Constantinople.
WHEN Constantine, in the year 328, removed to Byzantium the capital
of the Empire, he doubtless took with him from Rome, or was followed
by, a large proportion of the leaders of the social and intellectual
life of the city. It is said also that Greek scholars from Magna
Græcia, and from other parts of the Empire, foreseeing the probable
revival of interest in Greek learning, speedily gathered themselves at
Constantinople, and through their presence hastened the replacing of
the Latin tongue by their own vernacular.
For a century or more, however, after the establishment of
Constantinople, literary production appears to have been slight and
unimportant. There is some evidence of collections being made of copies
of the great classics, collections which later, unfortunately, in large
part perished at the hands first of Crusaders and afterwards of Turks,
and it is probable that a certain number of scribes were kept employed
in the production of such copies. Of new works or of new editions of
importance there is no record, while there is also no evidence as to
the existence of any bookselling machinery for keeping the public
supplied with the old classics.
The first revival of literary productiveness appears to have come from
the Court. About 440 A.D. the Empress Eudocia published a poetical
paraphrase of the first eight books of the Old Testament and of the
prophecies of Daniel and Zechariah. This was followed by a cento of the
verses of Homer, applied to the life of Christ; by a version of the
legend of St. Cyprian; and by a panegyric on the Persian victories of
her husband Theodosius.
An imperial author needed, of course, no bookselling machinery to
bring her writings to the attention of the public. The members of the
Court circles doubtless made for their presentation copies a full
return in the shape of loyal appreciation, while politic priests
could be depended upon to interest themselves in the reproduction and
distribution of books devoted to such sacred subjects, and emanating
from so high an authority.
After this literary outburst from the Court, there is a long period
during which there is no record of any original work of importance
being produced in Constantinople. I must not omit, however, to make
reference to the great undertaking carried out by Ulfilas (sixty years
or more before the time of Eudocia’s labors) in the translation of the
Bible into Gothic.
Ulfilas was a Goth by birth, but had been educated (as a hostage) in
Constantinople. He was made Bishop of Gothia, and the work of his
translation was probably completed in Dacia. For the preparation,
however, of the transcripts of his text he was apparently obliged to
resort to the scribes of the capital, and the “publication” of the work
may, therefore, be credited to Constantinople. A magnificent manuscript
of this Gothic version of the Gospels, a manuscript known, on account
of its beautiful silver text, as the _codex argenteus_, and which
dates from the sixth century, is now preserved in the library of the
University of Upsala in Sweden, one of the earliest homes of the Gothic
peoples. The wide circulation of these Gothic Scriptures had a great
influence in bringing the Gothic tribes into the Christian fold, and
exercised, therefore, an important effect on the history of Europe.
The greatest of the earlier authors of the Eastern Empire was
the historian Procopius. His _History of My Own Times_, which was
published about 560 A.D., during the reign of Justinian, is devoted
more particularly to an account of the wars carried on by the Empire.
Procopius had held various offices, and, during 562, was Prefect of
Constantinople. After this post had been taken from him, he wrote a
volume called _Anecdota_, or “secret history,” in which Justinian and
his empress, Theodora, are very severely handled. A third and earlier
production is a description of the edifices erected by Justinian
throughout the Empire.
By the beginning of the seventh century, says Oman, the use of the
Latin language in Constantinople had practically ceased. Oman speaks of
the seventh and eighth centuries as being the “dark age in Byzantine
literary history,” but, as far as we can judge from the records,
the “luminous” or productive periods must have been very fitful and
fragmentary.
After the extinction of the schools of Alexandria and Athens, “the
studies of the Greeks” (says Gibbon) “retired to the monasteries, and
above all to the royal college of Constantinople, which was burned
in the reign of Leo the Isaurian, about 750 A.D.” The head of the
foundation was named “the sun of science,” and the twelve professors,
the twelve signs of the zodiac. The library comprised over 36,000
volumes. It included the famous Homeric manuscript, before referred to,
written on a parchment roll 120 feet long.
Between 886 and 963 A.D. Constantinople was ruled by the group of
so-called “literary emperors,” during whose reigns literature became
the fashion of the Court. The chief achievements of Leo the Wise and
of his son and successor Constantine Porphyrogenitus were their books.
The writings of Leo consist of a manuscript on the _Art of War_, some
theological treatises, and a book of prophecies. The former, says Oman,
contains some exceedingly valuable information, while the prophecies
have been the puzzle of commentators.[295] The works of Constantine
comprise a treatise on the administration of the Themes or provincial
districts, a biography of his grandfather, and a comprehensive manual
of the etiquette and ceremonies of the Court. Towards the close of
the eighth century or at the beginning of the ninth appeared the
commonplace books of Stobæus, one series entitled _An Anthology of
Extracts, Sentences, and Precepts_, one grouped together under the name
of _Physical, Dialectic, and Moral Selections_, and a third entitled
simply _Discourses_. The extracts are drawn from more than five hundred
authors, whose works have in great measure perished. They include, says
Heeren (who, in 1792, published an edition of Stobæus), passages from
many of the ancient comic writers. The exact date of the life or of the
work of Stobæus is not known. Photius says that his commonplace books
were prepared as an educational guide for his son Septimius.
By the ninth century there are indications of the existence of a
literary class, and there is evidence of the work of a few first-class
writers such as the patriarch Photius, 857-69, whose library catalogue
is the envy of modern scholars.[296] This catalogue, composed while
its author was an exile in Bagdad, comprises a review or analysis
of the works of two hundred and eight writers. Gibbon points out,
in connection with this catalogue of Photius, that the students
and writers of that period enjoyed the use of many works of Greek
literature which have since perished in whole or in part. He cites,
among other authors, Theopompus, Menander, Alcæus, Hyperides, and
Sappho.
In 867, under the direction of Basil II., were written the _Basilics_,
or code of laws. The Emperor himself was the author of a comprehensive
history of Greece and Rome, of which but fragments have been preserved.
Early in the tenth century, the exact date is uncertain, Suidas
compiled his famous lexicon. According to Gibbon, Suidas was also the
author of some fifty plays, some of which were based upon Aristophanes.
In the latter part of the eleventh century Eudocia (wife of Romanus and
the second literary empress of the name), having been imprisoned in
a convent by her son, wrote, while in confinement, a treatise on the
genealogies of the gods and heroes.
During the first years of the twelfth century Anna Comnena, daughter
of Alexius Comnenus I., wrote, in fifteen books, under the title of
_Alexias_, a life of her father. Gibbon speaks of the style of the
history as being turgid and inflated, but says that it contains some
interesting accounts of the first Crusaders.
In the twelfth century, a name of distinction is that of Eustathius I.,
Archbishop of Thessalonica, who published, about 1150, commentaries on
Homer and on Dionysius the Geographer. Gibbon says that in the former
he refers to no less than four hundred authors. At about the same time
appeared the _Chiliads_ of Tsetzes.
Oman is of opinion that the most interesting development of Byzantine
literature were the Epics or Romances of Chivalry, written at the
close of the tenth and the beginning of the eleventh centuries. He
names as one of the best representatives of these romances, the epic
of _Diogenes Akritas_, a mighty hunter, a slayer of dragons, and a
persistent and successful lover.
I have referred to the work of but a few of the more representative
of the Byzantine writers. It would be foreign to the purposes of this
sketch to undertake to present any comprehensive bibliography of
Byzantine literature, even if I had available the material for such a
bibliography. Of many of the authors whose names have been preserved,
very little except their names is known, while of the entire literature
of the Byzantine period it may, I judge, fairly be said that it
possesses but slight interest or value for later generations. The fact
that literary undertakings of importance at the time and of interest
for the readers of the day continued from generation to generation
to be presented to the public, undertakings which in not a few cases
must have involved the labor of many years, gives us the right to
conclude that some means or machinery must have existed for reaching
this public. As far, however, as my present information goes, there
are absolutely no data concerning the existence in Constantinople of
any publishing or bookselling trade, and we have no means of knowing by
what means the books of Byzantium were manifolded and distributed.
It is to be noted that a very large number of the writers named
belonged to the Court, or held high official station. The fact that
so many books were the work of the emperors themselves and of the
members of the imperial families, is exceptional both in the history
of literature and in the history of royalty. It is probable that
for the transcribing of these books and for the books of officials
generally, the services of official scribes were utilized. Authors
outside of official circles may have gone to the convent, or may also
have employed private scribes. It is fair to assume, notwithstanding
the absence of any specific mention of such establishments, that some
organization of scribes, or of work-rooms for the manifolding of books,
existed in the city.
In closing this chapter, I venture to recall to my readers the
well-known summary by Gibbon of the literature of the Byzantine Empire.
“The Empire of the Cæsars undoubtedly checked the activity and the
progress of the human mind. Its magnitude might indeed allow some
scope for domestic competition; but when it was gradually reduced,
at first to the East, and at last to Greece and Constantinople,
the Byzantine subjects were degraded to an abject and languid
temper, the natural effect of their solitary and insulated state.
Alone in the universe, the self-satisfied pride of the Greeks was
not disturbed by the comparison of foreign merit.... Their prose
is soaring to the vicious affectation of poetry; their poetry is
sinking below the flatness and insipidity of prose. The tragic,
epic, and lyric muses were silent and inglorious. The bards
of Constantinople seldom rose above a riddle or an epigram, a
panegyric or a tale. They forgot even the rules of prosody, and
with the melody of Homer still ringing in their ears, they confound
all measures of feet and syllables in the impotent strains which
have received the name of ‘political’ or city verses.”
The change first comes when there is a break in the insulation.
Gibbon continues: “The nations of Europe and Asia were mingled by the
expeditions to the Holy Land, and it is under the Comnenian dynasty
that a faint emulation of knowledge and of military virtue was
rekindled in the Byzantine Empire.”
The opinion of Lecky is still more emphatic. He says: “The universal
verdict of history is that the Byzantine State constituted the most
base and despicable form that civilization ever assumed, and there has
been no other enduring civilization so absolutely destitute of all
the forms of true greatness, none to which the epithet _mean_ may so
emphatically be applied.”[297] Is it surprising that in a State thus
demoralized there is no record of the existence of a publisher?
It is only proper to add that the historian Oman, a much sounder
authority on the subject than Mr. Lecky, and writing with information
before him that was not available for Gibbon, contends that the talk
about the exceptional demoralization of the Byzantines is largely
rubbish, and points out that if the State were really as corrupt as it
is painted by Gibbon and by Lecky, it would have fallen to pieces of
its own rottenness within two or three generations, instead of enduring
as the bulwark of Europe for over a thousand years.
The fall of Constantinople in 1453, and the introduction into Europe
of the Turks, was unquestionably a great injury to Europe and to
civilization, and the destruction of the collections of manuscripts
existing in the capital itself and in monasteries and libraries in
other cities of the Empire, was an irreparable loss for literature.
For the educational interests and the literary development of Europe
there were, however, considerations to offset this serious disaster.
Great as was the destruction of manuscripts, a number were preserved
by individual scholars and in the hidden recesses of certain convents
and monasteries. Many of these were at once taken to Italy, Germany,
and France by the scholars flying from the barbarous conquerors of
their land, and the works were thus brought to the knowledge and made
available for the use of European students. Other manuscripts were
secured from their hiding-places years after the capture of the city,
by Greek scholars sent back for the purpose on behalf of the publishers
of Italy and France, or of the universities of Bologna, Padua, and
Paris, while some few valuable parchments were hidden so safely that
they have been forgotten for centuries and are only to-day being
brought to light from the vaults and attics of old monasteries, so as
again to be included in literature accessible for the world.
In addition to the service done to the literary development of Europe
by the distribution westward of the texts of the almost forgotten
classics of the great Greek writers, there was the further important
gain for the scholarship of the continent in securing, for university
chairs, for tutorial positions, and for editorial work, the services of
hundreds of Greek scholars whose homes had been destroyed, or who were
unwilling to live under the rule of the hated Turk. Men of the highest
rank in scholarly accomplishments and possessing a thorough knowledge
of the literature of their race, either on the ground of impecuniosity
or in some instances apparently from an unselfish devotion to the cause
of scholarship, found their way to chairs in Bologna, Padua, Paris,
Oxford, and other educational centres, and to the Court circles of
the more intellectual of the princes and nobles of Italy, and spread
in hundreds of channels a knowledge of the Greek language and an
enthusiasm for the Greek literature. Mohammed II., the conqueror of
Constantinople, had therefore played a part by no means unimportant in
furthering one phase at least of the Renaissance of the intellectual
life of Europe.
It was fortunate for the continued vitality and progress of the
movement that the Greek literature thus reintroduced into Europe
found already perfected the new art of printing, by means of which
the manuscripts that the refugees from the Bosphorus had brought with
them could be made generally available for students. It was fortunate
also that, within a few years after the teaching of Greek had been
entered upon in the principal educational centres, public-spirited and
scholarly publishers were found prepared to take upon themselves the
very serious business risk involved in the casting of Greek fonts of
type and in the printing of editions of the Greek texts.
The first and most important of these publishers, the man who, on the
ground of high ideals and of great things accomplished, is properly
to be honored as _facile princeps_ in the long list of the great
publishers of Europe, was Aldus Manutius of Venice, a worthy successor
to Atticus, the friend of Cicero, who, 1550 years earlier, had done his
part in introducing to Italy and to the Roman world the classics of
Greece.
It is in Venice, with the record of the service rendered by Aldus and
his successors in connection with the second introduction into Italy
and the world beyond Italy of the treasures of Greek literature; in
Bologna and Paris, with some account of the connection of the great
universities with the earlier publishing undertakings of Europe; and in
Mayence, Frankfort, and Nuremberg, with the story of Gutenberg and his
printing-press, that the history of the relations of authors with their
public must be continued.
It is my hope to be able in a later volume to trace the development
of property in literature from the time of the invention of printing
down to the present day. It was, of course, only after the general
application of printing to the production of books that authors were
placed in a position to enforce any property control over their
productions, while for a long period this control was conceded for
but brief terms and was restricted to but limited territories. More
than four centuries of further development in national morality have
been required before the civilization of the world has brought itself
to the recognition of the rights of literary producers according to
the standard of to-day, a standard which is expressed by the term
International Copyright.
[Illustration]
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INDEX.
A
Abernethy, Dr., the case of, 78
Abicht, cited, 86
Abu Simbel, temple of, 58
Açoka, the edicts of, 44
Agadê, discoveries in, 8
Aldus Manutius, of Venice, reintroduces Greek literature into Europe,
295
Alexander, correspondence of, with Aristotle, 81; recites Euripides,
100; buys books in Athens, 111
Alexandria, as a book-mart, 116; literary activity of, under the
Ptolemies, 127; concentration of existing Greek manuscripts in, 131;
the writers of, 132; advantageous position of, 139; publishing methods
of, 140
Alexandrian Canon, the, 134
Alexandrian Museum and Library, organization of, 128; wholesale
purchases for, 131; publishing undertakings of, 141
Alexandrian School, literature of the, 129
Alexandrian school of theology, writers of the, 146
Alexis, writer of comedies, 96
Alphabet, invention of, in China, 23
American literature, relations of, with Great Britain, 172
Anaxagoras, charged with heresies, 97; quoted by Socrates, 98
Andronicus of Rhodes, 117
Andronicus of Tarentum, the first Latin playwright, 176
Antigonus Gonatas sends scribes to Zeno, 113
Antioch, as a literary centre, 139; the library of, dispersed, 140
Antipater, the _Histories_ of, 180
Antiphanes of Rhodes, 103
_Antiquarii_, definition of, 183
Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, the _Meditations_ of, 260
Apellikon, a collector of books, 117
Appollonius, work of, on conic sections, 132
Apuleius, the writings of, 261
_Arabian Nights_, the, 49
Aratus, the astronomer, 132
Archilochus, 59
Aretades, the sophist, 69
Argiletum, the street the booksellers’ quarter, 239
Aristomenes, _The Deceivers_ of, 103
Aristophanes, charged with plagiarism, 71; _The Frogs_ of, 71, 94
Aristophanes, the grammarian, 74
Aristotle, criticised by Cephisodorus, 80; writings of, 80-82;
relations with Alexander, 81; the library of, bequeathed to Neleus,
buried by heirs of Neleus, sold to Apellikon, taken to Rome by Sylla,
used by Tyrannion, 90, 117
Artemon, a grammarian, 96
Assyrian literature, preservation of, 152
Athanasius, 146
Athenæus, on libraries and book-collectors, 89; cited, 89, 95, 96, 100,
142
Athens, the public library of, taken to Persia by Xerxes, restored by
Seleucus, 89; the book-shops of, 114
Attali, the rivalry of, with the Ptolemies in collecting manuscripts,
116
Atticus, sojourn of, in Athens, 117; brings manuscripts to Rome, 118;
organizes a publishing establishment, 184; issues Greek classics, 184;
relations with Cicero, 186, 190
“Attikians,” term given to editions issued by Atticus, 184
Attilius, put to death for permitting the Sibylline books to be copied,
244
Augustan Age, Writers of the, 202, 204
Augustus orders the pseudo-Sibylline books to be burned, 264
B
Bark of trees used for writing by the Homeric Greeks, 155
Barthelémi, his _Travels of Anacharsis_ cited, 76
Basil II., directs the writing of the _Basilics_, 287; writes
histories of Rome and Greece, 288
Berosus, translations by, 139
Birt, cited, 89, 104, 110, 130, 141, 142, 153, 155, 249, 256, 263
Boeckh, cited, 92, 97
Boëthius, described by Hodgkin, 280; writings of, 280
Bologna, influence of the University of, in publishing
undertakings, 295
Book collecting fashionable in Rome after the first century, 125
Bookmaking terms in Rome borrowed from Alexandria, 162
_Book of Odes_, the (in China), 23
_Book of the Dead_, the, 12-14
Books, in Alexandria, divisions of, 143; ancient, materials used for,
149; distribution and sale of, throughout the Empire, 255; when
considered injurious proceeded against under the criminal law, 267;
average duration of the copies, 271
Booksellers, crucified by Domitian, 244; in Rome, principal customers
of, 245
Bookselling in Athens, the business of, 102; referred to in the
comedies, 102
Book-shops in Rome, decrease of, after Constantine, 275
Book terminology, 149
Book-trade of Rome influenced by the removal of the capital, 276
_Boustrophedon_, the, 57
Brahmanic priests, the writings of the, 45
Breulier, A., on literary property in Greece, cited, 55, 90
Bruns, cited, 83
Buchsenschutz, cited, 97
Buddha, or Gautama, the work of, 45
Burckhardt, cited, 265, 266
Bursian, cited, 247
Byzantine Court, literary interests of, 283; writers attached to the,
290
Byzantine literature, characteristics of, 289; described by Gibbon, 290
Byzantine State, characterized by Lecky, 291; character of, analyzed by
Oman, 292
Byzantium, the scribes of, 290
C
Cæcilius, comedies of, 179
Caligula, undertakes to suppress the writings of Homer, 264; orders
taken from the libraries the busts and the writings of Virgil and Livy,
264
Callimachus, poet and editor, describes the Alexandrian Library, 130,
137
Calvisius, pays high prices for scribes, 181
Carthage, the literary school of, 261
Cassiodorus, writings of, 279
Cato, the _Origines_ of, 180
Caunus, inhabitants of, admirers of Euripides, 99
Cecrops, the Milesian, edits poems of Hesiod, 66
Censorship of books under the Emperors, 264
Cephisodorus, cited, 80
Cephisophon, slave of Euripides, 91
Chabas, discoverer of the Prisse papyrus, 15
Chaldea, early literature of, 5-9; authors of, 8
Chaldean “books,” methods of preparing, 150
Chares, slave of Lycon, 115
Cheops, or Khufa, 12
China, beginnings of literature in, 22; first use of written characters
in, 23; first printing in, 29
Chinese authors, rewards of, 37
Chinese classics, the early, 30
Chinese literature, the golden age of, 36
Chinese writing materials, 28
Church of Rome, influence of, on literary production and on the
preservation of books, 274
Cicero, to Atticus concerning _De Finibus_, 79; reference of, to
Hermodorus, 79; birth of, 180; relations with Atticus, 186-190; right
to publish the works of, purchased by Dorus, 244; _Ad Quintum_
cited, 247; _De Finibus_ cited, 249
Clearchus, library of, 91
Clement, Paul, on literary property in Greece, cited, 54, 62, 77, 90;
on plagiarism in Greece, 77
_Codex Argenteus_, 284
_Codex Parisinus_ of Demosthenes, authority for, 124
College, the Royal, of Constantinople, 286
Comedy, derivation of the term, 65
Comnena, Anna, writes the _Alexias_, 288
Comum, the library of, 246
Confucius, 24, 25, 27
Constantine orders the writings of Arius to be burned, 266
Constantine Porphyrogenitus, the writings of, 286
Constantinople, established as the capital of the Empire, 282; literary
production in, 282; the Royal College of, 286; the fall of, 292;
destruction of manuscripts in, 292
Cordus, the impecunious, 247
Corea, early printing in, 29
Corinth, capture of, 116
Crassus, Marcus, educates slaves as copyists, 183
Cratinus, _The Mechanics_ of, 103
Cruttwell, cited, 252
Ctesias, cited, 158
Cyril, Bishop of Alexandria, 146
D
Demetrius, the Cynic, 100
Demetrius Phalerius, reference of, to the Alexandrian Library, 130
Democritus, on the _Science of Nature_, 83
Demosthenes, 69, 109
_Developments_, the _Book of_, 24
Dieulafoy, work of, in Chaldea, 7
Diocletian, orders the destruction of works on alchemy, 265; orders the
books of the Manichæans to be burned, 265; orders the Scriptures of the
Christians to be destroyed, 266
_Diogenes Akritas_, 289
Diogenes Laërtius, cited, 88, 112-115, 119, 155, 263
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 112
_Diphtherai_ (dressed skins), use of, 138
Domitian, restores libraries burned by Nero, 247; orders books from
Alexandria, 247
Dorus purchases the “remainders” of the editions of Cicero, 244
Drumann, cited, 118
E
Eckhard on the term “grammarians,” 136
Editions of Roman publications, 255
Edwards, Amelia B., version of the _Tale of Two Brothers_, 20
Egypt, early literature of, 10-20
Egyptian _Märchen_, 21
English dramatists, relations of, with French literature, 171
Ennius, the “father of Latin literature,” his Sicilian cookery-book, 178
Epaphroditus, the library of, 249
Ephesus, curious books burned in, 118
Etruscans, the inscriptions of, 57
Euclid, 132
Eudocia, the Empress, writings of, 283
Eudocia, wife of Romanus, writes treatise on the genealogies of the
gods, 288
Eumenes II., furthers the production of parchment, 158
Euphorion, plagiarism of, 76
Eupolis, refers to booksellers, 104
Euripides, library of, 91; popularity of the songs of, 99; recitations
from, by Alexander, 100; the _Bacchantes_ of, 101
Eusebius, on the duration of books, 271
Eustathius I., writings of, 288
F
_Fei-ke-mono-gatari_, the (Annals), 42
Flood, the, Chaldean account of, 9
Folk-songs of India, 45
Freeman, on Athenian audiences, 86
French, the literary language of the eighteenth century, 171
Fronto, the writings of, 261
Fu-hi, the Emperor, 22
G
Gaius on immaterial property, 269
Galen, cited, 124, 157
_Gâthas_, the hymns of Persia, 47
Gautama, or Buddha, the work of, 45
Gellius, Aulus, cited, 81, 89, 246
Géraud, on the influence of the priestly caste on literature, 56; on
the journey of Trajan, 164
Gibbon, on the Royal College of Constantinople, 285; on the library of
Photius, 287; on the histories of Anna Comnena, 288
Gnosticism in Alexandria, 147
_Golden Meadows_, the, of El-Mesoudee, 49
Gospels, the Gothic version of, 284
“Grammarians,” the, of the Alexandrian Academy, 133
“Grammarians” as buyers of books, 248
Greece, the early literature of, 53; introduction of the alphabet into,
56; reading and writing in early, 61
Greek books, costliness of, 93
Greek classics, distribution of, throughout the Empire, 262
Greek manuscripts, careless copying of, referred to by Strabo, 120
Greek language and literature, the knowledge of, throughout Europe
furthered by the fall of Constantinople, 294
Greek, the literary language of early Rome, 116, 166; the language of
higher education in later Rome, 259
Greek written characters, first example of, 58
Greeks, the trained memories of, 106, 107, 108
Gutenberg and his printing-press, 295
H
Hammer, von, cited, 49
Harpalus, friend of Alexander, 111; purchases books in Athens, 111
Hebrew literature, the golden age of, 50, 52
Hebrews, early literature of, 49
Heeren, editor of the works of Stobæus, 287
Hercules, prefers cookery to poetry, 96
Hermann, cited, 98
Hermes Trismegistus, 11
Hermetic books of Egypt, 11
Hermodoros sells reports of Plato’s lectures, 78
Hermogenes of Tarsus killed by Domitian, 245
Herodotus, the _Histories_ of, 84-86; in Thurium, 85; cited, 155
Hesiod, poems of, 66; his _Works and Days_, 66
_Hezar Afsaneh_, the (the thousand fanciful stories), 49
Hezekiah, the age of, 50
Hoang-ti, the Emperor, invents decimal system, etc., 23
Hodgkin, T., his _Theodoric the Goth_ cited, 281
Homeric poems, collected under Pisistratus, 66
Hommel, Fritz, work of, in Chaldea, 7
Horace, on the cost of learned slaves, 181; on plagiarists, 202
Hostius, the _Histories_ of, 180
Hwang-ti, the Emperor, issues an _index expurgatorius_, 33; orders
destruction of classic literature, 34
I
Iliad, miniature copy of the, described by Pliny, 118
India, earliest literature of, 44
Indian monasteries, manuscripts in the, 46
Indian writers, compensation of, 46
Indian writing materials, 46
Iran and Turan, 48
Isaiah, cited, 145
Isocrates, price paid him for discourses, 77; cited, 88; his letters to
Philip, 109; the _Parathenaicus_ of, 110
Italicus, the libraries of, 249
Izanaghi and Izanami, creators of the Japanese world, 40
J
Japan, early literature of; early writing materials, 39, 40
Japan, the theatre of, 42
Japanese authors, the rewards of, 43
Jerome, controversial letters of, 267
Jevons, _Hist. Greek Lit._ cited, 58-63
Jewish law, the, against false words, 52
Johnson’s _Universal Cyclopedia_, cited, 156
Josephus, reference of, to the Alexandrian Library, 130
Judæa, early literature of, 49
Jurists of Rome on immaterial property, 267
Justinian, opinion in the _Institutes_ of, on immaterial property,
269
Juvenal, cited, 247; on the poet’s profession, 252
K
Kallinus, the scribe, 115
Karpeles on early Egyptian literature, 12-16; on literature in China, 23
Khufa or Cheops, 12
Kingsley’s _Hypatia_, 146
Kiriath Sepher, or the Quarter of the Grammarians, 136
Klostermann, on Roman jurisprudence, 268
Kang-Hi, the Emperor, interested in printing, 29
Krates, the Cynic, 114
L
Labeo, the jurist, writings of, 255
Lamothe, cited, 75
Latin, the literary language of mediæval Europe, 171
Latin language, discontinuance of, in the Greek Empire, 285
Latin literature affected by the removal of the capital to Byzantium,
276
Layard, Sir Henry, discoveries in Chaldea, 5; cited, 149
Lead, sheets of, used for public documents, 154
Legge, on early Chinese literature, 23
Leo the Isaurian, 285
Leo the Wise, writings of, 286
Libellous publications, punishments for the circulation of, 245; when
held to be treasonable, 267
Libraries, in Rome, 245; in the public baths and in country houses,
249; renewals of books in, 270
Library, of the Temple of Apollo, 245; of the College in Athens, 247
_Li-ki_, the, or _Book of Conduct_, 32
Linen sheets, use of, for private records, 154
Linus, instructor of Hercules, 96
“Literary Emperors,” the, of Constantinople, 286
Literature, the beginnings of, 1
Livy, _Histories_ of, published by Dorus, 196
Lollianus, Mavertius, 262
Lucian, cited, 84, 100; criticises the bad work done by the Athenian
publishers, 123; works of, in demand thirty years after the author’s
death, 250
Lucretius, on _The Nature of Things_, 196
Lucullus brings to Rome books from Athens, 116
_Lün-yü_, the, or _Conversations_, 32
Lycon, Peripatetic philosopher, 115
Lycophron, 132
M
Ma, Egyptian goddess of truth, 11
Macedonia, book collectors in, 96
Mæcenas, his influence on literary production, 251
Mahaffy, on use of memory in Greece, 63; on the writings of Hesiod,
66; on Athenian audiences, 86; analyzes the character of Alexandrian
literature, 135; describes the Alexandrian University, 129
Manuscripts, destruction of, in Constantinople, 292; taken by Greek
scholars to Italy and Germany, 293
_Man-yo-sin_, the (collection of ballads), 41
Marcellinus, cited, 87
Martial, the library of, 250; on plagiarism, 204; on the compensation
of authors, 233, 252; on presentation copies, 208, 209, 210; on the
prices of his books, 214; his four publishers, 216; as an advertiser
and as a blackmailer, 206, 253
Massilia, as a centre of higher education, 259
Maternus, Firmicus, the _Mathesis_ of, 262
Meineke, cited, 103, 104, 156
Melanippides, the poetry of, 105
Ménant, cited, 151
Mencius, the work of, 28
_Mengtsze_, the, 32
_Metamorphoses_, the _Book of the_, 24
Mnaseas, father of Zeno, 111
Moore’s _Lectures_, cited, 134
Müller, on Aristophanes, cited, 94, 95
N
Nepos, Cornelius, his _Life of Atticus_, 175
Niceratus, 106
Nichomachus, the arithmetician, 132
Nicocles pays Isocrates for discourses, 77
Nicophon refers to booksellers, 103
Nineveh, royal library of, 5
_Notarii_, definition of, 183
_Nü Kiai_, the, or _Female Precepts_, 35
O
Oman, C. W. C., on Byzantine literary history, 285; the _Byzantine
Empire_, 286
Origen refers to the “swift writers of Alexandria,” 125
P
Palimpsest, or _codex rescriptus_, 161
Pammachius attempts to suppress letters of St. Jerome, 266
Pan Chao, a female historian, 35
Papyrus, cost of, in Greece, 94; monopoly of, in Alexandria, 138;
disappearance of, in Egypt, 144; used for cordage, 154; destructibility
of, 270
Papyrus rolls, size of, 141
Parchment, invention of, 137
Paris, influence of the University of, in publishing undertakings, 295
Paul orders books burned in Ephesus, 118
Penta-on, the poem of, 17
_Pergamentum_, derivation of term, 138
Pergamum, as a literary centre, 138; the royal library of, presented by
Antony to Cleopatra, 89; the library of, transferred to Alexandria, 140
Pericles reduces price of seats in theatre, 76
Persia, earliest literature of, 47
Persian priests, 48; poets, 48; minstrels, 48; story-tellers, 48;
reciters, 49; writing materials, 49
Peters, Jno. P., work of, in Chaldea, 7; on the age of Hezekiah, 50, 51
Petronius, cited, 249
Phædon of Elis, 105
Philoxenus of Cythera, 105
Photius, cited, 91; the library catalogue of, 287
Pi-Shing invents printing from movable type, 29
Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, 65; bequeaths his books to Athens, 89
Piso, the annals of, 180
Plagiarism, in Greece, 73; in Alexandria, 74; in Rome, 204
Plato, influence of, on the literary life of Athens, 77; lectures of,
78; the _Timæus_ of, 72, 124; reference of, to the book-trade of
Athens, 97; writer of comedies, 103
Plautus, earns money by his comedies, 179; loses money as a miller, 179
Pliny, gives a library to Comum, 246; on the service to literature
rendered by Varro, 256; on the importance of papyrus, 259; on the
duration of books, 271; letters of, cited, 153, 249, 255, 265
Plutarch, the plagiarism of, 73; cited, 84, 89, 110, 111, 116, 157
Porphyry of Tyre, writings of, 266
Priests of Egypt, connection with the _Book of the Dead_, 14
Printing, invention of, in China, 29
Priscus, poems of, on Germanicus and on Drusus, 251; put to death by
the Senate, 252
Prisse papyrus, the, 15
Procopius, writings of, 285
Proculus on immaterial property, 268
Prodicus, a poem of, 96
Pronapis initiates writing from left to right, 57
Protagoras, receives pay for instruction, 84; writings of, burned as
heretical, 119
Psammaticus, king, 58
Ptah-Hotep, the _Precepts_ of, 14, 15
Ptolemies, rivalry of, with the Attali in collecting books, 116
Ptolemy Soter founds the Alexandrian Museum, 128
Ptolemy Philadelphus, develops the Alexandrian Museum into an Academy
and University, 128; prohibits export of papyrus, 138
Publishers of Greece do not associate their names with the works issued
by them, 121
Q
Quintilian, salary of, as state rhetorician, 254
R
Ragozin, _Story of Chaldea_, 10, 151
Rameses II., Reign of, 17, 18
Rangabé, cited, 94
Rawlinson, George, summary of Egyptian literature, 18, 19
Rawnsley, H. D., _Notes for the Nile_, 15; metrical versions of
Egyptian hymns, 17
Reciting in Greece of literary productions, 64
Regulus, M. Aquilus, writes the memoir of his son, 255
Renouard, on Jewish plagiarism, 52; cited, 244, 267
Rhapsodists, the, of Greece, 64
Rhodes, a centre of book production, 116
Ritsche, cited, 156
Ritter, cited, 117
Rolls, of papyrus, size of, 141
Roman authors, as “appropriators,” 166; their difficulties in securing
a public, 168
Roman jurists on immaterial property, 267
Roman literature, beginnings of, 163
Roman publishers, business connection of, with Alexandria, 170
Roman Republic gives no aid to literary undertakings, 174
Romances of chivalry in Byzantium, 289
Rome, becomes a literary centre, 146; capture of, by Alaric, 278;
capture of, by Odoacer, 279; capture of, by Theodoric, 279; influence
of Greece upon the early literature of, 165
Rozoir’s _Dictionnaire_, cited, 69
Rustem, the legend of, 48
Rusticus, Junius, _Laudation_ by, 265
S
Sabinus, Petronius, copies the Sibylline books, 244
Sabinus on immaterial property, 268
Sammoaicus, the library of, 249
Sanscrit literature, the earliest, 44
Sapor II. and the Avesta, 48
Sauppe on the _Codex Parisinus_ of Demosthenes, 124
Scævola, the _Annales Maximi_ of, 180
Schaefer, cited, 109
_Schi-king_, the, 32
Schmitz, W., on writers and booksellers in Greece, cited, 55, 90, 98,
111
Scholars of Byzantium scattered through Europe after the capture of the
city, 293
Schöll, cited, 134
_Schu_, the, (“books,”) in China, 30
_Schu-king_, the, 31
Scribes, in Egypt, 20; in Athens, 105; in Alexandria, 137
Seneca, cited, 181, 244
Senecio, Herennius, the _Laudation_ by, 265
_Septuagint_, the, begun in Alexandria 285 B.C., 136
_Servus literatus_, requirements for a, 182
Sibylline books, ownership in, claimed by the State, 234
Sigean inscription, 57
Simcox, cited, 163, 177, 178, 179, 245, 250-253, 255, 260, 261
Skytale, the, 60
Smith, George, work in London and in Chaldea, 5, 7, 150
Smyrna, the library of, 247
Solon, the laws of, 57
_Songs_ (Chinese), the _Book of_, 24
Sophists, the, 65
Sosii, the, 202
Soto-oro-ime, Empress and poet, 41
Stahr’s _Aristotle_, cited, 90
Statius, the _Thebaïd_ of, 254
Stella, his poem on the “Wars of the Giants,” 251
St. John, Second Epistle of, written on papyrus, 160
Stobæus, the writings of, 286
Strabo, refers to incorrect text of Greek manuscripts, 120; refers to
bookmaking in Alexandria, 137; complains as to the inaccuracy of books,
182
Suetonius, his _Life of Domitian_, cited, 244, 247, 264; his
_Ludicra_, 260
Suidas, cited, 76, 154; reference of, to Hermodoros, 79; the Lexicon
of, 288; the plays of, 288
Susanoo arranges sounds into syllables, 40
Sylla, a collector of Greek books, 117; purchases the manuscripts of
Aristotle and Theophrastus, 117
Syria, under the Seleucids, a home of Hellenism, 139
T
Tablets of baked clay, 149
Tablets of wax, known to Homer, in use with the Romans, 154
Tacitus, the _Agricola_ of, cited, 265
Tacitus, the Emperor, orders the histories of his ancestor to be placed
in the public libraries, 257
Tacitus, the historian, cited, 251; education of, 257; writings of, 258
_Tagenistæ_, the, of Aristophanes, 61
_Telegraph_, the London, employs George Smith in Chaldea, 6
Temple, the copyists of the, 52
Terence, translates plates from the Greek, 179; receives pay for
stage-rights, 225
Tertullian, the writings of, 261
Testament, the New, almost the only literary production of importance
in Syrian Greek, 139
Theatre, in Greece, cost of admission to, 76
Theocritus, work of, in Alexandria, 132
Theognis, the Megarian, the device of, 61
Theological writings distributed without profit to their authors, 147
Theopompus, the _Philippics_ of, 72; refers to booksellers, 103
Thoth-Hermes, god of wisdom and literature, 11
Thucydides, listens to Herodotus, 86; the daughter of, 87
Tiberius orders certain historical writings taken from the libraries,
264
Tibullus gives copies of his books to the Palatine Library, 246
Tibur, the library of, 246
Timon, 132
Tiron, the freedman and friend of Cicero, 184
Trajan, Asiatic expeditions of, 164
Tribonianus on immaterial property, 268
Trimalchio, the libraries of, 249
_Tschun-tshien_, the, 32
Tsengtze, the work of, 28
Type first used in China, 29
Tyrannion edits writings of Aristotle, 90, 120
Tzetzes, John, describes the Alexandrian Library, 130; the
_Chiliads_ of, 288
U
Ulfilas translates the Bible into Gothic, 284
Undertakers, the, of Egypt, the first booksellers, 13
V
Varro, the writings of, 256
_Vedas_, the, 44, 45
_Vendidad_, the, 47
Virey, P., translation of Ptah-Hotep’s _Precepts_, 16
Virgil, the _Æneid_ of, 198
_Visparad_, the, 47
Vitruvius, cited, 74
W
Wade, Sir Thomas, cited, 36
Wang Pih-ho, compiles a horn-book, 36
Wilkinson, cited, 145, 152
Williams, S. Wells, quoted, 27-36
Women as scribes, 183
X
Xenophon, home of, at Scillus, 88; his method in the _Anabasis_,
88; completes the _Cyropædia_, 88; death of, 88; literary
undertakings of, 88; reference of, to books saved from a wreck, 101
Y
_Yasna_, the, 47
_Yescht-Sade_, the, 47
Yih, the councillor, 31
_Y-king_, the, or _Book of the Metamorphoses_, 24
Z
Zeller, cited, 82
_Zend-Avesta_, the, 47
Zeno, the shipwreck of, 113
Zenodotus establishes the first grammar-school in Athens, 133
Zoroaster, or Zarathustra, 47
[Illustration]
FOOTNOTES:
[1] _Story of Chaldea_, 260.
[2] _Revue Archæol._, 1857.
[3] Rawnsley, _Notes for the Nile_. London and New York, 1892.
[4] _Ancient Egypt_, American edition, i., 106, 107.
[5] Karpeles, _Gesch. der Litt. des Orient._, i., 10.
[6] Karpeles, i., 11.
[7] _Middle Kingdom_, i., p. 603.
[8] _Encyclopædia Britannica_, article “China.”
[9] Karpeles, i., 12.
[10] Karpeles, i., 12.
[11] _Middle Kingdom_, i., 600.
[12] _Middle Kingdom_, i., 574.
[13] _Middle Kingdom_, i., 526.
[14] Karpeles, i., 23.
[15] Prof. J. P. Peters, _Journal of the Exegetical Society_, 1887,
116, 117.
[16] Renouard, _Traité des Droits d’Auteurs_, i., 15.
[17] Sanhedrim, c. xiv., 5.
[18] _Étude sur la Propriété Littéraire chez les Grecs et chez les
Romains_, par Paul Clement, Grenoble, 1867.
[19] _Du Droit de Perpétuité de la Propriété Intellectuelle_, par
Adolphe Breulier.
[20] _Schriftsteller und Buchhändler in Athen, und im übrigen
Griechenland_, von Wilhelm Schmitz, Heidelberg, 1876.
[21] _Essai sur les Livres dans l’Antiquité_, par H. Géraud, Paris,
1840.
[22] Jevons, _Hist. Greek Lit._, 42 _et seq._
[23] Evans found in Crete, in 1893, examples of script, believed to be
the work of scribes of Greek stock, of a much earlier date.
[24] Herod., vi., 27.
[25] Jevons, _Greek Lit._, p. 45.
[26] _Greek Literature_, 51. The word is by some authorities derived
from ῥάβδος a staff,--just as we have a stave in music. Rhapsodists
would thus mean men of the stave; ῥάβδος also (according to Liddell and
Scott, edited by Drisler) means grammatically a line or a verse and
ῥαψῳδία would mean a division of a poem for recitation.
[27] Plato, _Phædo_.
[28] _Ritschl. Philolog. Schriften_, Bd. 1.
[29] _Social Greece_, 10.
[30] _Social Greece_, 14.
[31] _Le Droit des Auteurs_, 16.
[32] Rozoir, _Dictionnaire de la Conversation_, Art. “Plagiaire.”
[33] _The Frogs_, v. 939 _et seq._
[34] _Scholia ad Equites_, v. 528 et 1291.
[35] Bayle, _Dicty._, Art. “Theopompus.”
[36] _Attic Nights_, Book iii., Chap. 17.
[37] _Dict. de la Convers._, art. “Plagiaire.”
[38] _De Archit._, liv. vii. Preface.
[39] _Oeuvres_, ii., Part 2, p. 518.
[40] From the Latin version of Breulier, Clement, II.
[41] _Travels of Anacharsis the Younger_, vi., 91.
[42] Pseudo-Plutarch, _Vitæ dec. Orat.-Isocrates_, c. viii.
[43] _Phædrus_, 274.
[44] Diogenes Laërtius, iii., 6, and _Bergk. Griech. Literatur Gesch._,
218.
[45] _Ad Att._, xiii., 21.
[46] _Poet._, xv., and _Poli._, viii., 541.
[47] Stahr, _Aristotle_, 67.
[48] Gellius, N. A., xx. 5. Plutarch, _Alexander_, c. vii.
[49] Zeller, _Philos. d. Griechen_, ii., 112, 119.
[50] Bruns, _Die Testamente der Griech. Philos._, cited by Birt, 437.
[51] Lucian, _Herodotus_, c. i. and ii.
[52] Plutarch, _Herodotus_, c. 26.
[53] D. Chrysost., op. xxxvii., t. ii., 103.
[54] Plutarch, i., c. 31.
[55] _History of Federal Government_, i., 37.
[56] _Einleitung zu Herodot._, 13 ff.
[57] Thucydides, I, c. 22.
[58] Marcellinus, 43.
[59] Diog. Laërtius, ii., 57.
[60] Birt, 475.
[61] Athenæus, i., 4.
[62] Gellius, vii., c. 17.
[63] Plut., _Vit._, _Antonius_, c. 58.
[64] Stahr, _Aristotle_, 45.
[65] Athenæus, i., 4.
[66] Stahr, _Aristotle_, 70.
[67] Memnon, reported by Photius, 322.
[68] Aristophanes, _Frogs_, v., 944, 1408.
[69] Boeckh, _Gespräche des Sokratikers Simon_, 226.
[70] Diog. Laërt., iii., 9.
[71] Gellius, iii., c. 17.
[72] Müller, _Lustspiele des Aristophanes_, 1041 ff.
[73] Athenæus, iv., 57.
[74] Aristotle, _Poet._, v., 5.
[75] Athenæus, xii., II.
[76] Boeckh, _Staatsh._, p. 68.
[77] Buchsenschutz, _Besitz und Erwerb im Griech. Alterthum_, 572.
[78] Schmitz, _Schriftsteller in Athen_, 68.
[79] Hermann, _Staats Alterthum_, 466.
[80] Plutarch, _Nicias_.
[81] _Ibid._
[82] Plato, _De Republica_, viii., 568.
[83] Aristotle, _Poet._, xiii.
[84] Athenæus, xii., 53. Cited by Schmitz, 39.
[85] Lucian, _Adv. Indoct._, c. 19.
[86] _Anabasis_, vii., c. 5.
[87] Meineke, _Fragm. Comic._, ii., 2732; Pollux, vii., 211.
[88] Meineke, ii., 2821; Zonaras, _Lex._, 388.
[89] Meineke, ii., 2852.
[90] Meineke, iii., 114; Pollux, vii., 21; and Meineke, iii., 88;
Pollux, vii., 201.
[91] Meineke, iii., 378; Pollux, vii., 211.
[92] Diog. Laërt., ii., 105.
[93] Schol. to Demosth., _Olynth._, ii., 19. Cited by Schmitz, 44.
[94] Xenophon, _The Banquet of Philosophers_, iii., 5.
[95] Schaefer, _Demosthenes und seine Zeit._, i., 322.
[96] Isocrates, _Letters to Philip_, ii.
[97] Plutarch, _Philip_, 17.
[98] Birt, 435.
[99] Plutarch, _Alexander_, c. 8.
[100] Diog. Laërt., vii., 31.
[101] Dionysius Hal., _De Isocrate_, 18.
[102] Diog. Laërt., viii., 36.
[103] Diog. Laërt., vii., 2.
[104] Diog. Laërt., v., 73.
[105] Plutarch, _Lucullus_, c. 42.
[106] See on page 90 another version of the same story.
[107] Ritter, _Hist. Ancient Philos._, iii., 24.
[108] Drumann, v., 66, quoting Cicero, _Epist. ad Atticum_.
[109] Plin., _Hist. Nat._, vii., 85.
[110] Diog Laërt., ix., 52.
[111] Strabo, xiii., c. 54.
[112] Lucian, c. iv., as quoted by Schmitz, 55.
[113] Lucian, _Adv. Ind._, 4, quoted by Schmitz, 56.
[114] Schmitz, 57.
[115] _Greek Life and Thought_, 195.
[116] Birt, 486.
[117] _Hist. Lit. Gr._, iii., 186.
[118] Moore’s _Lectures_, 55.
[119] Géraud, 106.
[120] Mahaffy, _Social Life_, 209.
[121] Mahaffy, 209.
[122] Birt, 439.
[123] _Athenæus_, 72.
[124] Birt, 443.
[125] Birt, 501.
[126] This division was, however, probably not made by the author.
[127] Isaiah, xix., 7.
[128] Ragozin, _Chaldea_, 112 _et seq._
[129] Plin., xiii., 68.
[130] Birt, 55.
[131] Diog. Laërt., x., 26.
[132] Birt, _Das Antike Buchwesen_, 439.
[133] Herod., ii., 38.
[134] Johnson’s _Cyclo._, 300.
[135] Ritschl, _Die Alexandrin. Bibliothek._
[136] Plato, _Com._, ii., 684. Meineke.
[137] Plutarch, _Cæsar_, 60; Galen, i., 79.
[138] 2 John, 12.
[139] Simcox, _History Latin Lit._, i., 31.
[140] _Tusc._, i., 5.
[141] Simcox, 32 _et seq._
[142] Simcox, 34.
[143] Simcox, 46.
[144] But six have been preserved. Ritschl, _Op._ 3, 257.
[145] _Epistles_, ii., 2, 5.
[146] Seneca, _Epist._, 27.
[147] _Cod. Just._, vi., 43.
[148] Strabo, L. xiii., 419.
[149] Plutarch, _Crassus_, 2.
[150] Haenny, pp. 31, 32.
[151] Sauppe, _Epist. Crit._, p. 49.
[152] Harpocration, pp. 19, 24, 32, 15.
[153] Daremberg, _Commentaire_, Paris, 1848, p. 12.
[154] Haenny, 33.
[155] _Anecd._, i., 24.
[156] _Ad Atticum_, xii., xv., xvi.
[157] _Ad Atticum_, xiii., 12, 2.
[158] _Ad Atticum_, ii., 4.
[159] Simcox, i., 174.
[160] _Ad Att._, xvi., 11, 1.
[161] _Ad Atticum_, xii., 5, 3; xiii., 21, 3; xvi., 2, 6.
[162] _Ad Atticum_, xii., 6, 3.
[163] _Ad Atticum_, xiii., 13.
[164] _Ad Atticum_ xiii., 25, 3, quoted by Birt, p. 353.
[165] _Ad Atticum_, xiii., 13.
[166] Birt, 354.
[167] _Martial_, xi., 3, 6.
[168] _Ad Atticum_, xii., 41; i., 45.
[169] Birt, 284.
[170] _Ibid._, 357.
[171] _Recherches_, p. 27.
[172] _Orationes_, vi., 3, 3.
[173] _N. A._, i., 7. 1.
[174] _Benef._, vii., 6.
[175] Birt, 358, n. 2.
[176] Géraud, 171.
[177] _Ad Quintum_, III, 5, 6.
[178] Catullus, ed. Vossius, 14.
[179] _Epist._, 2, 2, 49.
[180] Simcox, i., 287.
[181] _Art. Poet._, 345.
[182] _Epist._, i., 19, 19.
[183] Lines placed on the doorway to the Palace of Augustus, quoted in
_P. Virgilii Maronis Vita_, (author unknown) Paris, 1780.
[184] _Epist._, i., 19.
[185] _Plagius_ is from πλάγιος.
[186] _Lat. Lit._, i., 349.
[187] Simcox, i., 249.
[188] _Trist._, iv., 1, 3.
[189] _Ep._, i., 1.
[190] _Ep._, i., 2.
[191] L. i., ep. 118.
[192] L. i., ep. 30.
[193] L. iv., ep. 72.
[194] xii., 1.
[195] vii., 80.
[196] iv., 82.
[197] vi., 85.
[198] v., 16, 10.
[199] xi., 25.
[200] _Gesch. der Denk- und Glaubensfreiheit im ersten Jahrhundert der
Kaiserherrschaft_, p. 138.
[201] _Ep._, xiii., 3.
[202] iv., 88, 1.
[203] v., 16, 10.
[204] xi., 3.
[205] i., 113.
[206] _Ep._, i., 2.
[207] Schmidt, p. 143; Martial, vii., 17.
[208] ii., 1, 5.
[209] vii., 11 and 17.
[210] Haenny, p. 39.
[211] Simcox, p. 249.
[212] _De Bibliopolis Romanorum_, 10-12.
[213] Gallus (Deutsche Ausgabe), ii., 450.
[214] P. 354.
[215] x. 74.
[216] _De Gramm._, Reiff., p. 106, 12.
[217] P. 355.
[218] xii., 46.
[219] v., 56.
[220] i., 76.
[221] v., 16.
[222] xiii., 11.
[223] Simcox, p. 250.
[224] Juvenal, _Sat._, vii., 39-47.
[225] Juvenal, v., 82-94.
[226] Cap. ix.
[227] Birt, 347.
[228] Catullus, 95, quoted by Birt, 345.
[229] Birt, 345.
[230] _Epist._, i., 8, 3.
[231] Fronto, _Epist. ad Verum_, ii., 9.
[232] Birt, 357; see also Cicero, _Philipp._, ii., 4.
[233] _Ep._, i., 4, 118.
[234] Martial, _Ep._, i., 117.
[235] Lucian, 58, 4.
[236] Gell., 9, 4, 1.
[237] Plin., _Ep._, 9, 11.
[238] Martial, 7, 88.
[239] Horace, _Ep._, 20, 13.
[240] Birt, 363.
[241] Birt, 359.
[242] Birt, 348.
[243] Quint., _Epist. ad Tryphon_.
[244] Mart., xiii., 3.
[245] Seneca, _De Beneficiis_, vii., 6, 1. Quoted by Birt, p. 358.
[246] Renouard, i., 15.
[247] Sueton., _Domitian_, c. 10.
[248] Aulus Gellius, 19, 5, 4, 9; 14, 3.
[249] _Epist._, i., 8, 2.
[250] Bursian, _Geog. Griechenlands_, p. 290.
[251] Strabo, p. 646.
[252] _Ad Quintum_, iii., 4.
[253] Juvenal, iii., 206.
[254] Sueton., _Domitian_, 20.
[255] Birt, p. 361.
[256] _De Fin._, ii., 7.
[257] _Epist._, iii., 7.
[258] 48, 4.
[259] Birt, 361.
[260] Suidas, _Lexicon_.
[261] Capitolinus, _Gordianus_, 18, 2.
[262] Martial, 14, 190.
[263] Simcox, ii., 49.
[264] Simcox, ii., p. 77.
[265] Tac., _Ann._, iii., 49.
[266] Simcox, ii., p. 77.
[267] Martial, vi., 12.
[268] Martial, iv., 72. Simcox, p. 107.
[269] Simcox, ii., p. 142.
[270] Simcox, ii., p. 236.
[271] Birt.
[272] Pliny, _Epist._, iv., 7.
[273] Birt, 352.
[274] Pliny, xxxv., II (trans. from Birt’s version).
[275] Ritschl, Ramsay, and other scholars take the view that Pliny was
referring to actual portraits which Varro had prepared by an admirable
invention of his own.
[276] Simcox, i., p. 206.
[277] Simcox, ii., 243.
[278] Birt, 367.
[279] Diog. Laërt., ix., 52.
[280] Sueton., _Octavius_, 31.
[281] Sueton., _Caligula_, 34.
[282] Sueton., _Tiberius_, 61.
[283] Sueton., _Domitian_, 10.
[284] Tacitus, _Agric._, 2. Plin., _Ep._, vii., 19.
[285] Burckhardt, _Constant._, p. 151.
[286] Burckhardt, 341.
[287] _Codex_, ix., 36, “De Famosis Libellis.”
[288] Renouard, 17.
[289] Klostermann, p. 37.
[290] Just. 34, _Inst. l. c._ Cited by Klostermann, 37.
[291] Plinius, xiii., 83.
[292] Euseb., _Hist. Eccles._, vi., 13.
[293] Birt, 375.
[294] _Theodoric the Goth_, pp. 263-276.
[295] Oman, _The Byzantine Empire_, p. 280.
[296] Gibbon’s _Rome_, Am. ed., v., 525.
[297] _Hist. Europ. Morals_, Amer. ed., p. 13.
Corrections
The first line indicates the original, the second the correction:
p. iv
Louis Haenny, H. Géraud, and A. Meinecke.
Louis Haenny, H. Géraud, and A. Meineke.
p. 297
Acoka, the edicts of, 44
Açoka, the edicts of, 44
p. 301
_Golden Meadows_, the, of El Mesondee, 49
_Golden Meadows_, the, of El-Mesoudee, 49
p. 304
Lycophon, 132
Lycophron, 132