Indian Treaties, pp. 388, 539, 1837.
[246] See number 107, "The Lost Cherokee."
[247] See letter of Governor Estevan Miro to Robertson, April 20,
1783, in Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, p. 407, 1889.
[248] See pp. 76-77.
[249] Washburn, Reminiscences, pp. 76-79, 1869; see also Royce,
Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 204, 1888.
[250] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
pp. 202, 203, 1888.
[251] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
pp. 202-204,1888; see also Indian Treaties, pp. 209-215,1837. The
preamble to the treaty of 1817 says that the delegation of 1808 had
desired a division of the tribal territory in order that the people
of the Upper (northern) towns might "begin the establishment of fixed
laws and a regular government," while those of the Lower (southern)
towns desired to remove to the West. Nothing is said of severalty
allotments or citizenship.
[252] Indian Treaties, pp. 209-215, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation,
Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 212-217, 1888; see also maps
in Royce.
[253] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
217-218, 1888.
[254] Ibid., pp. 218-219.
[255] Ibid., p. 219.
[256] Morse, Geography, I, p. 577, 1819; and p. 185, 1822.
[257] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
pp. 221-222, 1888.
[258] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
pp. 222-228, 1888.
[259] Indian Treaties, pp. 265-269, 1837; Royce, op. cit., pp. 219-221
and table, p. 378.
[260] Laws of the Cherokee Nation (several documents), 1820, American
State Papers; Indian Affairs, II, pp. 279-283, 1834; letter quoted
by McKenney, 1825, ibid., pp. 651, 652; Drake, Indians, pp. 437, 438,
ed. 1880.
[261] List or missions and reports of missionaries, etc., American
State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, pp. 277-279, 459, 1834; personal
information from James D. Wafford concerning Valley-towns mission. For
notices of Worcester, Jones, and Wafford, see Pilling, Bibliography
of the Iroquoian Languages 1888.
[262] G. C., in Cherokee Phoenix; reprinted in Christian Advocate
and Journal, New York, September 26, 1828.
[263] McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, I, p. 35, et passim, 1858.
[264] Phillips, Sequoyah, in Harper's Magazine, pp. 542-548, September,
1870.
[265] Manuscript letters by John Mason Brown, January 17, 18, 22,
and February 4, 1889, in archives of the Bureau of American Ethnology.
[266] McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, I, p. 45, 1858.
[267] See page 43.
[268] See number 89, "The Iroquois wars."
[269] McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, I, p. 46, 1858; Phillips,
in Harper's Magazine, p. 547, September, 1870.
[270] Indian Treaties, p. 425, 1837.
[271] For details concerning the life and invention of Sequoya,
see McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, i, 1858; Phillips, Sequoyah, in
Harper's Magazine, September 1870; Foster, Sequoyah, 1885, and Story of
the Cherokee Bible, 1899, based largely on Phillips' article; G. C.,
Invention of the Cherokee Alphabet, in Cherokee Phoenix, republished
In Christian Advocate and Journal, New York, September 26, 1828:
Pilling, Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages, 1888.
[272] G. C., Invention of the Cherokee Alphabet, op. cit.
[273] (Unsigned) letter of David Brown, September 2, 1825, quoted in
American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, p. 652, 1834.
[274] Foster, Sequoyah, pp. 120, 121, 1885.
[275] Pilling, Iroquoian Bibliography, p. 21, 1888.
[276] Brown letter (unsigned), in American State Papers: Indian
Affairs, II, p. 652, 1834.
[277] For extended notice of Cherokee literature and authors see
numerous references in Pilling, Bibliography of the Iroquoian
Languages, 1888; also Foster, Sequoyah, 1885, and Story of the
Cherokee Bible, 1899. The largest body of original Cherokee manuscript
material in existence, including hundreds of ancient ritual formulas,
was obtained by the writer among the East Cherokee, and is now in
possession of the Bureau of American Ethnology, to be translated at
some future time.
[278] Brown letter (unsigned), September 2, 1825, American State
Papers: Indian Affairs, II, pp. 651, 652, 1834.
[279] See Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
p. 241, 1888; Meredith, in The Five Civilized Tribes, Extra Census
Bulletin, p. 41, 1894; Morse, American Geography, I, p. 577, 1819
(for Hicks).
[280] Fort Pitt treaty, September 17, 1778, Indian Treaties, p. 3,
1837.
[281] Cherokee Agency treaty, July 8, 1817, ibid., p. 209; Drake,
Indians, p. 450, ed. 1880; Johnson in Senate Report on Territories;
Cherokee Memorial, January 18, 1831; see laws of 1808, 1810, and
later, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, pp. 279-283,
1834. The volume of Cherokee laws, compiled in the Cherokee language
by the Nation, in 1850, begins with the year 1808.
[282] Personal information from James D. Wafford. So far as is known
this rebellion of the conservatives has never hitherto been noted
in print.
[283] See Resolutions of Honor, in Laws of the Cherokee Nation,
pp. 187-140, 1868; Meredith, in The Five Civilized Tribes, Extra Census
Bulletin, p. 41, 1894; Appleton, Cyclopedia of American Biography.
[284] See fourth article of "Articles of agreement and cession,"
April 24, 1802, in American State Papers: class VIII, Public Lands,
I, quoted also by Greeley, American Conflict, I, p. 103, 1864.
[285] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
pp. 231-233, 1888.
[286] Cherokee correspondence, 1823 and 1824, American State Papers:
Indian Affairs, II, pp. 468-473, 1834; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth
Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 236-237, 1888.
[287] Cherokee memorial, February 11, 1824, in American State Papers:
Indian Affairs, II, pp. 473, 494, 1834; Royce, op. cit., p. 237.
[288] Letters of Governor Troup of Georgia, February 28, 1824, and
of Georgia delegates, March 10, 1824, American State Papers: Indian
Affairs, II, pp. 475, 477, 1834; Royce, op. cit., pp. 237, 238.
[289] Monroe, message to the Senate, with Calhoun's report, March 30,
1824, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, pp. 460, 462, 1834.
[290] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
pp. 241, 242, 1888.
[291] Personal information from J. D. Wafford.
[292] Nitze, H. B. C., in Twentieth Annual Report United States
Geological Survey, part 6 (Mineral Resources), p. 112, 1899.
[293] See Butler letter, quoted in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth
Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 297, 1888; see also Everett,
speech in the House of Representatives on May 31, 1838, pp. 16-17,
32-33, 1839.
[294] For extracts and synopses of these acts see Royce, op. cit.,
pp. 259-264; Drake, Indians, pp. 438-456, 1880; Greeley, American
Conflict, I, pp. 105, 106, 1864; Edward Everett, speech in the
House of Representatives, February 14, 1831 (lottery law). The gold
lottery is also noted incidentally by Lanman, Charles, Letters from
the Alleghany Mountains, p. 10; New York, 1849, and by Nitze, in his
report on the Georgia gold fields, in the Twentieth Annual Report
of the United States Geological Survey, part 6 (Mineral Resources),
p. 112, 1899. The author has himself seen in a mountain village in
Georgia an old book titled "The Cherokee Land and Gold Lottery,"
containing maps and plats covering the whole Cherokee country of
Georgia, with each lot numbered, and descriptions of the water courses,
soil, and supposed mineral veins.
[295] Speech of May 19, 1830, Washington; printed by Gales & Seaton,
1830.
[296] Speech in the Senate of the United States, April 16, 1830;
Washington, Peter Force, printer, 1830.
[297] See Cherokee Memorial to Congress, January 18, 1831.
[298] Personal information from Prof. Clinton Duncan, of Tahlequah,
Cherokee Nation, whose father's house was the one thus burned.
[299] Cherokee Memorial to Congress January 18, 1831.
[300] Ibid.; see also speech of Edward Everett in House of
Representatives February 14, 1831; report of the select committee
of the senate of Massachusetts upon the Georgia resolutions, Boston,
1831; Greeley, American Conflict, I, p. 106, 1864; Abbott, Cherokee
Indians in Georgia; Atlanta Constitution, October 27, 1889.
[301] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
pp. 261, 262, 1888.
[302] Ibid., p. 262.
[303] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
pp. 264-266, 1888; Drake, Indians, pp. 454-457,1880; Greeley, American
Conflict, I, 106, 1864.
[304] Drake, Indians, p. 458, 1880.
[305] Royce, op. cit., pp. 262-264, 272, 273.
[306] Ibid., pp.274, 275.
[307] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Report Bureau of Ethnology,
p. 276, 1888.
[308] Commissioner Elbert Herring, November 25, Report of Indian
Commissioner, p. 240, 1834; author's personal information from Major
R. C. Jackson and J. D. Wafford.
[309] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
pp. 278-280, 1888; Everett speech in House of Representatives, May
31, 1838, pp. 28, 29, 1839, in which the Secretary's reply is given
in full.
[310] Royce, op. cit., pp. 280-281.
[311] Ibid., p. 281.
[312] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit. (Ross arrest), p. 281; Drake,
Indians (Ross, Payne, Phoenix), p. 459, 1880; see also Everett speech
of May 31, 1838, op. cit.
[313] Royce, op. cit., pp. 281, 282; see also Everett speech, 1838.
[314] See Fort Gibson treaty, 1833, p. 142.
[315] See New Echota treaty, 1835, and Fort Gibson treaty, 1833, Indian
Treaties, pp. 633-648 and 561-565, 1837; also, for full discussion
of both treaties, Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of
Ethnology, pp. 249-298. For a summary of all the measures of pressure
brought to bear upon the Cherokee up to the final removal see also
Everett, speech in the House of Representatives, May 31, 1838;
the chapters on "Expatriation of the Cherokees," Drake, Indians,
1880; and the chapter on "State Rights--Nullification," in Greeley,
American Conflict, I, 1864. The Georgia side of the controversy is
presented in E. J. Harden's Life of (Governor) George M. Troup, 1849.
[316] Royce, op. cit., p. 289. The Indian total is also given in the
Report of the Indian Commissioner, p. 369, 1836.
[317] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., pp. 283, 284; Report of Indian
Commissioner, pp. 285, 286, 1836.
[318] Quoted by Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., pp. 284-285; quoted
also, with some verbal differences, by Everett, speech in House of
Representatives on May 31, 1838.
[319] Quoted in Royce, op. cit., p. 286.
[320] Letter of General Wool, September 10, 1836, in Everett, speech
in House of Representatives, May 31, 1838.
[321] Letter of June 30, 1836, to President Jackson, in Everett,
speech in the House of Representatives, May 31, 1838.
[322] Quoted by Everett, ibid.; also by Royce, Cherokee Nation,
op. cit., p. 286.
[323] Letter of J. M. Mason, jr., to Secretary of War, September 25,
1837, in Everett, speech in House of Representatives, May 31, 1838;
also quoted in extract by Royce, op. cit., pp. 286-287.
[324] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit. pp. 287, 289.
[325] Ibid., pp. 289, 290.
[326] Ibid., p. 291. The statement of the total number of troops
employed is from the speech of Everett in the House of Representatives,
May 31, 1838, covering the whole question of the treaty.
[327] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 291.
[328] Ibid, p. 291.
[329] The notes on the Cherokee round-up and Removal are almost
entirely from author's information as furnished by actors in the
events, both Cherokee and white, among whom may be named the late
Colonel W. H. Thomas; the late Colonel Z. A. Zile, of Atlanta,
of the Georgia volunteers; the late James Bryson, of Dillsboro,
North Carolina, also a volunteer; James D. Wafford, of the western
Cherokee Nation, who commanded one of the emigrant detachments; and
old Indians, both east and west, who remembered the Removal and had
heard the story from their parents. Charley's story is a matter of
common note among the East Cherokee, and was heard in full detail
from Colonel Thomas and from Wasitûna ("Washington"), Charley's
youngest son, who alone was spared by General Scott on account of
his youth. The incident is also noted, with some slight inaccuracies,
in Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains. See p. 157.
[330] Author's personal information, as before cited.
[331] As quoted in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau
of Ethnology, p. 292, 1888, the disbursing agent makes the number
unaccounted for 1,428; the receiving agent, who took charge of them
on their arrival, makes it 1,645.
[332] Agent Stokes to Secretary of War, June 24, 1839, in Report
Indian Commissioner, p. 355, 1839; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth
Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 293, 1888; Drake, Indians,
pp. 459-460, 1880; author's personal information. The agent's report
incorrectly makes the killings occur on three different days.
[333] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., pp. 294, 295.
[334] Council resolutions, August 23, 1839, in Report Indian
Commissioner, p. 387, 1839; Royce, op. cit., p. 294.
[335] See "Act of Union" and "Constitution" in Constitution and
Laws of the Cherokee Nation, 1875; General Arbuckle's letter to the
Secretary of War, June 28, 1840, in Report of Indian Commissioner,
p. 46, 1840; also Royce, op. cit., pp. 294, 295.
[336] See ante, pp. 105-106; Nuttall, who was on the ground, gives
them only 1,500.
[337] Washburn, Cephas, Reminiscences of the Indians, pp. 81, 103;
Richmond, 1869.
[338] Nuttall, Journal of Travels into the Arkansas Territory, etc.,
p. 129; Philadelphia, 1821.
[339] Ibid., pp. 123-136. The battle mentioned seems to be the same
noted somewhat differently by Washburn, Reminiscences, p. 120; 1869.
[340] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 222.
[341] Washburn, op. cit., p. 160, and personal information from
J. D. Wafford.
[342] Royce, op. cit., pp. 242, 243; Washburn, op. cit., pp. 112-122
et passim; see also sketches of Tahchee and Tooantuh or Spring-frog,
in McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, I and II, 1858.
[343] Washburn, Reminiscences, p. 178, 1869; see also ante p. 206.
[344] Ibid, p. 138.
[345] See Treaty of 1817, Indian Treaties, 1837.
[346] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Report Bureau of Ethnology,
pp. 243, 244, 1888.
[347] Ibid, p. 243.
[348] Author's personal information; see p. 143.
[349] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 245.
[350] Ibid., pp. 247, 248.
[351] Treaty of Washington, May 6, 1828, Indian Treaties, pp. 423-428,
1837; treaty of Port Gibson, 1833, ibid., pp. 561-565; see also for
synopsis, Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
pp. 229, 230, 1888.
[352] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
p. 248, 1888.
[353] For a sketch of Tahchee, with portraits, see McKenney and Hall,
I, pp. 251-260, 1858; Catlin, North American Indians, II, pp. 121,
122, 1844. Wash burn also mentions the emigration to Texas consequent
upon the treaty of 1828 (Reminiscences, p. 217, 1869).
[354] Treaties at Fort Gibson, February 14, 1833, with Creeks and
Cherokee, in Indian Treaties, pp. 561-569, 1837.
[355] Treaty of 1833, Indian Treaties, pp. 561-565, 1837; Royce,
Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 249-253,
1888; see also Treaty of New Echota, 1835, ante, pp. 123-125.
[356] Author's personal information. In 1891 the author opened two
Uchee graves on the grounds of Cornelius Boudinot, at Tahlequah,
finding with one body a number of French, Spanish, and American silver
coins wrapped in cloth and deposited in two packages on each side of
the head. They are now in the National Museum at Washington.
[357] Bonnell, Topographic Description of Texas, p. 141; Austin,
1840; Thrall, History of Texas, p. 58; New York, 1876.
[358] Author's personal information from J. D. Wafford and other
old Cherokee residents and from recent Cherokee delegates. Bancroft
agrees with Bonnell and Thrall that no grant was formally issued,
but states that the Cherokee chief established his people in Texas
"confiding in promises made to him, and a conditional agreement in
1822" with the Spanish governor (History of the North Mexican States
and Texas, II, p. 103, 1889). It is probable that the paper carried
by Bowl was the later Houston treaty. See next page.
[359] Thrall, op. cit., p. 58.
[360] Thrall, Texas, p. 46, 1879.
[361] Bonnell, Texas, pp. 142, 143, 1840.
[362] Ibid., p. 143, 1840.
[363] Bonnell, Texas, pp. 143, 144.
[364] Ibid., pp. 144, 146.
[365] Thrall, Texas, pp. 116-168, 1876.
[366] Bonnell, op. cit., pp. 146-150; Thrall, op. cit., pp. 118-120.
[367] Author's personal information from J. D. Wafford and other old
western Cherokee, and recent Cherokee delegates; by some this is said
to have been a Mexican patent, but it is probably the one given by
Texas. See ante, p. 143.
[368] Thrall, Texas, p. 120, 1876.
[369] Author's personal information from Mexican and Cherokee sources.
[370] W. A. Phillips, Sequoyah, in Harper's Magazine, September, 1870;
Foster, Sequoyah, 1885; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau
of Ethnology, p. 302, 1888; letter of William P. Ross, former editor of
Cherokee Advocate, March 11, 1889, in archives of Bureau of American
Ethnology; Cherokee Advocate, October 19, 1844, November 2, 1844, and
March 6, 1845; author's personal information. San Fernando seems to
have been a small village in Chihuahua, but is not shown on the maps.
[371] For full discussion see Royce, op. cit., pp. 298-312.
[372] Pilling, Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages (bulletin of
the Bureau of Ethnology), p. 174, 1888.
[373] See treaties with Cherokee, October 7, 1861, and with other
tribes, in Confederate States Statutes at Large, 1864; Royce, op. cit.,
pp. 324-328; Greeley, American Conflict, II, pp. 30-34, 1866; Reports
of Indian Commissioner for 1860 to 1862.
[374] In this battle the Confederates were assisted by from 4,000
to 5,000 Indians of the southern tribes, including the Cherokee,
under command of General Albert Pike.
[375] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
pp. 329, 330, 1888.
[376] Ibid, p. 331.
[377] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 376.
[378] Ibid., p. 376. A census of 1807 gives them 13,566 (ibid.,
p. 351).
[379] See synopsis and full discussion in Royce, op. cit., pp. 334-340.
[380] Act of Citizenship, November 7, 1865, Laws of the Cherokee
Nation, p. 119; St. Louis, 1868.
[381] See Resolutions of Honor, ibid., pp. 137-140.
[382] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
pp. 356-358, 1888; Constitution and Laws of the Cherokee Nation,
pp. 277-284; St. Louis, 1875.
[383] Royce, op. cit., p. 367.
[384] Foster, Sequoyah, pp. 147, 148, 1885; Pilling, Iroquoian
Bibliography, 1888, articles "Cherokee Advocate" and "John
B. Jones." The schoolbook series seems to have ended with the
arithmetic--cause, as the Cherokee national superintendent of schools
explained to the author, "too much white man."
[385] Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxv,
1881, and p. lxx, 1882; see also p. 175.
[386] Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxv, 1883.
[387] Commissioner J. D. C. Atkins, Report of Indian Commissioner,
p. xlv, 1886, and p. lxxvii, 1887.
[388] Agent L. E. Bennett, in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 93,
1890.
[389] Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 22, 1889.
[390] See proclamation by President Harrison and order from Indian
Commissioner in Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxxii-lxxiii,
421-422, 1890. The lease figures are from personal information.
[391] Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner,
pp. 79-80, 1892.
[392] Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner,
pp. 33-34, 1893.
[393] Quotation from act, etc., Report of Indian Commissioner for 1894,
p. 27, 1895.
[394] Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, ibid., p. 141.
[395] Ibid., and statistical table, p. 570.
[396] Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, ibid., p. 145.
[397] Agent D. M. Wisdom, in Report Indian Commissioner for 1895,
p. 155, 1896.
[398] Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner,
p. 81, 1896.
[399] Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner
for 1895, pp. 159, 160, 1896.
[400] Letter of A. E. Ivy, Secretary of the Board of Education,
in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 161, 1896. The author
can add personal testimony as to the completeness of the seminary
establishment.
[401] Report of Agent Wisdom, ibid., p. 162.
[402] Letter of Bird Harris, May 31, 1895, in Report of Indian
Commissioner for 1895, p. 160, 1896.
[403] Synopsis of Curtis act, pp. 75-79, and Curtis act in full,
p. 425 et seq., in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1898; noted also
in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 84 et seq., 1899.
[404] Commissioner W. A. Jones, ibid., pp. i, 84 et seq. (Curtis act
and Dawes commission).
[405] Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner,
pp. 141-144, 1897.
[406] Author's personal information; see also House bill No. 1165
"for the relief of certain Indians in Indian Territory," etc.,
Fifty-sixth Congress, first session, 1900.
[407] Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner,
p. 159, 1898.
[408] See page 131.
[409] Charley's story as here given is from the author's personal
information, derived chiefly from conversations with Colonel Thomas and
with Wasitû'na and other old Indians. An ornate but somewhat inaccurate
account is given also in Lanman's Letters from the Alleghany Mountains,
written on the ground ten years after the events described. The
leading facts are noted in General Scott's official dispatches.
[410] See New Echota treaty, December 29, 1835, and supplementary
articles, March 1, 1836, in Indian Treaties, pp. 633-648, 1837;
also full discussion of same treaty in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth
Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1888.
[411] Royce, op. cit., p. 292.
[412] Ibid., p. 314.
[413] In the Cherokee language Tsiskwâ'hi, "Bird place," Ani'-Wâ'dihi,
"Paint place," Wa`yâ'hi, "Wolf place," E'lawâ'di, "Red earth" (now
Cherokee post-office and agency), and Kâlanûñ'yi, "Raven place." There
was also, for a time, a "Pretty-woman town" (Ani'-Gilâ'hi?).
[414] The facts concerning Colonel Thomas's career are derived chiefly
from the author's conversations with Thomas himself, supplemented
by information from his former assistant, Capt. James W. Terrell,
and others who knew him, together with an admirable sketch in the
North Carolina University Magazine for May 1899, by Mrs. A. C. Avery,
his daughter. He is also frequently noticed, in connection with East
Cherokee matters, in the annual reports of the Commissioner of Indian
Affairs; in the North Carolina Confederate Roster; in Lanman's Letters
from the Alleghany Mountains; and in Zeigler and Grosscup's Heart of
the Alleghanies, etc. Some manuscript contributions to the library
of the Georgia Historical Society in Savannah--now unfortunately
mislaid--show his interest in Cherokee linguistics.
[415] The facts concerning Yonaguska are based on the author's
personal information obtained from Colonel Thomas, supplemented
from conversations with old Indians. The date of his death and his
approximate age are taken from the Terrell roll. He is also noticed
at length in Lanman's Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 1848,
and in Zeigler and Grosscup's Heart of the Alleghanies, 1883. The
trance which, according to Thomas and Lanman, lasted about one day,
is stretched by the last-named authors to fifteen days, with the whole
1,200 Indians marching and countermarching around the sleeping body!
[416] The name in the treaties occurs as Yonahequah (1798), Yohanaqua
(1805), and Yonah, (1819).--Indian Treaties, pp. 82, 123, 268;
Washington, 1837.
[417] The name refers to something habitually falling from a leaning
position.
[418] Act quoted in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 636,
1896.
[419] The facts concerning Junaluska are from the author's information
obtained from Colonel Thomas, Captain James Terrell, and Cherokee
informants.
[420] Author's information from Colonel Thomas.
[421] Commissioner Crawford, November 25, Report of Indian
Commissioner, p. 333, 1839.
[422] Author's information from Colonel Thomas, Captain Terrell, and
Indian sources; Commissioner W. Medill, Report of Indian Commissioner,
p. 399, 1848; Commissioner Orlando Brown, Report of Indian Commissioner
for 1849, p. 14, 1850.
[423] Synopsis of the treaty, etc., in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth
Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 300-313, 1888; see also ante,
p. 148.
[424] Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, pp. 94-95, 1849.
[425] Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, p. 111.
[426] See act quoted in "The United States of America v. William H,
Thomas et al."; also Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau
of Ethnology, p. 313, 1888. In the earlier notices the terms "North
Carolina Cherokee" and "Eastern Cherokee" are used synonymously,
as the original fugitives were all in North Carolina.
[427] See Royce, op. cit., pp. 313-314; Commissioner H. Price, Report
of Indian Commissioner, p. li, 1884; Report of Indian Commissioner,
p. 495, 1898; also references by Commissioner W. Medill, Report of
Indian Commissioner, p. 399, 1848; and Report of Indian Commissioner
for 1855, p. 255, 1856.
[428] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 313 and note.
[429] Report of the Indian Commissioner, pp. 459-460, 1845.
[430] Commissioner Crawford, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 3, 1842.
[431] Royce, op. cit., p. 314.
[432] The history of the events leading to the organization of the
"Thomas Legion" is chiefly from the author's conversations with Colonel
Thomas himself, corroborated and supplemented from other sources. In
the words of Thomas, "If it had not been for the Indians I would not
have been in the war."
[433] This is believed to be a correct statement of the strength
and make-up of the Thomas Legion. Owing to the imperfection of the
records and the absence of reliable memoranda among the surviving
officers, no two accounts exactly coincide. The roll given in the
North Carolina Confederate Roster, handed in by Captain Terrell,
assistant quartermaster, was compiled early in the war and contains
no notice of the engineer company or of the second infantry regiment;
which included two other Indian companies. The information therein
contained is supplemented from conversations and personal letters
of Captain Terrell, and from letters and newspaper articles by
Lieutenant-Colonel Stringfield of the Sixty-ninth. Another statement
is given in Mrs Avery's sketch of Colonel Thomas in the North Carolina
University Magazine for May, 1899.
[434] Personal Information from Colonel W. H. Thomas,
Lieutenant-Colonel W. W. Stringfield, Captain James W. Terrell,
Chief N. J. Smith (first sergeant Company B), and others, with other
details from Moore's (Confederate) Roster of North Carolina Troops,
IV; Raleigh, 1882; also list of survivors in 1890, by Carrington,
in Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census,
p. 21, 1892.
[435] Thomas-Terrell manuscript East Cherokee roll, with accompanying
letters, 1864 (Bur. Am. Eth. archives).
[436] Personal information from Colonel W. H. Thomas, Captain
J. W. Terrell, Chief N. J. Smith, and others; see also Carrington,
Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census, p. 21,
1892.
[437] Author's information from Colonel Thomas and others. Various
informants have magnified the number of deaths to several hundred,
but the estimate here given, obtained from Thomas, is probably more
reliable.
[438] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology,
p. 314, 1888.
[439] Commissioner F. A. Walker, Report of Indian Commissioner,
p. 26, 1872.
[440] Royce, op. cit., p. 353.
[441] Constitution, etc., quoted in Carrington, Eastern Band of
Cherokees, Extra Bulletin Eleventh Census, pp. 18-20, 1892; author's
personal information.
[442] See award of arbitrators, Rufus Barringer, John H. Dillard, and
T. Ruffin, with full statement, in Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
against W. T. Thomas et al. H. R. Ex. Doc. 128, 53d Cong., 2d sess.,
1894; summary in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of
Ethnology, pp. 315-318, 1888.
[443] See Royce, op. cit., pp. 315-318; Commissioner T. J. Morgan,
Report of Indian Commissioner, p. xxix, 1890. The final settlement,
under the laws of North Carolina, was not completed until 1894.
[444] Royce, op. cit., pp. 315-318; Carrington, Eastern Band of
Cherokees, with map of Temple survey, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh
Census, 1892.
[445] Report of Agent W. C. McCarthy, Report of Indian Commissioner,
pp. 343-344, 1875; and Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 118-119,
1876.
[446] Author's personal information; see also Carrington, Eastern
Band of Cherokees; Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies,
pp. 35-36, 1883.
[447] Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner,
pp. lxiv-lxv, 1881, and Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxix-lxx,
1882; see also ante, p. 151.
[448] See Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner,
pp. 141-145, 1892; author's personal information from B. C. Hobbs,
Chief N. J. Smith, and others. For further notice of school growth
see also Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 426-427, 1897.
[449] Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 36-42, 1883.
[450] Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner,
pp. lxix-lxx, 1882.
[451] Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. li-lii, 1884.
[452] Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner,
pp. lxix-lxxi, 1882, also "Indian legislation," ibid., p. 214;
Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxv-lxvi,
1883.
[453] Commissioner J. D. C. Atkins, Report of Indian Commissioner,
p. lxx, 1885.
[454] Same commissioner, Report of the Indian Commissioner, p. xlv,
1886; decision quoted by same commissioner, Report of Indian
Commissioner, p. lxxvii, 1887.
[455] Same commissioner, Report of the Indian Commissioner, p. li,
1886; reiterated by him in Report for 1887, p. lxxvii.
[456] See act in full, Report of Indian Commissioner, vol. I,
pp. 680-681, 1891.
[457] From author's personal acquaintance; see also Zeigler
and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 38-39, 1883; Agent
J. L. Holmes, in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 160, 1885;
Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 142,
1892; Moore, Roster of the North Carolina Troops, IV, 1882.
[458] Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner for
1894, pp. 81-82, 1895; also Agent T. W. Potter, ibid., p. 398.
[459] Agent T. W. Potter, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895,
p. 387, 1896.
[460] Agent J. C. Hart, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 208, 1897.
[461] Agent J. C. Hart, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 218-219,
1898.
[462] At the recent election in November, 1900, they were debarred
by the local polling officers from either registering or voting,
and the matter is now being contested.
[463] American Anthropologist, vol. XI, July, 1898.
[464] See page 20.
[465] Adair, American Indians, p. 81, 1775.
[466] Lawson, Carolina, 67-68, reprint 1860.
[467] Harris, J. C., Uncle Remus, His Songs and His Sayings, p. 29;
New York, 1886.
[468] For a presentation of the African and European argument see
Harris, Nights with Uncle Remus, introduction, 1883; and Uncle Remus,
His Songs and His Sayings, introduction, 1886; Gerber, Uncle Remus
Traced to the Old World, in Journal of American Folklore, VI, p. 23,
October, 1893. In regard to tribal dissemination of myths see Boas,
Dissemination of Tales among the Natives of North America, in Journal
of American Folklore, IV, p. 12, January, 1891; The Growth of Indian
Mythologies, in the same journal, IX, p. 32, January 1896; Northern
Elements in the Mythology of the Navaho, in American Anthropologist,
X, p. 11, November, 1897; introduction to Teit's Traditions of the
Thompson River Indians, 1898. Dr Boas has probably devoted more
study to the subject than any other anthropologist, and his personal
observations include tribes from the Arctic regions to the Columbia.
[469] See contemporary notice in the Historical Sketch.
[470] See "The Daughter of the Sun."
[471] See the next story.
[472] "The Onondagas retain the custody of the wampums of the
Five Nations, and the keeper of the wampums, Thomas Webster,
of the Snipe tribe, a consistent, thorough pagan, is their
interpreter. Notwithstanding the claims made that the wampums can be
read as a governing code of law, it is evident that they are simply
monumental reminders of preserved traditions, without any literal
details whatever.
"The first [of this] group from left to right, represents a convention
of the Six Nations at the adoption of the Tuscaroras into the league;
the second, the Five Nations, upon seven strands, illustrates a treaty
with seven Canadian tribes before the year 1600; the third signifies
the guarded approach of strangers to the councils of the Five Nations
(a guarded gate, with a long, white path leading to the inner gate,
where the Five Nations are grouped, with the Onondagas in the center
and a safe council house behind all); the fourth represents a treaty
when but four of the Six Nations were represented, and the fifth
embodies the pledge of seven Canadian christianized nations to abandon
their crooked ways and keep an honest peace (having a cross for each
tribe, and with a zigzag line below, to indicate that their ways had
been crooked but would ever after be as sacred as the cross). Above
this group is another, claiming to bear date about 1608, when Champlain
joined the Algonquins against the Iroquois."--Carrington, in Six
Nations of New York, Extra Bulletin, Eleventh Census, pp. 33-34, 1892.
[473] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. of Tennessee, pp. 222-224, 1823.
[474] Ibid, p. 241.
[475] Ibid, p. 222.
[476] Schoolcraft, Notes on Iroquois, p. 160, 1847.
[477] Heckewelder, Indian Nations, p. 88, reprint of 1876.
[478] Brinton, Lenape and Their Legends, p. 130 et passim, 1885;
Schoolcraft, Notes on Iroquois, pp. 147, 305 et passim, 1847;
Heckewelder, Indian Nations, pp. 47-50, ed. 1876.
[479] Heckewelder, op. cit., p. 54.
[480] Loskiel, History of the [Moravian] Mission, pp. 124-127;
London, 1794.
[481] Heckewelder, Indian Nations, pp. 88-89, 1876.
[482] See Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. of Tennessee, pp. 220, 224,
237, 1823.
[483] North Carolina Colonial Records, III, pp. 153, 202, 345, 369,
393, 1886.
[484] Mooney, Siouan Tribes of the East (bulletin of the Bureau of
Ethnology), pp. 56, 61, 1894.
[485] Catawba MS from South Carolina official archives. Schoolcraft,
Indian Tribes, III, pp. 293-4, 1853.
[486] Ibid., p. 294, 1853.
[487] Royce, The Cherokee Nation of Indians, in Fifth Report of Bureau
of Ethnology. pp. 205-208, 266-272, 1887; also (for 1783) Bartram,
Travels, p. 483, 1792.
[488] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tenn., p. 241, 1823. Bullhead
may be intended for Doublehead, an old Cherokee name.
[489] Mooney, The Cherokee Ball Play, in The American Anthropologist,
III, p. 107, April, 1890.
[490] Bartram, Travels, p. 518, 1791.
[491] Adair, History of American Indians, pp. 227, 247, 252-256, 270,
276-279, 1775.
[492] Ramsey, Annals of Tennessee, pp. 81, 84, 1853.
[493] Mooney, Siouan Tribes of the East (bulletin of the Bureau of
Ethnology), p. 83, 1894.
[494] Bienville, quoted in Gayarré, Louisiana.
[495] Haywood, Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee,
pp. 105-107, 1823. For a sketch of the Natchez war and the subsequent
history of the scattered fragments of the tribe, see the author's
paper, The End of the Natchez, in the American Anthropologist for
July, 1899.
[496] Adair, History of American Indians, p. 257, 1775. The other
statements concerning the Taskigi among the Creeks are taken from
Gatschet's valuable study, A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians,
I, pp. 122, 145, 228, 1884.
[497] Haywood, Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, p. 24,
1823. From a contemporary reference in Rivers, South Carolina, page
57, it appears that this war was in full progress in 1757.
[498] Margry, quoted in Gatschet, Creek Migration Legend, I, pp. 16,
87, 1884.
[499] Wasash, French Ouasage, corrupted by the Americans into Osage.
[500] Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tenn., p. 266.
[501] MacGowan, Dr D. J., Indian Secret Societies, Historical Magazine,
X, p. 139, 1866. Morrisania, N. Y.
[502] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tenn., p. 239.
[503] Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, pages 41-42.
[504] Gatschet, Some Mythic Stories of the Yuchi Indians, in American
Anthropologist, VI, p. 281, July, 1893.
[505] Asher & Co., Berlin, 1895.
[506] Antiquities of the Cherokee Indians, compiled from the collection
of Reverend Sabin Buttrick, their missionary from 1817 to 1847,
as presented in the Indian Chieftain; Vinita, Indian Territory, 1884.
[507] Buttrick, Antiquities of the Cherokee Indians, pp. 9-10.
[508] Schoolcraft, Notes on the Iroquois, p. 359, 1847.
[509] Buttrick, op. cit., p. 10.
[510] Travels, pp. 449-450.
[511] W. O. Tuggle, Myths of the Creeks, MS, 1887. Copy in archives
of the Bureau of American Ethnology.
[512] A. S. Gatschet, Some Mythic Stories of the Yuchi Indians,
in American Anthropologist, VI, p. 281, July, 1893.
[513] Antiquities.
[514] E. G. Squier, The Serpent Symbol and the Worship of the
Reciprocal Principles of Nature in America (Am. Archæological
Researches, 1); New York, 1851.
[515] Rev. Wm. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific,
with a preface by F. Max Müller; London, 1876, pp. 18, 21, 58, 71.
[516] G. E. Foster, Sequoyah, the American Cadmus and Modern Moses;
Philadelphia, Indian Rights Association, 1885.
[517] Historical Sketches of the Cherokees, together with some
of their Customs, Traditions, and Superstitions, by Wahnenauhi,
a Cherokee Indian; MS in archives of the Bureau of American Ethnology.
[518] Frank Russell, Myths of the Jicarilla Apaches, in Journal of
Am. Folklore, October, 1898.
[519] H. R. Schoolcraft, Algic Researches, Comprising Inquiries
Respecting the Mental Characteristics of the North American Indians;
first series, Indian Tales and Legends (two volumes); New York, 1839.
[520] The Dhegiha Language, in Contributions to North American
Ethnology, VI (Department of the Interior, U. S. Geographical and
Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region. J. W. Powell in
charge), Washington, D. C.
[521] League of the Iroquois, pp. 161, 102, and 199.
[522] Hewitt, Cosmogonic Gods of the Iroquois, in
Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sci., XLIV, 1895.
[523] History of Carolina, ed. 1860, p. 35.
[524] Traditions of the Thompson River Indians of British Columbia,
collected and annotated by James Teit, with introduction by Franz Boas
(Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society, VI); Boston and New York,
1898, p. 74.
[525] Memoirs, p. 77.
[526] History of the American Indians, p. 401.
[527] Erminnie Smith, Myths of the Iroquois, in Second Annual Report
of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 80.
[528] Teit, Thompson River Traditions, p. 61.
[529] Josiah Gregg, The Commerce of the Prairies, or The Journal of
a Santa Fe Trader During Eight Expeditions across the Great Western
Prairies and a Residence of Nearly Nine Years in Northern Mexico;
vol. II, pp. 239-240; New York and London, 1844.
[530] Francis Parkman, The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth
Century, second edition, p. lxxxiii (quoting Le Clerc); Boston, 1867.
[531] Teit, Thompson River Traditions, p. 85.
[532] Alfred Wiedemann, Religion of the Ancient Egyptians; New York,
1897, p. 55.
[533] Heli Chatelain, Folktales of Angola: Fifty Tales, with Ki-mbundu
text, literal English translation, introduction, and notes (Memoirs
of the American Folk-Lore Society, I); Boston and New York. 1894.
[534] Memoirs of American Folk-Lore Society, V; Boston and New York,
1897.
[535] J. W. Bouton, Bible Myths and their Parallels in Other Religions;
2d ed., New York, 1883; Bible Folklore, A Study in Comparative
Mythology; New York, 1884.
[536] The Myths of the New World, A Treatise on the Symbolism and
Mythology of the Red Race of America; 3d ed., Philadelphia, 1896.
[537] Heckewelder, Indian Nations, p. 254, ed. 1876.
[538] Henry, Travels and Adventures in Canada, etc., pp. 212-213,
New York, 1809.
[539] G. B. Grinnell, Pawnee Hero Stories and Folktales, with Notes
on the Origin, Customs, and Character of the Pawnee People; New York,
1889, pp. 358-359.
[540] Joel C. Harris, Uncle Remus, His Songs and His Sayings; New
York, 1886.
[541] J. C. Harris, Nights with Uncle Remus: Myths and Legends of
the Old Plantation; Boston, 1883.
[542] C. G. Leland, Algonquin Legends of New England, p. 212;
Boston, 1884.
[543] History of the American Indians, p. 30.
[544] J. E. Holbrook, North American Herpetology, or a Description
of the Reptiles inhabiting the United States, II, p. 119; Phila., 1842.
[545] J. G. M. Ramsey, The Annals of Tennessee to the end of the
Eighteenth Century, etc., Philadelphia, 1853.
[546] Buckingham Smith, Letter of Hernando de Soto and Memoir of
Hernando de Escalante, translated from the Spanish; Washington, 1854,
p. 46.
[547] Manuscript Journal, 1796, with Georgia Historical Society,
Savannah.
[548] Dr Elias Boudinot, A Star in the West, or a Humble Attempt to
Discover the Long Lost Ten Tribes of Israel, Preparatory to Their
Return to Their Beloved City, Jerusalem; Trenton, N. J., 1816.
[549] J. M. Stanley, Portraits of North American Indians, with
sketches of scenery, etc., painted by J. M. Stanley, deposited with
the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution,
December, 1852; pp. 18-22. The Stanley account was not seen by the
present author until after the Wafford tradition was in proofs.